LIBERALISM: RIZAL’S GREATEST LEGACY TO THE FILIPINOS

liberal, liberty, libertarian and libertine all trace their history to the Latin liber- means "free".
1375- one of the first recorded instances of the word liberal occurs when it was used to describe the liberal arts in
the context of an education desirable for a free-born man.

The word's early connection with the classical education of a medieval university soon gave way to a proliferation
of different denotations and connotations:
 1387- Liberal could refer to "free in bestowing"
 1433- "made without stint"
 1530- 'freely permitted"
 "free from restraint"- often as a pejorative remark

Liberalism- is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the
governed and equality before the law.
Liberals- espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles, but they generally
support individual rights (including civil rights and human rights), liberal democracy, secularism, rule of law,
economic and political freedom, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, private property and
a market economy.
The Age of Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Reason or simply the Enlightenment)- was an intellectual
and philosophical movement that dominated Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries with global influences and
effects.
Philosopher John Locke- is often credited with founding liberalism as a distinct tradition, based on the social
contract, arguing that each man has a natural right to life, liberty and property and governments must not violate
these rights.
British liberal tradition- has emphasized expanding democracy
French liberalism- has emphasized rejecting authoritarianism and is linked to nation building

History
John Locke- generally regarded as the father of modern liberalism.
Isolated strands of liberal thought had existed:
Western philosophy- since the Ancient Greeks
Eastern philosophy- since the Song and Ming period.
English Civil Wars- ideas began to coalesce at the time
The Levellers- a radical political movement, during the war called for freedom of religion, frequent convening of
parliament and equality under the law.
Glorious Revolution of 1688- enshrined parliamentary sovereignty and the right of revolution and led to the
establishment of what many consider the first modern, liberal state.
Enlightenment- this was a period of profound intellectual vitality that questioned old traditions and influenced
several European monarchies throughout the 18th century.
Articles of Confederation- written in 1776, now appeared inadequate to provide security, or even a functional
government.
The Confederation Congress- called a Constitutional Convention in 1787, which resulted in the writing of a new
Constitution of the United States establishing a federal government. In the context of the times, the Constitution was
a republican and liberal document. It remains the oldest liberal governing document in effect worldwide.
1789-.The French Revolution began
The two key events that marked the triumph of liberalism:
➢ the abolition of feudalism in France on the night of 4 August 1789- marked the collapse of feudal and old
traditional rights and privileges and restrictions
➢ passage of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in August.
Napoleonic Wars- the French brought to Western Europe the liquidation of the feudal system, the liberalization of
property laws, the end of seigneurial dues, the abolition of guilds, the legalization of divorce, etc.
Civil Code- served as "an object of emulation all over the globe", but it also perpetuated further discrimination
against women under the banner of the "natural order".
Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations- published in 1776, was to provide most of the ideas of economics at least
until the publication of John Stuart Mill's Principles in 1848.
1790- The radical liberal movement began in England and concentrated on parliamentary and electoral reform,
emphasizing natural rights and popular sovereignty.
Richard Price and Joseph Priestley- saw parliamentary reform as a first step toward dealing with their many
grievances, including the treatment of Protestant Dissenters, the slave trade, high prices and high taxes.

Origin of the Political Ideology Liberalism

1. The collapse of feudalism is an important cause of the origin of liberalism.
2. Eccleshall in his article Liberalism maintains that Enlightenment is another factor of the growth of
liberalism.
3. Two major events of the second half of the eighteenth century helped the emergence of liberalism. These
two events are: Declaration of American Independence in 1776 and the Declaration of the Rights of
Man in 1789. Declaration of Rights of Man heralded the collapse of autocratic rule in France and its wave
spread to other parts of Europe and this accelerated the advent of liberalism.
4. The writings (including philosophy) of some men were conspicuous in advancing the emergence of
liberalism. Some of them may be stated briefly. John Gray says that Thomas Hobbes may be regarded as
an exponent of liberalism. Hobbes' (1588-1679) "Closeness to liberalism lies in part in his
uncompromising individualism. Benedict de Spinoza (1632-1677) was also a precursor of liberalism. He
was mainly concerned with natural rights, freedom, curtailment of political power, maintenance of peace
and security.

Elements of Liberalism:
1. Individualism- the central idea or theme of liberalism. It believes that the interests or welfare of the individual
should be given primacy over all other values and principles.
2. Freedom- to the liberals it is the value of supreme importance because without it the individual will simply be a
unit without any dignity. Moreover, liberty or freedom is the best vehicle for developing the best qualitie
3. Reason- Liberalism harbours upon reason. To put it in other words, liberalism and reason are inseparable from
each other.
4. Toleration- in any society there is found different opinions, religious sects or communities of belief and faith. All
of them must live side by side peacefully and for this is required toleration.
5. Consent- the idea of consent though very old, its modern appearance took place in the hands of the
contractualists, such as Thomas Hobbes and John Locke.
6. Constitutionalism- is an important principle/value/element of liberalism. It has two meanings-narrow and broad.
In its narrow meaning constitutionalism means certain limitations upon the government specified by constitution.
7. Equality- though we treat it as a political principle/value it is also a religious and moral principle because the
religious- minded people generally say that every person is born equal as Rousseau said man is born free.
8. Justice- though justice is a principle of both socialism and liberalism, the latter gives it more mportance and
politically declares that the very basis of liberalism is justice.

RIZAL'S EXILE IN DAPITAN

June 26, 1892- Rizal's arrival in Manila had become very sensational among the Filipinos. His popularity feared the
Spaniards, and as such, payed careful attention to his every moves - all houses where he had been were searched and
the Filipinos seen in his company were suspected.
July 3, 1892- he founded the La Liga Filipina in the house of Doroteo Ongjunco in Tondo, Manila.
Four days after the civic organization's foundation, Jose Rizal was arrested by the Spanish authorities on four
grounds:
1. for publishing anti-Catholic and anti-friar books and articles;
2. for having in possession a bundle of handbills, the Pobres Frailes, in which advocacies were in violation of
the Spanish orders;
3. for dedicating his novel, El Filibusterismo to the three "traitors" (Gomez, Burgos and Zamora) and for
emphasizing on the novel's title page that "the only salvation for the Philippines was separation from the
mother country (referring to Spain)"; and
4. for simply criticizing the religion and aiming for its exclusion from the Filipino culture.

Arrival in Dapitan
Aboard the steamer Cebu and under heavy guard, Rizal left Manila, sailing to Mindoro and Panay, until he reached
Dapitan at seven o'clock in the evening of June 17. From that day until July 31, 1896, Dapitan became the bare
witness to one of the most fruitful periods in Rizal's life.

Father Pablo Pastells- Rizal had a scholarly debate with him in Dapitan regarding religion.

Careers and Contributions

Rizal had maximized his stay in Dapitan by devoting much of his time in improving his artistic and literary skills;
doing agricultural and civic projects; engaging in business activities, and writing letters to his friends in Europe,
particularly to Ferdinand Blumentritt and Reinhold Rost. His careers and achievements in different fields were as
follows:
➢ As a physician, Rizal provided free medicine to his patients, most of them were underprivileged. However,
he also had wealthy patients who paid him well enough for his excellent surgical skill. Among them were:
 Don Ignacio Tumarong- gave Rizal 3000 pesos for restoring his sight
 Englishman- gave him 500 pesos Aklanon haciendero,
 Don Francisco Azcarraga- an Aklanon haciendero who paid him a cargo of sugar.
In August 1893- Dona Teodora Alonzo, was placed under opthalmic surgery for the third time. The
operation was a success, however, Alonzo, ignored her son's instructions and removed the bandages in her
eyes which lead to irritation and infection.
➢ As an engineer, Rizal applied his knowledge through the waterworks system he constructed in Dapitan.
Going back to his academic life, Rizal obtained the title of expert surveyor (perito agrimensor) from the
Ateneo Municipal. From his practical knowledge as agrimensor, he widened his knowledge by reading
engineering-related books. As a result, despite the inadequacy of tools at hand, he successfully provided a
good water system in the province.
➢ As an educator, Rizal established a school in Dapitan which was attended by 16 young boys from
prominent families. Classes were conducted from 2 p.m to 4 p.m. with the teacher sitting on a hammock
while the students sat on a long bamboo bench.
➢ As an agriculturist, Rizal devoted time in planting important crops and fruitbearing trees in his 16-hectare
land (later, reaching as large as 70 hectares). He planted cacao, coffee, sugarcane, and coconuts, among
many others.
➢ As a businessman, the adventurous Rizal, with his partner, Ramon Carreon, tried his luck in the fishing,
hemp and copra industries. In a letter to his brother-in-law, Manuel T. Hidalgo, he pointed out the potential
of the fishing industry in the province (as the area was abundant with fish and good beach).
 Pukutan- new fishing methods, using a big net.
➢ As an inventor, little was known of Rizal. In 1887, during his medical practice in Calamba, he invented a
special type of lighter called sulpukan which he sent to Blumentritt as a gift. According to Rizal, the
wooden lighter's mechanism was based on the principle of compressed air. Another of his inventions was
the wooden brick-maker can manufacture about 6,000 bricks a day.
➢ As an artist, he had contributed his talent in the Sisters of Charity who were preparing for the arrival of the
image of the Holy Virgin. Rizal was actually the person who modeled the image's right foot and other
details. He also conceptualize its curtain, which was oil-painted by a Sister under his instruction. He also
made sketches of anything which attracted him in Dapitan. He also sculptured the statuette called "The
Mother's Revenge" which represented his dog, Syria, avenging her puppy to a crocodile which killed it.
➢ As a linguist, Rizal was interested in the languages used in Dapitan, thus, studied and made comparisons of
the Bisayan and Malayan languages existing in the region. In fact, Rizal had knowledge in 22 languages:
Tagalog, llocano, Bisayan, Subanun, Spanish, Latin, Greek, English, French, German, Arabic, Malayan,
Hebrew, Sanskrit, Dutch, Catalan, Italian, Chinese, Japanes, Portuguese, Swedish and Russian.
➢ As a scientist, Rizal shared his interest with nature to his students. With his boys, they explored the jungles
and searched for specimens which he sent to museums in Europe, particularly in Dressed Museum. In
return, scientific books and surgical instruments were delivered to him from the European scientists. He
also made a bulk of other researches and studies in the fields of ethnography, archaeology, geology,
anthropology and geography. However, Rizal's most significant contribution in the scientific world was his
discovery of three species:
 Draco rizali - flying dragon
 Apogonia rizali - small beetle
 Rhacophorus rizali - rare frog
  Rizal also partakes in civic works in Dapitan. Upon arriving in the province, he noticed its poor
condition. He drained the marshes of Dapitan to get rid of malariacarrying mosquitoes. He also
provided lighting system - coconut oil lamps posted in dark streets - in the province out of what he
earned from being a physician. He beautified Dapitan by remodelling the town plaza, with the aid
of his Jesuit teacher, Fr. Francisco Sanchez, and created a relief map of Mindanao (footnote: using
stones, soil and grass) right in front the church.

Romantic affair with Josephine Bracken

Josephine Bracken- 18-year old who, to Wenceslao Retana's words, was "slender, a chestnut blond, with blue eyes,
dressed with elegant simplicity, with an atmosphere of light (gaiety).
February, 1895- from Hongkong, Josephine arrived in Dapitan
George Taufer- Josephine’s foster father
Manuela Orlac- a Filipina accompanying Josephine and Taufer
Julio Llorente- referred Josehine and company to Rizal
Father Pedro Obach- the parish priest of Dapitan, refused the marriage of Rizal and Josephine unless they be
permitted by the Bishop of Cebu.
Francisco- Josephine was got pregnant. Unfortunately, Bracken gave birth to a one-month premature baby boy who
lived only for three hours. The child was buried in Dapitan, bearing the name of Rizal's father.

Katipunan seek Rizal's Advice

Andres Bonifacio- Katipunan leader seek the advise of Jose Rizal.
May 2, 1896- a secret meeting on at Bitukang Manok river in Pasig, the group agreed to send Dr. Pio Valenzuela as
a representative to Dapitan who will inform Rizal of their plan to launch a revolution against the Spaniards.
June 15, 1892- on board the steamer Venus, Valenzuala left Manila and in 6 days, arrived at Dapitan.
Raymundo Mat- Pio Valenzuela’s blind companion,

Pio told Katipunan’s plan which Rizal outspokenly objected Bonifacio's "premature" idea for two reasons:
1. the Filipinos were still unready for such bloody revolution; and
2. the Katipunan lacked machinery - before plotting a revolution, there must be sufficient arms and funds
collected.
Valenzuela also told Rizal of their plan to rescue him in Dapitan. Again, the exiled hero disagreed because he had no
plan of breaking his word of honor to the Spanish authorities.

As a Volunteer in Cuba
During the peak of the Cuban revolution, Rizal offered his services as a military doctor to compromise with the
shortage of physicians in the said country. It was his friend Ferdinand Blumentritt who informed him of the situation
in Cuba and suggested that he volunteer himself as army doctor.
 December 17, 1895- Rizal sent a letter to Governor General Ramon Blanco rendering his service for Cuba.
 July 30, 1896- Rizal received a letter from Governor Blanco, dated July 2, 1896, accepting his offer. The
letter also stated that Rizal will be given a pass so that he can go to Manila, then to Spain

Farewell in Dapitan
 July 31, 1896- Jose Rizal left Dapitan on board the steamer Espana, together with Narcisa, Josephine,
Angelica (Narcisa's daughter), three nephews and six of his students.
 Isla de Luzon- Rizal was supposedly to board here for Spain, but unfortunately, left ahead of time.
 Castilla- Rizal was transferred to the Spanish cruiser to stay and wait for the next mail boat that woul sail
for Spain next month.

RIZAL'S 2ND HOMECOMING AND TRIALS

Rizal's bold return to Manila in June, 1892 was his second homecoming
-Rizal firmly believed that the fight for Filipino liberties had assumed a new phase- it must be fought in the
Philippines not in Spain. "The battlefield is in the Philippines," he told countrymen in Europe, "There is where we
should meet ... There we will help one another, there together we will suffer or triumph perhaps."
Arrival in Manila with sister
● June 26, 1892- Sunday at 12:00 noon, Rizal and his widowed sister Lucia (wife of late Mariano Herbosa)
arrived in Manila
● In the afternoon, at 4:00 o'clock,
governor general, General Eulogio Despujol, Conde de Caspe
● June 27, 1892- at 6:00pm, Rizal boarded a train in Tutuban Station and visited his friends in Malolos
(Bulacan), San Fernando (Pampanga)
● Rizal returned by train to Manila on the next day, June 28, at 5 o'clock in the afternoon

Foundling of the Liga Filipina

● July 3, 1892- on the evening of Sunday, following his morning interview with Governor general Despujol,
Rizal attended a meeting with patriots at the home of the Chinese-Filipino mestizo, Doroteo Ongjunco, on
Ylaya Street, Tondo, Manila
● Rizal explained the objectives of the Liga Filipina, a civic league of Filipinos, which he desired to establish
and its role in the socio-economic life of the people.
● The officers of the new league were elected, as follows: Ambrosio Salvador (President); Deodato Arellano
(Secretary); Bonifacio Arevalo (Treasurer); and Agustin de la Rosa (Fiscal)
● Unus Instar Omnium (One Like All)- the motto of the Liga Filipina
● The governing body of the league was the Supreme Council which had jurisdiction over the whole country.
It was composed of a president, a secretary, a treasurer, and a fiscal. There was a Provincial Council in
every province and a Popular Council in every town
● The duties of the Liga members are as follows:
1) obey the orders of the Supreme Council
(2) to help in recruiting new members
(3) to keep in strictest secrecy the decisions of the Liga authorities
(4) to have symbolic name which he cannot change until he becomes president of his council
(5) to report to the fiscal anything that he may hear which affect the Liga
(6) to behave well as befits a good Filipino
(7) to help fellow members in all ways

Last Homecoming and Trial

● October 8, 1896 - a friendly officer told Rizal that the Madrid newspapers were full of stories about the
bloody revolution in the Philippines and were blaming him for it.
● October 11, 1896 - Rizal's diary was taken away and was taken away and was critically scrutinized by the
authorities.
● Novemeber 2, 1896 - Rizal's diary was returned to him because nothing dangerous was found in its
contents. He wasn't able to record the events from Monday, October 12 to Sunday, November 1.
Hugh Fort - English lawyer in Singapore that Dr. Anotonio Ma. Regidor and Sixto Lopez dispatched frantic
telegrams to rescue Rizal from the Spanish steamer when it reached Singapore by means of a writ of habeas corpus.\
Chief Justice Loinel Cox - denied the writ on the ground that the Colon was carrying Spanish troops to the
Philippines.
● November 3, 1896 - Colon reached Manila. Rizal was quietly transferred under heavy guard from the ship
to Fort Santiago.
● November 20, 1896 - prelimenary investigation began.
Judge Advocate, Colonel Francisco Olive - the Advocate Judge who is in charge of a five-day investigation of
Rizal's accusations.
● November 26, 1896 - after the preliminary investigation, Colonel Olive transmitted the records of the case
to Governor General Ramon Blanco, and the letter appointed Captain Rafael Dominguez as special Judge
Advocate to institute the corresponding action against Rizal.
● December 8, 1896 - Feast Day of Immaculate Conception, a list of 100 first and second lieuenants in the
Spanish Army was presented
Don Luis Taviel de Andrade - chosen by Rizal as his defender in court because the name sounds familiar. The
lieutenant proved to be the brother of Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade, Rizal's bodyguard in Calamba in 1887.

The trial of Dr. Jose Rizal begins

December 6, 1896- the trial of Dr. Jose Rizal by a Spanish military court for sedition, rebellion and conspiracy,
began. This leads to his execution and martyrdom.
August 1896- Rizal, who was imprisoned first in Barcelona and later in Fort Santiago, was implicated in the
revolution which was launched by the Katipunan led by Andres Bonifacio, whose aim was to liberate the country
from Spanish colonization.
Spanish Governor-General Ramon Blanco- the governor general during Rizal’s trial who was sympathetic to him,
to serve as a military surgeon in Cuba, where there was also a revolution against Spain

The spanish colonial government accused Rizal of three crimes:

(a) The founding of La Liga Filipina, an "illegal organization" whose single aim was to "Perpetrate the crime of
rebellion".
(b) Rebellion which he promoted through his previous activities.
(c) Illegal association- the penalty for for those accusation is life imprisonment to death and correctional
imprisonment and a charge of 325 to 3,250 Pesetas.

The prosecution drew information from the dossier on Rizal which Detailed his" subervise activities" some of
which are the following:
1. The writing and publication of "Noli me Tangere", the Annotations to Morga's History of the Philippines, "El
Filibusterismo", and the various articles which criticized the friars and suggested their expulsion in order to win
independence.
2.The establishment of masonic lodges which became the propaganda and fund raising center to support subvervise
activities and the establishment of centers in Madrid ,Hongkong and Manila to propagate his ideas.

Two kinds of Evidences Endorsed By Colonel Francisco Olive to Governor Ramon Blanco:
1.Documentary -fifteen exhibits
2.Testimonial - Provide by Martin Constantino, Aguedo del Rosario, Jose Reyes, Moises Salvador, Jose Dizon,
Domingo Franco, Deodato Arellano Pio Valenzuela, Antonio Salazar, Francisco Quison, and Timoteo Paez.

The Judge Rafael Dominguez advocate assigned with the task of deciding what corresponding action should be
done. After a brief review transmitted the records to Don Nicolas de la Pena.
Pena's recommendations were as follows:
1. Rizal must be immediately sent to trial
2. He must be held in prison under necessary security
3. His properties must be issued with order of attachment and as indemnity, Rizal had to pay one million
pesos.
4. Instead of a civilian lawyer, only an army officer is allowed ro defend Rizal.

Don Luis Taviel de Andrade- the lawyer that Rizal chose as his defender in court. His brother was Lt. Jose Taviel
de Andrade who worked as Rizal's personal body guard in Calamba in 1887.

On the 11th of December 1896, charges against Rizal were read in the presence of his Spanish counsel.
When they asked regarding his sentiments or reaction on the charges, Rizal replied that in his defense:
1. He does not question the jurisdiction of the court.
2. He has nothing to amend except that during his exile in Dapitan in 1892, he had not dealt in political
matters.
3. He has nothing to admit on the charges against him.
4. He had nothing to admit on the declarations of the witnesses, he had not met nor knew, against him.

The Execution Of Dr.Jose Rizal

Despite all valid pleadings the military court, vindictive as it was Unanimous voted for the sentence of death.
Polavieja affirmed the decision of the court martial and ordered to be shot at 7:00 in the morning of December 30
1896 at Bagumbayan field. Rizal was heavily guarded and was accompanied by the Jesuits as he walked from Fort
Santiago to Bagumbayan. He wore a black woolen suit and a derby hat and his arms were tied behind him. The
captain in charge of the execution instructed Rizal were to position himself, to turn his back against the squad and
the face the sea. However, Rizal requested to face the firing squad, as such position instructed was only taken by
traitors and he was not one of them. The captain could not do anything for he was only following orders. Hence,
failing to have his request granted, he asked to be shot at the back instead of the head so that he may, at the end ,
turn his head and body sidewise and fall with his face upward. The captain agreed,he also asked if he would like to
kneel but Rizal refused nor did he agree to be blindfolded. A Jesuit priest now came running and asked Rizal to kiss
the cruffix that he held.Rizal turned his back on the cruffix and thus, against the firing squad. He was ready for the
execution.

Dr. Jose Rizal’s last day and his Execution

Rizal spent his 24 hours in his death cell where he received members of his family and writes his letter, the first one
to his "second brother" Blumentritt. He gave his sisters, Trinidad an old petroleum lamp and whispered to her in
English that there is something inside yhe lamp .Thus is Rizal's famous Farewell poem. "Ultimo Adios", (Last
Farewell" was found. Rizal was said to have married his Irish girlfriend according to Catholic rited in the very last
hours of his life, after living with her for sometime in Dapitan. They were previously married civilly.

On the morning of December 30,1896- Rizal set on his walk from Fort Santiago to the Bagumbayan square, the
same place where the three priest had been killed in 1872, now Luneta Park, in the center of Manila at 6:30 O'clock.
And when the time to march to Bagumbayan Rizal he was ready to face his ultimate death came, he was seen as a
man of peace and bravery. At exactly 7:03 am RIZAL shouted "Consummatum Est” before the shot run out. The
hero's life ended. In the background could be heard, "Viva Espna! Death to traitors!.

Paco cemetery- Rizal's Family was not able to take old of his body. The military had secretly buried the body of
Rizal at the Paco cemetery.
R.P.J. for Rizal, Protacio Jose- Narcisa asked the gravedigger to place a plaque on it with her brother's initial
reverse.
Mi Ultimo Adios- The copies were given to each family member and some are to the Cavite insurgents. Rizal's
Center of the Luneta- family had possession of Rizal’s body where the remains were instituted at the base of the
Rizal monument which was erected here.
● December 26, 1896 - A Spanish court martial found Jose Rizal guilty for sedition and sentenced him to
death.
● December 28, 1896 - It was decided that Rizal will be executed by musketry; Governor-General Camillo
Polavieja confirmed the sentence.
● December 28, 1896 - Teodora Alonzo wrote the Governor-General asking for clemency for her son.
● December 28, 1896 – At Malacanang Palace, Rizal's sisters pleaded to Governor General Polavieja: stay
Rizal's execution.
● December 29, 1896 - Rizal was read his death sentence.
● December 29, 1896 - Rizal was visited by several priests including Fr. Faura, S.J. Decemeber 29, 1896 -
Rizal wrote his last letter to Ferdinand Blumentritt which read ...
● Decemeber 29, 1896 - Rizal wrote his last letter to Ferdinand Blumentritt
● December 29, 1896 - Teodora Alonzo paid her final visit to Rizal. She was accompanied by her daughter,
Trinidad Mercado.
● December 29, 1896 - Rizal's sisters were allowed to pay him visits. He gave them his worldly possessions:
➢ Narcisa - Wicker Chair .
➢ Angelica, niece - Handkerchief
➢ Mauricio, nephew - Belt, watch, and chain
➢ Trinidad - Alcohol Burner with Mi Ultimo Adios
● December 30, 1896- 6:30am - Rizal was brought to the execution site from Fort Santiago.11.
● December 30, 1896 ,- 7:03 a.m. - Rizal was executed by musketry.
● December 30, 1896 - After the execution, Rizal's body was brought to San Juan de Dios Hospital
● December 30, 1896 - Rizal's remains were buried in the Paco Cemetery in an unmarked grave.
● August 17, 1898 - Rizal's remains were exhumed and brought to the Rizal family house in Binondo.
- The remains of Rizal, after exhumation on August 17, 1898, were kept in the Rizal family house in
Binondo until they were brought to their final resting place in Luneta.
● December 30, 1912- a solemn ceremony was held to finally bury the remains in the base of the monument
dedicated in memory of Rizal