Topic 8: Acids and Bases

8.1: Theories of Acids and Bases

Memories the definition for each theory

Theories of Acids and Bases

2
 Learning Objectives: 8.1: Theories of Acids and Bases

1. Bronsted Lowry Theory

1. Identify Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases. 3. Identifying conjugate acid-base pair.

a theory of proton transfer during an acid- A pair of species differing by a single proton
base reaction is called a conjugate acid-base pair.

2. The difference between the terms

amphoteric and amphiprotic 4. Deduction of the Brønsted–Lowry
acid and base in a chemical reaction.
Amphoteric is a more general term
and refers to a substance that can act Writing dissociation equations for acids
as an acid and a base – all and bases in water
amphiprotic substances are also
amphoteric but not all amphoteric
substances are amphiprotic.
Many reactions involve the transfer of a proton from an acid to a base.

HCl + NH3 → NH4+ +Cl–

HCl transfers H+ to NH3 and so acts as an acid;

NH3 accepts the H+ and so acts as a base.

4
Bronsted Lowry Theory
- You know I’m all about that ...H+

5
Solubility of Acids and Bases

◎ Most acids are soluble or react strongly with

water
◎ Some bases are soluble, some are insoluble

○ Soluble bases are called ALKALIS Know what alkali solution is

It is a basic solution

7
Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
◎ It’s all about protons (H+)

◎ Acid: Proton donor

○ HCl(aq) → H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
○ H2SO4(aq) → 2H+(aq) + SO42-(aq)

◎ Base: Proton acceptor Bronsted (Wikipedia Contributors)

○ NH3(aq) + H2O(l) → NH4 (aq) + OH (aq)
+ -

○ OH-(aq)* + H+(aq) → H2O(l) *From any soluble hydroxide or other alkali

8
◎ If we mention acid/base without mentioning the type, we generally mean a
Bronsted-Lowry acid/base
 Monoprotic and Polyprotic Acids/Bases
Students should know the representation of a proton in aqueous solution as both
!+("#) and !3$+ ("#).
Note: The hydrated proton may be written as H+(aq) or H3O+(aq). H3O+ (called the hydronium ion)

• lose or gain 2 or more protons

• lose or gain only 1 proton – Must form anions of more
Monoprotic Polyprotic than one charge

• HCl, monoprotic acid – H2SO4(diprotic),

Example • NH3; monoprotic base Example – PO43- (triprotic)

&
Acid • HCl + H2O à H3O+ + Cl- • Acids Dissociates in stages
Dissociation
equation
• NH3 + H2O à NH4++ OH- Dissociation • PO43- + H2O à HPO42- + OH-
Base ↓ equation

It looses or gains one

proton or H+ at a time

9
The difference between the terms amphoteric and amphiprotic
Amphiprotic species can act as both Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases.

Examples
Amphiprotic Species: Can act as both an acid and base according to the Brønsted–Lowry theory

Amphoteric is a more general term and refers to a substance that can act as an acid and a base
– all amphiprotic substances are also amphoteric but not all amphoteric substances are amphiprotic.
M
most commonly encountered substances that are amphoteric but not amphiprotic are Aluminum hydroxide and
zinc hydroxide.
Metals oxides, such as aluminium oxide, Al2O3, can react with acids or bases to forms salts and are therefore
amphoteric but they cannot be described as amphiprotic as they are not able to donate a proton.

To act as a Brønsted–Lowry acid, they must be able to dissociate and release H+ .

To act as a Brønsted–Lowry base, they must be able to accept H+ , which means they must have a lone pair of
electrons.
So substances that are amphiprotic according to Brønsted–Lowry theory must possess H+ both a lone pair of
electrons and hydrogen that can be released as H+ .

10
 +

Oagains
- 1

losest
.

HSO4 acts
- as a

B-L Base
Acid forms H2SO4
B-L
a ASON
forms
+
1
gains

acts
& ↓ as a
acts
looses
as I+2 O B-2 Base
acid forms H30
+

a
B-L
OH-
forms
Conjugate Acids and Bases
◎ A conjugate acid/base pair are two species that differ by a single proton.
- -

○ A conjugate base is formed when an acid loses a proton

-

○ A conjugate acid is formed when a base accepts a proton

◎ For example:
○ Hydrochloric acid, HCl
◉ HCl is the acid, Cl- is its conjugate base
● The HCl can donate a proton…it is an acid
● The Cl- could accept a proton….it is a base

○ Ammonia, NH3
◉ NH3 is the base, NH4+ is its conjugate acid
● The NH3 can accept a proton….it is a base
● The NH4+ could donate a proton….it is an acid

13
 Time to practice
ACIDS BASES Base/Conj Acid
Acids/Conj Base
Give the formula of the conjugate
Give the formula of the conjugate acid for each of the following:
base for each of the following:
+1. HF /F- H-
H 1. OH- /H20
+
2. H /HSO4-
H 2SO4
2. SO42- /SOL
3. H3PO4 /PO
&
-
- 3. HPO42- /HPO
4. CH3COOH /CH3COO

14
> /(CH3)2NHz
-

H+ 4. (CH3)2NH
5. H2O /OH-
>
-

/HzO
+
5. H2O
6. /NHS
NH4+
 loss of &H +

E
>
-

Acid Conj Conj

Base + acid Base
g
air of ↓H

Conj acid
- -

Acid Base Con)Base

.

Base
Acid/Conj

/004-

Acidrsose
/S-
+

/ PH3

/C8z

*
Base/Conj .
Acid
/CIO4
+
1 Hz S
Bases +
/ PH
gain
/H2CO3

15
Identifying Acids, Bases and conjugates in an equation
◎ Remember: ↳
○ A conjugate acid is made by ADDING a proton to a base.
○ A conjugate base is made by REMOVING a proton from an acid.

16
 .
Deduction of the Brønsted–Lowry acid and base in a chemical reaction

H20/OH- NHz/NH4
+

HNOz/NOz- OH-(H2O

H20/H30
+
H20/OH-

#50/S HaU/AzOT

17
 Nb 12
page
185

Acid Base
M

Conj Con)
X base acid

shoulfromd same
-
M
substance

18
 Nb 13 page 186

-
-
-

Acid Base
-
-
Conjacid Conj Base
-
- -

O
-

19
 Nb 9 page 185
by 1H
+

=> should differ

O - -

Extra question
-

differ by 1H X X
-x
-
only
-

O
S

20
I
Topic 8: Acids and Bases

8.2: Properties of acids and bases

 Learning Objectives:
8.2: Properties of acids and bases

1. Writing balanced chemical equations for 3. Understand the effect of acids/alkalis on

the reaction of acids. indicators
Candidates should have experience of acid-
Most acids have observable characteristic base titrations with different indicators.
chemical reactions with: The color changes of different indicators are
reactive metals
given in the data booklet in section 22.
metal oxides
metal hydroxides
hydrogen carbonates, and carbonates. 4. Conduct experiments to confirm the
Alkalis (metal hydroxides/ammonia), properties of acids and bases.

2. Understand that acids neutralize bases (and

vice versa)
Salt and water are produced in exothermic
neutralization reactions
Identification of the acid and base needed to
make different salts.
Bases which are not hydroxides, such as
ammonia, soluble carbonates and hydrogen
carbonates should be covered.
Acid–base titrations are based on neutralization
reactions
Refresh
◎ Define the terms acid and base according to the Brønsted-Lowry theory and
Arrhenius Theory. Give one example of each.
Bronsted Lowry Acids are proton or H+ donors
Bronsted Lowry bases are proton or H+ acceptors

Arrhenius acids are substances that produce H+ in water

Arrhenius bases are substances that produce OH- in water

◎ Which statement explains why ammonia can act as a Brønsted-Lowry base?

-

A. Ammonia can donate a lone pair of electrons.

B. Ammonia can accept a lone pair of electrons.

23
C. Ammonia can donate a proton.
OD. Ammonia can accept a proton.
 Neutralisation - Reactions of acids

ACID + ALKALI → SALT + WATER

hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium chloride + water

sulfuric acid + ammonia → ammonium sulfate + water

24
◎ This is always an exothermic reaction.
◎ It is called neutralisation but won’t always lead to a
perfectly neutral solution (Unit 18 HL Salts)
 Neutralisation - Reactions of acids

◎ Salt and water are produced in exothermic neutralization reactions

- DH
- The enthalpy of neutralization is defined as the enthalpy change that
occurs when an acid and a base react together to form one mole of water.

- For reactions between all strong acids and strong bases, the enthalpy
change is very similar.

- This is because the net reaction is the same, involving the formation of
water from its ions.

25
Most acids have observable characteristic chemical reactions with reactive metals,
metal oxides, metal hydroxides, hydrogen carbonates, and carbonates.
Balancing chemical equations for the reaction of acids.
Reactive
metal Acid + metal → salt + hydrogen

Memonze
&

metal oxides Acid + base → salt + water

metal
hydroxides Acid + base → salt + water

Neutralization reaction of hydrogen

acid with carbonates Acid + hydrogen carbonate → salt + water + carbon dioxide

Soluble
carbonates Acid + carbonate → salt + water + carbon dioxide

Ammonia Ammonia + acid → ammonium salt

Ammonium Acid + base → salt + water

hydroxide

26
Neutralization reactions of acids and reactive metals wil b
e i n en !

General equation Acid + metal → salt + hydrogen

!"(#)+2$%&('() → !"%&2 ('()+ $2 (")

net ionic equation:
Example
=>>>
!"(#) +2$+('() → !"2+ ('()+ $2 (")

Example of a REDOX REACTIONS (topic 9)

Notes More reactive metals such as sodium and
potassium in Group 1 would react much too

eastate
violently, while copper and other less reactive metals
such as silver and gold will usually not react at all.

27
Experimental evidence insert a lighted match into the test tube, if the match or splint
for H2 gas: extinguishes with a distinctive 'squeaky pop' sound. Then H2 is
present.
* Note: that although the common acid nitric acid, HNO3, does react with
metals, it usually does not release hydrogen
Cu (s) + 4HNO3 (aq) → Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)
Neutralization reactions of acids and metal Oxides

General equation Acid + base → salt + water

$2)*4 ('() + %+* (#) → %+)*4 ('() + $2* (&)

Example
Na2O(s) + H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq)

metal oxides are bases. These react with acids to

form a salt and water.
*Alkalis are solutions obtained when certain bases
Notes
react with water.

28
Ex: the base Na2O reacts with water to produce the
alkali sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

Experimental for any neutralization reaction, record the rise in the

evidence: temperature since the reaction is exothermic
Neutralization reactions of acids and metal hydroxides

General equation Acid + base → salt + water

$%& ('() + ,'*$('() → ,'%& ('() + $2* (&)

net ionic equation for any neutralization
Example
reaction:
H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l)

For reactions between all strong acids and strong bases,

Notes the enthalpy change is very similar. Since they all have
the same net ionic equation H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l)

Experimental for any neutralization reaction, record the rise in the

evidence: temperature since the reaction is exothermic

29
Neutralization reactions of Acids and Hydrogencarbonates

General equation Acid + hydrogen carbonate → salt + water + carbon dioxide

NaHCO3(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Example
CH3COOH(aq) + KHCO3(aq) → KCH3COO(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Net ionic equation:
$+ +$%*3- → $2*(l) + %*2 (g)

Notes The reactions, that involve a gas being given off so they
visibly produce bubbles, known as effervescence.

30
Experimental Experimental evidence for CO2 gas:
evidence: carbon dioxide gas truns limewater milky or turbid
Neutralization reactions of Acids and Soluble Carbonates

General equation Acid + carbonate → salt + water + carbon dioxide

2$%& ('() + %'%*3(#) → %'%&2 ('() + $2* (&) + %*2 (")

Example Net ionic equation:
-
2$+ + %*32- → $2*(l) + %*2 (g)
-

nitric acid + sodium carbonate → sodium nitrate + carbon dioxide + water

31
Experimental Experimental evidence for CO2 gas:
evidence: carbon dioxide gas turns limewater milky or turbid
Neutralization reactions of Acids and Ammonia

General equation Ammonia + acid → ammonium salt

H
Example NH3(aq) + HCl(aq) → NH4Cl(aq)
X He

Neutralization reactions of Acids and Ammonium hydroxide

General equation Acid + base → salt + water

Example NH4OH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NH4Cl(aq) + H2O(l)

32
Bases which are not hydroxides, such as ammonia, soluble carbonates and hydrogen carbonates should be covered.

* The soluble bases are known as alkalis. When dissolved in water they all release the hydroxide ion OH–.
For example:
oxide
Metal
that NH3

3
Ammonia
know act
thesebases ⑬ Carbonates
C032-
as
drogen
④ by carbonate
HCO3-

33
 OH-hydroxide
for Bases R- Or

02-oxides
Identification of the acid and base needed to make different salts.
◎ the metal part of the salt comes from a metal oxide or hydroxide
◎ the non-metal part from the acid

-- /- 1
K +
a
-

# x L;
+
N05
Mg2- NO Nat SO =

Lit H
+
NO3
,
H
+
C OH- 2f
At SOy
-

Felt OH- HNO3 NatOH

+
-

S-
OH - H
- X
+
K
-
HNO3
Mg,
&
KOH HC 2
HC LiOH NaOH
HNOs
Base Acid Fe(OH)2
Acid Base Acid MyIOHL2 acch Base
H2SO4
Base Acid
Base
- -

-- /
-- /-
-02- 2- /- 3-

-Nat
S04
-

En2 + 3 n2
+
CU3 Na
+
PO4 Nat CH3200
O
2-

Nat 02- PO-

+
+
CO3 H
COO
Ent 02- H
X ZnO Not 02- S
+ +
H H NaO
/ o -
*
-1
② Base c
-
Base
acid
HeCO3 He CO3
H2SO4 No N20 Hz PO4
ZnO Acid Acid
Acid Base Base Acid

34
Base
know Zinc
+
2

that
Er
is
Indicators
-Memorie
Indicators: are weak acids and bases whose conjugates have different colors.
•The color change means that they can be used to identify the pH of a substance.

Indicators are generally used either as aqueous

solutions or absorbed onto ‘test paper’.

Ex: litmus, which turns pink in the presence of

acid and blue in the presence of alkalis.

•Litmus not so useful in distinguishing between

different strengths of acid or alkali.

35
• The color changes of different indicators are
given in the data booklet in section 22.
 Acid–base titrations are based on neutralization reactions

Purpose: to calculate the exact concentration of an acid or an alkali when the

other concentration is known.

standard solution: is the solution of known concentration.

acid–base titration involves reacting together a carefully measured volume of one

of the solutions and adding the other solution gradually until the so-called
equivalence point is reached where they exactly neutralize each other.

to determine when the equivalence point has been reached, use an indicator,
chosen to change color as the acid and base exactly neutralize each other.

A good indicator is one that gives a distinct or sharp color change at the
equivalence point.

EQUIVALENCE POINT: the point in a titration when the amounts of acid and
alkali are in the correct ratio to completely neutralize each other.

END POINT: the point in a titration when the indicator changes color. In general,
the end point should indicate the equivalence point. A variety of indicators can be
used.

36
37
 8.1 Theories of acids and bases

1) Using H2O as an example, explain what is meant by an amphiprotic species.

+
if water is acting as an acid donates
______________________________________________________________________________
;
H2O/OH-
______________________________________________________________________________

if water is acting base it accepts+

_______________________________________________________________
as a
,

A
HO/H30 +

2) Write equations for the following amphiprotic species reacting with the hydronium ion (H3O+)
and the hydroxide ion (OH-).
H30t- Acid
>

-
a) Hydrogen sulfate ion HSO4 (aq) : OH-Base
1H +
&
(i) HSO4-(aq) reacting with H3O+(aq)

HSO , Hz ot
>
- H2SO4
+
_________________________________________________________________________
+ H2O
Base Acid Con, acid Conj base
~

It
(ii) HSO4-(aq) reacting with OH-(aq)

HSOOH- SO-
_________________________________________________________________________
>
- + H2O
Acid Base Conjbase Conjacid
& (iii) Identify the conjugate acid-base pairs in the above reactions.
b) Dihydrogen phosphate ion H2PO4-(aq)
IH+
-
(i) H2PO4 (aq) reacting
& with H3O+(aq)

H2P0 ot -#3 PO4 +

_________________________________________________________________________
+ H2O
Bas
-
,n
+ Acid Conjacid Conjbase
(ii) H2PO4 (aq) -
reacting
> with OH-(aq) ? -

HPO4
HPO4 + OH
H2ofacid
_________________________________________________________________________
>
>
-
-

Acid Base Conj base

&(iii) Identify the conjugate acid-base pairs in the above reactions.

G12 – Chemistry – American – Term 1& 2 – 2021/2022 Page 18 of 270

 3) Explain the difference between the terms amphiprotic and amphoteric.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Amphoteric general term is a

_________________________________________________________________________

But Amphoprotic
_________________________________________________________________________
means

a subs. that can act

as both Bronsled-lewey
acid or B-2 base.

G12 – Chemistry – American – Term 1& 2 – 2021/2022 Page 19 of 270

38
 2+

8.2 Properties of acids and bases

En Given
+
Ni
Reactions of acids and bases

1) Complete and balance the following equations:

Cu/AulAg X X Do not react with acids
Zn
+
c
Acid + Metal Salt +hydrogen
metal Salt 2

Mg2
-

H2(9) +
a) Zn(s) +EHCl(aq)  Endz SO4


/"
Balanced 2f
H2(g) + MgSO2
b) Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq)  Ca NO3
-
-


H2(g) + Ca(NO3)2
2
c) Ca(s) +2HNO3(aq) 

d)ENi(s) +2HCl(aq) 
Ha(g) + 2 Nice Nit ce


2) Complete and balance the following equations:
CO32-
Acid + carbonate Salt + water +carbon dioxide

a) CaCO3(s) +&HCl(aq)  CaCl2 + H20 + CO2


b) CaCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) CaSOy + H20 + CO2

c) MgCO3(aq) +EHNO3(aq) 
Mg(NO3)2 H20 CO2
+
+
--

-

No,
 My
La
3) Complete and balance the following equations:
Na ce
Acid + alkali Salt + water
1
Basa Acid
-

If
a) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) 
-
NaCl + H2O K NW3
-


KNO3 + H2O
b) KOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) 
Li SOn
/
- -


&
c) LiOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq)  O
LigS04
+
-
G12 – Chemistry – American – Term 1& 2 – 2021/2022 Page 22 of 270

Mo
 NHyH
NH3
Ammonia + Acid >
- Ammonium
Salt


NHyt C'-
d) NH3(aq) + HCl(aq)  NC ammonium chloride
NHy

e) NH3(aq) + H2SO4(aq)  (NH) 2 SO4 /
-
SOy

f) CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) 
ammonium sulfate

II/II
g) CH3COOH(aq) + NH3(aq) 

 +
82
-

 CuD C
4) Complete and balance the following equations: 2
Base Y ,

Acid + metal oxide Salt + water 2-

a) CuO(s) +2HCl(aq)  CuCl2 + H2O

a) Ce

1-
-
Le
2+

,

b) MgO(s) +EHNO3(aq)  Mg(NO3)2
+ 20 (b) My & NO3
 a
c) CaO(s) + H2SO4(aq) CaSO # H2O

/
27

c) Ca SO4

&
Y
5) Complete and balance the following equations:
HCO3 I
-

Acid + hydrogen carbonate Salt + water +carbon dioxide


E
a)-
NaHCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) NacSO4 H20
-
2CO2
+

r
b) Mg(HCO3)2(s) + HNO3(aq) 
- Mg (NO3)2 + 2H20 +2002
2 + 2 = 4H

i-
r
1-

Na
If
SO4
2-
b) Mg NOz
a)
a
Y
,

G12 – Chemistry – American – Term 1& 2 – 2021/2022 Page 23 of 270

Topic 8: Acids and Bases

8.3: The pH scale

 Learning Objectives: 8.3: The pH scale

1. Understand how pH relates to acidity/basicity

4. Understand the ionic product of water and use it
!" values distinguish between acidic, neutral calculate H+ and OH- concentrations
and alkaline solutions The ionic product constant, #w = ["+][$"−] = 10−14
at 298 #
Ionic Product of water (Kw) "2$ ⇌ "+ + $"−
2. Understand how pH relates to changes in
hydrogen ion concentration 5. Solving problems involving !", ["+] and [#"−].
pH = –log10 [H +]
!" = −log["+] and ["+] = 10−!". [H +] = 10–pH
! ! = ["+][#"−] = 10−14 at 298K
$" + $#" = 14
3. Make a pH colour chart by diluting pOH = -log [OH -]
acids/alkalis
6. Solving problems involving neutralization reactions
A change of one !" unit represents a 10-
fold change in the hydrogen ion
concentration ["+].
 The pH Scale
Runs from 1 for most acids up to 14 for
most alkalis right?
○ Nonsense….we lied. -$ values distinguish between acidic, neutral
○ Can go below 0 for very strong acids and alkaline solutions.
and above 14 for very strong alkalis.

41
=> Acidic [H ) [OH-]
+
= = Basic
Neutral or Alkali
[H ]) [OH]
+

[OH-] > [H)

 What is pH?.....the ‘Power of Hydrogen’

◎ pH is an attempt to produce a simple scale for the relative acidity of a substance in

relation to the H+ concentrations: [H+].
◎ pH is determined by the concentration of H+ in a solution.

* *
pH = -log10[H+] so [H+] = 10-pH

◎ As it is a log scale to base 10, each one step increase in pH corresponds to a 10 fold
decrease in the concentration of H+
○ pH 0 : [H+] = 1.0x100 mol dm-3 (i.e. 1.0) Exam tip: recognising a 10, 100
+1 ➗ 10 fold change in concentration
○ pH 1 : [H+] = 1.0x10-1 mol dm-3 (i.e. 0.1)
from pH changes is asked all the
+1 ○ pH 2 : [H ] = 1.0x10 mol dm (i.e. 0.01)
+ -2 -3 ➗ 10 time so know it!

42
=> increasing
the pH by I
decreases the CH )
+
by 10
-
-
 pH values

◎ pH numbers are usually positive and have no units

◎ The pH number is inversely related to the [H+]
Solutions with a higher [H+] have a lower pH and vice versa.
stronger and more concentrated acids have a lower pH
weaker and more dilute acids have a higher pH.
◎ calculate the value of pH from a known concentration of H+ : pH = –log10 [H+]
◎ calculate the concentration of H+ from a given pH. : [H+] = 10–pH

43
A change of one %! unit represents a 10-fold change in the hydrogen ion
concentration [!+].

!
◎ increasing the pH by one unit ⇒ decrease in [H+] by 10 times ( x !")
◎ decreasing by one pH unit ⇒ increase in [H+] by 10 times. ( x 10)

As dilute an acid =>

PH increases
-

you towaos 7

44
PH decreases
diluk
base
a >
As
-

you towards
 water
Try this After addij 1000
Vi 900 + 100 =

◎ 100 cm3 of a NaOH solution of pH 12 is mixed with 900 cm3 of water. What
is the pH of the resulting solution?

A. 1
B. 3
C. 11
O &

D. 13
only
Dilutionfactor Vf -
= = &Jumpstep
/0 start
Vi ⑩ I
Base
PH decreases
diloty a base =>

towards 7
 H = [H ] = 10-PH
+

if given [H )
+

if given
[H ]+
=> PH =
-log
Calculating pH/[H+]

1. Follow this pattern to work out the H+ 3. What is the change in [H+] if pH
concentration required for: changes from 4 to 6?
6 (diff is in 2)

-&
○ pH 3 >
-
CH 4=
->
PH =

○ pH 5
○ pH 7 >
- 10-7 H+) 15= => [H decreases by 100
○ pH 9
4. What is the pH of a solution with
○ pH 14 1,000,000 times more [H+] than a
solution with pH 9?
2. What is the pH if [H+] is 0.000001 mol dm-3? [H more => PH lower
-
6 values
by 106 by
10-6
=> pH -ly = (10 3)
-

=
[ => 9 6 =5
-

46
Measuring pH Students should be familiar with the use of a -$ meter and universal indicator

47
 The Dissociation of water
◎ Water can be both an acid and a base, this leads to the following equilibrium:

2 H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + OH- (aq)

or more simply: Equations involving !3"+ instead of !+ may be applied.

H2O(l) ⇌H+(aq) + OH- (aq)

Can you write the equilibrium constant expression for this?

[0] [H + [OH]
Kw =
=

[H20]
↳
E
Solving problems involving %!, [!+] and [$!−].
Students will not be assessed on %$! values.
Students should be concerned only with strong acids and bases in this sub-topic. (for SL only)
Equations involving !3$+ instead of !+ may be applied.
For monoprotic
acids
HCl → H+ + Cl- [H+] = CHCl are !
L +ale
pH = -log [H+]
For polyprotic H2SO4 → 2H+ + SO42- [H+] = 2 x CH2SO4
acids H3PO4→ 3H+ + PO43- [H+] = 3 x CH3PO4
-

#$
For monoprotic [H+]= then pH = -log [H+]
[&'! ]
NaOH → Na+ + OH- [OH-] = CNaOH
bases Or
pOH = -log [OH-] then pH = 14 -pOH

For polyprotic
bases
Ca(OH)2 → Ca2+ + 2OH- [OH-] = 2 xC Ca(OH)2
-

pH = –log10 [H+]

demorte
[H+] = 10–pH
/% = [$+][*$−] = 10−14 at 298K
-$ + -*$ = 14

50
pOH = -log [OH-]
Consider the following acid solution:
0.10 mol dm-3 HCl (strong acid, dissociates fully in solution):
HCl(aq) à H+(aq) + Cl- (aq)
Calculate the concentration on [OH-] and the pH of the solution.

Acid is monopotic
a
acid

(1H) => Ca [Ht) =

= 0 1 .

[H [0H-] = 10 4
+
] Kw
pH -log[H
=

1514
=

OR 15-14
1) 1 [O]=
pH ((0 = = -

-
-
.

= =
[H ]
+ 1
-

0 .

14 13
PH pOH [OH-]
-

+
=
= 10

14 1 = 13
POH
-
=
13
[0H]
-

=> = 10
Calculating [H+] and [OH-] of pure water:
◎ Kw = [H+][OH-] = 1.00x10-14

◎ Since when pure, [H+] = [OH-]

○ [H+]2 = 1.00x10-14
○ [H+] = √1.00x10-14 = 1.00x10-7 mol dm-3 = [OH-]
#
○ So pH = _______

=> [H +] =
[0H] =
1107 at 98K
-
53
 ]
log[H
+

pH = -

[H ] +
= 10-8

1) Calculate the following:

a) the pH of a solution that has [H+] = 1.57x10-3 moldm-3

pH log (1 57x103) 28
= . =
.

b) the [H+] of a solution that has a pH of 4.6

46
[H +
] = 10 =
2 5 .
x 105 mul di.
= 3

c) the [H+] of a solution that has a pH of 3.5

3 5
10
·

[H ] + = 10 = 3 16 .
x mul dri
.

d) the [H+] of a solution that has a pH of 7.9

1579 1 26 100mu di
[Ht] = = . x .

e) the [H+] of a solution that has a pH of 12.8

[Ht) = 10
-
12 8 .

= 1 58
.
x
10 mul di .

f) the pH of a solution that has [H+] = 0.001 moldm-3

PH = -

by (10) = 3

g) the pH of a solution that has [H+] = 1.0x10-12 moldm-3

PH = -
ly [10:] = 12
G12 – Chemistry – American – Term 1& 2 – 2021/2022 Page 26 of 270
h) the pH of a solution of 1.00 moldm-3 HCl

pH = -

$0g(1] =
r

2) Describe the relationship between the pH value and the [H+].

↑H and [H + ] are
inversely proportional
3) The pH of a solution is 3. If its pH is increased to 5, how many times greater is
the [H+] of the original solution?
--
M
102 times greater 5 I5

Original
4) Solution X was added to a sample of solution Y and the pH changed from 2 to 6.
What was the corresponding change in the hydrogen ion concentration?
-

·6
[H +) is less by 10

+o
or

G12 – Chemistry – American – Term 1& 2 – 2021/2022 Page 27 of 270

 2H +
Extra :
-
with
h) the pH of a solution of 1.00 moldm HCl -3 PH ? HaSOy
↑ conc of 1 mu di .

[Ht = 1
.

+
only 1H
[Ht)
pH = -

1y(1) = 0 PH =
-log
2x1 2
[Ht)
=
2 =

3
10(2) -0 -

pH = - =

2) Describe the relationship between the pH value and the [H+].

Inversely proportional
As pH2 [H +]
3) The pH of a solution is 3. If its pH is increased to 5, how many times greater is
the [H+] of the original solution?

# pH
3 5
pH = =

Acid I

original
L
: [H) greater by 100 (or 103)
4) Solution X was added to a sample of solution Y and the pH changed from 2 to 6.
What was the corresponding change in the hydrogen ion concentration?

ph 2 PH
↑

[H decreased by a
factor of 104

G12 – Chemistry – American – Term 1& 2 – 2021/2022 Page 27 of 270

 Most Most
Acidic
Co -14 Basic

5) The pH values of solutions of three organic acids of the same concentration

were measured.

acid X pH = 4 acid Y pH = 3 acid Z pH = 1

(i) Identify which solution is the least acidic.

X pH 4 =

(ii) Deduce how the [H+] values compare in solutions of acids Y and Z.

12 thna
1 Hit isless
6) Lime is added to a lake to neutralize acidic lake . The pH value of the lake water
rises from 5 to 7. What is the change in concentration of H+ ions in the lake water?

5- PH 7
PH =
-
=

increased by
value of 2
PH
a

2 [H + ] will decrease by
a factor of 102 (*)

G12 – Chemistry – American – Term 1& 2 – 2021/2022 Page 28 of 270

54
55
 The pH scale
1) Define the term pH.

power of hydrogen (H)

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

2) Calculate the following:

a) the pH of a solution that has [H+] = 3.2x10-5 moldm-3

105) 4
log (3
2x 5
pH =
_____________________________________________________________________________________
.

= .

_________________________________________________________________________

b) the [H+] of a solution that has a pH of 4.6

-
4.6
[H + ] = 10
_____________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

3) Describe the relationship between the pH value and the [H+].

Inversely proportional As the [H +]

_____________________________________________________________________________________

the PH value
_________________________________________________________________________

4) The pH of a solution is 2. If its pH is increased to 6, how many times greater is the [H+] of the original

solution? pH2 >

-
pH 6 =

& 4
[H is
greater by 10
_____________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

G12 – Chemistry – American – Term 1& 2 – 2021/2022 Page 29 of 270

 5) The pH of solution X is 1 and that of Y is 2. Which statement is correct about the hydrogen ion
concentrations in the two solutions?
X Y
/
A. [H+] in X is half that in Y.
2
B. [H+] in X is*
twice that in Y.
PH = 1
pH =

b
/
C. [H+] in X is one tenth of that in Y.
more
O D. [H+] in X is ten times that in Y.
[H ] by
+
10

6) Lime was added to a sample of soil and the pH changed from 4 to 6. What was the corresponding
change in the hydrogen ion concentration?
?
PH2 [H decreased by 10
factor of
_____________________________________________________________________________________
a

_________________________________________________________________________

10 10 10
-
4 -
5 -
6 -
7
7) Lime is added to a lake to neutralize the effects of acid rain. The pH value of the lake water rises from
4 to 7. What is the change in concentration of H+ ions in the lake water?

PH4-7 2 [H) decreased

by factor
_____________________________________________________________________________________ a

of 103
_________________________________________________________________________

Y [H ]s ↑ pH
+
8) Which change in [H+] causes the biggest increase in pH?

A. A change in [H+] from 1×10-3 to 1×10-2 mol dm-3 x

- -
- [Ht]23pH
B. A change in [H+] from 1×10-3 to 1×10-4 mol dm-3 >
- [H +] b by 10 -
-

C. A change in [H+] from 1×10-4 to 1×10-2 mol dm-3

- -
X+ [H7)2pH
O
D. A change in [H+] from 1×10-4 to 1×10-6 mol dm-3
↳ [H decreased by 100
-
-

G12 – Chemistry – American – Term 1& 2 – 2021/2022 Page 30 of 270

9) The pH values of solutions of three organic acids of the same concentration were measured.

acid X pH = 5

acid Y pH = 2

acid Z pH = 3 J
(i) Identify which solution is the least acidic.

least acidic 20 higher pH= acid X

_______________________________________________________________________________

(ii) Deduce how the [H+] values compare in solutions of acids Y and Z.

Acid has value 2 lower [H]

Z
higher H
_____________________________________________________________________________________

less by factor of10

_________________________________________________________________________
a

10) Vinegar has a pH of approximately 3 and some detergents have a pH of approximately 8. State and
explain which of these has the higher concentration of H+ and by what factor.

it has the lower PA value .

Vinegar ; since
_____________________________________________________________________________________

its conconcentration
of [Ht] is
_________________________________________________________________________

higher by a
factor of 105.

G12 – Chemistry – American – Term 1& 2 – 2021/2022 Page 31 of 270

 V.
Key Points
◎ pH is determined by the concentration of H+ ions
◎ Every one step increase in pH corresponds to a ten-fold decrease in H+
concentration
◎ The pH of a strong acid can be calculated using the assumption that [H+]
concentration is related to the concentration of the acid (X number of H+ ions
that dissociate in water).
◎ The pH of a strong base can be calculated as above using the ionic product of
water.
◎ The pH, [H+] and [OH-] concentration can be calculated using the ionic product
of water and the log rules:

56
pH = –log10 [H+]
[H+] = 10–pH
/% = [$+][*$−] = 10−14 at 298K
-$ + -*$ = 14
pOH = -log [OH-]