Right. Okay, let's start.

After all of the preparation, investigation, thought and work that go into

your speech, you ultimately must present yourself to an audience. And taking into account the

whole time of preparation, writing, searching for material, constructing your speech, then learning

your speech, the presentation is the shortest period of time, but it is probably the most challenging

one. Right. And it is the climax of the whole.

Public speaking, of the whole public speaking period preparation. And your delivery isn't more

important than what you say. But without a good delivery, everything you would like to say or

everything you say cannot be heard and remembered by your public. If you neglect good delivery.

So, first of all, we'll start with tips for speaking from manuscript. What should you, speaking from

manuscript, can you guess what is that? Do you have any ideas?

So, manuscript.

Actually is your written version of your speech. When you go to the podium and with your speech

and you actually read from your speech, from your manuscript, written version. And, yeah, it seems

that it is the easiest way of presentation, but I won't say so. This method is more difficult for most

people than speaking from outlined notes. Because the most difficult is here is that you should

sound in conversational manner. You shouldn't sound as you are reading the text. You shouldn't

sound monotonous, like a lullaby, right? And because people came to listen. And to your speech, to

you speaking, but not to you reading, right? That is an importance. And, but there are, of course,

some benefits of using manuscript. The first one is speaking about benefits, right? That you can

control your time perfectly well, right? The second. That you can, like, think over every word in

your speech. Because when you speak without notes, right, every time your speech is spontaneous,

right? Every time you use different vocabulary. Because you express the ideas. You don't learn the

speech by heart. And speaking from manuscript, you know that you are going to use line by line.

You are going to. You are going to read. And it gives you opportunity to be very accurate with the

vocabulary, with the construction of the sentences, with the time, right? There are enough

advantages. And there are only two disadvantages that you may sound boring. In non-
conversational manner, right? And another one. It's very difficult to establish eye contact with your

listeners. And speaking about the tips for giving manuscript speeches. Use a manuscript for the

right reason. It means that you should read only difficult moments. You should practice. You should

practice at home intonation very, very accurately to sound in communicative way, right? And to be

able. If you decide to give a manuscript speech, it doesn't mean that you are not going to get ready.

It's a very big mistake. Because you should feel comfortable. You should feel comfortable enough

with your manuscript to raise your eyes from time to time to your listeners and establish eye contact

with them. Because eye contact is very important. You can't read to yourself only.You are making a

speech to public. And you should remember that. That I imagine that you're going to make a speech

that you are communicating with your listeners. With a person who doesn't look at you. Do you feel

comfortable? I believe no. Right? That's why you have to feel comfortable enough to feel confident

enough with your writing to establish eye contact with your public. Use good oral style. It means

good emphasis. Right? You should emphasize something. You should change the tone of your

voice. You should make appropriate pauses in appropriate places. And it is very comfortable and

useful when speaking from manuscript to make marks. Right. Every one of you have already had

phonetics classes where you made marks. High fall, low fall. Small pauses. You can use the same

technique in the manuscript. Practice extensively. Yeah, you should practice enough. Right? To

know your speech. Because everything can happen. First of all, again, you should be able to

establish eye contact. You should sound natural. That's why you should know your speech. And I

would recommend practice extensively. I would recommend you here to learn the first sentence and

the last sentence by heart. Because it is important to start your speech, looking directly to listen.

And at the same time to finish your speech looking directly to listen to your audience look for

opportunities to move and gesture yeah it's it's natural to move and gesture because sometimes

people are like glued to the podium right and they are scared to move their hands and or even their

head they are just reading a speech in monotonous way from the very beginning up to the end and I

would say it's not a speaking it's public reading use your voice effectively I mentioned about pauses

emphasis and maintain flexibility the last point means that you should be natural but you should
should sound natural that you should gesture naturally just be yourself and it doesn't mean that you

have to be as an ordinary person as you are every day don't try to be a different kind of person when

you make a public statement yeah good next one giving tips for giving memorized speech you

Memorized speech is an opposite to speaking it from manuscript. It means that you learn the speech

by heart and then present it. Again, there are some advantages and disadvantages of that method of

presentation. And many inexperienced speakers often feel that they must memorize the entire

presentation to be effective. Right? And it's not so. Because when you speak from memory, you

may sound wooden and unnatural. You remember from school probably you have an experience

when you were reciting poems or writing. Or some abstracts from fiction. Right? It doesn't sound

natural enough unless you know it perfectly well. If you want to sound natural and in

communicative tone, you should learn it by heart long before making a speech. Just be freely. Just

give yourself an opportunity to feel freely. Yeah? Speaking about the advantages. Honestly, it is

difficult to me to find any advantages of that kind of speaking. Perhaps some of you would say that

we feel more comfortable and more confident when we know the speech by heart. Probably this

one, the only. But the list of disadvantages is much longer. But the list of disadvantages is much

longer. The first one is that your voice is wooden and unnatural and uncommunicative. Then the

next one, it is difficult to speak directly to the public and it is difficult in this situation to establish

eye contact and to gesture. Right? To control your mimic and so on. Because when you speak from

memory your brain is concentrated only on the words on the text and it is difficult for you to control

your gestures to control your mimic and you cannot predict what very you cannot control or predict

what you will be doing during this presentation when you feel scared and you speak from memory

at the same time yes it will be difficult to control yourself the next disadvantage is that there can be

different unpredictable moments for example a question from a listener can make a speaker lose

concentration and forget the next sentence and it is very unpleasant or a sharp noise right all

different unpredictable moments and yeah just just will like you can drop off the speech and it will

be difficult for you you you remember when you were reciting a poem at school when somebody

made a sharp noise and you you remember when you were reciting a poem at school when
somebody made a sharp noise and you just in in this in a second in a moment you forget what were

you talking about and you cannot continue the same can happen with memorized speech but there

are some tips speaking the moment means that you you should understand that that you giving a

memorizing memorized speech is very important for act like on automatic pilot yeah and you

should be still you should be active you should be ready to make some comments to react to some

remarks or to some sudden questions and the last one I believe it's clear practice practice and

practice because probably to memorize speed will speech will takes the greatest period of time in

comparison with all other methods of delivery extemporaneously speech what is that this kind do

you have any guesses who can guess what is that do you have any ideas this kind is do you maybe

it's connected with word temporarily no no okay okay yeah extemporaneously it means that you are

going to speak without any preparation before you have to prepare for example you can be asked by

your headmaster well make the comments on this or that idea you know and you don't have any

time for preparations and you should speak on think on feet as they say and this kind of speech of

method of delivery is most for most it is popular among business speakers yeah and yeah you

should be in this case you should be very you have you should have enough knowledge for being

the subject to speak extemporaneously but nevertheless you can get ready for that and if you you

can use every second every minute to drop a line and to get ready and even if you don't have

enough time for preparation you should remember that your speech even if it two or three minutes

of duration should have introduction the main part and the conclusion yeah you of course can get

ready for that kind of speech as well if you know the theme of meeting you have the agenda of

meeting you can just look through it and think it over do other any questions that concern me and

other any moments that I can add something or I can be asked about my experience about my

impressions or do I have to say something so you can predict such kind of moments to be ready to

be ready for to get ready for speech and in this case while preparations you shouldn't it is not

recommended to write the whole sentences or the whole speech in a couple of sentence in the

couple of seconds your task here is just to write key words and that's it that will be enough you to

look at the keyword or key phrase and develop the idea around that yeah and tips for speaking from
visual aids yeah we were talking about visual yeah it's yesterday yeah we were talking about visual

aids yesterday and there are some some tranks I would say as a this kind of speech is very popular

among teachers and among other presenters right I I paid great attention and analyzed it deeper than

any other kinds of speech I have when I First of all, use your slides primarily to summarize

important points. For each slide, have one or more paragraphs of narration to present to your

audience. We discussed it before, yesterday, as far as I can remember. Remember that your

responsibility is to add value to the information you present. Explain the analysis leading up to the

major points and what each point means. Look at the audience, not the screen. It's clear. Do not read

from the screen, but look to your audience. As you show new elements on a slide, allow the

audience time to absorb the information. Then paraphrase and elaborate on what they have seen.

Do not read verbatim from a slide. So I recommend you, when you introduce new slide, it would be

great when you make a pause, just a couple of seconds pause, and then start explaining this

material. You will look great, you will sound great. And your speech in general will be good. And

your speech in general will sound professionally. Leave the light as bright as you can. Make sure

the audience can see your face and eyes. And I would add even here that make sure that you can see

your nose pretty good. Next, maintain a connection with the audience by using a laser point to

highlight slide items to discuss. Then, don't rely totally on the audience. Don't rely on PowerPoint.

Help the audience visualize your points by using other techniques. Drawing a diagram on a

whiteboard or flip chart can be more engaging than showing slide after slide or stating drawings.

Showing real object is a welcome relief from slide. For example, when you are going to make a

presentation on a certain book, it will be great when you bring this book with you and show the

book how it looks like. When you discuss or present some architectural building, for example, you

are an architect and you are going to make a presentation of a building you have constructed, it will

be great when you bring or when you construct this paper construction. And bring it to the public to

show how it looks like. In case of equipment failure, bring back-ups of your presentation. You can

print your presentation or excitate transparencies or bring handouts of your slides as discussed

earlier. So, yeah, when you make presentation, always get ready for the presentation.
Don't rely on your computer all the time. You should be ready with some additional material.

Because try to forecast that there cannot be light, that there can, especially in nowadays situation,

that the classroom can be without light, without internet. It's very common. Nowadays, right?

Or something happens that you are not able to open the presentation. So, very good it works when

you have it printed. Just print your presentation. Make several copies. And it will be easier for you

because you have a presentation before you and it will be easier for you to make a speech, right?

And it will be more comfortable for your listeners because when you have some printed versions

and you have some copies of them, almost everyone or a pair of your listeners can use the same

presentation, just printed. Or you can finally email a copy of your presentation yourself. So that you

are able to access the file if needed. Good. Then the last one for today is tips for giving impromptu

speeches. Yeah. Anticipate the possibility that you might be called on to speak and make some

preparations. This is impromptu speeches. Is the same as extemporaneous speeches. But

extemporaneous is when you have a couple of minutes to get ready. But impromptu speech, you

don't have a second to get ready. It's the most unpredictable speech. But still, you should use every

possibility to predict and to get ready. To examine the meeting agenda. Again, to try to forecast if

you can be asked or invited to share your impressions or not. Practice active listening. This is

probably of the key importance. You should keep under control what everyone says. What

comments everyone makes. And because imagine the situation. You, during a meeting, you are

daydreaming. And you suddenly hear a sentence, someone says, Ruslana, does this plan make sense

to you based on your experience? For example. And this is very awkward situation. Right? And

how can you react? And it's not polite to repeat others, to ask others to repeat the whole discussion

for you because you were not listening. That's why during such events, be active listener. Use

whatever small amount of preparation time you are given to your advantage. Use basic principles of

speech organization. I told you about introduction, main part and conclusion. And speak briefly and

consciously. This one point is important as well. Because you understand that your speech hasn't

been planned. That's why it shouldn't be long. Your speech is closer to remark than to speech. And
that's why your speech should be as much informative as possible. So don't use any empty words or

cliches. Just stick to the point and use short sentences. And be as informative as possible. Good.

Questions concerning this part? I've got one question. When I had opportunity to present myself

and have public speech, I had other situations when, for example, I've got presentation and I've got

photo, I've got a photo in this presentation. And my people always concentrate their attention on the

picture, not on the story that I'm telling them. So what to do in this situation? Probably your slides

are overloaded with pictures. So pictures are too powerful. They are more powerful, than the

information. So you should make pictures smaller or not so bright. So pictures should be like

addition to the main text. And not vice versa. Okay, exactly. It depends upon the design of your

slide. So in your case, pictures are like, they dominate.

So the next one. We approach to practicing. Practice like you have never won and perform like you

have never lost. Yeah. And I would say that if you are not confident enough, that it means that you

are not ready with your speech enough.