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SINOPE, 1853.
On the 18th of July, 1866, the island was attacked and taken by
the fleet under Admiral Persano. But their success was short-lived,
for the Austrians came down the next day, and inflicted the terrible
defeat which, for the time, completely disorganized the Italian navy.
This fleet was composed of eleven armored vessels (including
large and small, and the ram L’Affondatore), two frigates, one
corvette and three gun-boats, each mounting two guns, five
despatch vessels, and a few smaller craft, hardly fit to enter into
action.
Among the Italian vessels was the large ironclad frigate Ré d’Italia,
built during our civil war, for the Italian Government, by Webb, of
New York. This fleet was commanded by Admiral Persano, and was
in three divisions. The first, under the direct orders of Persano
himself, consisted of eight armored vessels, and some other lighter
steamers; the second division, under Vice-Admiral Albini, consisted
of six screw frigates, unarmored; the third division, under Rear-
Admiral Vacca, consisted of three ironclad vessels.
The Austrian fleet, which came down to seek the Italians, and to
offer battle, as soon as the news of the capture of Lissa was
received, consisted of twenty-two vessels. Seven of them were
armored; one was a screw ship-of-the-line, called the Kaiser, of 90
guns; four screw frigates; four gun-boats; one corvette; and a few
small craft.
In spite of the fact that the Austrian fleet would, undoubtedly, come
to dispute their conquest, the Italians seem to have been taken
rather by surprise, especially as Admiral Tegethoff approached
rapidly, and engaged very promptly. The engagement, being under
steam, commenced as soon as the guns of the opposing fleets
would bear, and was, at first, carried on with great resolution on both
sides. Very soon after the fight commenced the Ré d’Italia, one of
the best ships of the Italian fleet, was rammed by two Austrian ships,
also armored, and received fatal injuries, from which she soon sank,
carrying down many of her crew.
She had been the flag-ship; but just before she went into action
Admiral Persano had quitted her, and gone on board the iron-clad
ram, the Affondatore, without notifying the commanding officers of
the change, either by signal, or otherwise. The action was then really
fought, on the part of the Italians, without a Commander; for they
received no signals from the ship from which they had a right to look
for them; and, as the Ré d’Italia was soon sunk, many thought that
Admiral Persano had perished in her.
The Italian fleet was thus without united action; and their
manœuvres were undecided and weak; while the Austrian fleet
concentrated all its efforts under the strong impulse of a skillful and
very zealous Commander, whose only thought seemed to be to win
or perish. In spite of this the Italian ships were most bravely fought,
and the victory was not either an easy or bloodless one.
Many have thought that, had there been a capable Commander,
and unity of action, they would have probably gained the battle.
The Italian iron-clad Ré di Portogallo, a sister ship of the Ré
d’Italia, especially distinguished herself by the audacity of her
movements and the ability with which she was handled. She sank
two Austrian vessels; having a long engagement with the Kaiser,
sinking this huge ship by a broadside poured into her, at a distance
of only a few yards. The Kaiser is said to have carried down with her
twelve hundred men; several hundred of whom were Tyrolese sharp-
shooters.
At half-past four in the afternoon the battle ceased; having lasted
for six hours.
The Italians retired to Ancona, a safe and strongly fortified harbor
on their coast, nearly opposite to Lissa. The Austrian fleet had
received such damage and loss that they not only were unable to
pursue the Italians, but were soon obliged to desert the waters of
Lissa, and return to their naval port, Pola.
Although this was not a victory for the Austrians, in the sense of
large captures, they were most distinctly the victors, in that the
Italians deserted the field. That has always been the test of victory,
both by land and by sea. Before the end of the battle the Italians lost
a second iron-clad, the Palestro, which blew up, and all on board
were lost. On the 6th of August, following, the Affondatore, which
had been anchored outside of Ancona, on the lookout for the
Austrian fleet, was swamped by the heavy sea caused by a sudden
storm. She endeavored to take refuge inside the mole, but too late.
All her crew were saved. The whole affair was a dreadful blow to the
Italian navy, and to their cause; and was equally instrumental in
advancing the morale and reputation of the Austrian navy.
A good deal of light may be thrown upon this event by a slight
account of the officer responsible for it
Admiral Count Charles Persano was born at Vercelli, in 1806. He
entered the Sardinian navy, and rose rapidly to high rank; serving
under Admiral Bruat, at the bombardment of Odessa, during the
Crimean war; and, for the remainder of that struggle, having charge
of the transportation and provisionment of the Sardinian troops which
joined the Allies; a most responsible post.
In the year 1859, as a Rear-Admiral, he had command of the
Adriatic squadron of observation, and of the blockade of Venice. The
next year he commanded the fleet at Naples, when Garibaldi seized
and turned over to him the Neapolitan fleet. Here he acted with great
judgment, and to the satisfaction of all, in distributing the Neapolitan
officers among the vessels of the national fleet, and in composing
difficulties and overcoming obstacles incident to so sudden and great
a change in government. The reputation of no one stood higher than
that of Persano, for tact, ability, and firmness of purpose.
Austrian Man of War, Ferdinand Max, Ramming the Italian Ironclad, Re
D’Italia, at the Battle of Lissa.