See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/324835009

Major Nursery Diseases of Agroforest Trees in Bangladesh and Their

Management

Presentation · April 2018

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.18918.93764

CITATIONS READS

0 4,460

1 author:

K. M. Golam Dastogeer
Bangladesh Agricultural University
68 PUBLICATIONS 843 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by K. M. Golam Dastogeer on 30 April 2018.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Major Nurseries Diseases of Agroforest trees in
Bangladesh and their management

K. M. Golam Dastogeer PhD

Dept. of Plant Pathology
BAU, Mymensingh
 Agroforest Nursery In Bangladesh

• To date, actual forest coverage in Bangladesh is less than 7 percent

(SHED 1998)
• Agroforestry means a mixed cultivation of trees and crops (fruit trees,
timber trees, bamboo, vegetables, spices, medicinal plants etc.)
• Over 69’000 families are involved in the nursery sector, either as
nursery owners, part or fulltime labourers or as associated actors like
input suppliers.
 Common Nursery diseases in BD

Disease Host Plant Cause

Seed Eukalyptus, Koroi, Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp.
rot/Germination Shimul, Jam, Teak Macrophomina phaseolina,
failure Botryodiplodia theobromae,
Curvularia
Damping off Eukalyptus, Koroi, Pythium sp., Phytophthora
Narikeli, Pine, Sissoo sp., Corticum sp., Fusarium,
etc. Sclerotium sp. Rhizoctonia sp.
Phoma sp. etc.
Root Rot Rubber, Gamar, Teak Fusarium solani, Fusurium sp.
Dieback Keora, Kadam Chaetomella raphigera,
Rhizoctonia solani
Leaf Spot Rubber, Jali bet Corynespora cassiicola,
Guignardia calami
Disease Host Cause
Leaf Blight Oil palm Curvularia
eragrostidis
Bird’s eye spot Rubber Drechslera heveae
Anthracnose Shimul Colletotrichum
capsici
Wilt Raintree, Cherry and Verticillium sp.,
other berrey Fusuruim sp.
Canker Jackfruit Nectria
haematococca
Butt rot Oak, Sal, Teak, Fungi
Mahogoni, Pine etc.
Heart rot Many deciduous trees Fungi
 Important Nursery diseases

Disease: Damping off

Pre-emergence: seedlings are attacked by fungi

and are killed in the soil before emerging out
or germination.

Post-Emergence: Seedlings
are attacked by fungi on the
hypocotyls or roots or both
while still in cotyledon stage.
Seedlings may collapse on
ground.
 Disease Cycle

• Phytophthora sp. survives in the

soil as resting spores called
oospores.
• Oospores are formed in infected
roots and are eventually released
into the soil following breakdown
of the rotted roots.
• Optimum conditions for
germination of oospores, infection,
and disease development include
temperatures of 65° to 75°F and
nearly saturated soils.
• Under these conditions, the
oospores germinate to produce
sporangia, which release the
infective motile zoospore stage

Disease cycle of Phytophthora

Factors affecting damping off

• High MC
• Acidity PH >5
• High OM
• Clay soil
• Dense population
• Excessive fertilizer esp. N2
Management

• Good drainage
• Fine texture soil
• Soil amendment with saw dust, sand, ash etc.
• Maintain soil pH 5.00 to 6.0…Liming?
• Moderate density of seedlings.
• Balanced fertilization
• In case of regular high incidence of damping-off, the disease can
be prevented by steam sterilization of nursery soil or drenching
soil with 2% formalin or application of fungicides (thiram,
captan, copper oxychloride).
• Soil drenching with BAU-Biofungicide (3.0% solution).
 Disease: Root Rot
Host : Gamar
Pathogen : Fusarium solani
Symptoms:

►Reduced growth and dull green color of

leaves compared to deep green color of
normal foliage.

►This is followed by death of apex of the

shoot and gradual dying out of the leaves.
Such death occurs in irregular patches in the
nursery.

► Small light brown spots appear first on

secondary roots which turn brown as decay
progresses.

► At advanced stages of the rot only the

woody tissues of the roots remain.
Control:

• Maintain nursery hygiene

• Application of fungicide, Zineb @ 100g/m2 or 0.5% as soil

drench in areas of dead, dying and surrounding healthy

seedlings.

• BAU-Biofungicide ( 0.3% ) as soil drenching.

 Disease : Root Rot
Host : Teak
Pathogen : Pseudomonas solanacearum

Symptom:
►Root rot appears as gradual death and
dying up of leaves beginning from the
lower ones.
►Rots first appear in fine feeder roots,
then move into the main tap root where
brownish to blackish discoloration develop
in the pith and surrounding woody tissues.
Management
►Raising teak nursery on sites having well
draining soil.
►Avoiding water logging condition.
 DISEASE: ROOT ROT
Host: Rubber
Pathogen: Fusarium spp.
Symptoms:
• Yellowing of leaves followed by
drying out of seedlings due to rotting
of root.
• Collar region predisposed by water
logging condition in nursery beds or
polyethylene bags containing the
seedlings.

Control:
• Avoiding water logging condition of polybag or nursery soil.
• maintaining better soil aeration by way of breaking and crust formation on top
layer of soil.
• Application of Dithane M 45 @ 50g/16 lit. of water and applied as soil drench
at the onset of early disease symptom.
 Disease: Dieback
Host : Rubber
Pathogen: Botryodiplodia theobromae

Symptoms:
►The symptom first appears as pale green discoloration
of the leaves of the grafted shoots.
►Later turn yellow and finally dry out and die.

Control:
►Germinated seeds should be planted in polyethene
bags, instead of nursery beds, where grafting should be
done.
►Upon successful grafting, transplanting will be done on
the polyethene bag directly.
 Disease: Dieback
Host: Keora
Pathogen : Chaetomella raphigera
Symptoms:
►At first symptom appear as a rot either at the tip or at the middle or lower
part of the stem.
►A light brown transition zone of infection is seen in the stem tissue of
affected seedlings.
►As rot progresses the portion of the stem further dies up.

Control Measures
►The disease can be controlled by spraying Dithane M 45 @ 30g/16 litres of water at
the early stages of disease incidence.
►Two or three weekly treatments proved to successfully control the
disease.
 Disease : Dieback
Host : Kadam
Pathogen : Rhizoctonia solani

Symptoms:
►The disease starts as rot at one or more spots on leaves.

► Such rots gradually develop and coalesce to form bigger necrotic areas
killing both young and old leaves simultaneously.

►Seedlings with affected leaves exhibit healthy roots.

Control:
► Application of a foliar fungicide such as copper oxychloride, Dithane M 45 @
0.2% should be good enough to control the disease.
 Disease: Leaf Spot
Host : Rubber
Pathogen : Corynespora cassiicola

Symptoms:

►The symptoms first appear as yellowish brown spots which thereafter

turn to pale gray.
►Later, spots enlarge and coalesce to give rise to large necrotic areas.

Control:
Application of Dithane M 45 (0.2%) may effectively control the disease.
 Disease : Bird’s Eye Spot
Host : Rubber
Pathogen : Drechslera heveae
Symptoms:
►At the early stage light brown discoloration which
ultimately results necrotic spots with pale centre
and dark brown margins develop on leaves.
►This results in premature defoliation, and dieback
may occur.

Control :
• Shading the nursery plants reduces the disease incidence.
• Maintain seedlings in vigorous condition through adequate balanced
nutrition.
• Application of Dithane M 45 (0.2%) may effectively control
• the disease.
 Disease : Leaf Spot
Host : Jali bet (Calamus tenuis)
Pathogen : Guignardia calami
Symptoms:
►The disease starts as light brown spots on leaves
which later on coalesce to form large irregular spots.

► In severe case, the leaf spots is such that most of the

leaves may be killed so that the affected seedlings dry
out.

Control:
► Generally 2 to 3 weekly applications of Dithane M 45
@ 50g /16 litres of water and applied at the onset of
early symptom expression .
 Disease : Leaf Blight
Host : Oil palm
Pathogen : Curvularia eragrostides
Symptoms:
►The leaf blight appears as small, irregular, light
brown spots or patches on the leaf tips or on the
edges of leaf blades first on the young leaves and
then on older ones.
►The lesions gradually enlarge and their centers dry
out and turn gray.
►Distinct demarcation between healthy and
diseased zone will be formed.
Control:
Five foliar sprays at weekly interval with Benlate
(0.5%) applied on every 400 seedlings raised in
polyethylene bags.
Major Plantation Diseases
 1. Disease : Dieback
Host: Keora
Pathogen : Cystospora sp.
Symptoms:
►The plantations reveal a high proportion of side
branches dying or top dying condition.

►The condition was most severe in Chittagong

division slightly less in Barisal and the least in
Noakhali coastal plantations.

►Dying branches showed a clearly defined transition

zone of progression of infection in most of the
Control :
branches. A fungus was consistently associated with Application of
the transition zone of infection. Dithane M 45 @
0.2% .
 2. Disease : Massive Mortality
Host : Keora

Symptoms:

►Death of leaves, twigs, branches and ultimately the whole tree.

►All trees in some plantations die in progressive succession.

►Dying trees show gradual yellowing of leaves followed by total

leaf fall.

►The dead branches also break-off because of strong wind action

Causal Factor:

►Sudden heavy siltation in coastal plantations covers all the

pneumatophores at and around the basal area of keora trees.

►Thus the aerenchyma of the pneumatophores become deprived

of free oxygen supply.

►Lack of oxygen resulting in the death of the roots, death of the

leaves, twigs, branches and ultimately the whole trees.

Control:
Development of a barrier (either a canal to divert sand or a
narrow embankment to stop sand against the progressively
advancing line of siltations is recommended.
 3. Disease : Bamboo Blight
Host : Bhaluka and Bhaijja
Pathogen: Sarocladium oryzae
Symptoms:
►Blight appears on young growing
culms (generally 1- 5 meters in height)
in August, the disease being at its
worst by mid November.
►Blight starts as death and decay of
culms sheath and then of culms at
nodes which progresses both up and
down the nodes of growing culms.
►The nodes of the young culms breaks
at the point of maximum decay.
► Sometimes, death and decay may
totally destroy the whole of a culms.
►One year old truncated bamboo
shows the presence of light brown
transition zone of advancing infection
on the rind of the culms.
►Splitting of such portion of the culms
would reveal the presence of fine
thread like whitish mycelia of a
fungus.
Control:

►The bamboo blight can be controlled to a large extent by

improving cultural practices such as removal of blighted
culms, burning debris in situ in clumps in April.

►Adding new soil in and around clumps in April-May before the

onset of monsoon.

►The application of Dithane-M 45 as a soil drench or spray

(0.2%) is advisable.
 4. Disease : Mistletoes in Plantation
Host : Gamar, Teak and Malakana Koroi
Symptoms:

►Angiospermic parasitic bushes having

green foliage and small branches in
rather dense clusters are seen to grow
on various parts of the crown of the
affected trees.
►The parasite produces flowers and
fruits.
►The parasites prepare food through
photosynthesis as they have green
foliage and engulf the host branch and
ultimately kills the portion of host
branch.
 Parasite/ : Scurrula gracilifolia, S.parasitica
and Dendrophthae falcata

Control:
• Mechanical control through pruning is the most effective
method for removal.
• Growth regulators such as ethephon provide a degree of
temporary control but repeated applications are required.
• Severely infested trees should be removed and replaced with
less susceptible species to protect surrounding trees.
• Alternatively, gamar/teak should be planted in mixture with
evergreen species having leading canopy in which case
infestation by the parasite of partially shaded gamar canopy
would be very minimal.
 5. Disease : Root Rot of Pyinkado
Host : Pyinkado
Pathogen: Ganoderma lucidum
Symptoms:

►The first symptom appears as pale green color

of the foliage of the upper portion of the crown.
►Then gradually progresses as light yellow, then
yellow and ultimately dries up and fall off.
► The bark become very much permeated by
white mycelia of the pathogen and reaches the
collar region causing a complete girdle.

► Then the foliage start drying up. Later, the

twigs and branches dry up. Ultimately the death
of the crown results.

Pyinkado
Control:
►Disease can be effectively controlled by the use of 2% formalin in
water as soil drench during the early stage of symptom expression.

► Digging out a trench of about 25 cm in width and of 1m in depth

around an infected pyinkado tree will arrest further spread of the
pathogen to neighbouring trees through rhizomorph.

► Raising mixed plantations of pyinkado and trees resistant to

attack by G. lucidum will also help to reduce the build up of
infection by the pathogen.

► Teak (Tectona grandis) is known to be resistant.

 6. Dieback
Host: Jackfruit
Cause: Nectria haematococca
Symptom:
►First dieback appears as pale green of
the leaves, then progressively change to
light yellow, yellow to reddish yellow.
► The older leaves fall off first followed
by younger ones.
► After the leaves fall off, the branches
die.
► At first small, young branches die
which is followed by the older ones.
Control:

►It can be controlled by applying Cupravit, or

Dithane M-45 (0.2%).

►Irrigation during dry season.

► Removal of infected parts along with a small

portion of diseased parts.
 7. Canker
Host: Jackfruit
Cause: Nectria haematococca

► The cankers on jackfruit trees start as blackening of bark generally at the

bases of small dead branches.

► The dead area gradually expands followed by light brown discoloration.

► The canker affected portion fails to add any new growth, and a
depression usually develops.

► On the bark of the dead area small, rounded, reddish-yellow fruit bodies
of Nectria haematococca develop profusely during the monsoon.
 Control:

►It can be controlled by applying Cupravit, or

Dithane M-45 (0.2%).

►Irrigation during dry season.

► Removal of infected parts along with a small

portion of diseased parts.
 Acknowledgement: Most information presented in
these slides has been copied and in some cases
modified from a presentation document kindly
supplied by Professor Dr. Ismail Hossain, Department
of Plant Pathology, BAU, Mymensingh-2202

And No
View publication stats
more…..