Python programming:

Python is a very popular general-purpose interpreted, interactive, object-oriented, and high-

level programming language. Python is dynamically-typed and garbage-collected
programming language. It was created by Guido van Rossum during 1985- 1990. Like Perl,
Python source code is also available under the GNU General Public License (GPL).

 Python is easy to learn yet powerful and versatile scripting language, which makes it
attractive for Application Development.

 Python's syntax and dynamic typing with its interpreted nature make it an ideal
language for scripting and rapid application development.

 Python supports multiple programming pattern, including object-oriented, imperative,

and functional or procedural programming styles.

Python is not intended to work in a particular area, such as web programming. That is why it
is known as multipurpose programming language because it can be used with web, enterprise,
3D CAD, etc.

We don't need to use data types to declare variable because it is dynamically typed so we can
write a=10 to assign an integer value in an integer variable.

Python makes the development and debugging fast because there is no compilation step
included in Python development, and edit-test-debug cycle is very fast.

Guido Van Rossum created Python, and it was first released on 20th February in the year
1991. The language came from an old comedy sketch series known as Monty Python’s flying
circus, which used to air on BBC television.
Python supports multiple programming paradigms, including Procedural, Object Oriented
and Functional programming language. Python design philosophy emphasizes code
readability with the use of significant indentation.

 Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not

need to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
 Python is Interactive − You can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the
interpreter directly to write your programs.
 Python is Object-Oriented − Python supports Object-Oriented style or technique of
programming that encapsulates code within objects.
  Python is a Beginner's Language − Python is a great language for the beginner-level
programmers and supports the development of a wide range of applications from
simple text processing to WWW browsers to games.

What is Python programming used for?

Python is commonly used for developing websites and software, task automation, data
analysis, and data visualization. Since it's relatively easy to learn, Python has been adopted
by many non-programmers such as accountants and scientists, for a variety of everyday tasks,
like organizing finances.

History of Python:

Python was developed by Guido van Rossum in the late eighties and early nineties at the
National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science in the Netherlands.
Python is derived from many other languages, including ABC, Modula-3, C, C++, Algol-68,
SmallTalk, and Unix shell and other scripting languages.
Python is copyrighted. Like Perl, Python source code is now available under the GNU
General Public License (GPL).
Python is now maintained by a core development team at the institute, although Guido van
Rossum still holds a vital role in directing its progress.
An ideal IDE for the Python programming language comprises essential characteristics like
saving and reloading code files, debugging, highlighting syntax, and automatic code for
formatting.

Some of the general IDEs which have Python support:

 Sublime Text
 Atom
 Eclipse + PyDev

Some of the best Python-specific IDEs are:

 PyCharm
 Thonny
 Spyder
 Top 10 uses of Python in the real world –

1. Web Development

 Famously known as the go-to programming language for web development, Python
has an important role to play in it. Python comes with multiple web development
frameworks like Pyramid, Django, and Flask. These frameworks are packed with
standard libraries that allow easy protocol integration and lead to a reduction in
development time.
 2. Data Science

 We all know that data science is one of the most in-demand skills in the market.
Knowledge of data science is a sought-after skill in IT, manufacturing, or
eCommerce. This is where Python steps in. Its multiple libraries, such as Pandas,
TensorFlow, NumPy, etc help in extracting valuable information from the
data. Libraries like Matplotib and Seaborn further allow a data science
professional to focus on data visualization through graphs and charts. It won’t be an
exaggeration to say that Python is the first thing that any data science professional
needs to know.

 3. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

 One of the most important uses of Python is in AI. The reason for it is that Python is
a stable language that has the capacity to handle the computations required to
build machine learning models. Its libraries like Keras, Pandas, NumPy and others
are suitable for machine learning applications. Furthermore, it is used in multiple AI
solutions like advanced computing, image recognition, data processing, and more.

 4. Enterprise Applications

 Enterprise applications are used to serve the needs of an organization rather than
individual users. The use of Python in building enterprise applications is done as it is
a robust language that can handle multiple requests of databases at once. Even
though the use of Python varies from one enterprise to another, its core functionalities
like its readability, functionality, and scalability remain the same. Enterprise
applications are one of the most notable uses of Python. Tryton and Odoo are
platforms that help in developing such enterprise applications.

 5. Education Sector

 One of the other important uses of Python is seen in developing online courses and
education programs. It is an easy to learn programming language for beginners since
its syntax matches that of English. It offers a novice, a standard library, and a
variety of resources to understand the language, thus making the learning curve
easier. This is one of the many reasons why Python is the preferred programming
language for beginners for the education program’s development at both basic and
advanced levels.

 6. Web Scraping Applications

 It refers to the scraping of huge quantities of data by companies for extracting

customer information to make profitable decisions. Tools like PythonRequest,
Selenium, MechanicalSoup are used in Python programming for building web
scraping applications. Thanks to Python’s ability to build software that can process
large amounts of data, this language is a clear winner in making web scraping
applications.
  7. Game Development

 This one had to be featured in the top 10 uses of Python. And why not? Python has
time and again displayed its capacity of contributing to the gaming industry in a
massive way. Remember Battlefield 2; one of the most popular games in the early
2000s? It was developed using the Python programming language. Some of the top
Python frameworks that are used in game development include Pygame, PyKyra,
Pyglet, PyOpenGL, Kivy, Panda3D, Cocos2D, and more!

 8. Software Development

 One of the prime uses of Python is that it is used by software developers.

Python simplifies the software development process for complex apps. It is used
for project management, as a support programming language, to build control,
and testing.

 9. Desktop GUI

 One of the top uses of Python is developing a desktop GUI. We know that Python is
a simple, stable, easy to learn, open-source, and platform-independent
programming language. These factors work in their favour of being used for
developing desktop GUI. Toolkits like PyQt, PyGUI, and WxPython are widely
used for building high-quality GUIs efficiently.

 10. Operating Systems

 Python is a powerful programming language and so is C. When these two are

combined together, many operating systems are developed. The use of Python in
creating operating systems came to life with Ubuntu’s Ubiquity, and Red Hat’s
Anaconda and Fedora. OS made with Python are running billions of computers
today.

Where is Python used in real life applications?

 Web Development. Python can be used to make web-applications at a rapid rate. ...
 Game Development. Python is also used in the development of interactive games. ...
 Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence. ...
 Data Science and Data Visualization. ...
 Desktop GUI. ...
 Web Scraping Applications. ...
 Business Applications. ...
 CAD Applications.
What is the advantage of using Python over other languages?
The python language is one of the most accessible programming languages available
because it has simplified syntax and not complicated, which gives more emphasis on
natural language. Due to its ease of learning and usage, python codes can be easily
written and executed much faster than other programming languages.

Python Features:
Python's features include −
 Easy-to-learn − Python has few keywords, simple structure, and a clearly defined
syntax. This allows the student to pick up the language quickly.
 Easy-to-read − Python code is more clearly defined and visible to the eyes.
 Easy-to-maintain − Python's source code is fairly easy-to-maintain.
 A broad standard library − Python's bulk of the library is very portable and cross-
platform compatible on UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh.
 Interactive Mode − Python has support for an interactive mode which allows
interactive testing and debugging of snippets of code.
 Portable − Python can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms and has the same
interface on all platforms.
 Extendable − You can add low-level modules to the Python interpreter. These
modules enable programmers to add to or customize their tools to be more efficient.
 Databases − Python provides interfaces to all major commercial databases.
 GUI Programming − Python supports GUI applications that can be created and
ported to many system calls, libraries and windows systems, such as Windows MFC,
Macintosh, and the X Window system of Unix.
 Scalable − Python provides a better structure and support for large programs than shell
scripting.
Apart from the above-mentioned features, Python has a big list of good features, few are listed
below −
 It supports functional and structured programming methods as well as OOP.
 It can be used as a scripting language or can be compiled to byte-code for building
large applications.
 It provides very high-level dynamic data types and supports dynamic type checking.
 It supports automatic garbage collection.
 It can be easily integrated with C, C++, COM, ActiveX, CORBA, and Java.

Advantages of Python:

1. Easy to use and learn: For beginners, Python is straightforward to use. It is a high-
level programming language, and its syntax is like the English language. These reasons
make the language easy to learn and adapt to. Compared to Java and C, in Python, the
same task can be performed using fewer lines of code. As a result of its easy learning,
the principles in Python can be executed faster compared to other languages.
 2. Increased productivity: Python is a very productive language. The simple nature of
Python helps the developers to concentrate on solving the issues in it. To understand
the syntax and behaviour of the programming language, the users do not have to spend
hours, so more work is done.
3. Flexibility: This language is very flexible, and hence it allows the user to try new
things. The users can develop new sorts of the application using Python programming
language. The language does not restrict the user from trying something different.
Other programming languages do not provide this type of flexibility and freedom, and
hence Python is more preferred in these matters.
4. Extensive library: Python provides the user with a vast library. Python’s standard
library is massive, and just about every function one needs to perform is available in its
library. This is because it has a hugely supportive community and corporate
sponsorship. External libraries are not used by users while working with Python.
5. Supportive community: The Python language was created years ago, and hence it has
a mature community that can support every type of developer, starting from beginners’
level to expert level. There are enough guides, tutorials, and documentation available
on the Python programming language, which helps the developers to understand the
language faster and better. Because of its supportive community, Python has rapid
growth compared to other languages.

Disadvantages of Python

1. Speed: Compared to Java or C, the rate of Python is slower. Python is an interpreted

language that is dynamically typed. For the execution of a code, each line of the code
needs to be explicitly ordered since the language gets interpreted. This is time-
consuming, and hence it slows down the process of execution. The dynamic structure
of Python also slows its speed because while executing the code, the excess work also
needs to be completed. Therefore, in cases where fast acceleration is required, Python
is not used there very commonly.
2. Memory consumption: Python has a very high memory consumption. This is because
it is flexible to the data types. It uses large amounts of memory. Python is not a good
choice for tasks where the user wants to optimize memory, i.e., a memory-intensive
language.
3. Mobile development: Python is strong in server platforms and desktops, and hence it
is a fantastic server-side programming language. But it is not appropriate for mobile
development. For mobile development, Python is a fragile language. Since it is not
memory efficient and has a prolonged power for processing, due to these reasons,
Python does not have many built-in mobile applications. Carbonnelle is a built-in
application present in Python.
4. Database access: Python provides easy programming. However, when it interacts with
the database, some issues arise. Compared to technologies like JDBC and ODBC,
which are pretty famous, the database access layer of the Python programming
language is primitive and underdeveloped. Large enterprises that usually need smooth
interaction with complex legacy data do not prefer the usage of Python.
5. Runtime errors: The users of Python mentioned various issues they faced with the
language design. Since the language of Python is dynamically typed, there can be
changes in the data type of a variable at any time. Therefore, it needs to be tested more
often, and also, there are errors in the language displayed during runtime.
6. Simplicity: Python is a straightforward and easy-to-use programming language which
is also a disadvantage of the language. The users of Python get so accustomed to its
easy
 syntax and extensive library feature that they face issues while learning other
programming languages. Some users also feel that the Java codes are unnecessary due
to their complexity. Therefore, Python has a very vulnerable nature, and the users start
taking everything lightly.

Python Jobs:
Today, Python is very high in demand and all the major companies are looking for great
Python Programmers to develop websites, software components, and applications or to work
with Data Science, AI, and ML technologies. When we are developing this tutorial in 2022,
there is a high shortage of Python Programmers where as market demands more number of
Python Programmers due to it's application in Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence etc.
Today a Python Programmer with 3-5 years of experience is asking for around $150,000
annual package and this is the most demanding programming language in America. Though it
can vary depending on the location of the Job. It's impossible to list all of the companies
using Python, to name a few big companies are:

 Google
 Intel
 NASA
 PayPal
 Facebook
 IBM
 Amazon
 Netflix
 Pinterest
 Uber
 Many more...

So, you could be the next potential employee for any of these major companies. We have
developed a great learning material for you to learn Python Programming which will help you
prepare for the technical interviews and certification exams based on Python. So, start
learning Python using this simple and effective tutorial from anywhere and anytime
absolutely at your pace.

Why to Learn Python?

Python is consistently rated as one of the world's most popular programming languages.
Python is fairly easy to learn, so if you are starting to learn any programming language then
Python could be your great choice. Today various Schools, Colleges and Universities are
teaching Python as their primary programming language. There are many other good reasons
which makes Python as the top choice of any programmer:

 Python is Open Source which means its available free of cost.

 Python is simple and so easy to learn
 Python is versatile and can be used to create many different things.
 Python has powerful development libraries include AI, ML etc.
 Python is much in demand and ensures high salary
 Python is a MUST for students and working professionals to
become a great Software Engineer specially when they are
working in Web Development Domain.
Advantages of learning Python:

 Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter.

You do not
need to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL
and PHP.
 Python is Interactive − You can actually sit at a Python
prompt and interact with the interpreter directly to write
your programs.
 Python is Object-Oriented − Python supports Object-
Oriented style or technique of programming that
encapsulates code within objects.
 Python is a Beginner's Language − Python is a great
language for the beginner-level programmers and supports
the development of a wide range of applications from
simple text processing to WWW browsers to games.

Characteristics of Python:
Following are important characteristics of Python Programming −

 It supports functional and structured programming methods as well as

OOP.
 It can be used as a scripting language or can be compiled to
byte-code for building large applications.
 It provides very high-level dynamic data types and supports dynamic type
checking.
 It supports automatic garbage collection.
 It can be easily integrated with C, C++, COM, ActiveX, CORBA, and
Java.

Applications of Python:
The latest release of Python is 3.x. Python is one of the most
widely used language over the web.

 Easy-to-learn − Python has few keywords, simple structure, and a

clearly defined
syntax. This allows the student to pick up the language quickly.
 Easy-to-read − Python code is more clearly defined and visible to the
eyes.
 Easy-to-maintain − Python's source code is fairly easy-to-maintain.
 A broad standard library − Python's bulk of the library is
very portable and cross- platform compatible on UNIX,
Windows, and Macintosh.
 Interactive Mode − Python has support for an interactive mode
which allows
interactive testing and debugging of snippets of code.
 Portable − Python can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms and
has the same
interface on all platforms.
 Extendable − You can add low-level modules to the
Python interpreter. These modules enable programmers to
add to or customize their tools to be more efficient.
 Databases − Python provides interfaces to all major commercial
databases.
 GUI Programming − Python supports GUI applications
that can be created and ported to many system calls,
libraries and windows systems, such as Windows MFC,
Macintosh, and the X Window system of Unix.
 Scalable − Python provides a better structure and support
for large programs than shell scripting.