GPO CRECB 1959 pt8 1 1

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United States

Q:ongrcssional Record
PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 86th CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION
of America

MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob..:


SENATE A message from the House of Repre- jection, the nomination is confirmed.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
FRIDAY, JUNE 5, 1959 sentatives, by Mr. Bartlett, one of its
dent, I ask unanimous consent that the
reading clerks, announced that the
Rev. Robert H. Shaw, Ph.D., rector- House had agreed to the report of the President be immediately notified of the
elect, Trinity Episcopal Church, Fred- committee of conference on the disagree- confirmation of this nomination.
ericksburg, Va., offered the following ing votes of the two Houses on the The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob-
prayer: amendment of the House to the bill <S. jection, the President will be notified
1094) to amend the Bretton Woods forthwith.
Almighty God, Thou high and mighty
Ruler of the Universe, look with compas- Agreements Act.
LEGISLATIVE SESSION
sion upon the world which Thou hast
made, and which men have disordered. Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
LIMITATION OF DEBATE DURING dent, I ask unanimous consent that the
Grant an end to tyranny and enslave- MORNING HOUR
ment, to anxiety and fear. Show Thy Senate resume the consideration of leg-
mercy upon men; establish Thy truth Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi- islative business. ·
among nations. dent, under the ru1e, there will be the There being no objection, the Senate
Bless, 0 God, this Nation, founded usual morning hour; and I ask unani- resumed the consideration of legislative
under Thy protection. Preserve it as a mous consent that statements in connec- business.
living witness to the value of each in- tion therewith be limited to 3 minutes.
dividual man, as a living influence for The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob- PROPOSED AM:ENDMENTS TO THE
Thy will in Thy world. jection, it is so ordered. BUDGET, FISCAL YEAR 1960 (S.
Send Thy Holy Spirit, we beseech Thee, DOC. NO. 28)
upon those who govern this Nation, and · ORDER FOR ADJOURNMENT TO The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the
especially upon these, Thy servants, the MONDAY Senate a communication from the Presi-
Senate of the United States. Grant dent of the United States, transmitting
them love, to desire what is right; grant Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi- proposed amendments to the budget for
them wisdom, to know what is right; dent, I ask unanimous consent that the fiscal year 1960, involving increases
grant them courage, to do what is right; when the Senate concludes its business in the amount of $433,365 for the legis-
that in ordering the affairs of this coun- today, it stand in adjournment until lative branch, which, with an accom-
try they may restore Thy order in the noon on Monday. panying paper, was referred to the Com-
affairs of this world. The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob- mittee on Appropriations and ordered
Through Jesus Christ our Lord, who jection, it is so ordered. to be printed.
liveth and reigneth with Thee and the
same Holy Spirit, one God, world with- EXECUTIVE SESSION RESOLUTIONS OF MINNESOTA
out end. Amen. Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi- LEGISLATURE
dent, I ask unanimous consent that the Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, I
THE JOURNAL Senate proceed to the consideration of present two resolutions which were re-
the Executive Calendar, as in executive cently approved by the Minnesota State
· On request of Mr. JOHNSON of Texas, session. Legislature, in support of a bill to estab-
and by unanimous consent, the reading There being no objection, the Senate lish a Youth Conservation Corps and
of the Journal of the proceedings of proceeded to the consideration of execu- a bill to equalize the retirement pay of
Thw·sday, June 4, 1959, was dispensed tive business. members of the Armed Forces. I ask
with. unanimous consent that the resolutions
EXECUTIVE MESSAGE REFERRED be printed in the RECORD and appropri-
EXECUTIVE REPORT OF A COMMIT- The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the ately referred to the committees consid-
TEE SUBMITTED DURING AD- Senate a message from the President of ering these measures.
AI; the sponsor of the Youth Conserva-
J;.OURNMENT (EX. REPT. NO. 4) the United States submitting sundry tion Act of 1959, S. 812, and a cosponsor
Pursuant to the order of the Senate of nominations, which was referred to the of S. 269, which would equalize retire-
June 4, 1959, Committee on Armed Services. ment benefits, I am most pleased to in-
Mr. MAGNUSON, from the Committee <For nominations this day received, vite the Senate's attention to these two
on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, see the end of Senate proceedings.) resolutions in support of these bills.
reported favorably the nomination of There being no objection, the resolu-
Lewis L. Strauss, of New York, to be Sec- STATE DEPARTMENT tions were received, appropriately re-
retary of Commerce, and submitted a ferred, and, under the rule, ordered to be
report thereon, together with minority Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
dent, I ask unanimous consent that the printed in the RECORD, as follows:
and individual views, which was printed. To the Committee on Armed Services:
Senate now consider the nomination, on
"RESOLUTION 7
the Executive Calendar, of J. Graham
"Resolution memorializing the Congress of
MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT Parsons, of New York, to be an Assistant
Secretary of State. the United States to amend the Military
Pay Act of 1958 to equalize the retirement
A message in writing from the Presi- The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob- pay of members of the Armed Forces of
dent of the United States submitting jection, the nomination will be stated. the United States
nominations was communicated to the The Chief Clerk read the nomination "Whereas there is now pending before the
Senate by Mr. Miller, one of his secre- of J. Graham Parsons, of New York, to 86th Congress of the United States legisla-
taries. be ~n Assistant Secretary of State. tion, including S . 269, S. 541, and H.R. 703,
CV-628 9947
9948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 5
to equalize the pay of retired members of "Whereas idleness at this period of their REPORT ON DISPOSITION OF
the uniformed services who receive their re- lives will turn many of them into embittered EXECUTIVE PAPERS
tired. pay under the provisions of the Career and frustrated citizens, crippled vocationally
Compensation Act of 1949; and and emotionally; and Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina,
"Whereas the Military Pay Act of 1958, "Whereas the protection of our natural re- from the Joint Select Committee on the
Public Law 85-422, failed to provide for the sources in soil, water, forest, and wildlife is Disposition of Papers in the Executive
computation of the retired pay of such mem- essential to the continued economic and Departments, to which was referred for
bers of the uniformed services, retired prior spiritual health of our society, at the same
to June 1, 1958, on the basis of the newly time that conservation projects offer unlim- examination and recommendation a list
established pay rates provided in said law, ited and noncompetitive work opportunities of records transmitted to the Senate by
at the same time providing that the retired to our young people; and the Archivist of the United States that
pay of those retired after that date be com- "Whereas both youth unemployment and appeared to have no permanent value or
puted at the newly established higher rates; conservation needs are nationwide and re- historical interest, submitted a report
and quire Federal attention: Now, therefore, be it thereon, pursuant to law.
"Whereas there appears to be no basis for "Resolved by the Legislature of the State
this gross discrimination against such retired oj Minnesota, That the Congress of the
personnel who, by reason of past meritorious United States be respectfully requested to BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTIONS
services, should be equally entitled to bene- enact immediately legislation now before it
fits granted to retired personnel retired to establish a Youth Conservation Corps; INTRODUCED
after the effective date of the Military Pay and, be it further Bills and a joint resolution were in-
Act of 1958, Public Law 85-422; and "Resolved, That the secretary of state of troduced, read the first time, and, b~
"Whereas a failure to maintain the same the State of Minnesota be instructed to trans- unanimous consent, the second time
standard for the computation of retired pay mit copies of the joint resolution to the
of all members of the uniformed services of Presiding Officers of the Senate and House
and referred as follows:
the United States, regardless of the date of of Representatives of the United States and By Mr. SALTONSTALL:
their retirement, will cause defections from to each Member of Congress from the State S. 2121. A bill to provide for systemati<
active service of carreer officers and thus of Minnesota. reduction of the public debt; to the Com-
prove detrimental to the national defense "E. J. CHILGREN, mittee on Finance.
and security of the United States; and "Speaker of the House of Representatives. (See the remarks of Mr. SALTONSTALL when
"Whereas retired members of the uniformed "KARL ROLVAAG, he introduced the above bill, which appear
services of the United States reside in every "President of the Senate. under a separate heading.)
portion of our country, however, the State Approved April 24, 1959. By Mr. SALTONSTALL (for himself
of Minnesota is privileged to have great num- "ORVILLE L. FREEMAN, and Mr. BYRD of Virginia) :
bers of such retired personnel who have "Governor of the State of Minnesota." S. 2122. A bill to require semiannual re-
served their country faithfully and with dis- ports by the Secretary of the Treasury with
tinction: Now, therefore, be it . respect to the financial commitments and
"Resolved by the Legislature of Minnesota, REPORTS OF COMMITTEES contingencies of the Government; to the
That the Legislature of Minnesota respect- The following reports of committees Committee on Government Operations.
fully memorialize the Congress of the United (See the remarks of Mr. SALTONSTALL when
States to enact appropriate legislation, simi- were submitted: he introduced the above bill, which appear
lar to that proposed in S. 269, S. 541, and By Mr. BYRD of Virginia, from the Com- under a separate heading.)
H.R. 703 of the 86th Congress, to provide that mittee on Finance, without amendment: By Mr. WILEY:
the retired pay of those retired before June H.R. 6319. An act to amend chapter 55 of S. 2123. A bill to amend sections 1461,
1, 1958, be computed on the same basis as title 38, United States Code, to establish 1462, 1463, and 1465 of title 18 of the United
the computation of the retired pay of such safeguards relative to the accumulation and States Code to provide mandatory prison
members retired. after June 1, 1958; and be final disposition of certain benefits in the sentences in certain cases for mailing, im-
it further case of incompetent veterans (Rept. No. 344). porting, or transporting obscene material;
"Resolved, That the secretary of state is By Mr. HAYDEN, from the Committee on to the Committee on the Judiciary.
hereby directed to transmit copies of this Appropriations, with amendments: (See the remarks of Mr. WILEY when he
resolution to the President ·a nd the Vice H.R. 5915. An act making appropriations introduced the above bill, which appear
President of the United States, to the for the Department of the Interior and re- under a separate heading.)
Speaker of the House of Representatives, and lated agencies for the fiscal year ending June By Mr. SYMINGTON:
to each Senator and Representative from the 30, 1960, and for other purposes (Rept. No. S. 2124. A bill to amend the Internal
State of Minnesota. in the Congress of the 345). Revenue Code of 1954; to the Committee on
United States. By Mr. ELLENDER, from the Committee on Finance.
"KARL RALVAAG, Agriculture and Forestry, without amend- By Mr. EASTLAND:
"President of the Senate. ment: S. 2125. A bill to provide that the tax im-
"E. J. CHILGREN, S. 6. A bill to provide for the conveyance posed by the Federal Unemployment Tax Act
"Speaker of the House of Representatives. of certain real property of the United States shall not apply with respect to service per-
"Approved April24, 1959. to Sophronia Smiley Delaney and her sons formed by individuals in connection with
"ORVILLE L. FltEEMAN, (Rept. No. 346); and certain fishing and related activities; and
"Governor of the State of Minnesota." S. 1941. A bill to extend section 17 of the S. 2126. A bill to exclude from coverage
To the Committee on Labor and Public Bankhead-Janes Farm Tenant Act for 2 under the insurance system established by
Welfare: years (Rept. No. 347). title n of the Social Security Act service per-
"RESOLUTION 8 By Mr. ELLENDER, from the Committee on formed by individuals in connection with
"Concurrent resolution memorializing the Agriculture and Forestry, with amendments: certain fishing and related activities; to the
Congress of the United States to enact S. 1521. A bill to provide for the removal Committee on Finance.
legislation creating a Youth Conservation of the restriction on use with respect to a By Mr. HUMPHREY:
Corps to provide healthful outdoor train- certain tract of land in Cumberland County, S. 2127. A bill for the relief of Andrzej
ing and employment for young men and to Tenn., conveyed to the State of Tennessee Szuba; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
advance the conservation, development, in 1938 (Rept. No. 348). By Mr. THURMOND:
and management of national resources of By Mr.. HOLLAND, from the Committee on S. 2128. A bill for the relief of the West
timber, soil, and water, and of recreational Agriculture and Forestry, with amendments: Virginia Pulp and Paper Co.; to the Com-
areas S. 1512. A bill to amend the Federal Farm mittee on Interior and Insular Affairs.
Loan Act to transfer responsibility for mak- By Mr. SALTONSTALL:
"Whereas an ever-increasing number of ing appraisals from the Farm Credit Admin- S .J. Res. 106. Joint resolution authorizing
young people 16 to 22 years of age in our istration to the Federal land banks, and for the Secretary of the Navy to receive for in-
society are unable to find employment; and other purposes (Rept. No. 349); and struction at the U.S. Naval Academy at
"Whereas unemployed youth under 20 S. 1513. A b1ll to clarify the status of the Annapolis two citizens and subjects of the
years of age in Minnesota numbered 14,000 Federal land banks, the Federal intermediate Kingdom of Belgium; to the Committee on
in February 1959, according to Federal esti- credit banks, and the banks for cooperatives Armed Services.
mates reported by the Minnesota Department and their officers and employees with respect (See the remarks of Mr. SALTONSTALL when
of Employment Security; and to certain laws applicable generally to the he introduced the above joint resolution,
"Whereas such growing unemployment re- United States and its officers and employees, which appear under a separate heading.)
sults from the increasing mechanization and and for other purposes (Rept. No. 350).
automation in agriculture, industry, and By Mr. HUMPHREY, from the Committee
clerical and service activities, and is there- on Agriculture and Forestry, with amend- RESOLUTION
fore no transitory problem; and ments:
"Whereas many of these young people who S. 864. A bill to provide greater protection Mr. HUMPHREY submitted a resolu-
are unemployed have special need to learn against the introduction and dissemination tion <S. Res. 129) favoring continued
habits of work, responsibility, skills, and of diseases of livestock and poultry, and for efforts by all 11ations to strengthen co-
self-confidence; and other purposes (Rept. No. 351). operation in health and research activi-
1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 9949
ties, which was referred to the Committee received by the Federal Government from the confidence of the American people
on Foreign Relations. the sale of any capital assets be applied · in the future fiscal integrity of their
<See the above resolution printed in to reduction of the national debt. Government than for Congress to indi-
full when submitted by Mr. HUMPHREY, In order to make these two features cate that it means business on debt re-
which appears under a separate head- effective, the bill requires that, in addi- duction. Such action would also assure
ing.) tion to the scheduled annual percentage all our friends in the free world that
reductions in the debt ceiling, such c::il- America means to keep her dollar hard,
THE PUBLIC DEBT REDUCTION ACT ing shall also be reduced by the amount and thereby safeguard her economy, on
OF 1959 of gifts received by the Secretary of the which the economies of all other free
Treasury and by the amount of proceeds nations so greatly depend for their
Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, resulting from the sale of capital assets strength and stability. It is not hard
I introduce, for appropriate reference, a of the United States. to remember that we must constantly
bill entitled "The Public Debt Reduction There are three basic goals which I maintain the military strength necessary
Act of 1959.'' hope this bill will achieve. The first is in today's world, in order to assure the
This bill is similar to Senate bill 1738, to reduce the size of the debt of the survival and growth of the United States
which I introduced in the last Congress. United States, which would, in turn, re- and the rest of the free world. More
The bill would amend the Second Liberty duce the enormous sums of money which effort seems required in order to recall
Bond Act, as amended, which provides must be appropriated each year for pay- the no less important necessity that we
for a permanent ceiling on the total na- ment of interest on the debt. The Presi- keep our economy strong. Enactment
tional debt of the United States, now es- dent's 1960 budget provides for $8.1 bil- of this bill will guard us from the weak-
tablished at $283 billion. The purpose of lion for this purpose. This is more than ening influence of fiscal irresponsibility.
the bill is to lower, gradually and system- 10 percent of the 1960 budget. Second, I Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
atically, the ceiling on the national hope the bill will help to keep a control sent to have printed in the RECORD, at
debt, by providing that at the beginning on Federal spending, by establishing a the close of my remarks, three articles
of each fiscal year it be reduced by a cer- system for limiting the amount of ex- which from different points of emphasis
tain percentage of the preceding year's penditures in times of peace and pros- illuminate the importance of having
Federal revenue. perity. Third, the bill should serve as an Congress adopt an effective mechanism
The percentages provided in this bill effective measure to help combat infla- for controlling and reducing the national
range from 2 to 5 percent. These are tion. President Eisenhower has made it debt.
modest amounts, and would not disrupt a prime goal of national policy to curb There being no objection, the articles
existing Federal programs. However, if inflation, which has plagued our econ- were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
the bill were enacted into law, it would omy since 1939. His efforts are begin- as follows:
bring about a gradual reduction in the ning to show results. Enactment of [From the New York Herald Tribune, May
public debt of the United States, and this bill will help assure that the progress 26, 1959]
would provide in any given year a fixed in controlling inflation which has been TREASURY'S ANDERSON: HIS PRODUCT
ceiling for Federal spending. started under President Eisenhower will UNPOPULAR
The percentages would operate on an continue in the years to come. . (By Joseph R. Slevin)
escalator principle, and not until 1963 It begins to appear that there is real WASHINGTON, May 25.-Secretary of the
would the full impact of the bill be felt. hope for a budget surplus in the fiscal Treasury Robert B. Anderson is a salesman
In that and succeeding years the bill year 1960, for the U.S. economy seems to with an unattractive product and fresh re-
would call for a reduction of the debt by be booming toward ever-higher levels of minders of his market troubles come with
5 perc.e nt of the net Federal revenue for prosperity as we draw away from last disconcerting regularity.
the previous fiscal year. The budget for year's recission. If this session of Con- Government securities are the Secretary's
gress can produce a budget balanced stock-in-trade. He wants investors to add
the fiscal year 1963 and thereafter could larger quantities of governments to their
not exceed 95 percent of the previous along the lines recommended by the
President, it now begins to appear that portfolios but they have been taking a dim
year's revenue. view of his entreaties.
The bill provides two escape clauses revenues will be large enough to produce The only growing market that Mr. Ander-
when its debt-reducing effect would be a surplus. Already there has been some son can find is for short-term securities.
suspended-one to be invoked in time of talk of the possibility of tax relief next Corporations have been buying short-term
war, and the other to be invoked in a time year. Today I am not prepared to say governments to invest their tax reserves and
of economic crisis when it might be con- whether tax relief would be a good idea local governments have been buying them to
next year. I know that I shall wish to invest their own tax collections.
sidered in the best interests of the Nation balance that possibility against the op- Other customers are cutting back. That's
to incur a budget deficit. Furthermore, portunity to reduce the national debt. true of savings bondholders, who consistently
in the event that Congress should pass If Congress enacts this bill, it will as- have been cashing more bonds than they
any tax relief measure, the amount of the sure the necessity of weighing tax re-
have been buying. And it's true of the big
scheduled lowering of the public debt institutional purchasers who have. been
duction against debt reduction, in the searching out more lucrative investments
could be reduced, under this bill, for 2 event of budget surpluses. Mr. Presi-
fiscal years by the amount of the loss of than Government bonds.
dent, certainly everyone favors reducing It's doubly galling to Mr. Ande.r son and
revenue resulting from such tax relief. the national debt. This bill provides an his Treasury advisers.
The provisions of this bill are essen- opportunity for Congress to do some- Government securities are being cold-
tially the same as those of the similar bill thing toward achieving that objective. shouldered at a time when the public debt-
I introduced in the last Congress. The I hope the Senate Finance Committee and the Treasury's needs for customers-
bill I am introducing today contains two have been rising. They are being cold-
will give the bill prompt and favorable shouldered during a period when the total
provisions which were not in my previous consideration, together with a number investments of institutions are growing by
bill. The first of these would authorize of other interesting proposals which have leaps and bounds.
the Secretary of the Treasury to accept, been made for reduction in the national The Treasury estimates that institutional
on behalf of the United States, gifts of debt. investors chopped $1,500 million of Govern-
money or any other intangible personal Mr. President, this bill spells fiscal ment securities from their portfolios during
property and any Government obliga- responsibility. It is a call for sound the last 6 years. The assets of the institu-
tions, if made on the condition that such fiscal management on the part of both tions climbed an incredible $100 billion over
gifts be used to reduce the national debt. the same 6 years.
the Congress and the executive branch. Life insurance companies and mutual
Under present law, the Secretary of the It is an invitation to come firmly to grips
Treasury may not accept such condi- savings banks cut their actual holdings of
with a bad habit which has marked most governments by $5,500 million. The propor-
tional gifts. This provision would afford of the last quarter century of Federal tion of their assets in governments dropped
to the people of the United States an Government fiscal behavior-namely, to 50 percent.
opportunity by their own direct action leave until some undefined tomorrow Savings and loan associations and State
to reduce the national debt. payment of the cost. of many Govern- and local government pension funds added
The second provision which was not in ment services and activities which should to their holdings of governments. But their
the bill which I introduced in the last be met today. I can think of nothing total assets rose · even more quickly with
Congress would require that the proceeds which would more effectively strengthen the result that governments represented a
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 5
smaller proportion of their assets at the end grams to speed business expansion, elimi- represents almost a 30-percent increase
of the period than at the beginning. nate unemployment. within the past 5 years alone.
The latest bit of unhappy news concerns The Treasury cannot spend more money The continuing shift in Treasury debt to
corporate pension-fund holdings of govern- than it gets through taxes and Government shorter and shorter issues is creating other
ments and it came to Mr . .AI:derson today security issues. Yet professional and naive worries. With buyers backing away from
from the Securities and Exchange Commis- investors both now distrust the latter. This issues having a longer term than a year, re-
sion. It had a familiar ring, for it was the means recourse to financing through the funding operations become larger and more
same story that a prosperous, profit-hungry banks, which increases the money supply frequent. Financing exclusively in the 1-
economy has been telling the Secretary for a and is directly inflationary. year area means that within 4 years 75 per-
long, long time. The classic sources of savings upon which cent of the total debt wauld have to be re-
Corporate pension funds boosted their the Treasury must draw if it is to manage funded each year.
assets to $22,094 million at the end of 1956 the public debt in orderly fashion are being The upward trend of interest rates has,
from $19,319 million a year earlier. The diverted. Institutions and individuals alike moreover, still some way to go. Not only
funds simultaneously trimmed their hold- are investing their funds elsewhere. This does the Treasury face further maturities
ings of Government securities to $1,985 mil- clearly reflects basic distrust of the Govern- this half year which must be refunded; it
lion from a year ago total of $2,032 million. :rp.ent's fiscal responsibility. As Federal Re- will also have to raise some $6 billion to
Where did the funds put their increased serve Chairman William McC. Martin puts $7 billion of new money in the second half.
assets? Holdings of corporate bonds rose to it, "Investors cannot be induced to purchase If business recovery continues as expected,
$11,731 million from $10,392 million. Hold- fixed-income securities if they fear a steady the Treasury will be competing with heavy
ings of common stock jumped to $6,042 mil- erosion in the purchasing power of the dol- business loan requirements.
lion from $4,770 million. lar." Yet this is precisely what they do fear. Eisenhower's impossible position on spend-
The pension funds are buying corporate Official Treasury figures tell the story. ing versus economy is illustrated in his ef-
bonds and common stock because they want During the past 6 years the assets of insur- fort to boost rural electrical cooperative
a more generous return than they can obtain ance companies, mutual savings banks, sav- interest rates. He wants co-ops to pay the
from Government securities. The corpo- ings and loan associations and pension same rate (about 4 percent) that the Treas-
rates pay better. The common stock yields funds rose by about $100 billion, but not a ury must bear when it borrows in the open
as much or more and provides a hedge penny of this additional money went into market--just enough to cover basic costs.
against inflation to boot. Government issues. Yet the President is stymied by the congres-
Corporate pension funds began to grow During this same period, private citizens sional farm bloc. Democratic leaders assured
rapidly just under 10 years ago after the had new savings on the order of $137 billion the cooperatives that the 2-percent rate will
go untouched.
National Labor Relations Board ruled that available for investment either through sav- At the heart of the Treasury's problem is
pension benefits were a proper subject for ings institutions or directly in securities a simple fact, easily grasped by anyone. This
co~lective bargaining. The SEC figures go and mortgages. None of this flow of capital is that governments, like individuals, cannot
back to 1951 and the changes since have been went into Government obligations, on bal- spend more than they take in without being
dramatic. ance.
The funds have more than trebled in size. Refusal of the investing public to put new hurt. In the case of governments, continu-
ing deficit spending debases the currency.
The December 31, 1958 total of $22,094 mil- funds into Federal issues forces the Treasury This is the essence of today's distrust of the
lion compares with a December 31, 1951, to finance by devious means. For example, dollar.
volume of only $6,876 million. it sells tax anticipation notes to corpora-
The $11,731 million corporate-bond total tions at whatever price the market offers.
This is, in effect, a method of collecting taxes [From U.S. News & World Report, May 11,
contrasts with 1951 holdings of $3,125 mil- before they are due. And it sells other short- 1959]
lion and the $6,042 million common stock term issues to banks, which treat them as INFLATION, DEBT, RED INK: HERE Is THE
portfolio stacks up against a meager 1951 cash, since they can be turned into dollars
OFFICIAL VIEW
volume of $812 million. by rediscounting-thus creating more
Government securities not only haven't money. (Interview with Robert B. Anderson,
shared in the expansion but they actually Secretary of the Treasury)
Unless hopes for balancing the budget
have lost ground. The $1,985 million of can be revived, the Treasury will have no Question. Mr. Secretary, is the decline in
"governments" in pension fund hands last alternative but to continue this course. the Government-bond market the result of
December 31 was $185 million smaller than That creates still further problems: (1) It a fear that inflation will further cheapen the
the $2,170 million of "governments" that the will push up its interest cost even higher; value of the dollar?
funds had 7 years before. (2) it will necessitate new offerings at more Answer. I think you have to take into con-
Mr. Anderson is trying to decide whether frequent intervals. sideration a number of factors. In a period
he should ask Congress to boost the 4%, Restoration of faith in the dollar requires of strong business recovery, there are many
percent statutory ceiling on Government facing up to the Treasury's dilemma. But opportunities for people to invest. A great
bonds. The going rate is higher and the that is something Congress still seems un- many people are attracted to common
Treasury has been priced out of the market. prepared to do. The testimony of Treasury stocks. Some see better business oppor-
Paying more than 4%, percent may not officials has brought out clearly the need for tunities and put their money to work di-
arouse additional investor enthusiasm. Cor- fiscal sanity. But such pleas for a balanc-ed rectly in a business operation. Businesses,
porate bonds and mortgages still will yield budget mean comparatively little to a Con- seeking to expand and modernize, com-
more than "governments." But it will allow gress which is being pressured from all sides pete with the Treasury in borrowing savings
the Treasury to sell some Government bonds to approve vital new Federal spending pro- with which to expand.
to the segment of the market that likes to grams. Greater difficulty in managing the Federal
put part of its funds in Federal obligations. These pressures are direct, and every Mem- debt is simply one of the inevitable side
Mr. Anderson can sharply increase the ber of Congress is subject to them. The sad effects of a rapidly expanding level of busi-
Treasury's sales only by raising the Treas- truth is that they do not come solely, or even ness activity.
ury rate to yield that would actively bid primarily, from labor-liberal groups. Con- Question. It has been said recently that
money away from other investments. servatives are just as active in sponsoring the Treasury, in financing debt in a period
The maneuver would drain money from spending programs when their own interests of inflation, faces an almost impossible sit-
home building, local government public are involved. uation. What would you say to ·that?
works, corporate expansion and other pri- Congress lacks any real machinery, more- Answer. It certainly is not an "impossi-
vate activities. Much as Mr. Anderson would over, with which to keep the budget under ble" situation. I would call it a rather diffi-
like to sell more bonds, it's not a step that control. Its dual system of appropriating cult one. We have had similar difficulties
he's likely to take. directly for some programs and authorizing in earlier periods of rising business activity.
agencies to borrow from the Treasury, with I think it's important to realize that we are
no time limit on either type of spending, making substantial progress in debt manage-
[From the New York Times, May 22, 1959] skirts the whole problem. There is no close ment in spite of the effect of a $13 billion
THE OMINOUS DISTRUST OF THE DOLLAR tie between the voting of expenditures and budget deficit this year.
(As reprinted from the Whaley-Eaton Ameri- the voting of revenues to provide the neces- At the present time the amount of the
can Letter by Reader's Digest) sary funds. This makes hold-the-line policy public debt maturing in less than 1 year is
difficult under any conditions. $10 billion less than it was at the end of
The flight from Government bonds is Spot checks of congressional mail fail to 1953. It's $2 billion less than in December
more ominous than most Washington offi- reveal any strong national demand for a 1957, before the present substantial budget
cials care to admit publicly. Several recent balanced budget. Many people are writing, deficit arose. The average length of the
Treasury financing operations have failed but most also want local needs considered. marketable debt is slightly greater than it
badly. As a result, the Treasury is being Federal debt management problems not was in December 1957.
forced to run faster and faster merely to only arouse concern on the part of the Treas- And then we've taken several steps during
keep up with its maturities. The fact is ury officials but also affect the taxpayers' the past year to restructure our short-term
that the richest Nation in the world is now pocketbook. Interest cost on the money the debt so that it creates much less market
operating on a hand-to-:mout!:l basis. · Government has hired now runs to $8.1 bil- disturbance. This is being done through
The effect ot all this seems utterly lost lion yearly. This is se~ond only to defense the staggering of maturities and through
on advocates of dynamic new spending pro- in the fiscal 1960 budget of $77 billion, and selling more of our securities at auction. In
1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 9951
this way, competitive market forces deter- Question. Is growth in the money supply tiona! settlement, and a national monetary
mine the price of the new issues which are the real danger of deficit financing in the reserve. To do this, it moves from country
sold. period ahead? to country in accordance with the payments
Question. You have said that, when the Answer. It is certainly one of the dangers. balance and the monetary policies of the
Government borrows from banks, the effect I should like to say on this subject of bal- major trading countries in the world.
is to increase the country's money supply. ancing the budget, or living within our I should point out that, during the time
Why be concerned about that? means, that we must never forget that we that gold was being added to the reserves of
Answer. I think in answering this kind of already have a debt of very great magnitude. other countries, foreign holdings of bank
question one has to speak in the context of Surely in a period of high and rising busi- deposits and short-term investment in this
the time in which one is living. Let us ness activity we should have as a goal, as country-including short-term securities of
simply ·say that more money usually means an aim of our country, not only to achieve the United States-increased.
more spending. a mere balance in the budget, but some-
There are times in which more spending is thing of a surplus that can be used for debt The VICE PRESIDENT. The bill will
just what the economy needs. retirement. For if this is not done, the be received and appropriately referred.
A year ago we were in a recession; more alternative may well turn out to be greater The bill (S. 2121) to provide for sys-
spending was desirable. But, when business reliance on money creation. tematic reduction of the public debt, in-
is expanding rapidly, we tend to use more Question. Suppose business begins to ex- troduced by Mr. SALTONSTALL, was re-
and more fully our productive resources- pand more rapidly, and businesses become ceived, read twice by its title, and re-
our manpower, materials, our machines, and not buyers but sellers of Treasury securities. ferred to the Committee on Finance.
equipment. And after a certain point we What will your situation be then, with
take up most of the slack in the economy. money tightening?
Then, if spending increases when there is Answer. The extent to which securities are FEDERAL OBLIGATIONS REPORT-
little or no slack in the economy, prices not bought and held by individuals, corpo-
would rise. We might then be confronted rate holders and other nonbank investors ING ACT OF 1959
with the immediate danger of restraining an puts an additional pressure upon the Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President,
inflationary spiral. Treasury to finance in the commercial bank- on behalf of myself and the Senator from
I believe it is important for us to say that ing system. To that extent, of course, there Virginia [Mr. BYRD], I introduce, for
we have not, in my judgment, reached that is the danger of increasing the money appropriate reference, a bill to require
point; nevertheless it does not minimize our supply.
obligation to do the right things now, while However, as long as corporate profits and the Secretary of the Treasury to make
reasonable price stability prevails. tax liabilities continue to rise, their hold- regular reports of the financial obliga-
We still have too much idle manpower but, ings of governments should remain high. tions of the United States, including
as the economy grows and the level of busi- With business activity expanding, the out- direct and guaranteed debt, indirect and
ness activity rises, this manpower will be look for continuation of corporate demand contingent debt, · contractual commit-
more fully utilized. We still have some idle for our securities is favorable. ments, and authorized but uncommitted
equipment and machinery but, here again, Question. Now, Mr. Secretary, what can we appropriations.
with rising levels of business, the slack will be do in this country to avoid resorting to ex-
taken up. Last month, for example, indus- cessive creation of money to finance the
The direct and guaranteed debt of the
trial output moved to an all-time peak; in- Government? United States, most of which is subject
dividuals' income rose sharply to a new rec- Answer. One of the things that we can to the public-debt ceiling, is already now
ord; unemployment declined sharply. do during periods of high levels of business regularly reported at various times and
The hard, basic fact is that, if we are to be activity is to not only live within our means, in various forms by the Treasury De-
a responsible nation, we must constantly but actually to make some reduction of the partment. It appears in the Monthly
plan for the future. Winning a battle against national debt. This means that the Gov- Bulletin, in the monthly statement of
inflation is much like winning a battle in a ernment should do all of those things that
war-it requires the utmost in determination receipts and expenditures, and in other
are required and as many of those things ways.
and in advance planning. And we must as prudent people would judge should be
respond to the challenge of what may be the provided within the limits of our fiscal con- However, there is no comprehensive,
dangers in the future, so that we can main- dition at any given time. regular reporting of the Government's
tain confidence. We can try to increase our productivity indirect and contingent debt, its forward
Question. Would you say that inflation has by carefully studying our productive ca- contractual commitments, or its backlog
now become so much of a danger that it is pacities and by eliminating impediments to of uncommitted appropriations. These
vital to balance the Government's budget and rising productivity. categories of Federal obligations and
stop borrowing new money? We can and should give support and en-
Answer. If, in a period when we are setting couragement to sound monetary policies
spending have grown substantially over
new highs in production, in earnings, in such as will prevent credit excesses from recent years. We need a convenient,
corporate profits, in the level of business ac- adding unduly to spending during a period regular, and comprehensive means of
tivity that is measured by gross national of business expansion. keeping informed about them. Such in-
product--if, under those circumstances, we The role of Government in all of these formation is increasingly essential to
cannot live within our means-then I think areas is, of course, vital. In this connection, sound fiscal management in the Federal
people can rightfully ask. "When can you it should be noted that outstanding leaders Government.
do so?" of both parties in the Congress have an
There are a number of things which should awareness of, and are working toward, sound
Federal agencies and corporations
put us on guard. For one thing, we are policies. But more than sound policies in have been authorized to issue their own
rapidly taking up the slack in the economy. Government are required. obligations. Some are guaranteed by
Moreover, even though consumer and average Sometimes it seems to be old fashioned, or the U.S. Government, and others are not;
wholesale prices have been more or less stable a cliche, to say that business and labor- but purchasers see both types as bacl~ed
for a year, the stability has reflected increas- indeed, every single citizen of this country- by the Government. For example, a
ing industrial prices and the prices of various must use restraint, judgment, and responsi- variety of guarantees have been made on
other things, offset essentially by declines in bility in his activities; but this is one of the housing and other mortgages; the Fed-
prices of food and farm products. burdens of democracy. And when you weigh
The important thing to remember is that, the advantages of democracy and freedom, eral Deposit Insurance Corporation in-
in combatting future inflation, the seeds of the ability to use man's full incentives and sures the bank deposits of our people;
inflation can be sown in periods just like the the genius of his productive capacity, against GI life insurance insures the lives of
present. a totalitarian system of direct controls, it's our soldiers and veterans. Each of these
To sit placidly by as long as price indexes a very small burden that we're asked to programs and many others are reported
are reasonably stable, without preparing assume-simply to be responsible. to the Congress from time to time, but
properly for the pressures which may be Question. Is the outflow of gold a com- are never reported all at once, so that
building up toward future inflation-without plicating factor in your problem? Are you
restraining those pressures that may later concerned about that outflow? the Congress and the people may be
show up in increased prices-is in effect to Answer. I do not believe that the outflow fully a ware of the impact they may have
close the barn door after the horse has got- of gold has been a significant complicating on our debt structure.
ten at least part of the way out. factor in our efforts to finance the deficit. This bill calls for the reporting by the
Question. Is the alternative to a balanced The outflow of gold is related to our inter- Secretary of the Treasury of the pay-
budget more bank-created money? national payments position and also reflects ments which the United States may be
Answer. The extent to which we do not the fact that some foreign countries which legally or morally obligated to make un-
have a balanced budget would, of course, were building up their international reserves
require us to do increased borrowing. The last year had increased earning in their bal- der all such programs. It calls for the
extent to which we do increased borrowing ance of payments and chose to hold some reporting of the unused authority to
would probably result in some expansion of of their reserves in gold. Gold serves its make commitments under such pro-
bank deposits. age-old functions-as a means of interna- grams. It calls for an estimate by the
9·952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 5
Secretary of the Treasury of the finan- close to the Securities and Exchange The study presented by Mr. SALTON-
cial risks inherent in such programs. Commission all their contingent liabili- STALL is as follows:
The bill does not attempt a single defini- ties and future spending programs. The PROVIDING THE CONGRESS WITH MORE INFOR-
tion of such risks, because there is so purpose of such disclosures is to inform MATION ON AUTHORIZATIONS AND COMMIT-
much variety among the programs. investors of the risks they face, and to MENTS To SPEND BEYOND THE BUDGET YEAR
However, I would suggest that it might give them an informed and reliable basis (By John C. Jackson, specialist in fiscal and
be reported in the form of estimated for the decisions they must make in their financial economics, Economics Division,
actuarial reserves. Any existing re- private investments. Since all of us are Library of Congress)
serves would, of course, be reported, so necessarily investors in the Federal Gov- Most of the Federal Government's expend-
that comparison would show the net ernment, we should be as readily in- itures pay for programs that continue be-
risk. formed about its obligations and future yond one budget year. Many of the programs
There is another area in which recent spending programs. and their component activities are of in-
definite duration, others require varying
growth has added to the obligations of The reports called for by my bill will numbers of years for completion. The man-
the Government. The making of long- provide Congress with information which ner in which the Congress has authorized
term contracts, when the United States would be very helpful in providing for expenditures often reflects the nature and
has agreed to pay for goods or services sound fiscal management of the Federal duration of the program, and affects the
over a period of up to 20 or more years, Government. ability of Congress to control expenditures
has increased sharply. Examples of this Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- in any fiscal year. A few examples will il-
are the long-term leases whereby new sent to have the full text of the bill lustrate differences in the way expenditures
are authorized. The interest on the public
post office or Federal office building con- which I am introducing printed in the debt is paid under authority of a permanent
struction is financed. In most cases these RECORD, and also a short study entitled appropriation. Major portions of the public
programs are an effort to avoid increas- "Providing the Congress with More In- roads program expenditures are from a trust
ing the direct public debt of the United formation on Authorizations and Com- fund to which gasoline and other taxes are
States, by encouraging private bodies to mitments to Spend Beyond the Budget contributed. Aircraft, missiles, and ships
underwrite what the Government does Year," which has been prepared at my are paid for under authority of appropria-
not wish to pay for all at once. They request and direction by John C. Jack- tions which contain no limitation as to the
are, perhaps, excellent programs; but son, specialist in fiscal and financial eco- period of years over which the funds are
to be available. The Export-Import Bank
since they replace the public debt, I be- nomics in the Legislative Reference lends funds which it has obtained from
lieve they should be considered in the Service. Treasury investment in its capital stock,
same context as the public debt. A third The VICE PRESIDENT. The bill will funds obtained by borrowing from the Treas-
area in which the Congress is inade- be received and appropriately referred; ury, and also lends the repayments and earn-
quately informed is the field of author- and, without objection, the bill and study ings from earlier loans. The Federal Hous-
ized and appropriated but uncommitted will be printed in the RECORD. ing Administration insures mortgages and
Government spending programs. From meets claims by issuing debentures which are
The bill <S. 2122) to require semi- subsequently redeemed out of insurance rev-
time to time, there is substantial delay annual reports by the Secretary of the enue and the proceeds of the sale of the
in the actual commitment by the Execu- Treasury with respect to the financial properties and mortgages. The appropria-
tive of appropriated funds, thereby ac- commitments and contingencies of the tion for salaries and expenses of the Bureau
cumulating within the executive branch Government, introduced by Mr. SALTON- of the Census is an annual appropriation, to
a volume of potential spending which STALL (for himself and Mr. BYRD of Vir- be obligated during the fiscal year for which
could substantially affect the economy, ginia), was received, read twice by its it is provided.
as well as have a significant effect on the title, referred to the Committee on Gov- These activities or programs, like others
Federal balance sheet. It is my belief undertaken by the Government, involve
ernment Operations, and ordered to be moral or statutory commitments of the Gov-
that this condition should be reported to printed in the REcORD, as follows: ernment to spend money in later fiscal years.
the Congress at regular intervals at Be it enacted by the Senate and House The commitment to maintain a Bureau of
the same time as the direct debt, the of Representatives of the United States of the Census may be no less binding because it
indirect debt, and long-term contracts America in Congress assembled, That this is financed on an annual basis than is the
are reported, so that Congress and the Act may be cited as the "Federal Obliga- commitment to a missile program which will
taxpayers may see the full picture all at tions Reporting Act of 1959." not require annual congressional action be-
once. SEc. 2. Section 114 of the Budget and Ac- cause one appropriation has authorized the
counting Procedures Act of 1950 is amended full amount of money required for a program
The bill calls upon the Secretary of extending over several years.
the Treasury to make such reports semi- by adding at the end thereof the following:
"(d) The reports required by this section The annual expenditures to meet com-
annually-at the end of the fiscal and to be prepared by the Secretary of the Treas- mitments are difficult to control through
calendar years. It provides that they be ury shall include semiannual reports setting present methods of authorizing obligations
broken down by department and agency, forth- when a project requires more than 1 fiscal
so we may see the programs individually "(1) a summary statement of the out- year to complete, or is financed through
and as parts of a whole. standing public debt and guaranteed obli- a revolving fund, or when insurance or guar-
gations of the United States showing the antees are written. The Congress does not
Such reports would provide Congress have complete control over the rate of prog-
and the taxpayers with information amount thereof which is subject to statutory ress on missile contracts or construction
which is vitally needed in convenient limitation; contracts, nor over the prices of farm
form. A part of it is now readily avail- "(2) the aggregate amount of the con- produce subject to price support, nor over
tingent liabilities of the Government to- delinquency and default rates on insured
able in existing reports, but most of it gether with a statement showing the col-
can be obtained only by special request. mortgages.
lateral pledged or other assets available (or The means of obtaining the money to
Such requests have been made from time to be realized) as security therefor, and an make the authorized expenditures are pre-
to time in the past by the chairman of analysis of their significance in terms of scribed by legislation, but the adequacy
the Finance Committee, the senior Sena- past experience and probable risk; of the funds is not wholly within the con-
tor from Virginia [Mr. BYRD] who joins "(3) the total amount of the Govern- trol of the Congress. Income tax revenues,
me in sponsoring this bill, and by other ment's obligation under outstanding con- for example, vary with changes in economic
Members of Congress. The Treasury De- tracts for the purchase of property, goods, or conditions. Receipts of Government cor-
services to be realized or delivered over a porations from loan repayments and from
partment has been accommodating in period of three or more years; and
fulfilling these requests. However, I do sales of commodities, receipts that will be
"(4) the total amount of the outstanding applicable to the corporation's uses and
not believe it should be necessary that contract authorization which has been avoid budgetary expenditures, also fluctuate
this information be specially requested granted to, but not committed by, the execu- with economic conditions.
from the Treasury Department. tive agencies. One of the results of imprecise control
Under present laws, we have easier "Such reports shall set forth the financial over expenditures and revenues is insecure
access to information about the obliga- data required by clauses (2), (3), and (4) control over the size of the public debt. If
tions of many private corporations than of this subsection in a concise form, with the Congress wishes to reduce the public
such explanatory material as the Secretary debt in an orderly fashion, by definite
we have about the obligations of the may determine to be necessary or desirable, amounts, it may consider methods of con-
Federal Government. and shall include total amounts for each trolling expenditures more precisely.
Corporations which want to raise category according to the executive agency A first step toward closer annual control
money from the public must publicly dis- involved and for all such agencies." over expenditures is to ascertain not only
1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE' 9953
the plans for expenditures .during succeed- and noncorporate Government agencies of against them. One purpose of the compari-
ing years but to ascertain how much the the following character: son is to discourage du.Plicate counting of
Government can spend on the basis of pres- " (a) All wholly owned and mixed owner- obligations. The statement does not include
ent authorizations, and how much it could ship Government corporations specifically in- information requested on the standard form
be required to spend, willingly or unwill- cluded in the Government Corporation Con- about other collateral or realizable assets.
ingly, because of present commitments for trol Act and amendments thereto, or subse- Nor does it include estimated losses, also
which appropriations have not been pro- quently brought under the provisions of that specified in the form.
vided. act. Understanding of the nature of the com-
Information on these matters is presented "(b) All other activities of the Government mitments or contingenciess might be ad-
in the text of the budget document, and in operating as revolving funds * • "' for which vanced if the relation of each to the ob-
summary tables, for programs resulted in business-type public enterprise or intragov- ligations and the unobligated balance of the
budgetary expenditures. (Some data also ernmental fund budgets are required by the spending or borrowing authority of the
are presented for trust funds in the budget, Bureau of the Budget. agency were shown in the tabulation. Some
and additional information appears in "( c) Other activities or agencies (1) which of the commitments are charged as obliga-
trustees• reports.) Some of the information are of a business-type nature; or (2) whose tions against the borrowing authority of the
is kept up to date through periodical pub- operations, services, or functions are largely agency, some are not; and whether or not
lication; additional information is reported self-liquidating or primarily of a revenue they are obligations now is ascertainable
to the Treasury Department and the Bureau producing nature; · (3) or whose operations only by examining the financial statements
of the Budget, but is not published. re.sult in the accumulation of substantial which appear in the budget document.
The total of authority to spend which inventories, investments or other recoverable Charges against borrowing authority, reduc-
can be used in the future is reported month- assets. Agencies and other activities to re- ing unobligated balances, are made for the
ly in the Treasury Bulletin. The existence port under this category will be designated loan guarantees reported in the statement
of this authority indicates only the current by the Fiscal Assistant Secretary of the for CCC, public housing, informational me-
authorized upper limit on future expendi- Treasury." dia guarantees, Farmers Home Administra-
tures. The upper limit can be changed, The tables which the Treasury Department tion undisbursed loan commitments, college
and its existence does not indicate either prepares from these reports for publication in housing undisbursed loan obligations, public
the amount that will be spent in a particu- the Treasury Bulletin, do not include facility undisbursed loans, urban renewal
lar fiscal -year, or eventually. In addition to memorandum entries which would indicate undisbursed loan commitments and urban
the unspent balances, expenditures may be the maximum spending or lending authority renewal federally guaranteed private loans.
made from authorized programs for which of the offices, nor how near the maximum Not included in statements of financial con-
no limit has been established, including some has been approached. The tables include a dition nor in obligated balances of funds are
insurance and guarantee programs; or ex- great number of offices, but not all of the farm tenant mortgage loans insured, FHA
penditures in excess of authorized limit Government, and do not combine into aggre- insured mortgages, maritime activities in-
may be required by commitments to guar- gates that could be compared with the cur- sured mortgages, Federal crop insurance, v A
antee and insure. rent monthly data on expenditures and national service life insurance, and U.S.
Unexpended balances of appropriations, of unexpended balances. Perhaps a feasible ad- Government life insurance.
authorizations to expend from debt receipts, dition to the tables would be a memorandum,
and of contract authorizations, are reported prepared from information now reported to
monthly in the Treasury Bulletin. One the Treasury and the Bureau of the Budget,
table shows for each of the departments, of the remaining unused authority of the
PENALTIES FOR MAILING, IMPORT-
and for independent offices as a group, the offices included in the present tabulations. ING, OR TRANSPORTING OBSCENE
development of the balances from the begin- The regulatior.. which requires the reports MATERIAL
ning of the fisca-l year. Another table re- referred to above also requires a semiannual
ports expenditures over a 6-year period report, information from which is now sum- Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, I intro-
according to a functional classification, and marized in a mimeographed statement of duce a bill providing stiffer penalties for
indicates the balances at the end of the long-range commitments and contingen- willful and continuing violations of the
most recent month. This table does not cies of the U.S. Government. The nature Federal antiobscenity laws.
separate the forms of authorization which of the information required is best described Unscrupulous racketeers are now do-
remain unexpended. in the language of the regulation, and of ing a half-billion-dollar-a-year business
The tables referred to do not indicate how the standard form (223, Treasury Depart- in sending obscene magazines, books,
much of the authorizations have been obli- ment).
gated, whether spent or subsequently to be The statement includes explanatory p ages
records, and films to grownups and
spent. Unobligated balances perhaps could in which the Treasury insists that the com- youth alike, all over the country. Ow·
be reported in these tables on the basis of mitments and contingent liabilities are not mails are used for this direct attack on
information about obligations which is sup- public debt. When or if they become ob- the American family and American
plied monthly to the Bureau of the Budget ligations that are not met in full by the ap- morals. In fact, our postal rates at
on standard form 133, for its use in appor- plicable receipts of the corporation, revolving times inadvertently serve to subsidize
tionment of authorized funds. (The Budg- fund, or other agency, they will become these filth dealers. The Post Office De-
et indicates that the unobligated balances budgetary expendit1.ues and then affect the partment estimates that up to 1 million
at the end of this fiscal year will total about public debt.
$27.5 billion, outside of the proposed author- The commitments and contingencies are
children will receive unsolicited porno-
ization for the international financial agen- classified in the statement as loans guar- graphic literature this year. Young
cies. Less than $8 bililon of appropriations anteed or insured; insurance in force; un- sters need not have indicated any in-
is expected to remain unobligated; nearly disbursed commitments to make future terest in this type of material to receive
$16 billion will remain unobligated authori- loans, to purchase mortgages, to guarantee it in the mail. The racketeers plainly
zations to expend from debt receipts, and and insure loans; unpaid subscriptions; ob- solicit any young person whose name
$4 billion of that will be the FDIC and ligations on the credit of the United States; they can obtain from any generally
FSLIC authorizations which have not been and Federal Reserve notes.
touched in the past.) available mailing lists. At times it is
A number of programs are reported in sufficient for a young man to answer an
In addition to information about un- part under more than one of these headings.
expended balances, the Treasury Bulletin For example, the urban renewal iund for advertisement for such an innocent item
publishes for a number of governmental loans and planning advances includes in its as a baseball bat, and he finds himself
offices quarterly or semiannual statements of obligated balance (as reported in the Budget flooded with uninvited and obscene so-
financial condition, income and expense, and document), federally guaranteed private called literature.
source and application of funds and result- loans, and other undisbursed loan commit- The penalties under present laws, pro-
ing budgetary expenditures. The offices in- ments. The first appears in one classifica- viding for fines up to $5,000 are inade-
clude public enterprise revolving funds such tion of the statement of long-range com- quate. These illicit dealers, making
as the Export-Import Bank and the Small mitments, under loans guaranteed or in-
Business Administration, and the Federal sured by Government agencies; the second thousands of dollars a year, regard fines
Housing Administration; intragovernmental appears in another classification, undis- as a mere cost of doing business. The
revolving funds such as the GSA building bursed committmens to make future loans. bill I am introducing requires manda-
management fund, other activities such as Possibly the statement could be arranged tory prison sentences for second and
the Farmers Home Administration, Rural with agencies listed vertically in an item succeeding violators who transmit ob-
Electrification Administration, Commerce space, and the kind of commitment under scene matter through the mails, by ex-
Department maritime activities. Bonneville headings spread horizontally, so that both press or truck, or who themselves take
Power Administration; and some deposit the nature of current commitments and con- obscene matter interstate.
funds and trust revolving funds. The regu- tingencies and the commitments and con- _
lation (Department Circular No. 966, Treas- tingencies facing each fund or agency could I desire to stress, however, that
ury) reads: be compiled readily. strengthening the Federal laws must be
"3. This regulation requires the submis- The statement compares gross amount of only one part of a broader program.
sion of financial statements by corporate contingency with public debt securities held The major portion of the battle against
9954 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE June 5
this type of material must be carried out SEc. 3. The second paragraph of section Naval Academy at Annapolis two citi-
by State and local authorities, who must 1463 of title 18 of the United States Code (re- zens and subjects of the Kingdom of
stamp out the base of operations of these lating to mailing indecent matter on wrap- Belgium, introduced by Mr. SALTONSTALL,
pers and envelopes) is amended to read as
dealers in filth. Furthermore, the atten- follows: was received, read twice by its title, and
tion of parents and the public at large "Whoever knowingly deposits for mailing referred to the Committee on Armed
must be drawn to this danger. Com- or delivery, anything declared by this section Services.
munity support must be mobilized be- to be nonmailable matter, or knowingly takes
hind law enforcement, to help apprehend the same from the mails for the purpose of MUTUAL SECURITY ACT OF 1959-
mailers of and dealers in pornography. circulating or disposing of or aiding in the
But at the same time we must make cer- circulation or disposition of the same, shall ADDITIONAL COSPONSORS OF
tain that one of our most important pub- be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned AMENDMENT
lic institutions, and a major means for not more than five years, or both, for the Mr. GRUENING. Mr. President, on
first such offense, and shall be imprisoned
national communications, is not misused not less than one year nor more than ten May 28, 1959, I submitted an amendment
by those who threaten the moral and years for each such offense thereafter." to ~he Mutual Security Act of 1959. I
social well-being of our youth. SEc. 4. The first paragraph of section 1465 did so on behalf of myself and the dis-
I ask unanimous consent that the bill of title 18 of the United States Code (relat- tinguished Senators from West Virginia
be printed in the RECORD and appro- ing to transportation of obscene matter for [Mr. BYRD], from Nevada [Mr. CANNON].
priately referred. sale or distribution) is amended to read as from New Mexico [Mr. CHAVEZ], from Il-
The VICE PRESIDENT. The bill will follows: linois [Mr. DouGLAs], from Tennessee
be received and appropriately referred; "Whoever knowingly transports in inter- [Mr. KEFAUVER], from North Dakota
and, without objection, the bill will be state or foreign commerce for the purpose of
sale or distribution any obscene, lewd, lasciv- [Mr. LANGER], from Oregon [Mr. MORSE],
printed in the RECORD. ious, or filthy book, pamphlet, picture, film, from Utah [Mr. Moss], from Oregon
The bill (S. 2123) to amend sections paper, letter, writing, print, silhouette, [Mr. NEUBERGER], from Wisconsin [Mr. .
1461, 1462, 1463, and 1465 of title 18 of drawing, figure, image, cast, phonograph re- PROXMIRE], from West Virginia [Mr.
the United States Code to provide man- cording, electrical transcription or other ar- RANDOLPH], from Georgia [Mr. TAL-
datory prison sentences in certain cases ticle capable of producing sound or any other MADGE], and from Ohio [Mr. YOUNG].
for mailing, importing, or transporting matter of indecent or immoral character, Subsequently while the amendment
obscene material, introduced by Mr. shall be fined not more than $5,000 or im-
prisoned not more than five years, or both, was on the table, and under the author-
WILEY, was received, read twice by its for the first such offense, and shall be im- ity of the order of the Senate of May 28,
title, referred to the Committee on the prisoned not less than one year nor more 1959, there were added as additional co-
Judiciary, and ordered to be printed in than ten years for each such offense there- sponsors the names of the distinguished
the RECORD, as follows: after." Senators from Alaska [Mr. BARTLETT].
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of from Virginia [Mr. BYRD], from South
Representatives of the United States of Carolina [Mr. JOHNSTON], and from
America in Congress assembled, That section ·INSTRUCTION AT U.S. NAVAL ACAD-
EMY OF TWO CITIZENS OF KING- Wyoming [Mr. McGEE].
1461 of title 18 of the United States Code
(relating to mailing obscene matter) is DOM OF BELGIUM I now ask unanimous consent, Mr.
amended- President, that there be added as co-
(1) by inserting "(except any obscene, Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, sponsors the names of the distinguished
lewd, lascivious, indecent, filthy, or vile I - introduce, for appropriate reference, Senators from Colorado [Mr. ALLOTT]
article, matter, thing, device, or substance)" a joint resolution to authorize the Secre- and from Maine [Mr. MusKIE].
immediately followJ.ng "anything declared tary of the Navy to receive for instruc- I am most pleased, Mr. President, to
by this section to be nonmailable" in the tion at the U.S. Naval Academy two citi- be joined by such able and distinguished
eighth paragraph thereof; and' zens and subjects of the Kingdom of
(2) by inserting immediately following Members of this body in the cosponsor-
such eighth paragraph the following new Belgium. This week two fine young Bel- ship of this amendment.
paragraph: gians were graduated from the Naval It is a simple amendment. It seeks
"Who knowingly uses the mails for the Academy. These young men were ad- only to bring the foreign aid programs
mailing, carriage in the mails, or delivery of mitted to the Academy under the au- unC::er the same budgetary and account-
any obscene, lewd: lascivious, indecent, thority of Public Law 318, of the 83d ing controls to which the domestic pro-
filthy, or vile article, matter, thing, device, Congress. The same law authorized the
or substance, or knowingly causes to be de- grams are subjected.
admission of two Thai cadets to the U.S. It is most difficult for me to under-
livered by mail according to the direction Military Academy at West Point. The
thereon, or at the place at which it is
Thai cadets have also completed their stand the resistance on the part of the
directed thereon, or at the place at which it
full course of study. A new measure. executive branch to such a proposal.
is directed to be delivered by the person_to The delegation by the Congress to an
whom it is addressed, or knowingly takes Senate Joint Resolution 24, which was executive agency of its constitutional
any such thing from the mails for the pur- introduced by the Senator from Rl:ode right to appropriate funds should not be
pose of circulating or disposing thereof, or Island [Mr. GREEN] earlier this session,
of aiding in the . circulation or the disposi- will permit the replacement of two Thai permitted to continue.
tion thereof, shall be fined not more than students at West Point. The joint reso- It is highly significant that 20 Sena-
$5,000 or imprisqned not more than five lution which I am introducing makes tors, more than 20 percent of the Mem-
years, or both, for the first such offense, and
provision for Belgium to have two more bers of this body, have joined in express-
shall be imprisoned not less that one year ing their desire that appropriations for
nor more than ten years for each such of- midshipmen at Annapolis. Belgium has
fense thereafter." a fine, budding, young Navy, but no foreign aid be returned to the control
SEc. 2. Section 1462 of title 18 of the naval academy. of the Congress.
United States Code (relating to importation I understand that King Baudouin of Is it not enough that so much of this
or transportation of obscene matter) is Belgium, who made such a fine impres- program is presented yearly to the Con- _
amended- sion on all of us by his address before the gress under the cloak of secrecy? Must
( 1) by inserting " (except any matter, those who present the program also be
article, or thing covered by paragraph (a) or joint meeting of Congress last May 12,
is very anxious to be able to replace at vague and indefinite about the purposes
(b) of this section)" immediately following for which the funds appropriated are to
"any matter or thing" in the penultimate Annapolis the two outstanding young
paragraph of such section; and men from his country who have recently be used?
(2) by adding at the end of such section graduated. Is it not past time that the Congress
the following: recapture complete fiscal control of this
"Whoever knowingly takes from such ex- I understand that both the State De- program, on which over $70 billion have
press company or other common carrier any partment an'd the Defense Department already been spent, and for which addi-
matter, article, or thing covered by para- are in favor of this proposal. tional billions are being asked and will
graph (a) or (b) of this section- The VICE PRESIDENT. The joint continue to be asked?
"Shall be fined not more than $5,000 or resolution will be received and appro-
imprisoned not more than five years, or both, The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob-
for the first such offense, and shall be im-
priately referred. jection, the names of the additional co-
prisoned not less than one year nor more The joint resolution (S.J. Res. 106) sponsors of the amendment will be add-
than ten years for each such offense there- authorizing the Secretary of the Navy ed, as requested by the Senator from
after." to receive for instruction at the U.S. Alaska.
1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -.SENATE 9955.
ADDRESSES, EDITORIALS, ARTI- But suddenly it becomes devious and General Warner was the first mounted
sinister. Why? Because Mr. Strauss hoped man to break through breastworks at the
CLES, ETC., PRINTED IN THE that Mr. Erpf would take on the assignment
RECORD and, several months ago, sounded him · out Battle of Petersburg, Va., on April 2,
on the project. Was the May 28 press re- 1865, in the assault which broke the Con-
On request, and by unanimous consent, federate line and turned the tide of the
addresses, editorials, articles, etc., were lease an attempt by Mr. Strauss to cover his
tracks in the Erpf matter? Of course not. war.
ordered to be printed in the REcORD, And the record is the best proof. There is also the story of his plea to
as follows: On May 11, Mr. Strauss was before the the adjutant following his nearly fatal
By Mr. HART: Senate Commerce Committee in public ses- wound at Spottsylvania, to hold fast the
Statement by Senator HART, presented to sion. Chairman MAGNUSON asked him
whether he had selected the man who would
regimental colors on May 18, 1864.
the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry
on June 4, 1959. head up the transportation · study. Mr. These are the same colors which are
Strauss replied that he had asked two or now on display at the State House in
three men to help bim last February or Montpelier.
NOTICE OF HEARING ON NOMINA- March, but that they shied away pending Memorabilia · closely associated with
TION OF JOHN F. KILKENNY TO BE Senate action on his confirmation. Senator . General Warnerts wartime activities ·
MAGNUSON again asked: But are we to un-
U.S. DISTRICT JUDGE FOR THE derstand that as of now you have not se-
form a basic part of the exhibition which
DISTRICT OF OREGON lected a person to head it? Then came the was on display in the local Peck's Phar-
following exchange: macy store window.
Mr. EASTLAND. Mr. President, on "Mr. STRAUss. Yes; I have a man in mind I Some 12 years ago the Mm:ristown His-
behalf of the Committee on the Judi- would like to head it. I don't know if he torical Society was formed. Since then,
ciary, I desire to give notice .that a pub- would. it has established a local historical mu-
lic hearing has been scheduled for 2:30 "Tbe CHAIRMAN. Is that Mr. Erpf? seum in a fine old brick homestead which
p.m., Monday, June 15, 1959, in Room "Mr. STRAUSS. Yes. E-r-p-f. And I
was built in the early 1800's by Jedediah
2228, New Senate Office Building, on the haven't spoken with him in nearly 3
months." Safford, the son of John Safford, who
nomination of John F. Kilkenny, of came to Morristown soon after its found-
Oregon, to be U.S. district judge for the This, then, is the record in the Erpf case-
the case which now emerges as a sinister ing in 1790.
district of Oregon, vice Claude McCol- disclosure some 3 weeks after Mr. Strauss Of interest to visitors will be the orig-
loch, retired. testified publicly about it. inal wallpaper designs reproduced by the
At the indicated time and place all Mr. Erpf, although an expert in the field, silk screen process; original fireplaces,
persons interested in the above nom- lias withdrawn because he rightly feels that
the adverse publicity has impaired his use- one with the bake-oven, crane and early
ination may make such representations fittings; a well-known collection of over
as may be pertinent. The subcommittee fulness in any transportation study. Per-
haps, because he has railroad interests, he 2,000 pitchers and Toby mugs; mementos
consists of the Senator from South Caro- should not have served in any event, al- of the first white settlers of the town;
lina . [Mr. JoHNSTON], .the Senator from thougl1. . it should be noted that representa- and relics from the revolution.
Nebraska [Mr. HRUSKA], and myself, n.s tives of all segments of the transportation It is good to know that the example of
chairman. industry would have been represented on the the Morristown Historical Society is by
study committee. Perhaps the critics would
have been happier with a study headed up by no means exceptional. Instead, it is typ-
THE STRAUSS NOMINATION_._ some amiable nobody endowed with blissful ical of the interest and devotion of Amer-
·. MR. ERPF ignorance of our transportation problems. ican citizens in communities all over the
Mr. SCHOEPPEL. Mr. President, on But this now is beside the point. land.
The important thing is that the Senate I ask unanimous consent to have
Wednesday, June 3, an editorial entitled is scheduled to begin debate on the Strauss
"Now It's Mr. Erpf" was published in the nomination tomorrow, and we hope that Mr.
printed in the RECORD in connection with
Washington Evening Star. Inasmuch Strauss, in line with the President's strong these remarks a news report from the
as other related material, · from another stand, will stay in there and fight this .thing Burlington <Vt.) Free Press of May 26,
newspaper in the city of Washi'~gton, out to the end. 1959, relating to the same subject.
has gone into the REcoRD, I ask unani- . Of course, each Member of the Senate is There being no objection, the articl&
entirely free to vote for or against confirma- was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
mous consent that this editorial be tion. In our opinion, there is nothing in
printed in the body of the RECORD, in as follows:
the record which justifies an adverse vote.
connection with the Strauss nomination. But this is for the Senate to decide. All that MORRISTOWN HISTORICAL GROUP HONORS.LEADER
There being no objection, the editorial an outsider can ask is that a record vote be · OF VERMONT CIVIL WAR REGIMENT
was ordered to be printed in the REcoRD, taken-a vote in which each Senator will MORRISVILLE.-The Memorial Day exhibit of
as follows: have to answer to his own conscience and to the Morristown Historical Society this year;
those people who expect the Senate to act appearing in the Main Street window of
Now IT'S MR. ERPF with a sense of responsibility in a matter of Pzck's Pharmacy, is in tribute to Brig. Gen.
The extent to which some people .will go this importance. James M. Warner, first colonel of the 11th
in their efforts to destroy a man is truly Vermont Volunteers; in which many Morris-
remarkable. town men served during the Civil War. Mor-
For months, Adm. Lewis Strauss, named THREE HUNDRED AND FIFTIETH AN- ristown's GAR post, formed in 1868 as the
by the President to 'be 'Secretary of Com- NIVERSARY OF DISCOVERY OF fourth in Vermont, is named for him.
merce, has been smeared up one side and LAKE CHAMPLAIN-TRIBUTE TO General Warner, a native of Middlebury,
down the other by his senatorial and jour- was 25 years old and a 1st lieutenant in the
nalistic enemies. When the committee BRIG. GEN. JAMES M. WARNER U.S. Infantry at Fort Wyse, Colo., when
hearings on his nomination ended, it looked Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, this year Gov. Holbrook asked him to lead the new
as though the sniping was over-at least Vermont Volunteer Regiment.
until the opening of Senate debate on the many towns in the State of Vermont are His 1861 lieutenant's commission in the
nomination. But not at all. Suddenly, out commemorating the 350th anniversary Army, issu':ld following his graduation from
of the blue, there emerges the strange and of the discovery of Lake Champlain by the U .S. Military Academy at West Point,
supposedly sinister case of Armand G. Erpf. the French explorer, Samuel de Cham- and signed in a firm hand with full signa-
And the case of Mr. Erpf, we are told, proves plain. ture, "Abraham Lincoln," is among the items·
once again that Mr. Strauss is devious, in- Local festivities highlighting important in the exhibit.
tellectually dishonest and unfit to be Secre- historical events are being reenacted or Another memento is a scabbard of a gold-
tary of Commerce. otherwise memorialized all during the. mounted dress sword presented to General
This is vicious nonsense. On May 28, the summer and autumn. Warner by officers of the Vermont Regiment.
Department of Commerce, undoubtedly with These and other items are loaned by .his
Mr. Strauss' approval, issued a press release
However, these activities are, by no grandson, Paris F:letcher, of Worcester, Mass.,
which denied that Mr. Erpf, a New York means, limited merely to the Vermont of an interested friend of the local historical
financier, had been appointed to head up a earliest colonial times. society.
Commerce Department transportation study. For example, in Morristown, Vt., th'ere The exhibit includes a large portrait pre-
This release said Mr. Erpf "has not been se- was a Memorial Day exhibition in tribute sented by General Warner to the GAR post
lected, appointed, or otherwise chosen for to Brig. Gen. James M. Warner, the·first here in 1869 and a copy of the resolution of
any position in the Commerce Department colonel of the 11th Vermont Volunteers thanks adopted by the post and signed "A. A.
and no arrangement with him has been in which many Morristown men served. Niles, D. J. Safford, E. D. Darling, and Frank..
made." This was the precise, literal truth. during the Civil ·war. Kenfield, committee."
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 5
The James M. Warner Women's Relief Staff, and finally Commander in Chief, 100 divisions and pound on to Germany
Corps loans its charter. A group photograph was in charge of the entire D-day opera- with almost 2-1 superiority. But on D-day
of GAR members, a steel engraving portrait tion. .AJ3 Supreme Commander of the itself the Allies would have to land nine di-
of General Warner in uniform as it appears visions to fight 10 German divisions in
in the book, "Vermont in the Civil War," a Allied Expeditionary Forces, he was the bristling, fixed positions-and the Allied
summary of his military career and other final strategist, he calculated the pre- spearheads would be even more heavily out-
documents make up the memorial. carious chances, he equated the factors numbered. "We shall have to send the
"General Warner is described in "Vermont of danger and triumph, he made the soldiers into this party seeing red," said
in the Civil War" as "brave, modest, soldierly momentous decision to "go ahead." the Allied ground forces commander, Ber-
in the Civil War" as "brave, modest, sol- In a sense, D-day was the beginning nard Law Montgomer y. "Nothing must stop
dierly, and equal to every position in which of the painful reconstruction, regroup- them. Nothing."
he was placed." ing, and rededication of the years of the Nothing did st op them-in places. In the
He wounded while directing an assault battle's first hours, between 0015 and 0900,
at the Battle of Spottsylvania on May 18, postwar period. In a sense, Mr. Presi- the Allies won three quick successes. On
1864. dent, the Normandy invasion marked the the left flank the British 6th Airborne
Settling at Albany, N.Y., after the war, start of a NATO which now guards Division achieved complete tactical surprise,
with his wife, the former Matilda Allen, he Europe. Here, on June 6, 1944, in the wiped out German positions east of the Orne
established a successful commercial house first success of the continental victory River. On the right flank the U.S. 82d and
and served as U.S. postmaster for 4 years. over fascism, were the first beginnings of 101st Airborne Divisions, although badly
His death occurred suddenly in 1897 at the the new struggle against communism. scattered in the airdrop, outfought 3
age of 61. German divisions, suffering 2,500 casualties.
Then and now, Mr. President, Dwight Shielded by this U.S. airborne success, the
D. Eisenhower leads us. U.S. 4th Infantry Division swept ashore soon
FIFTEENTH ANNIVERSARY OF On that victorious day in France in after the first Ught on Utah Beach, swamped
D-DAY 1944 were sown the seeds of confidence the defenses at a cost of only 197 casualties.
Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, to- in the judgment and leadership of Gen- It was D-day's first major brealtthrough.
morrow will be June 6, 1959-the 15th eral Eisenhower which so emphatically INCH BY INCH

anniversary of D-day. bloomed in the 1952 and 1956 U.S. elec- But it was on the four beaches between
Fifteen years ago tomorrow, on a tions. And today, President Eisenhower the Orne and the Vire that the man-to-man
sulky, stormy day, just at the break of continues to hold the overwhelming sup- battle was fought in most savage fury. On
port and trust of the American people as Sword, Juno, and Gold Beaches, British and
dawn, allied paratroops dropped on Con- Canadian troops hurled in an astonishing
tentin peninsula, Normandy, France. he works, for the future, with the in-
tricate factors of power and principle. force of specialized armor-mine-clearing
Ninety minutes later the first assault tanks, pillbox-blasting tanks, ditch-filling
troops-made up of American, British, We offer our prayers and support to him, tanks, flamethrowing tanks-but the Ger-
Canadian, French, and Polish soldiers- Mr. President, as he leads America and man 716th Infantry Division in fortified
began to crack the Normandy beaches the free world in our shared efforts to seaside hotels and summer villas, fought
named Sword, Juno, Gold, Utah, and meet the complex and delicate challenges back viciously, inflicting 4,000 casualties.
Omaha. of waging the peace. Onto the U.S. forces' Omaha Beach, a con-
ExHmiT 1 cave sweep of sand 300 yards deep beneath
The Normandy invasion was one of fortified bluffs, the U.S. 1st and 29th Divi-
the greatest military achievements of all [From Time magazine, June 8, 1959] sions sent in a spearhead of 1,450 men. They
time, Mr. President. There, on that day, D-DAY IN EUROPE:· THE FORGE OF VICTORY ran head on into most of the German 352d
the battle of Europe against Adolf June 6, 1944 was a dour, windswept day Division-undamaged by the inaccurate air
Hitler and Nazi Germany essentially was on the English Channel-and the decisive bombardment-and were soon shel1ed,
won. Five thousand ships, 9,000 planes, moment of World War II was hard at hand. mortared, mined, machinegunned. But
and Allied troops numbering 150,000 The combined Chiefs of Staff of the United even as the German commander at Omaha
States and Britain had issued a directive announced victory and began diverting his
men, including 24 U.S. divisions, did to Supreme Commander Dwight D. Eisen- reserves against the British, U.S. Col. George
battle during D-day. There were more hower: "You will enter the continent of A. Taylor ordered an advance: "Now let's get
than 10,000 Allied casualties and more Europe and * * • undertake operations the hell out of here." Inch by inch, behind
than 2,000 men killed. aimed at the heart of Germany and the de- accurate naval gunfire, backed up by waves
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- struction of her armed forces." Eisenhower of reinforcement, the U.S. infantrymen
sent that two articles commemorating looked at the lowering sky and made his pushed back the German defenders.
D-day, one from the June 8 issue of Time fateful decision to go ahead. Now to the MILE BY MILE
magazine and one from the May 31 issue captive peoples of Western Europe came his All day and night the Allies poured rein-
of This Week magazine, be included in voice of hope: "The hour of your liberation forcements onto the hard-won strips of
is approaching." This, 15 years ago this Europe-36,250 in the Utah sector, 34,250 at
the RECORD at the close of my remarks. week, was D-day. The results of that day's
The VICE PRESIDENT. Without Omaha, 83 ,115 on the British-Canadian
work are known wherever man draws breath. beaches and airborne area. The German in-
objection, it is so ordered. Almost forgotten is how precariously the
fantry began to crumble. Still desperately
(See exhibit 1.) power and the glory hung in the balance. fighting, the Britsh punched out gains of 6
Mr. DffiKSEN. Mr. President, I feel To undertake history's greatest amphibi- miles, the Canadians 8. The U.S. 1st and
that it is appropriate for us, and reward- ous invasion, the Allied Powers had assem- 29th Divisions battled into fortified villages
ing to us to commemorate this attack, bled 150,000 men, 1,500 tanks, 5,000 ships, behind Omaha, dug in. In the Utah sector
and 9,000 planes. The German enemy was the seaborne forces linked up with the air-
this victory, this performance, this day, reeling: his cities had been bombed, he had
Mr. President, for two paramount borne, pressed inland. The battle neared its
lost North Africa and been thrown back to moment of truth-the expected counterat-
1·easons. the seven hills of Rome. Wounded he was- tack of Rommel's blazing Panzers. But that
First o! all, we commend to our but still deadly dangerous, with 60 divisions, moment never came.
memory the courage and the capability including his crack Panzers, to defend West- What happened was a breakdown in the
displayed on the 6th of June because ern Europe. Adolf Hitler correctly divined German command. Rommel, believing the
that day rises high in our spirits as a Normandy as the probable Allied Schwer- weather too foul for an invasion, was away
punkt, concentrated his armored reserves
great moment of American and free behind seven infantry divisions in the tar- in Germany on D-day. The 21st Panzer
world history, and because of the dignity get area and, closer to Germany, maintained Division, instead of counterattacking, was
and generosity of the men and boys who strength in the Pas de Calais area. Hitler's fed into a piecemeal defense of Caen. The
died there serving the cause of a better, most mobile general, Field Marshal Erwin 12th SS Panzer and the Panzer Lehr Di-
happier, more peaceful world for all of Rommel, well knew that Allied air su- visions were held in the rear from 04!: J to
us. periority (5,000 fighters on the channel 1600 by command from Hitler himself.
Secondly, I am proud in the remem- front to a mere 119 for the battered Luft- Smothered by Allied air attack, they did not
brance of D-day to honor the service of waffe} would rule out any battle of maneu- get into action until D-plus-one, D-plus-two,
ver, Rommel strengthened the coast defenses and D-plus-three.
one individual who led our cause then, and prepared to fight it out on that line.
and who leads it now in the all-com- Said he: "The war will be won or lost on THE BREAKTHROUGH
pelling issues of war and peace. Dwight the beaches. The first 24 hours will be de- By that time, the battle was won. Along
D. Eisenhower, Mr. President, who had cisive." a 30-mile front, the forces of freedom had
commanded the Allied forces against The Allies therefore faced a momentous secured their beachhead on Hitler's Festung
the Axis in North Africa, and who was strategic equation. Once the beachhead in- Europa. The price was dear: 10,724 casual-
to become NATO leader, Army Chief of to Europe was established, they could land ties, including 2,132 dead.
1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 9957
There was .deadly fighting yet to come done only when the tide was out. But they period of weather -would begin; it might last
and stirring history yet to be made. Mont- wanted it rising so landing craft could get as long as 36 hours. Then bad weather
gomery drew the G.er~an armo_red strength well inshore after obstacles were cleared. would set in again.
onto the Second British Army and First 2. Approach at dawn. Navy and Air Force
IT WAS HIS CHOICE, ALONE
Canadian Army at Caen, while the First U.S. wanted an hour of daylight to saturate the
Army broke out at St. Lo. Hitler and Rom · shore defenses. Therefore, the tide should So there it was, a hope followed by the
mel held back the German Fifteenth Army be right an hour after dawn. threat of disaster. General Eisenhower was
near Calais, waiting for a second invasion 3. Light for airborne troops. Three divi- faced with a choice and a chance. If _he got
that never came. George Patton, with his sions of airborne troops were to be dropped a force on shore, could it be maintained in
ivory-handled pistols, led the Third U.S. behind the beaches at 2 a.m. They needed the face of bad weather ahead? Without the
Army from Avranches toLe_Mans to Orleans darkness for the _flight, but a late-:·ising rigidly planned buildup of men and equip-
to Verdun to Metz in the most spectacular moon to light the Normandy objectives. ment on the beaches, the Germans might
armored advance of the war. There was the By May 17, when he could be sure that push the entire enterprise into the sea. On
unforgettable moment when Paris was lib- all the pieces of the elaborate invasion ma- the other hand, the problems of postpone-
erated. But those moments essentially had chinery would fall into place, Eisenhower ment were agonizing.
been made possible by the United States, could pick a date. The three great essentials As Supreme Commander, the decision was
British, and Canadian troops who, on that ~ould coincide, according to the almanac, his alone. It was a moment when history
single day 15 years ago, stormed the beaches 1n early June--June 5, 6, and 7. was made. A wrong decision could wreck the
n amed Sword, Juno, Gold, Utah, and Omaha. Now the state of the weather-fair or greatest amphibious force ever assembled
foul-was the big question mark which anywhere; a right one would carry it to de-
would face General Eisenhower when the cisive victory. His opponent was riot Hitler
[From This Week magazine, May 31 , 1959) time came for him to make his decision. now. It was the enemy he had always known
EISENHOWER'S TOUGHEST DECISION Weekly practice sessions had been started in he might have to face-the weather.
(By Stewart Beach) April when the meteorologists predicted the The room was still, with an almost unbear-
weather 24 hours ahead. Questions were able tension. Then General Eisenhower rose
Do you remember D-day? Even if you asked, as they would be on the fateful morn- to his feet.
weren't one of the thousands of soldiers who ing. Then General Eisenhower would an-
crossed the channel that unforgettable day, He said, "We'll go."
nounce his practice decision. That was Eisenhower's toughest decision.
you may have been there in spirit, turning As May wore on the weather was beautiful. It was one that couldn't be put aside, and
on a radio early the morning of June 6, 1944, The generals-Eisenhower, Montgomery, that had to be made by Eisenhower alone.
hearing the terse message: "Under the com- and Bradley-visited the troops in the inva- That it was the right decision was brilliantly
mand of General Eisenhower, Allied naval sion force, making pep talks, as Montgomery proved by the Allied sweep through France.
forces, supported by strong air forces, began called them. Confidence was high through- That's something we can all still be thankful
landing Allied armies this morning on the out that magnificent spring.
coast of France." for this D-day.
Then it happened. As May turned into
That was all. But for the moment, it was
enough. The invasion had begun. But
June, the weather began to worsen. The Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
commanders' meetings with the meteorolo- dent, I commend the very able minority
why was it timed for June 6? Why that day gists were now held twice daily at South- leader on the very fine and beautiful
rather than another? Few remember, if wick House, the Portsmouth HQ, at 9:30 in
they ever knew, the factors which dictated the evening and 4 in the morning. And now statement he has just made with re-
the choice of D-day, or the precarious chance the 4 o'clock meeting on June 4 was the gard to the coming anniversary of D-day
on which its success hung. I was in the crucial one. and with regard to those who contributed
fortunate position of knowing some of the At the meeting the meteorologists' predic- so much in order that so many could con-
chief actors in the drama, and I have gotten ti~ms held no hope. Heavy clouds, gales: and tinue to enjoy freedom in the world . .
the story of what happened from them. It h1gh seas were ruling the channel. Naval
began this way: Very shortly I shall address myself to
gunfire would be ineffective, the dawn aerial an anniversary involving one of the great
Fifteen years ago this week events were bombardment of the Normandy defenses al- statesmen of th,is Nation who was one of
moving rapidly toward the flaming climax ~ost. impossible. Smaller craft might cap-
of the greatest suspense story of modern size 1n the turbulent surf. The supreme the real architects of the victory which
times. The Germans knew, as everyone commander made his decision: D-day was was ours.
knew, that the Allies w·ere about to launch postponed, until June 6. I should like to suggest the absence of
a vast assault against the coast of France.
But where the forces would storm ashore · Twenty-four hours later, in the early hours a quorum, so that Members may be no-
and the date of D-day-these were the two of Monday, June 5, a wind of almost hurri- tified; and I suggest the absence of a
great secrets of that spring of 1944. cane proportions _ w~s blowing in General quorum, Mr. President.
In May endless convoys of trucks loaded Eisenhower's camp when he left for the 4 The VICE PRESIDENT. The clerk
o'clock meeting. It was a formidable and
complicated decision he must make. Many will call the roll.
with men in battle dress began moving down
the English roads t.o the channel coast. The The Chief Clerk proceeded to call the
men could guess.that this was the invasion- of the ships based in northern ports had
but they didn't know. Only· when they were already been at sea 2 days. To postpone for roll.
penned into barbed-wire enclosures near the another day would cause almost insurmount- Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
ports would they be told. They would wait able problems of refueling. To delay for ask unanimous consent that the order
there, for no one came out once he knew the another 2 weeks, when dawn and tide would for the quorum call be rescinded.
secret. The entire south coast of England be right again, would raise the agonizing
problem of what to do with the troops in the The VICE PRESIDENT. · Without ob-
was an enormous military camp, off-limits to
the public. meantime . . Secrecy would almost certainly jection, it is so ordered.
be lost if they were let out of the barbed-
THE SECOND ENEMY wire enclosures. - -
Now the ships began marshaling-more WARMTH INSIDE, CHILL WITHOUT UNDERSTANDING: THE ONE SURE
than 5,000 of them. Many anchored in the
harbors; the landing ships ·nosed up against At Southwick House, he went into the ROAD TO PEACE
the macadamed "hards," surfaced strips comfortable library where a fire glowed on Mr. MUNDT. Mr. President, my
along the water's edge, where their bows the hearth and there was coffee to take off horq.e_State of South Dakota was privi-
opened wide and their ramps went down to the chill, tea for the British. There were
some 15 or 20 officers assembled there-the leged earlier this week to hear an out-
receive the troops and tanks that would rush standing address by Mr. George V. Al-
the beaches. commanders with their chiefs of staff, Air
But the supreme commander and the Chief Marshal Tedder, the deputy supreme len, Director of the U.S. Information
other officers who shared the secret knew commander; Lt. Gen. Walter Bedell Smith, Agency. ·
there was one enemy that could wreck their General Eisenhower's chief of staff; Maj. Mr. Allen's excellent speech is a valu-
plan-the weather. And the plan itself was Gen. Harold R. Bull, SHAEF G-3. There _able contribution in not only. explaining
based on three phases of the weather which were also those most important men, the
meteorologists, headed by Group Capt. J ·. M. the role of the USIA in promoting cul-
relentlessly governed the timing of D-day.
An invasion across the treacherous English Stagg and his deputy, Col. Donald Norton tural exchange, but in telling how im-
Channel was hazardous enough · in itself. Yates, today a major general commanding portant and vital it is to world peace
But unless they had fair weather on the the Atlantic missile range at Cape Canaveral. that we make every effort to achieve
days when three factors coincided, the com- The weather was dreadful outside South- understanding of each other among the
manders agreed that the enterprise would wick House, and the meteorologists confirmed peoples of the world. Mr. George Allen
have to be postponed. Here is what they that the storms they had predicted were was awarded an honorary degree by
wanted: lashing the Normandy coast, with high waves
1. Tide low but rising. Out near the low thrown up on the beaches. Huron College of Huron, S. Dak., on
water mark on the Normandy coast the Ger- But, they said, reports from Iceland, June 1.
mans had strung m ined defenses: Lanes Greenland, and ships at sea indicated that ·As coauthor of the Smith-Mundt Act,
would have to be blown, and this could be on the morning of June 6 a relatively good I am deeply appreciative of- the kind
9958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 5
comments Mr. Allen has made with re- world. Last summer the USIA broadcast that resulted in the legislation just men-
spect to the accomplishments which the proceedings of a special session of the tioned.
United Nations, live, from the floor of the Then, as now, the need was to give other
have been made through programs re- U.N. Assembly room in New York to every people as true a picture of America as we
sulting from this legislation. corner of the globe, in the five official lan- possibly could. It was not proposed that
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- guages of the U.N. We concentrated all of we try to picture the United States as having
sent to have Mr. Allen's address made a our 76 transmitters in the United States and achieved perfection, but Congress made it
part of the RECORD at this point. overseas for this purpose, during the crucial clear that those of us engaged in this field
The PRESIDING OFFICER <Mr. 3 days of the session. This was undoubtedly should try to give people everywhere a sense
the largest concentration of international of what we Americans know we are--a strong
MANSFIELD in the chair). Is there ob- broadcasting attempted up to the present and alert democratic nation dedicated to
jection to the request of the Senator time. man's best capabilities.
from South Dakota? Last Christmas, a short 6 months ago, a Fortunately for the United States, a large
There being no objection, the address human voice came down to earth from outer proportion of mankind today shares our
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, space for the first time in man's history. aspirations for peace and a better world.
as follows: President Eisenhower's message of peace and Interest in America, too, is almost universal.
good will toward all men was broadcast People everywhere want to know what we
UNDERSTANDING: THE ONE SURE ROAD TO from an earth satellite which orbited the are and what we do. They want to come
PEACE globe every 90 minutes. and see us, and if they can't do that, they
(Address by George V. Allen, Director, U.S. The transmission lasted only a few days, want to read, hear, and talk about our
Information Agency) and the message was brief, but it was emi- country.
It is not by chance that graduating exer- nently appropriate, for it ushered in a great All this, of course, gives your Government's
cises are commonly called commencement. new era of communications with a plea oversea information program a strong foun-
The traditional sheepskin is, indeed, your for peace and good will. Within a few dation on which to work. With books, mag-
introduction to a new life, to be lived in years, both television and radio networks azines, releases for the local press, films,
stirring times. will use orbiting satellites regularly to re- radio and TV programs, our officers overseas
Personally, I am optimistic about the fu- lay messages to all the world. Two of these try to supply the information these people
ture, but not so blind as to deny that today such satellites, orbiting in cadence with the want. Using all the tools of communica-
the future presents many serious problems. daily revolution of the earth, but at differ- tion available, we try to keep the channels
Certainly the most serious of these is how ent places in outer space, will relay broad- open for a flow of information and ideas in
to achieve peace with justice. casts to every spot on the surface of the both directions.
During the past 30 years I have lived in a earth simultaneously. Cultural exchange with foreign peoples is
These new tools of communication make proving one of our most effective approaches.
number of countries and visited and traveled it possible for us, if we use them wisely-
in nmny more. The most interesting, and As a high ranking Indian Government official
often the most valuable, part of living or if we use them to build friendship rather remarked at the opening of an American
than hatred-to make great progress to- water-color exhibit in New Delhi, "Politics
traveling in different countries is to talk to ward international understanding.
people, to find out what they are thinking, divide, slogans irritate, but art unites."
The barrier of language will st111 exist, The heart of our operation overseas is, in
what they want. And I have always found and will be a more difficult one to overcome
that their first thought, their deepest desire, fact, our U.S. cultural centers, 158 of them
was for peace--for a real and lasting peace, than the scientific problem of transmitting in 80 countries. In addition, the USIA co-
sounds. A universal language is still far operates in the operation of 93 binational
not just another uneasy interlude between off. Even here, however, progress is being
wars. People want a chance to develop centers, the majority in Latin America but
made. The eagerness of people throughout an increasing number in Europe and Asia.
their lives, to give their children an educa- the world to learn English is astonishing.
tion, and to look to a future free from the These centers range in size from modest
And we Americans are at last waking up to little units managed part time by one Amer-
constant anxiety and dread of international the need at least for our people who work
conflict. ican with the aid of a local staff to such
overseas to speak the language of the people great establishments as Amerika Haus in
Since this desire is so deep and wide, I with whom we live.
have asked myself, I have asked others, West Berlin, which is visited daily by some
International understanding may be no 5,000 persons, a fourth or more from East
why, then, do we not have permanent peace? longer merely a dream. It could become a
Why is war st111 the nightmare that haunts Germany. We are told that the Soviet deter-
reality, at least to a sufficient degree to en- mination to get the Western Powers out of
the world's dreams? Why must we, even able the governments of the world to form
during periods between hot wars, constantly Berlin is chiefly directed at the USIA Amer-
an international organization strong enough ika Haus and RIAS, our radio station in that
be faced with a cold war conflict? to keep the peace. I am convinced that this city. The Soviets call them festering sores.
One of the chief reasons, it seems to me, will come about, and that conviction is the We call them havens of democracy and
lies in the almost universal failure of dif- basis of my optimism for the future. freedom.
ferent national groups to understand each It seems to me that the United States has A newspaperman from Calcutta had a
other. Xenophobia, the fear and distrust of a distinct and special contribution to make rather pertinent comment recently on the
strangers, one of man's strongest emotions toward the progressive advance of such un- U.S. Government's oversea informational
since the dawn of time, still control men's derstanding. It could be our most important and cultural programs. C. K. Bhattacharyya
thinking. We not only dislike, we even hate single contribution toward human welfare. told us that our materials help build "rela-
people whose eyes are strangely made, as This young Nation has demonstrated that tionships which endure although political
the song writer put it. We have a tendency, the people of many faiths, of many races, relationships may deteriorate."
perhaps an instinctive one, to distrust people can learn to live in peace with each other. I am particularly proud of this positive
whose skin is a different shade or whose lan- To be sure, we have not resolved all our in- and constructive side of the USIA program.
guage or religion or customs are different ternal differences completely, but we have Unfortunately, we are forced at present to
from our own. made extraordinary progress. We can serve carry on concurrently certain quarrelsome
And yet time and again we have seen it as a model, not of perfection, but of deter- activities-to correct misstatements about
demonstrated that once this tendency is mination to do the job. I think we have a the United States and to combat misrepre-
overcome, men are able to recognize their responsibility to do just this. sentation by international communism. We
common humanity. The first step is for peo- In the Smith-Mundt Act of 1948, of which would have enough to do merely to over-
ple of different nationalities to learn more my good friend and your senior Senator, come simple ignorance about the United
about each other. I do not contend that all KARL MuNDT, was one of the sponsors, the States, but when we must strive to offset
people will automatically like each other bet- U.S. Government recognized this responsi- willful falsehoods, our task is compounded.
ter merely because they know each other bet- bility. The act itself states that its purpose The Communist bloc is waging the greatest
ter. A newspaper columnist, during a recent is to promote "a better understanding of international propaganda campaign in his-
political campaign, described one of the can- the United States in other countries and to tory, to propagandize the non-Communist
didates as a man you have to know well to increase mutual understanding between the world and to degrade the United States. In
dislike thoroughly. But knowledge is the people of the United States and the people addition, they spend a great deal of time and
first step toward understanding. If you of other countries." To the wisdom and effort, through jamming operations and oth-
understand a foreigner's motives, you are statesmanship of those words I think the erwise, to prevent their own people from
likely to be tolerant of his way of life even future will bear witness. learning about the outside world.
when you do not agree with it. Your Senator, then Representative MuNDT, We try not to be propagandists in the bad
In the past, the chief barrier to interna- and Senator Alexander Smith, of New Jersey, sense of the word, but the Communist cam-
tional understanding has been the problem were sent to Europe in the summer of 1947 paign of misrepresentation has to be coun-
of communications. During recent years, on an investigation. They learned that a tered, and we are doing it, with lashing
however, tremendous strides have been made very incorrect image of the United States was attacks where needed. However, it isn't
toward solving that problem, at least in the in the minds of most people abroad, and that the most appealing part of our effort. To
technical field. Today, one man standing Americans did not always have a true picture build a true structure, not destroy false
before a microphone can communicate simul- of the aims and aspirations of foreigners. images, is more in keeping with the Ameri-
taneously with every nation of the entire They came home resolved to take the action can character.
1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 9959
our cultural exchanges with foreign coun- Sunday will be the anniversary of the profits which are being made through
tries is positive, and of growing importance. adoption of Sweden's liberal constitu- the operations of their stations. Yet
The USIA, I should hasten to add, is not tion on June 6, 1809. This constitution when the public is to be considered on
the only U.S. Government effort in the cul- came as the result of a reform movement the one hand, and fiscal profits on the
tural exchange field. Fifteen Government
departments and agencies were represented which overthrew a despotic ruler and other, the recognition is of the fiscal
at a recent State Department meeting to placed King Charles XIII on the throne. profits, and not the public.
discuss the coordination of the various offi- Since that time, Sweden has enjoyed an I call this subject to the tt,ttention of
cial international cultural and educational era of progressive liberalization in gov- my colleagues especially because the
programs of the United States. This may ernment and industrial development. sponsor principally involved is the Fire-
sound like duplication, but I do not believe Both Denmark and Sweden today are stone Co. of Ohio.
the danger of duplication is very great. The model democracies which enjoy ad- Mr. President, I now wish· to discuss
Department of Agriculture, or Labor, or Com- vanced standards of living and high another subject.
merce, or the Library of Congress, or the
Smithsonian Institution, is each interested levels of education. These two constitu- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
in developing cultural contacts with foreign tional monarchies offer fine examples for Senator from Ohio has the floor.
officials or groups in its particular field. In all the world of the fruits which pro-
my view, the more groups working at the gressive democratic government and lib-
problem, the better. eral public welfare standards can pro- THE EIGHTH WINTER OLYMPICS
There are also very many and important duce for a nation. I might add, Mr. Mr. LAUSCHE. Mr. President, it was
private programs which are doing outstand- President, that our own country can with great distress that I observed that
ing work. Some of these programs are en- benefit greatly from the experience of the Olympics committee recently decided
tirely nongovernmental. In others, the Gov- these two countries in developing and not to recommend that Nationalist China
ernment either cooperates or stands by to
assist when asked. We do both, cooperate enacting the liberal welfare programs be invited to participate in the Olym-
and assist, in such programs as the affilia- which have so greatly enriched the lives pics. I think a tragic mistake was made.
tions between American colleges and similar of their citizens. The promoters of the International
institutions abroad. These colleges exchange In the free world's struggle against Olympics extended an invitation to Red
books, magazines, records, films and even Communist imperialism, there is no bet- China, and recognized it as the govern-
students. Some 38 American colleges and ter example to show to now uncommitted ment of the Chinese people. At the
universities are at present amiiated with in- and underdeveloped nations than the same time, they requested that Taiwan
stitutions overseas. economic, social, and political progress enter as Taiwan and not as Nationalist
American cities and towns affiliate with that these two nations have produced China. I bring this subject to the floor
cities and towns abroad. I should like to
see both types of affiliations vastly expanded. under liberal democratic government. today because in February 1960, at
I was pleased to note in some of the America salutes Denmark and Sweden Squaw Valley, there will be held the
literature which your President sent me that on their Constitution Days. eighth winter Olympics. The organiz-
Huron College frequently has welcomed ing committee for the eighth winter
foreign students. Perhaps you may have Olympics has already extended invita-
felt that the number of such students was THE "VOICE OF FIRESTONE" tions to various prospective participat-
too small to be of significance. I think even Mr. LAUSCHE. Mr. President, I am ing nations. Its invitation went to Na-
a small number is significant. The im- quite certain that the television and tionalist China. It did not go to Red
portance of the individual is a tenet of the
democratic faith, and one foreigner who re- radio listeners of the Nation were hit China.
turns from Huron College to his homeland with a rather heavy impact on June 1 I understand that discussions of the
to tell about America is very important. If when they learned that the "Voice of subject are now under way, but that the
he leaves with you a wider understanding of Firestone'' would no longer be seen over organizing committee for the eighth win-
his country and his people, that, too, is the television or heard over the radio. ter Olympics has decided to continue the
equally important. It is mutual under- I have received a number of letters on extension of its invitation to Nationalist
standing which the world needs. this subject from citizens of Ohio ex- China or.. Formosa, and not to Red
I am deeply honored that Huron College pressing their regret that the Firestone China.
has seen fit to confer on me the honorary hour of music will no longer be their It is my sincere hope that the organ-
degree of doctor of social science. Since in- izing committee will stand fast. I un-
ternational relations is one of the social entertainment.
sciences, I accept your distinction not only The Firestone Co. wanted very much derstand that through the Congress we
on my own behalf but also on behalf of my to continue to sponsor this top-quality have provided $4 million to sponsor the
associates at USIA. That it was bestowed by program, but regrettably it was refused Squaw Valley Winter Olympics, and it
Huron College makes it even more important prime evening time by the three tele- would be a tragedy if we should decide
since, as I have told you, the program with vision networks because the "Voice of to invite Red China to the winter Olym-
which I am now connected is, in consider- Firestone" supposedly did not have a pics and to require Nationalist China to
able part, the brain child of Senator KARL satisfactory audience rating, as meas- apply under the national designation of
MUNDT.
The legislation that bears his name ured by present Madison Avenue ad- Taiwan.
launched the United State on one of the vertising standards. I call upon the organizing committee
noblest ventures of its history-a venture I have written a letter to the Fed- for the eighth winter Olympics, andes-
based on the concept that honest and eral Communications Commission ex- pecially the American representatives, to
straightforward presentation of facts is the pressing my disappointment abont the stand ~ast and continue their invitation
best basis for international understanding. action which has been taken by the to Nationalist China, and not Red China.
It is a venture with which I am proud to be three principal television networks. I
connected. should like to state to my colleagues
today that it is rather regrettable that IMPROVEMENT IN THE EMPLOY-
DANISH AND SWEDISH CONSTITU- in the programing of entertainment on MENT PICTURE-INFLATION
TION DAYS the television networks their prime ob- Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, we have
jective seems to be satisfactory financial all noted with gratification the improve-
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, it is results to the various companies. ment in the employment picture during
appropriate today for the Senate and I believe a grave mistake was made. the spring months and we all hope for
for Americans to recognize the Consti- My hope is that something will be done continued improvement until the reces-
tution Days of two of the great democ- to prevent its recurrence in the future. sion is laid completely to rest.
racies of the world, which are being I think there may come a time when However, we must never overlook the
observed this weekend. possibly legislation will be enacted de- fact that severe local unemployment ex-
Today marks the anniversary of the claring that the airways belong to the isted before the recession began and will
adoption of the Danish constitution on public, and that the gigantic national exist indefinitely into the future unless
June 5, 1849. Under this document, television networks will have imposed action is taken. Those of us who sup-
Denmark became a constitutional mon- upon them a civic responsibility greater ported the area redevelopment bill,
archy, ruled by the Rigstag, or parlia- than they are now willing voluntarily to which the Senate passed earlier this
ment. The constitution was drawn up carry. year, sought to provide such help.
in 1848 under King Frederick VII, and Huge are the profits they make in the In order that Members of Congress
later revised in 1915. sale of their statio::s. Huge are the may be reminded of the continuing labor
9960 CO:;.\JG RESSIONAL RECORD-. SENATE June 5
surplus problem and of the large number Mississip pi: Biloxi-Gulfport, Greenville. Committee on the President's Economic Re-
of communities still suffering from sub- Missour i: Cape Girardeau, Flat River, Jop- port appeared, its central conclusion, if not
lin , Washington. perhaps completely refuted, has at least
stantial unemployment, I ask unani- Montana: Butte, Kalispell. been brought into serious question.
mous consent to have printed in the REc- New J ersey: Bridgeton, Long Branch, Mor- This conclusion was that for 1959, since
ORD at this point as a part of my re- rist own-Dover. there was obviously no evidence of inflation
marks a tabulation showing major and New York: Amsterdam, Auburn, Batavia, on the horizon, we should pursue public
smaller areas of substantial labor sur- Corning-Hornell, Elmira, Glens Falls-Hudson policies such as a budget deficit and cheap
plus, as of May 1959. This tabulat ion F alls, Gloversville, J amestown-Dunkirk, money until we have achieved full recovery
is taken from the May 1959 publication Kingston, Newburgh-Middletown-Beacon, from the recession. In other words, we
Area Labor Market Trends, of the Bu- Olean-Salamanca, Oneida, Plattsburgh, should forget about a balanced budget and
Wellsville. give highest priorities to the attainment of
reau of Employment Security. North Carolina: Fayetteville, Henderson, maximum employment and production.
There being no objection, the tabula- K inston, Lumberton, Mount Airy, Rocking- When the congressional committee was
tion was ordered to be printed in the h am-Hamlet, Rocky Mount, Rutherfordton- preparing its report the most recent available
RECORD, as follows: Forest City, Shelby-Kings Mountain, Waynes- figure on unemployment was that of Janu-
AREAS OF SUBSTANTIAL LABOR SURPLUS, ville, Wilson. ary, which placed it at 4,724,000. Reflecting
MAY 1959
Ohio: Ashta bula-Conneaut, Athens-Logan- the recovery to new alltime highs in in-
Nelsonville, B atavia-Georgetown-West Union, dustrial production and the gross national
MAJOR AREAS
Cambridge, East Liverpool-Salem, F indlay- product, this figure had been slashed by
Alabama: Birmingham, Mobile. T iffin-Fostoria, Marietta, Portsmouth-Chil- April to 3,627,000. Since the average num-
Connecticut: Bridgeport, New Britain, licot h e, Springfield, Zanesville. ber of unemployed in the boom years 1955-
Waterbury. Oltlah oma: Ardmore, McAlester, Okmul- 57 was 2,900,000, this means the total of the
Illinois: Joliet. gee-Henryetta. recession-induced jobless had already fallen
Indiana: Evansville, Fort Wayne, South Pen nsylvania: Berwick-Bloomsburg, Brad- to 727,000, and this at a time when we have
Bend, Terre Haute. ford, Bu tler, Chambersburg-Waynesboro, put behind us the worst 4 months of the
Kentucky: Louisville. Clearfield-Du Bois, Indiana, Kittanning-Ford ye ~r in terms of unemployment expectancy.
Maine: Portland. City, Lewistown, Lock Haven, Meadville, New If we look for evidence that the danger of
Maryland: Baltimore. Castle, Oil City-Franklin-Titusville, Potts- inflation is not to be dismissed as lightly as
Massachusetts: Brockton, F all River, Law- ville, St. Marys, S ayre-Athens-Towanda, Sun- the committee dismissed it, our first thought,
rence, Lowell, New Bedford, Springfield- bury-Shamokin-Mt. Carmel, Uniontown- of course, would be the stock market, which
Holyoke, Worcester. Connellsville, Williamsport. has soared so high and so fast that omcials
Michigan: Detroit, Flint, Grand Rapids, Rhode I sland: Newport. and members of the exchange have expressed
Muskegon-Muskegon Heights. Tennessee: Bristol-Johnson City-Kings- their apprehensions concerning its specula-
Minnesota: Duluth-Superior. port, Columbia, La Follette-Jellico-Tazewell. tive temper.
New Jersey: Atlantic City, Newark, Pater- Texas: Laredo, Texarkana.
son, Perth Amboy, Trenton. But the desire to turn a quick profit is
Vermont: Burlington, Springfield. equally evident in such seemingly unrelated
New York: Albany-Schenectady-Troy, Buf- Virginia: Big Stone Gap-Appalachia, Rad-
falo, New York, Utica-Rome. news stories as that of the Florida land boom
ford-Pulaski, Richlands-Blu efield. and the spectacular prices recently bid for
North Carolina: Asheville, Durham. Washington: Aberdeen, Anacortes, Bell-
Ohio: Toledo. paintings by established artists in the lead-
ingham, Bremerton, Everett, Olympia, Port ing art auctions. In another, but equally
. Pennsylvania: Allentown- Bethelehem- An geles.
Easton, Altoona, Erie, Johnstown, Philadel- obvious, form, we see it in the unwillingness
West Virginia: Beckley, Bluefield, Clarks- of investors holding maturing Government
phia, Pittsburgh, Scranton, Wilkes-Barre- burg, Fairmount, Logan, Martinsburg, Mor-
Hazleton, York. obligations to accept in exchange a new
gantown, Parkersburg, Point Pleasant-Gal- short-term security that in anything like a
Puerto Rico: Mayaguez, Ponce, San Juan. lipolis, Ronceverte-White Sulphur Springs,
Rhode Island: Providence. normal atmosphere could be regarded as ex-
Welch. ceptionally attractive.
Tennessee: Chattanooga, Knoxville. Wisconsin: Beloit, Eau Claire-Chippewa
Texas: Beaumont-Port Arthur, Corpus Again, the committee observed that the
Falls, La Crosse, O.::hkosh. country's money supply had increased by an
ChristL
Virginia: Roanoke. Mr. CLARK. Not all of these com- average of only 1¥2 percent since the end of
Washington: Spokane, Tacoma. munities would be eligible for assistance 1954. By the generally accepted definition of
West Virginia: Charleston, Huntington- the money supply-currency, plus demand
under the area redevelopment bill be- deposits adjusted-the latter has risen dur-
Ashland, Wheeling-Steubenville.
cause they have not been labor surplus ing the past 12 months from $135 billion to
SMALLER AREAS 1 areas for the length of time required for $140.4 billion, an increase of $5.4 billion,
Alabama: Alexander City, Anniston, Flor- eligibility. However, sc~e of the cities or 4 percent. This reflects an increasingly
ence-Sheffield, Gadsden, Jasper, Talladega. on this list have been in the substantial vigorous demand for business credit, which
Alaska: Anchorage. unemployment category almost continu- on being used is likely to put to a very prac-
Arkansas: Fort Smith. ously since the end of World War II. tical test the committee's thesis that the
Connecticut: Ansonia, Bristol, Danbury, possibility of a reemergence of prime infla-
Danielson, Meriden, Middletown, Norwich, It is for areas of chronic unemployment tion this year can safely be ruled out.
Thompsonville, Torrington, Willimantic. such as these that the area redevelop- In short, the person who is genuinely on
lllinois: Canton, Centralia, Harrisburg, ment bill is designed. Not only the the alert for possible signals of inflation
Herrin-Murphysboro-West Frankfort, Litch- States affected, but the whole Nation, has doesn't wait until it shows up in that laggard
field, Mount Carmel-Olney, Mount Vernon. a stake in the restoration of a healthy series, the Consumer Price Index. And not
Indiana: Anderson, Columbus, Conners- economy in these communities. even the legislator dedicated to the concept
ville, Michigan City-La Porte, Muncie, New I point out that my own State of of inflation as a way of life, perhaps, would
Castle, Vincennes. deny that such news items as these are
Iowa: Ottumwa. Pennsylvania unhappily has the largest
strangely reminiscent of some of the more
Kansas: Coffeyville-Independence-Parsons, number of surplus areas, and I believe infallible symptoms of inflation in the
Pittsburg. it now has the greatest amount of making that he vaguely recalls from the past.
Kentucky: Corbin, Hazard, Hopkinsville, chronic, consistent unemployment of
Madisonville, Middlesboro-Harlan, Morehead- any State in the Union. This causes me Mr. CLARK. In my judgment, this
Grayson, Owensboro, Paducah, Paintsville- to advert to a recent editorial entitled editorial is entirely wrong, both in its
Prestonsburg, Pikeville-Williamson. "Ingredients of Inflation," published in emphasis on inflation as being our pri-
Louisiana: Alexandria, Opelousas. mary national problem, and also in its
Maine: Biddeford-Sandford, Lewiston. the New York Times, which took the
Maryland: Cumberland, Frederick, Hagers- Joint Economic Committee to task for criticism of the Joint Economic Com-
town, Westminster. its prognosis of several months ago. I mittee. The New York Times and the
Massachusetts: Greenfield, Haverhill, Mil- ask unanimous consent that this edi- financial journals of Wall Street have
ford, Newburyport, North Adams, Pittsfield, torial be printed in the REcORD at this become so obsessed with the problems of
Southbridge-Webster, Ware. point as a part of my remarks. inflation that they are unable to view
Michigan: Adrian, Allegan, Bay City, Es- There being no objection, the editorial in perspective the somewhat more im-
canaba, Iron Mountain, Jackson, :r..rarquette, was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, portant problem of continued national
Monroe, Owosso, Port Huron, Sturgis. economic growth, in order to put an end
as follows:
INGREDIENTS OF INFLATION
to unemployment and to realize for our
1 These areas are not part of the regular
area labor market reporting and area classi- An increasing number of developments on children a first-class America.
fication program of the Bureau of Employ- the economic front of late have combined to Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
ment Security and its affiliated State em- suggest that, while lt is only about 2 months sent that there be printed in the RECORD
ployment security agencies. since the report of the Joint Congressional at this point as a part of my remarks an
1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE
able article by Richard L. Strout, staff at an alltime high. In the 1957-58 reces- There being no objection, the article
correspondent of the Christian Science sion old-fashioned economic precepts indi· was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
cated a drop in wages (from unemployment) as follows:
Monitor, published in the May 13, 1959, and of prices (from reduced consumption).
edition of that newspaper. The article is On the contrary, both went up. This im- EXPORTS GLOOM HELD Too THICK-BALANCING
entitled "Inflation's Mist Fogs Boom." plies a power to control the economy which FACTORS INDICATE THE U.S. PICTURE ISN'T AS
There being no objection, the article society must view with concern. DARK AS IT'S PAINTED
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, 2. Budget deficits: The United States is (By Brendan M. Jones)
as follows: operating at a deficit, the biggest in peace· Continuing business concern with the de-
INFLATION'S MIST FoGS BOOM time history. President Eisenhower has bal- cline in U.S. exports suggests the need for a
anced his budget only twice in 6 years. Red corresponding emphasis on factors tending
(By Richard L. Strout) ink in the budget tends to be inflationary. to put the issue in more rational perspective.
WASHINGTON .-American business is good But why is there this enormous current The decline began about 2 years ago. After
and getting better: the big concern is infla- deficit?-primarily because of a slowing down reaching an exceptionally high level of
tion. of national economic growth. This results $19,455 million in 1957, commercial exports
The paradox of this situation is that nearly in a fall off of Federal revenues. The budget dropped last year to $16,315 million. This
all business indices are heading up except goes into the red. decrease of more than $3 billion still was
the cost of living-this index that measures Many observers would be happier if the not as large as, or very different from, three
inflation has remained nearly stationary for Nation showed as much concern over the previous year-to-year declines that occurred
almost a year, the longest period of price alarining decline in the rate of increase in in relatively recent times.
equilibrium in recent statistical history. gross national product, a disaster which has The record set in 1957 climaxed 2 succes-
These is every prospect that the United really occurred, as it does over the fear of sive years of exceptional export gains, above
States is in, or is about to enter, a boom, inflation, a mere possibility of the future. $2 billion that year and $3 billion the year
and that this will last a year or so. .before. A good part of this exceptional rise
It is hard to see what can stop it. Follow- SCARE TECHNIQUE? was due to boom conditions in Europe and
ing a 2-year recession there is now an enor- 3. Politics: The political factor cannot be some other areas.
mous backlog of consumer and capital goods ignored. Nobody can deny that fuel for in- DECLINE BEGAN IN 1957
demand. It is true that unemployment is flation now lies around. But it is easy to use
still abnormal, but this is rapidly dropping. the scare to cry inflation against almost any The decline of export trade, which showed
bills-some of them worthy, such as de- up most markedly in last year's total, ac-
NINETEEN HUNDRED SIXTY VOTE FACTOR tually began in the latter half of 1957. Al-
fense, foreign aid, and education. There are
The boom should ease many domestic signs that some interested parties are pro- though this was the year in which exports
problems. It should also aid the Repu"bli- moting an inflation scare for their own ends. soared to a new peak, most of the increase
cans in the 1960 Presidential campaign. Where a proper concern over inflation be- was concentrated in the first half. It was
They can take credit for expected prosperity. comes hysteria it becomes dangerous. Some produced primarily by the unusual demands
Through all this rosy prospect there re- observers ask if that point has been reached. for fuel and other commodities caused by
mains, however, the fear of inflation. Ad- the Suez Canal stoppage.
vertisements warn against it daily. · Appar- The Government is finding it hard to mar- A particularly worrisome aspect of the
ently the apprehension is not based on any ket its long-term bonds in large part because export trend is the fact that the decline has
current runaway prices because actually the of nationwide inflation fears. Simultane- persisted into 1959. While last year there
sensitive cost of living index is standing still. ously the huge stock market boom threatens had been no real expectation that volume
(This index is the average of conflicting to get out of hand (also stoked, in part, by would come anywhere near the high level
forces: the cost of many things is rising, investors seeking a hedge against inflation). of 1957, more optimistic traders had looked
particularly of services, but for the present Again, one reason for gold going abroad for an upturn by the spring of this year.
this is balanced off by the decline of con- may be exaggerated foreign fears of in- So far there has been no sign of such an
sumer food prices. Stability is being pur- flation. upturn, but figures for April reported last
chased at the expense of the farmers.) Finally, exaggerated emphasis on inflation week show a comparatively small decline.
Is the current fear of inflation due to a distracts attention from the problem of re- While it now seems likely that the looked-
bad American record in holding the price tarded U.S. economic growth • . for upturn will be later than expected, there
line as compared to other countries? The Soviet output recently has been at three are these factors serving to give perspective
answer here has to be no. or four times the rate of the United States; to the overall export picture:
The United States by this criterion has a a situation not necessarily serious at the The decrease in exports has not been pecu·
record to be proud of. Every American knows moment but which Allen W. Dulles, Chief of liar to the United States. Beginning in
that prices have gone up. But competent the Central Intelligence Agency, says would 1957 and continuing last year, moot large
economists show that relatively the Ameri- spell economic. suicide if indefinitely con- trading nations experienced a downward
can price rise is less-and in most cases far tinued. trend.
less-than in most other Western nations. For the United States, the 1957 boom and
Mr. CLARK. Our friends of doom subsequent decline of exports has been
RATE OF RISE LOW and gloom on the other side of the aisle concentrated in mineral and agricultural
Britain, for example, does not seem worried point constantly to the dangers of in- products. Products mainly affected in these
about inflation. Yet the 10-year rise of Brit:. flation, but hardly ever do they say any- two categories include petroleum, coal, fer-
ish wholesale prices, 1948-57, was 55 percent, thing about the necessity for continued tilizers, cotton, grains, and various other
that in the United States only 13 percent. economic growth. I point out again that agricultural items such as soybeans, pea·
The same thing is true of consumer prices. nuts, and citrus.
The 10-year American rise of 17 percent is twice as many babies were born in the A main influence on ·the general world
visible to everybody, but compared to other United States in 1956 as in 1936. !"point decline of export trade was a sharp drop in
countries it is close to the .bottom of the list. out that the national per capita income commodity prices, which only lately have
Well then, the observer asks, how does the has grown hardly at all during the begun to recover. The effect on primary
present movement of U.S. prices compare Eisenhower administration, in fact by materials-producing countries has been the
with those in the past? drastic curtailment of their buying power.
less than one-half of 1 percent. I p·o int This development was similar to the com·
What the public rarely understands is that
inflation has been operating a long time. out that the primary economic problem modity slump following the Korean war,
One analysis shows· that over the period is economic growth, not the combating which had a like effect on United States
(1897-1958) the compound rate of price in- of inflation. Of course, we must combat trade.
crease in the United States has averaged 2Ya inflation, too, but I point out that the The recent commodity-price drop exerted
percent a year. Some years it was less, some a contracting effect on exports of most
(usually war years) more.
cries of doom and gloom which arise large trading nations thorugh part of 1957
So-called creeping inflation has existed from our friends on the other side of and nearly all of 1958. While many other
for a long time. In the United States, at the aisle are doing positive harm in our nations have already begun to experience
least, it has never become galloping inflation. efforts to stabilize our price system. One an upturn in their exports, the full impact
If the average rise is 2Ya percent a year then of the features of these cries is the of the commodity slump has only just hit
the current period of almost a year with no United States exports.
stressing of the fact that we are losing This is indicated by the fact that in the
rise at all is amazing.
gold in this country. first quarter of this year the dip in United
DEFICIT AT PEAK In that connection, I ask unanimous States exports came mainly from a decline
There are several new factors in the cur- consent to have an article published iri of 19 percent in sales to Latin America.
rent situation Which help account for the na- In sum, the decline of exports for this
tional sensitivity over inflation-a sensitivity the May 31, 1959, issue of the New York country has been fi:om a peak reached
hardly found today in any other big country. Times printed at this point in my re- thorugh unusual circumstances, followed
1. The power of labor and management marks. It is entitled "Exports Gloom by. severe curtailment of buying power in
to maintain wages an~ price!) appears to be Held Too Thick." major markets. Added to. this is the fact
CV--629
9962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 5
that through 1957 and 1958 this country's The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. I hold in
exports of agricultural produce, much of it BARTLETT in the chair). The report will my hand a copy of the report. May the
surplus, ran at exceptionally high rates that be read for the information of the Sen- Chair submit my proposed unanimous-
could not be expected to continue in- ate. consent agreement?
definitely. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there .
Concern over the export situation has The Legislative Clerk read the report.
been heightened by the heavy outflow of (For conference report, see House objection to the request of the Senator
gold from this country. This movement has proceedings of June 5, 1959, p. 10013, from Texas?
caused much questioning concerning wheth- CONGRESSIONAL RECORD.) Mr. DIRKSEN. If the majority leader
er inflation has priced American products The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there will yield, I should like to address one
out of the market. It also has raised the objection to the present consideration of comment to him. Last week I expressed
general question of decreased value of the the report? the hope that there would be continuous
dollar in world markets. There being no objection, the Senate consideration of the nomination which
While the effects of inflation and the proceeded to consider the report. will be before us. I am fully sensible of
heavy outward movement of gold are not to
be shrugged off lightly, the fact is that for- Mr. DffiKSEN. I should like to ad- the fact that the business of Government
eign countries jointly now hold more dollars dress one inquiry to the Chairman of the m ust go on. Certainly I would never
than a year ago. In addition, it must be rec- Committee on Foreign Relations. The have any objection to a reasonable re-
ognized that a large part of the outflow of conference report adopts the date of quest. Appropriation bills must be proc-
gold, especially last year, was a reversal of June 30, 1960, instead of the date in the essed before June 30th. The request of
a heavy inward flow of the preceding year. bill as passed by the Senate. Is that the majority leader in relation to the ap-
Because of the exceptional requirements correct? propriation bill is an entirely reasonable
in fuel and other materials caused by the Mr. FULBRIGHT. No; it removes the one, and therefore I have no objection.
Suez situation, West European n a tions par-
ticularly drew heavily on gold reserves for date which was inserted and adopts the The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
financing. Practically all of these expendi- House version, and also the so-called Chair hears no objection, and it is so
tures added to the United States reserves Aiken amendment which the Senate ordered.
and about half of the heavy outflow last added, which specifies the amount. The unanimous-consent agreement, as
year represented a rebuilding of other na- Mr. DIRKSEN. That is correct. I subsequently reduced to writing is as
tions' diminished reserves. thank the Senator. follows:
Through this recent period West European The PRESIDING OFFICER. The UNANIMOUS-CONSENT AGREEMENT
nations showed remarkable recovery from
the effects of the Suez crisis and were able question is on agreeing to the conference Ordered, That, effective on Monday, June
report. 8, 1959, at the conclusion of routine morning
last December to underwrite a freer con- business, the Senate proceed to the con-
vertibility of their currencies. That this The report was agreed to. sideration of the bill (H.R. 5915) making
also is a token of their stronger competitive Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi- appropriations for the Department of the
capacity in world export markets is obvious. dent, we have just completed action on Interior and related agencies for the fiscal
While most of these nations have made the conference report on S. 1094, the year ending June 30, 1960, and for other
exceptional progress economically in re- Bretton Woods Agreement Act. I wish purposes, and debate on any amendment,
cent years, they have had to apply greater motion, or appeal, except a motion to lay on
discipline in checking inflation. Their de- to commend the Committee on Foreign
Relations. This is very important leg- the table, shall be limited to 30 minutes, to
pendence on world trade is such that pro- be equally divided and controlled by the
tecting the value of their currencies has islation. I trust that it will be at the mover of any such amendment or motion
been paramount. Success of their efforts White House shortly. It involves $1,375 and the majority leader: Provided, That in
has now brought a basis for revival of freer million. It is generally in keeping with the event the majority leader is in favor of
competition in world markets and removal the recommendations of the President. any such amendment or motion, the time in
of import restrictions as was demonstrated I am pleased that we were able to dis- opposition thereto shall be controlled by the
by Britain last week. pose of it this morning, rather than minority leader or some Senator designated
Anxiety over the decline of American ex- have it wait until we had acted on some by him.
ports and diminished value of the dollar Ordered further, That on the question of
seems to have been stimulated partly by the of the pending business.
the final passage of the said bill debate shall
recent recession and wage-cost pressures. A Mr. President-- be limited to 2 hours, to be equally divided
furor over decreased value of the dollar has The PRESIDING OFFICER. The and controlled, respectively, by the majority
a certain propaganda effectiveness not only Senator from Texas has the fioor. and minority leaders: Provided, That the
domestically but also in other countries said leaders, or either of them, may, from the
where there is interest in seeing gold prices time under their control on the passage of
increased. UNANIMOUS-CONSENT AGREEMENT the said bill, allot additional time to any
From a different perspective it is possibly LIMITING DEBATE ON CONSID- Senator during the consideration of any
helpful to recall that United States exports amendment, motion, or appeal.
slumped $4 billion in the 1944-45 period; and ERATION OF INTERIOR DEPART-
by nearly $2 billion in 1947-48 and 1951-53. MENT APPROPRIATION BILL ON
They later recovered to go on to new records. MONDAY GEN. GEORGE CATLEIT
Mr. CLARK. I hope very much that Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi- MARSHALL
the country at large will soon recover its dent, I am informed by the Committee Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
senses and, despite the propaganda from on Appropriations that the Committee dent, one of our most distinguished
the White House and Wall Street come has completed action and filed a report American statesmen once said to me
to the conclusion that we must have on the Interior Department Appropria- that in a long life he had met only three
prices stable and constant economic tion bill, H .R. 5915. I hold in my hand great men. They were Mr. Justice
growth, as well as and that we are not the report by the Committee on Appro- Holmes and Mr. Justice Brandeis of the
going to get that economic growth un- priations. There are some differences Supreme Court of the United States and
less the policies of the Eisenhower ad- between the bill as reported by the com- Gen. George Catlett Marshall-and
ministration and of the Federal Reserve mittee and the bill as passed by the he said also that General Marshall was
Board are changed. House. I am informed that the report not the least of the three.
states that the bill reported is under the Since this appraisal was made by a
AMENDMENT OF BRETTON WOODS budget estimates and that there is no public servant who has also been a
AGREEMENT ACT-CONFERENCE serious controversy involved. lawyer of national distinction, it is not
REPORT Therefore, Mr. President, I ask unani- altogether surprising that two of his
mous consent that, at the conclusion of three great men were these two most
Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, I the morning hour on Monday, it be in famous Justices of the Supreme Court.
submit a report of the committee of order to proceed to the consideration of It was the inclusion of Marshall under
conference on the disagreeing votes of H.R. 5915, under a unanimous-consent whom this civilian had once served that
the two Houses on the amendment of agreement limi•t ing debate to 30 min- is intriguing.
the House to the bill (S. 1094) to amend utes on amendments and 2 hours on the The titles which he held and the posi-
the Bretton Woods Agreement Act. I bill, to be equally divided. tions he occupied were alone enough to
ask unanimous consent for the present The PRESIDING OFFICER. The re- make General Marshall a famous man.
consideration of the report. port has not actually been submitted. even had he been a man of mediocrity.
1959 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD- SENATE 9963
In themselves, his war service as the are voiced and are to be voiced by the was the successful planning and superb
great general of the American and allied majority leader, by the Senator from execution of this mightiest of all am-
victory, and his peacetime service as Oklahoma, and by other Senators. phibious efforts which led the free world
Secretary of Defense and Secretary of Surely General Marshall is more than to victory in World War II.
State, give him high rank in the 20th one of the great Americans of the 20th The other, far less dramatic, but of
century. century. He ranks with that small and transcendent historic importance, June
But clearly it is the quality of the noble group of men who have preserved 5, marks the 12th anniversary of the
service and the character of the man this Nation in its times of crises. He is birth of the Marshall plan for the eco-
himself for which the American people truly a soldier-statesman. No man nomic reconstruction of a war-torn
are, in their hearts, grateful. since our Nation was founded has been Europe.
The phrase "Architect of Victory" is more dedicated to its welfare and its Who can say, in the short years that
one often bestowed upon him for his principles. High as is the regard and have passed, which step--the step which
performance in World War II. It is a appreciation of the American people now led to the winning of the war, or the step
glittering phrase, a happy generality, for this great man, I venture to predict which contributed so much toward win-
until we remember and examine once that history will fix for him even a ning of the peace-achieved the most for
again the mammoth organization which higher place than that we now might America and for the free world? Our
General Marshall built to crush the most believe possible. The grateful thanks of view of history is of too short range to-
professional armies which ever inhabited a people sensible of his massive con- day to evaluate these great contributions
this earth. tribution to the United States of Amer- in their true perspective.
Even the inexperienced amateur was ica flow to General Marshall. We hope Yet on these two great anniversaries
aware of the awesome size of the man and pray that his health will be re- all America can take pride in the modest
who relentlessly, quietly, and selflessly stored and that his years on this earth genius who was the architect of both.
created the armies, the navies, and the will yet be many. Today, at Walter Reed Hospital, Gen-
air forces in so brief a span of time-and Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. I thank the eral of the Armies George Catlett Mar-
then supplied them with the ever- Senator from Alaska. shall, Jr., lies ill; but the strength and
mounting tools of victory. Mr. President, I shall yield the floor, vigor and character that he has given to
This deed was enough to enshrine the so that the very able and thoughtful American leadership in world affairs
name of Marshall forever. Senator from Oklahoma [Mr. MoN- stand as the great hope for freedom-
Life offers too few men, if any, the RONEYJ may occupy it. I have conferred loving peoples everywhere.
opportunity to serve their nation as bril- with him about the statements to be In war and in peace, he proved his
liantly in peace as they did in war. The made today, as a result of the inspira- genius in planning, and in selecting men
only immediate paralle~s which come to tion which came from the distinguished who could be trusted loyally to carry out
my mind are those two immortals, Senator from Oklahoma, and which per- to the limit the strategy and the pro-
George Washington and Winston mitted me to make my statement when gram he had designed. This was espe-
Churchill. I did. cially true in the execution of his task as
Twelve years ago, General Marshall Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, will Chief of Staff of the U.S. Armies and in
stood in the open air of Harvard Square the Senator yield? the selection of the able generals he
and, in a brief speech, offered a concept Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. I yield. chose for command. Gen. Dwight D.
which was to change the face of the Mr. HUMPHREY. I consider it a real Eisenhower, Supreme Commander in
world. Enough has been said here today privilege to be in the Chamber at this Europe, was one of those selected. It
of the successes of the Marshall plan time to hear the remarks of the ma- was true of his planning, training, and
that I need not once more detail its jority leader in praise and in proper equipping of the mighty Army that he
accomplishments. evaluation of a truly great patriot. I expanded from 200,000 men in 1939 to
In simple sum, one can well say and am certain that the name of George over 8 million men on D-day.
prove that the Western World is still the Marshall will be an inspiration to gen- It was true in the strategy of global
free world because of those words uttered erations yet unborn. warfare. Against all kinds of pressures,
in Cambridge, Mass., only these few short Not only was this man a great leader General Marshall always insisted that
years ago. in his own right; but he also served with Germany first had to be knocked out of
And this was because the man who great leaders. What a unique period it the war. Allied pressures, especially
uttered those words was fully capable was in American history when a man like from Russia, for premature invasion of
of transforming an idea of peace, just as Franklin Roosevelt could be President the European mainland, found General
he had transformed the theory of and a man like George Marshall could Marshall insistent first on perfection m
logistics in war, into action. be Chief of Staff; and later, as in time training, on coordination of land, sea,
It is rare when nature combines in of war, George Marshall was in a posi- and air forces, and on complete readi-
one human being the man of ideas and tion to serve his country with such great ness for this greatest of all military
the man of action. distinction, honor, and brilliance. We operations.
This is George Marshall. All Ameri- are really a fortunate people. The ma- He had learned his lessons well. In
cans, everywhere, of the old generation jority leader has again reminded us pub- 1901, he graduated from Virginia Mili-
and the new, owe this greatest living licly, as he has reminded so many of us tary Institute. He entered the Regular
American a debt which even the best in;. privately, of the great privilege it is to Army during the period of reorganiza-
formed of us are only dimly beginning be an American and to have leadership tion following the chaotic operations of
to understand. of this quality. the Spanish-American War. That was
This soldier would not cherish or ap- I know the Senator from Oklahoma is at the beginning of the reforms insti-
preciate such praise as this. I feel sure about to pay his respects to the distin- tuted by Secretary of War Elihu Root.
he would be more than content if some- guished citizen, George Marshall, and who finally had succeeded in getting the
one said in the simplest of words, "He to the Marshall plan. I shall stay to necessary legislation authorizing the cre-
served his country well." To General hear his remarks, because this is, indeed, ation of a general staff.
Marshall there is not, there never has a historic day ·f or our Nation. In 1907, General Marshall was gradu-
been, any other form of praise. I thank the majority leader for yield- ated with high honors from the Infan-
Even he in the simplicity of his great- ing to me. try~Cavalry school, and later from the
ness must know how well he deserves Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. I thank the Army Staff College, at Fort Leavenworth.
such praise, and how grateful the in- Senator from Minnesota for his obser- There, because of his brilliant record,
formed people of the free world are that vations. he was retained as an instructor, al-
George Marshall has come this way. Mr. MONRONEY. Mr. President, to- though still only a first lieutenant.
Mr. BARTLETT. Mr. President, will day and tomorrow, June 5 and 6, are an- In World War I, General Marshall
the Senator yield? niversary dates of great significance to pleaded for command, but was selected
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. I yield. America and to the world. by General Pershing to be Chief of Op-
Mr. BARTLETT. Mr. President, I am One, the June 6 date, marks the 15th erations for the First Army in France.
glad to be in the Senate Chamber when anniversary of the American D-day He was disappointed at not having com-
words of appraisal of George Marshall landing on the · Normandy beaches. It mand, but his greatness in France was
9·964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 5
recognized by Pershing and all who for a total cost of $13 billion. It brought Many other honors, too numerous to
worked with him. He returned to the about production, both agricultural and mention here, have come to General Mar-
United States as aide to General industrial, in unbelievable abundance. It shall. The highest and best deserved
Pershing. provided high employment and commer- was the Nobel Peace Prize of 1953-the
After many assignments, including cial stability, and it rescued the govern- first time it was ever awarded to a
China, operation of the famous Fort ments of many nations from the im- soldier.
Benning Infantry School, and other minent threat of Communist domination. Time will not permit repeating all of
commands, he returned to Washington, It paved the way for the creation of the great tributes paid to General Mar-
in the late 1930's, as Chief of the War the NATO alliance. Perhaps one of its shall by those who knew him and who
Plans Division, and later as Deputy greatest fruits was to set the pattern for worked with him. President Truman, in
Chief of Staff. European cooperation, instead of con- his memoirs, writes:
His appointment as Chief of Staff of flict. The Coal and Steel Community, General Marshall is one of the most astute
the then tiny Army of less than 200,000 Euratom, and the Common Market are and profound men I have ever known.
men occurred on September 1, 1939. byproducts of this plan launched by Gen- Whenever any problem was brought before
That was the day when the Nazi armies eral Marshall, and so ably administered him, he seemed able to put his finger at once
invaded Poland-and the testing by fire by Paul Hoffman, the first administra- on the very basic approach that later would
of General Marshall had begun. tor of the program. usually be proposed by the staff as the best
solution. He talked very little but listened
With V-E and V-J Days behind him, Recently Paul Hoffman told me some carefully to everything that was said. Some-
General Marshall retired as Chief of of the results of this greatest of humani- times he would sit for an hour with little or
Staff, hoping to retire to his Leesburg, tarian efforts in the history of the world. no expression on his face, but when he had
Va., home with a full career of out- The $13 billion cost has already seen heard enough, he would come up with a
standing service and devotion to his recoveries in hard currency repayments statement of his own that invariably cut
Nation completed. to ~he United States of approximately to the very bone of the matter under discus-
Scarcely had his retirement begun sion.
$254 million. This next fiscal year these
before President Truman, faced with the payments will total about $62 million General Marshall has refrained from
crisis in China, recalled him to active more. publishing his memoirs, although fabu-
duty-as I recall, it was almost on Freely-elected governments today are lous offers have been made to him for
Christmas Eve-to serve at his special strong, and free Europe is more vigorous, their publication rights. Since his re-
envoy to try to reconcile the warring militarily and economically, than in the tirement, he has remained aloof from all
factions and to end the civil war that immediate prewar years. Instead of controversies.
was then exploding in China. communities that are festering liabilities, The George Marshall Research Foun-
In 1947, General Marshall began his teetering before the probing of commu- dation at Virginia Military Institute has
second great career of service and nism, they offer markets for us and sup- been established to honor him. He has
achievement for the United States. It pliers for us in an ever-increasing world deeded to it his personal papers. Pres-
was in January 1947 that President Tru- trade. Their military divisions in grow- idents Truman and Eisenhower have co-
man appointed him Secretary of State. ing strength bolster the free world's operated fully in directing the Depart-
The victory in Europe that had been shield against the totalitarian threat of ments of Defense and State and the Na-
welcomed with fanfare and shouting on the East. tional Archives to make Government
V-E Day was fast disintegrating under Each year the Marshall plan nations documents available.
the hammer blows of poverty, unem- combine to spend more on the mutual Shortly before he left office, President
ployment, hunger, and economic stagna- Harry S. Truman directed the Secre-
tion. The problems of reconstruction of security of the West than the entire 4-
their wartorn cities and towns, and of year cost of the Marshall program. taries of State and Defense and the Gen-
their bombed-out transportation sys- It would be impossible to calculate the eral Services Administrator to cooperate
tems and rubble-filled factories were additional military costs to the United with Virginia Military Institute and the
more than the war-fatigued populations States if this great European community George C. Marshall Research Founda-
of free Europe could surmount alone. had fallen victim to stagnation, exhaus- tion in procuring the documentary ma-
In General Marshall's brilliant and tion, and collapse. Certainly the entire terial relating to the activities of General
clear speech at the Harvard University Marshall plan cost of $13 billion for 4 George Catlett Marshall as a soldier, as
commencement exercises 12 years ago years would have been required-along Secretary of State, and as Secretary of
today, he launched the United States with additional billions in U.S. military Defense.
into a new and constructive role in the expenditures-to compensate for the loss President Truman asked each of the
world. He called on the nations of Eu- of this vital part of the world to com- officials to bring his memorandum on the
rope ·to join with the United States in munism. Even with this extraordinary subject to the attention of his successor
a vast, cooperative effort to repair their expense, there would have been no real "as a matter of urgency." "I feel confi-
shattered economies. General Marshall security for the Western World. dent that they will wish to support the
well knew that without a speedy rehabil- General Marshall resigned because of efforts that have been commenced to pro-
itation of Western Europe there could ill health in 1949. But when the Nation vide suitable recognition to one of the
be no lasting freedom for its people, no faced another crisis in the Korean war greatest Americans of our age," President
stability to its democratic governments, he was recalled to active duty to again Truman concluded.
no future for employment and produc- serve his Nation. This time he filled the President Truman revealed then, in
tion. position of Secretary of Defense during January 1953, that he had consulted with
Should this war-ravaged condition the first year of the Korean war. It was VMI officials about the Foundation for
have continued, the spirit of the peoples in this period that he carried forward more than a year. A committee of rep-
of Western Europe, under threat of hun- the creation of the NATO forces. resentatives of the White House, the De-
ger and despair, could have faltered, In 1951 General Marshall retired, this partments of State and Defense, and the
under the constant encroachment of time for the third and last time. Vir- National Archives had given considerable
Russia, from infiltration and subversion ginia Military Academy dedicated its study to the procedures by which the
from within, and from military threats third arch to him as one of its most dis- Government could assist the George C.
from without. tinguished graduates. It is interesting to Marshall Research Foundation. He ex-
As the fruits of his plan unfolded into note that the first arch honors George pressed the hope that eventually a
action, thanks to such bipartisan leaders Washington, the second Stonewall Jack- George C. Marshall Research Center
of the then Republican Congress as Sen- son, and the third George C. Marshall. would be open to the public on land pro-
ator Vandenberg and then Congressman Bernard Baruch, in dedicating this vided by VMI on the perimeter of its
Chris Herter, now Secretary of State, arch to General Marshall, paid tribute parade ground, under authorization
hopes melded into action, and recovery to him as a great citizen-soldier in the which had been given by the General
began. tradition of George Washington. But he Assembly of Virginia.
Never before in history has such an emphasized that the new arch also looked President Eisenhower, on April 1, 1955,
economic turn-around occurred in so to the future-to the concept of global wrote Mr. John C. Hagan, Jr., of Rich-
short a time. The 4-year plan, which defenSe and to George Marshall as the mond, Va., president of the Marshall
was to cost $17% billion, was completed first global strategist. Foundation, that arrangements were
1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE . 9965
being made by the Department of State, I humbly associate myself with these equipped to receive and maintain such ma-
the Department of Defense, and the words of Sir Winston. History will terial on a temporary basis pending con-
struction of the research center building.
National Archives to cooperate fully with record General Marshall's selfless serv- "Subject to any applicable provisions of
VMI and the Foundation "subject to ap- ice, his dedication to the cause of world law, I therefore direct the Department of
plicable provisions of law." freedom-the story of a modest man State, the Department of Defense, and the
I am delighted to report that a great ready always to answer the call to duty. National Archives to cooperate with VMI
deal of progress has been made. Mr. EXHIBIT 1 and the foundation in procuring this docu-
Hagen states that more than 37,000 docu- mentary material, and to provide them with
THE WHITE HOUSE, access to such records as they wish which
ments have been microfilmed of the Washington, January 19, 1953. can properly be made available to public
200,000 already processed. Mr. JoHN C. HAGAN, Jr., inspection.
Since General Marshall is one of the Richmond, Va. "Under the supervision of the Archivist
few major authorities on this Nation's DEAR MR. HAGAN: I am enclosing a copy of the United States, I am hopeful that re-
recent activities in peace and war who of a .White House news release which quotes productions of official records relating to the
the memorandum I sent las~ week to the career of General Marshall can be provided
has not written his memoirs, I am happy Secretary of State, the Sr;cretary of Defense,
that the research foundation has made the foundation.
and the Administrr~tvl' of General Services, "Many of the pertinent Government rec-
41 hours of tape recordings in General asking -tbem to cooperate with Virginia Mili- ords will remain classified or will be with-
Marshall's own voice and words to shed tary Ins .. ltute and the proposed George C. held from the public for a number of years.
new light upon events of current history. Marshall Research Foundation in procuring As rapidly as they. can be made public,
Fifty records have been made with such documentary material relating to the activi- however, I hope they will be made available
contemporaries of the general as Ber- ties of General Marshall as a soldier, as Sec- to the foundation.
nard Baruch, Mrs. Franklin D. Roose- retary of State, and as Secretary of Defense. "I am requesting each of you to bring
I am glad that there is wide interest in this memorandum to the attention of your
velt, and many of the top military and providing such a center and that the VMI
naval leaders who served with him. successors in office as a matter of urgency.
board of visitors is taking the necessary steps I feel confident that they will wish to sup-
Five researchers now are at work in to make it a reality. port the efforts that have been commenced
various departments of government I have asked each Department head to to provide suitable recognition to one of the
under the supervision of Dr. Forrest bring my memorandum to the attention of greatest Americans of our age."
Pogue, director of research for the foun- his succeswr in office as a matter of urgency.
dation, who once served as chief archi- I am sure that the research center will afford THE WHITE HOUSE,
vist of the Defense Department. One of a fine opportunity for scholars, and I am Washington, April!, 1955.
glad to see proper recognition of this great; Mr. JoHN C. HAGAN, Jr.,
the problems, of course, is that there are American.
an estimated 3 million papers relating President, George C. Marshall Research
Sincerely yours, Foundation, Inc., Richmond, Va.
to the general's career and that many of HARRY S. TRUMAN. DEAR MR. HAGAN: I was very glad to learn
them are cla.cssified. from you and General Milton thS!t the
I am grateful to Mr. Hagan for a The WHITE HousE, George C. Marshall Research Foundation will
chance to see the documents from Presi- January 17, 1953. soon begin to collect and receive papers
dent Truman, President Eisenhower, and The President (President Truman) has and records relating to the life and public
Sir Winston Churchill. I ask unani- sent the following memorandum to the service of General Marshall, and that the
Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, material will be maintained in the library
mous consent that these letters be in- and the Administrator of General Services:
cluded in the RECORD at the conclusion of the Virginia Military Institute pending
"Memorandum for the Secretary of State, construction of the research center building.
of my remarks. the Secretary of Defense, the Adminis- Arrangements are being made by the De-
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without trator of General Services: partment of State, the Department of De-
objection, it is so ordered. "The board of visitors of the Virginia fense, and the National Archives to cooperate
<See exhibit 1.) Military Institute has arranged for the or- fully with VMI and the foundation subject
Mr. MONRONEY. Mr. President, the ganization of the George C. Marshall Re- to applicable provisions of law. It is the
great ability of Sir Winston to express search Foundation, Inc., as a nonprofit Vir- policy of this administration to remove se-
ginia corporation. The purpose of the foun- curity classification from Government docu-
in words the true meaning of General dation will be to collect and receive papers
Marshall's contribution to the freedom ments of historical importance at the earliest
and records relating to the life and public possible time consistent with the national
of the world eloquently portrays the service of General Marshall, together with interest. I am confident that a continuing
gratitude of one of his associates other historical objects and documents, and flow of documents pertinent to General Mar-
throughout the crises of war and the to provide a suitable building to house them shall's career can thus be made available to
crises of peace. at VMI. To assist in effectuating this, the the foundation for reproduction.
Here for the :first time, I think, is pre- General Assembly of Virginia has enacted Through the establishment of this center
legislation authorizing VMI to deed land to for study of the career of a distinguished
sented Sir Winston's letter to Colonel the foundation as a site for the building to
Hagan: soldier and statesman, the George C. Marshall
be known as the George C. Marshall Re- Research Foundation is making a large con-
DEAR COLONEL HAGAN: I welcome the deci- search Center. This building will be a li- tribution to public understanding of na-
sion to commemorate at the Virginia Mili- brary and museum and will be open to the tional affairs. I wish you every success.
tary Institute the eminent services of Gen. public. The foundation project is to be Sincerely,
George C. Marshall to the United States, to financed by funds raised from private DwiGHT D. EisENHOWER.
Europe, and to humanity. I have no doubt sources.
that this initiative will be widely acclaimed "The establishment of the foundation has Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, will
and supported. been a matter of great interest to n;1e, and the Senator yield?
During my long and close association with · I have consulted with VMI officials about
successive U.S. administrations, there are it over a period of more than a year. In Mr. MONRONEY. I yield.
few men whose qualities of mind and char- connection with these conferences, I agreed Mr. DOUGLAS. I congratulate the
acter have impressed me so deeply as those that the U.S. Government would insofar as Senator from Oklahoma for his very
of General Marshall. He is a great Ameri- practicable make available to the founda- truthful and stirring words in praise of
can, but he is far more than that. In war tion documentary material relating to the Gen. George Marshall. I regard Gen-
he was as wise and understanding in counsel activities of General Marshall as a soldier, eral Marshall as one of the great Ameri-
as he was resolute in action. In peace he as Secretary of State, and as Secretary of cans of all time.
was the architect who planned the restora- Defense. A committee composed of repre- There are a number of features about
tion of our battered European economy and, sentatives of the White House, the Depart-
at the same time, labored tirelessly to estab- ments of State and Defense, and the Na- his public career which I think need to
lish a system of Western defense. He has tional Archives, has given considerable study be noted. In the first place, it was a
always fought victoriously against defeatism, to the procedures by which the Govern- great act of faith on the part of Presi-
discouragement, and disillusion. Succeed- ment can assist the foundation in obtain- dent Roosevelt to designate him as Chief
ing generations must not be allowed to for- ing the documentary material that it will of Staff. As I remember, there were 33
get his achievements and his example. want. on the list of generals at that time. Fur-
It is appropriate to assemble in a place so "I am now advised that VMI officials are thermore, General Marshall was not a
nearly connected with him documents and ready to complete the actual incorporation
mementos relating to this great man. I am of the foundation, and that they are also graduate of West Point. A differing fac-
glad to think such a notable step is being prepared to employ the necessary staff to tion inside the Army, the so-called Mac-
take . in General Marshall's lifetime. begin the handling and processing of docu- Arthur faction, was very bitterly opposed
Yours sincerely, mentary material relating to the career of to General Marshall. Nevertheless, the
WINSTON S. CHURCHILL. General Marshall. The VMI library 1s President pa.c:;.c:;ed over 32 generals and
9966· CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE- June 5
chose General Marshall as Chief of I think the entire Nation joins the billions of .dollars in terms of our .own ·
staff. He did it upon the advice, it is Senator from Oklahoma in praise of defense costs, and surely it saved West-
understood, of General Pershing; but . this great man and in gratitude for his ern Europe from falling either into Com-
it was a great act of faith. If the Presi- services both in war and in peace. munist hands or into complete anarchy.
dent's choice had turned out badly, it Mr. MONRONEY. I thank my dis- We owe a debt of gratitude, indeed, to
would have been a serious reflection on tinguished colleague from Illinois for George Marshall for the thought and
President Roosevelt. It turned out ex- his perception and for the addition of for the idea. We owe a debt of gratitude,
tremely well, of course. many facts which are vital in regard to I will say, to the leaders in Congress at
General Marshall proved himself to the career of General Marshall. the time, on both sides of the aisle, such
be not only a great ·organizer of armies, Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, will as the late Senator Vandenberg, the
but a profound strategist. Within the the Senator yield? present Secretary of State Mr. Christian ·
space of a few years, he had 12 million Mr. MONRONEY. I yield to the dis- Herter, and Members who were on this
men within the Army itself, and they tingtilshed Senator from Minnesota. side of the aisle. We owe a debt of
were well equipped, well trained, and the Mr. HUMPHREY. I thank the Sena- gratitude, I ·will say, for the persistence
generalship was .extremely good. I think tor from Oklahoma. of and the decision-making capacity of ·
later history will show that, although I earlier made comments with refer- the President of the United States at
General Marshall did not command the ence to the remarks of the majority that time, President Harry Truman.·
armies in the field, he did lay down the leader concerning the illustrious life of It has often been said that democracy
major lines of strategy. this great American, General Marshall. is characterized by three "d's"-the right
I was particularly interested to hear I should like to say to the Senator from to dissent, the right to debate, and the
the tribute of praise from Winston Oklahoma that his comments today re- obligation to make decision. In the in-
Churchill. I have read most of the lating to General Marshall are not only stance of the Marshall plan, we had de-
books which have been published about excellent and inspiring, but also have a bate and dissent, but finally decision.
the inner strategy of the war, and it is direct and current meaning in reference Best of all, we had a great idea.
perfectly evident that Churchill was the to American investments overseas in I thank the Senator from Oklahoma
opponent of General Marshall on the what we call foreign aid. The greatest for this most timely message as a tribute
grand plan of strategy. Churchill program of American investment in free- to a great American, which is more than
wanted to -have the armies make an dom, in democracy, and in reconstruc- deserved. I am delighted I am alive at
attack through the back door. Church- tion was the Marshall plan. the. time and in the Senate to join in
ill wanted them to go · up through· . The Marshall plan was a success, first the tribute.
Salonika, on through Yugoslavia, and of all, because there was candor and I am extremely pleased that the Sena-
up through the plains of Hungary, to frankness on the part of the executive tor from Oklahoma has reminded us
come in through the back door. He branch of the Government with the Con- again of the basic principles of effective
was very bitterly opposed to a cross- gress as to what was required. The sum foreign aid, efiective investment in free-
channel attack, which General !\far- of money originally estimated was be- dom and in democracy. Every Member
shall advocated. A reading of Church- tween $15 billion and $17 billion. I re- of this body would be well advised to
ill's memoirs, makes it perfectly clear mind my colleagues that was a sum of read carefully the message delivered to-
that Churchill put off the actual carry- money talked about in 1949, or 1948, and day by the Senator from Oklahoma.
ing out of the decision for a cross- was a substantial sum of money. The Mr. MONRONEY. I thank my dis-
channel attack from month to month, timetable required from 4 to 5 years. It tinguished colleague for his very flatter-
and indeed, from year to year. Now was said openly to the American people ing remarks.
to have him pay tribute to General t_h at this was what the cost would be. · I wish to add that · the Marshall· plan ·
Marshall is, I am sure, very sweet music . Furthermore, this was not only an would not have succeeded, in spite of
to all friends of General Marshall. American program; it was a program the plans or the money, had it not been
General Marshall; ·of . course, also worked out iil cooperation with the na- for the inspirational leadership which.
wanted to command the troops iri the tions of Western Europe. · We insisted on was given to this program by General
field, but I believe · British opposition: the establishment of the Office of Euro- Marshall.
prevented him from doing .so. . Instead, . pean Economic Cooperation, so that the Programs for foreign aid cannot be
Gel).eral Marshall found a very good sub- · various nationS would help themselves · carried out with a half-hearted, embar-
stitute in the person · of General Eisen- and help each · other as we helped them. rassed, weak:..kn·eed attitude; for they
hower. In his choice· of field comman- This is a basic lesson in regard to foreign will lack inspiration, which cannot be·
der~notably, General Bradley and aid, and I am sure the Senator from given by the mere expenditure of money
General Eisenhower-General Marshall Oklahoma would agree with me that in as if it were only a routine operation.
showed as good sense in his selections order for a foreign aid program to be It was General Marshall's vision and the
as President Roosevelt had shown in . r.eally productive it must encompass circumstances accompanying his ad-
his selection. General Eisenhower, as I _ more than simply the generosity of a ministration,..-the work of Paul Hofiman
remember, was jumped from th~ rank of country which makes the grants or offers and the great men associated with him
lieutenant colonel to lieutenant general the loans; it must encompass more than in the early Marshall plan days-which
i:p. the space of a jew days, and was even the ability or the capacity of the made the plan truly a crusade for re-
given command of the armies in Europe. recipient country; it must include other habilitation, reconstruction, and revital-
This, again, was done with the consent countries helping each other, within a ization of Western Europe. It stopped
of President Roosevelt. Had that ex- region or within an area, working to- the march of communism, which would
periment turned out badly, I suppose gether in concert, along with the coun- have wound up on the Atlantic seaboard.
neither General Marshall nor President try or the nation which supplies capital . This program would not have suc-
Roosevelt would ever have been able to and technical assistance. ceeded had it not been accompanied by
live down the mistake, but it turned out, I am delighted that the Senator has
so far as the war was concerned, ex- niade these references to the Marshall inspiration, as well as the dollars for aid.
tremely well. plan at the time the Senate Committee Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, will
I am very glad that the Senator has on Foreign Relations is marking tip and the Senator yield?
spoken today on the floor of the Senate finally putting the finishing touches to Mr. MONRONEY. I am happy to
in praise of General Marshall. ·General the foreign aid or the mutual security yield.
program, because we have proved that Mr. HUMPHREY. As the Senator
Marshall remained quiet and preserved foreign aid can be effective. We have said, this was an exciting and inspiring
aloof dignity under all the attacks proved that foreign aid can be a ·valu- idea. It became an exhilarating expe-
which were made upon him, although able investment. rience. · Qualities of leadership were
those attacks must have grieved hun. The Senator from Oklahoma has cited manifested. This is what is lacking to-
He remained quiet when old friends he for the RECORD the fact that the invest- day, Today's program seems like tepid
favored were silent when he was under ment in foreign aid in Western Europe tea. What we do, we do because it seems
attack. He acted like. a .t horoughbred under. the terms of the Marshall plan to be necessary. What we do, we do be-
throughout his whole career. may have saved the American taxpayers cause it seems the established routine.
1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 9967
What we do, we do because we are sup- veiling of the Marshall ·p lan at Harvard guished majority leader [Mr. JOHNSON],
posed to be, and are, a big country. University, on June 5, 1947. That dra·- the SenatOr from Oklahoma [Mr. MoN-
There is a lack of drama and inspira- matic gesture saved Europe from chaos RONEY], the Senator from Massachusetts
tion in what we do today. It is for that and communism. It was a stroke of [Mr. SALTONSTALL], and other Senators
reason that I think we have faltered. genius which dictated it. It was admin- in the compliments and commendations
Because of this fact we find ourselves on istrative genius which carried it out. they have paid to the retired General of
the defensive. The Marshall plan was I hope that General Marshall will be the Armies, George C. Marshall.
an offensive measure, not a defensive able to read, if not hear, some of the I have known General Marshall for
measure. The Marshall plan was con- things which are said about him on the approximately 20 years. To my way of
structive. It went beyond the mere floor of the Senate today. I, for one, am thinking, he is one of our Nation's great
chance to contain and to hold. It was confident in my belief that when we sum men. His contributions have not only
something which was projected for the up and evaluate events at the end of the been many, but they have been worth-
future. era, it will be found that, in the list of while, as well. He was the directing-
I thank the Senator from Oklahoma. great Americans in the first half as well genius behind the plans which brought
Mr. MONRONEY. I thank my col- as the second half of the 20th century, our country and our allies victory in the
league. I agree with him. General Marshall's name will stand Second World War. He was unassum-
Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, will the among the few great leaders of our ing, but he had deep and firm convic-
Senator yield? country. tions. · One could always rest assured
Mr. MONRONEY. I yield. I thank the Senator. that what he was saying and what he
Mr. CLARK. I should like to add my Mr. MONRONEY. I thank the distin- was doing were always in the best inter-
commendation to that of Senators who guished senior Senator from Pennsyl- ests of our country, and that at all times
have preceded me for the most timely vania for his tribute. he placed the interests of the United
address delivered by the Senator .from Let me say to him and to the Senate States ahead of everything else.
Oklahoma with respect to the career of that I discussed General Marshall's con- I think our Nation has been extremely
that great American, George Catlett dition with the Superintendent of Walter fortunate in having had at the time it
Marshall, a dedicated man, a selfless Reed Hospital only an ·hour or so ago. did a man of the caliber of Gen. George
man, a man entirely without personal While General Marshall has been the C. Marshall. I know that the contribu-
ambition, a man who placed his country victim of several strokes, and while it tions he has made to our welfare will
above everything else in life, and a man appears that he will have to remain in never be forgotten, and that General
of exceedingly great ability and great the hospital for an indefinite period, he Marshall himself, because of his activi-
capacity for leadership, and for influenc- still is able to read, understand, and, ties in the military field and because of
ing and retaining the loyalty of others. above all, to appreciate the things he his genius in devising the Marshall plan,
He was always loyal to his friends. I knows have come about as a result of will live in our memories and will be
saw General Marshall only once in my his efforts, which were so great. He, revered by our children for many dec-
life. It was in the days shortly before himself, always has treated his achieve- ades to come.
Pearl Harbor. I was then a young cap- ments with the extreme modesty which Mr. GORE. Mr. President, will the
tain in what was then the U.S. Army Air is the true mark of a distinguished and Senator from Montana yield to me?
Force, serving on the _newly created Air great man. Mr. MANSFIELD. I am delighted to
Staff. We were not then even in uni-· Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, I am yield.
form. I remember that one day I was happy to hear that cheering news, and to · Mr. GORE. Mr. President, I concur
given the great privilege of going . with know that what the Senator has said is in the statements the able junior Senator
my colleagues on the newly formed Air true. What a wonderful thing it would from Montana has made with respect to
Staff to hear the Chief of Staff, George be if, while the general is alive, some General Marshall.
Catlett Marshall, tell us a little about tribute of a national character could be General Marshall's service to the
the peril in which he found our country paid to him-perhaps the naming of the country is a unique one-a service which
at that time, and the efforts he was new national metropolitan airport, or transcends, in fact, the citizenship and
making, as Chief of Staff, to mobilize some other recognition to signify the the boundaries of the United States and
America's armed might. He also em- affection and respect in which he is held of the Western Hemisphere, and encom-
phasized the very great role which he by the entire body of the American passes the entire free world. It is par-
was confident the young and budding Air people. ticularly pointed to the preservation of
Force would play in the ·years of deci- Mr. MONRONEY. I thank my col- freedom in Western Europe. ·
sion ahead. league. It is an honor well merited.
I came away from that meeting with Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, The Marshall plan was bold and imagi-
the conviction that George Marshall was on this anniversary of the Marshall plan, native. It was also successful and
a truly great leader, a man with the ca- I wish to join in bringing to the attention effective. ..
pacity to inspire loyalty, a man who un- of the Senate the fact that General Mar- As a .military leader, General Marshall
derstood the problems with which we shall proposed the famed program at excelled. As Secretary of State, his rec-
were confronted. I have never had oc- commencement exercises at Harvard ord is indeed outstanding.
casion to change my mind since then. University. Later, it was called the Mar- Mr. President, it is with pleasure that
The amazing administrative task Gen- shall plan; and it has had a very great I join in the other tributes which have
eral Marshall performed in mobilizing deal to do with bettering the economic been paid to General Marshall; and it
the armed strength of the United States, conditions in Europe and in the rest of is an honor to do so.
in directing the major strategy of the the world. We believe it had much to Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, will the
war, and coordinating that strategy do with keeping the peace after World Senator from Montana yield to me?
with our allies, was probably among the warn. Mr. MANSFIELD. I am delighted to
greatest military feats in the history of As a member of the Committee on yield.
our country. Armed Services, I came in contact with Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, I should
The dedication with which he deter- General Marshall when he was Chief like to join in the testimonials to a
mined to stick with the job, instead of of Staff, and later when he was Secre- really great man in America, Gen. George
taking the more glamorous position of tary of Defense. I grew to respect and Marshall.
field commander, is something for which to admire him, and, I hope, to have a For a good share of my life I have been
all Americans must always be in his mutual personal friendship with him. interested in the writing of history.
debt. Not only was he first in war in Today, unfortunately, General Mar- Historians are already beginning to re-
our time, but I suspect that when the shall is in a hospital; but I hope that he cord that one of the most unselfish,
history of this trying period through is thinking happily of the glorious part statesmanlike contributions of a free
which we have all lived is written, he will he played in furthering peace in the society emanated from the program
go down in the annals of our country as world following World War II. which bears the name of Gen. George
also the first in peace. Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I Marshall. At a time in our history when
I think I am correct in saying that this desire to be associated with the remarks freedom and democracy were on the fir-
marks the 12th anniversary of the un- which have been made by the distin- ing line, at the conclusion of a war in
9968 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-
. SENATE June 5
which deep bitterness had been engen- General Marshall, happily and de- der, and even now he has no taste or gift for
dered, there was real reason to fear that servedly, knows history's verdict, and small talk or small facts. Unquestionably,
we might lose the war in the peace. It he knows the gratitude of men and he would unhesitatingly ford an icy river in
winter to pull this sergeant out of a hapless
was at that moment, when the tempta- women across the world for him. Mr. fall. Unquestionably, too, however, a ser-
tions of revenge and selfishness were President, nothing that could be said geant is a sergeant, a far more interesting be-
about to take over, that, under the lead- here could add to that story, but I think ing than, say, a second lieutenant, but still
ership of General Marshall, the United one should note on this anniversary not a subject for general conversation.
States held out an unselfish hand of op- date that the plan which bears his name Indeed, this small facet of character ex-
portunity to the vast areas which had points clearly to the road which Amer- presses one of the outstanding impressions
been devastated by the war itself. ica must follow if we are responsibly to left in a revisit, after some years, to George
discharge our obligation to civilization. C. Marshall, General of the Army, former
In Europe, in particular, there were Secretary of State, former Secretary of De-
many persons who felt that America, It is not an easy road. It is definitely fense, former Chief of Staff, and holder of
although she had contributed greatly to uphill. But free people, if they are the Nobel Peace Prize.
the winning of the war, might well for- given to ,understand the necessity, will- That impression, stronger than ever now,
get what was at stake in that war and ingly will assume heavy burdens. It is is (however wretched the pun) of the pro-
might return home because, again, they leadership such as General Marshall has found generalness of the General's mind
were reading in their own history books, given which makes clear to free people and point of view. An eminent soldier,
the necessity for assuming burdens, and credited by many with having held intel-
and they could remember our great con- lectual headship among all the military in
tributions in 1917 and 1918; but they also they find it a joy to assume such prosecuting and winning the Second World
remembered that, once the shooting burdens. War, he discusses, if left to himself, no
stopped, so did our determination to win Mr. President, I welcome this oppor- particular battle and no particular crisis of
freedom; and, as a consequence, in 1918 tunity to speak on behalf of a very great that war.
the war to make the world safe for American. This is by no means a vague or fuzzy
democracy was followed by a peace Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- period in his life, for, as he says with a
which made the world only safe for dic- sent to have printed in the RECORD an small, bleakly appealing smile, he is "ab-
article published in the New York Times solutely all right-from the neck up," al-
tatorship. Therefore, America was be- though his 75th birthday is coming on De-
ing tested, once again, at the end of of December 25, 1955, entitled "Marshall cember 31. Rather, it is a period, as he sees
the Second World War in a generation. at 75: The General Revisited"; extracts it in retrospect, and as no doubt he saw
What America did was brought to a appearing on pages 245 to 248 from the it even at the time, of vast, complicated
head and was well epitomized in the book entitled "Incredible Tale," written shifting and interrelated designs of effort, of
program headed by General Marshall; by Gerald W. Johnson; and extracts, as setback, of triumph, of transitory confusion
and affixed to that program, rightfully, marked, from the book entitled "Peace succeeded in due course by firm and fixed
is his name-a program by which a vic- Can Be Won,'' written by Paul G. Hoff- consensus of purpose--a deep forest and
man. not a series of trees.
torious nation, for the first time in hu- The same is true of his later and purely
man history, agreed to share its abun- There being no objection, the article political life. As Secretary of State he en-
dant wealth, its great opportunities, and and extracts were ordered to be printed gaged himself primarily on putting over the
the blessings of having escaped the im- in the RECORD, as follows: Marshall plan for European recovery, but
mediate ravages of war with the sections [From the New York Times, Dec. 25, 1955] to this day nothing sharp, dramatic and
of the world-regardless of which side MARSHALL AT 75: THE GENERAL REVISITED alone, of that policy, stands out in his mind.
they had been on during that war- Instead, he simply remembers the general
(By WilliamS. White) scene that lay before him: There was the
which had su1Iered such grievous devas- PINEHURST, N.C.-The cottage stands devastation in Europe and the accompany-
tation because of the war. As well they among the estates of the quietly and elderly ing dangerous state of enfeeblement against
know, the Communists intended to feed rich who mainly inhabit this place. It is the approach of communism. There was
on the unrest and the devastation in rather small, with a faint touch of pleasant the political situation in the United States,
Europe: and, indeed, they had every shabbiness, and it looks rather huddled upon specifically the task of persuading Congress
chance of doing so. It was the Com- itself against the far grander homes across to hand over the money for this enterprise.
munists' intent to do nothing in Europe, the shaded road. Here, on a winter's day, Finally, and at least as high in General
but to let starvation and suffering breed when a visitor calls upon the master of the Marshall's consciousness as these two other
cottage, the pines do not so much shelter as infinitely more interesting circumstances,
a demand for communism. It was at command; they are quite green, quite over- was-what? "The shortage of a good many
that moment that America, through powering, and quite cold. The sheen of the of the strategic materials that we were to
General Marshall, rushed into the vac- sun is cold. need in this affair."
uum and met the challenge in the only Here lives a great man, now venerable in Again, as Secretary of Defense, Marshall's
humane and constructive way that could retirement, an unconscious portrait of the memories of his tour are more general and
be effective. Because of America's rec- general as an old man. (Whatever else he institutional tt.an specific, personal, and in-
ord on this front, all Americans can hold may be, however right or wrong his high pol- timate. His pride in that particular task
their heads high. We shall stand be- icies in the immense years that he served, lies most of all, as he casually remembers it,
the host here is indisputably great, in the in what he did to halt the tremendous strife,
fore the bar of history acquitted of any personal, human sense certainly; no sharper as he puts it, that had been going on be-
selfishness or any vindictiveness or any contrast to the small and the petty could tween the military services and between his
sense of revenge, which so often follow readily be found.) . predecessor as Secretary, Louis Johnson, and
in the wake of great war. With him here is his wife, a lady of sub- others in the Truman administration.
To that end, we in America pay trib- dued, relaxed gaiety, whereas the general "I managed to change that," says the gen-
ute, on this commemorative date, to remains rather like a finely coiled spring. eral, with quiet satisfaction, "and most of
Gen. George Marshall, one of the great- The steel has bent a bit, become a bit less it, I believe, in about 2 weeks." How was it
supple with the passing of the years. Still, changed? The general spreads his hands,
est Americans of them all. it remains. Here, too, is the general's or- speaks noncommittally for a moment, and
Mr. HART. Mr. President, will the derly, an unobtrusive sergeant in mufti mov- changes the subject.
Senator from Montana yield? ing about deftly, much as a mobile back- There is no suggestion that he is avoiding
Mr. MANSFIELD. I am delighted to ground shadow alternately comes into focus the question; he has simply dealt with its
yield to the Senator from Michigan. and fades and dissolves in the eye of the important and general aspects and is now
Mr. HART. Mr. President, I welcome camera. eager to pass on to something else.
this opportunity to join in the remarks Among the many, many obvious questions It is clear that he dislikes Washington
that the interviewer does not ask, is the name very much-his late years, in fact, have in-
which already have been made on this of the sergeant. The general would be per- volved a series of retreats southward, first
anniversary date with respect to a very fectly polite, perfectly responsive, to such an to Leesburg, Va., and now down here, so
great American. inquiry. But he would be perfectly aston- very far, indeed, from all official life. This
I think many persons believe that this ished, too. There is not the slightest doubt dislike, it seems, actually proceeds, however,
Chamber is filled with those who are of his fondness, almost his paternal fond- not so much from what others have so often
concerned with history's verdict regard- ness, for this sergeant, who comes along with denounced in Washington life--the back-
ing them. Consciously or unconsciously. the other perquisites given by a more or less stabbing and climbing, and so on-as from
grateful Republic to a General of the Army. General Marshall's intellectual revulsion to
I think all men and women are con- All the same, the host here spent some 40 what he considers simply the damn non-
cerned with history's verdict with re- years in the professional Army, a good many sense of the place and the drabness of
spect to them. of them with one or more stars on the shoul- what he calls "Potomac social fever."
1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE
This, and any other kind of personaliza- d eal of background perhaps, but not at all EXCERPT FROM BOOK ENTITLED "INCREDmLE
tion of his position in Washington, was al- abreast of current intelligence. TALE"
ways a great, boring ·nuisance to him, and His connection now with the Pentagon (By Gerald w. Johnson)
his juniors were given an incredibly free is tenuous and largely formal. As a General
hand in dealing as they saw fit with this of the Army he is a member of a very small And yet-on June 7, 1947, we sounded a
sort of thing. Mrs. Marshall ·recalls with a club that has much in the way of honor blast that echoed around the world. George
smile, for an example, that once wh~n the but little in the way of explicit duty. He Catlett Marshall was the trumpeter, but that
general was guest at a notable affair the does not often see m any members of the is a detail, for he was sounding in behalf
band leader felt it obligatory to ask for his club, though one of them, General of the of the average man; all that the identity of
favroite song. "The general," said one of Army Omar N. Bradley, was down here in the individual did was give a name to the
the general's aides with a straight face, Pinehurst not many months ago to play call. It carried the defiance of the com-
"prefers either 'Nearer, My God, to Thee' or golf. (Of Bradley, of whom he is very fond, moner, whose heart and hand must make it
'Buttons and Bows'." Marshall himself did Marshall says in passing: "Bradley's a very good; and the great herald was, after all,
not know at the time of this extraordinarily junior member of our club, you know.") merely a herald. Every American who has
catholic description of his musical interests. Marshall's present relationship with the assented and who has supported the Mar-
He smiles briefly now at the anecdote. Pentagon, in fact, is largely nostalgic; he shall plan is entitled to say, "the slughorn to
While the years have made their unavoid- gets a great many letters from among the 10 my lips I set," for at Harvard University
able mark upon him, the harsh denuncia- million or more ex-servicemen with whom, that day the Secretary of State was speak-
tions of him that came late in his career, as he says, he is "involved." They ask all ing for us all.
from the Republican right wing, have made sorts of things--one man in fact has en- It is certainly true that our motives were
no visible imprint at all. Five years ago, treated the general to do something to pre- not unmixed. The Marshall plan would
when the general's appointment to be Sec- serve the American bald eagle-and the never have gone through Congress so quick-
retary of Defense was up for Senate con- general, with a great show of grumpy com- ly, and it might not have gone through at
firmation, Senator WILLIAM JENNER of In- plaint that is not very convincing, does the all, had not some Members been spurred by
diana called him "a front man for traitors best he can for them. His affection is for fear of communism. Its supposed efficacy as
• • • a living lie." the American soldier; even here his con- a stopper of communism gave the plan the
Just after the incident this correspondent cern is general and not particularized. last group of votes necessary to a majority,
happened to speak to the general over the What he does most of all these days is to and to that extent it is correct to say that
telephone on another matter. At the end, sit quietly, reading, contemplating the terror, not boldness, was the deciding factor.
I said to him: "General, by the way, some matters of life and watching television. He But it is equally correct to point out that
very harsh things have been said about you is quite pleased with that mechanism; there was a heavy vote in Congress, and a
in the Senate today." when I called on him a newspaper clipping strong sentiment among the people in favor
"Oh?" said Marshall. "What were they?" listing the evening's program was across the of the Marshall plan before terror was in-
He was told. There was the faintest pause arm of his chair. troduced as an additional argument. Fear
and then he said: "Who? Jenner? Don't Nearby was a new and formidable book, gave it the final shove, but it was already
know him. Goodby." "The Lessons of History," by William close to success. Fear is nothing new. Fear
The situation is about the same today. Smyth, in which was the card of an old has been dictating action since history be-
The general, having made, years ago, a firm Marshall friend, Bernard Baruch. Across the gan. Fear will always be a factor in the
decision never to write or publish a memoir room were many more used books. Along decisions that any nation makes. The pres-
or any other sort of apologia for his career, about 5 o'clock in the afternoon the general ence of the oldest of human motives in this
the question arose as to how and whether he went out to the kitchen for highballs, not decision signifies nothing as regards the po-
would reply at an to his detractors. sending the sergeant on this errand for the litical education of the American people.
"Don't intend to," he says in the sitting reason that any gentleman would have no The appearance of a new motive does. Re-
room here in Pinehurst. "I think the record difficulty in understanding: This was a alization that the restoration of Europe is a
(not "my" record, note] Is sufficient. That man's home and this was the act of a host. part of our task was such a motive; and it
was rather an emotional period, you know." This home he shows with restrained pride, was powerful, if not controlling.
What was his hardest job in public life? pointing out in a fiat, unemphatic voice It is appropriate to the moment that the
"The hardest thing I ever did was to keep several rich oriental tapestries and paint- poem ends with the trumpet call. What
my temper. I had to work with those people, ings that hang on the walls. "Gifts to Mrs. happened after that, Browning does not say.
and that was that." To the question, "What Marshall," he says, "from Madame Chiang." What is to happen after our bugle blast we
are the Indispensables for disinterested pub- He does not elaborate, or even recognize, do not know as yet. But the fact that we
llc service?" the general frowns a bit, draw- the irony-for few will fail to recall that had the spirit to sound it is one of the
ing back from the brink of what might seem great incidents in the tale of our times.
General Marshall's mission to China soon For it was not a defiance of any specific
to be mere hackneyed sentiment, but at after the end of the war was alleged by
length bravely takes the plunge. man or of any specific society. It was a
some of his critics to Involve a sellout of challenge offered to certain ancient ideas,
"Courage. Wisdom. Tolerance. An un- the Nationalist Government of Generalis- stronger than any man, a defiance of tradi-
derstanding of the democratic procedures. simo Chiang Kai-shek. He simply repeats tions older than history. What wlll come
Tolerance. You can't operate the democratic "Madame Chiang" and with an expressionless swarming out of the Dark Tower we know
system without tolerance." All this he bites face he lets it go at that. no better than the knight errant did, but it
off embarrassedly, like a man asked to read Then there is a stroll in the garden with will be trouble in multitudinous forms.
his prayerbook aloud. Mrs. Marshall and the visitors, the general Perhaps one of those forms will be war, but
Many things are part of Marshall. But very srtraight in a thin tweed jacket and perhaps not. We got through the first 2
this, it seems on reflection, is at the very carefully oblivious of the now chill and years and well into the third without war,
core of it all: Here is a man of the military, sharpening wind whistling around the but it may well be upon us before these
a man with a good deal of what sometimes gleaming pine trees. lines are in print; or it may not come at
is slightingly called the military mind, an He has not, as he phrases it, been too well all. But we have already precipitated plenty
aloof, aristocratic, indrawn man who never- of late; the effects of a bout of virus flu are of trouble by our defiance and there is more
theless in his life expresses the truly demo- still upon him, and he finds it physically dif- to come.
cratic spirit as well as any person this polit- ficult to do a good deal of the writing-letters Why not? No one has attacked an ancient
ical writer has ever known. and so on-that he feels he ought to do. He evil yet without starting trouble, and the
He sometimes expresses it, It is true, with could have in a secretary, of course, but this evil we attacked is one of the oldest in the
a kind of exasperated resignation; a man would not really do at all. "Mrs. Marshall world. It is the belief, rooted in the human
still incredulous at memory of the incoher- and I so value our privacy," he explains. mind before history began to be written,
ent shouts of the crowd, pinked by the small Later, as his visitors rise to leave, the that Vae victis is the supreme law of na-
darts of political enemies, but faithful still general goes to the door with them and be- tions and that diplomacy is simply war
to the great plan that makes any public yond, leaning over the automobile door a.S in another form. This belief had been chal-
servant, however elevated, the servant at he gives directions on how to get back to the lenged before, but never as flatly, never as
last of them all. To Marshall, for example, main road. His face is thin, but still pow- uncompromisingly as in the Marshall plan.
any defiance of Congress or President, par- erful in the twilight, and he stands watch- Here for the first time a conqueror assumed
ticularly for a soldier, would be an incon- ing in the driveway as the car pulls away that in destroying any part of the world,
ceivable act. toward the Durham-Raleigh Highway. even that part held by an enemy in arms,
He has wry memories of some of the things It is impossible not to look back upon he was destroying values in which he had
Congress did, not to him but to his beloved the tall still figure under the now darken- a share, and that the woe that ensued should
budgets, especially the most beloved of all, Ing pines. It is impossible to put down the in justice be shared by him also.
the Army's budgets. It is clear that he has melancholy thought that the truly great The Marshall plan on its face is a financial
many reservations today about many things ones-not necessarily the right ones or the measure, by which the American people-
in high policy, foreign and domestic. Still, wrong ones on policy and all that, for all not the President and the Secretary of State,
he is adamantly unwilling to discuss any of that is not the point-are falling back now but you and . I and the man next door-
these things. Proper authority has made into irretrievable time. undertake to contribute sums of the order of
these policies and he, moreover, is, as he Thus, George Catlett Marshall, Esq., of $5 billion a year for at least 4 years to a pool
says, quite out of it now, knowing a great whose like there indeed are not many. from which stricken nations may draw to
99'70 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 5
restore their shattered economic life. But the commonsense warning that "govern- ful, with good reason; the problem in Europe
its financial aspect is its superficial aspect. ments, political parties, or groups which seek had been thoroughly studied by congres-
That is proved by the fact that some na- to perpetuate human misery in order to sional investigators (such as the traveling
tions, including some of the worst devas- profit therefrom politically or otherwise will committee headed by the brilliant Christian
tated, refused the offer. encounter the opposition of the United A. Herter, of Massachusetts). The ECA leg-
In view of the fact that the money does States." This was an offer made in go® islation itself was based upon some of the
not have to be returned, except in certain re- faith and backed by good will. Its sole ob- most protracted hearings in congressional
str icted cases, and in view of the fact that ject was to lay the groundwork for a more history-the testimony filled five volumes
the offer was made to all alike, it must have prosperous world in which peace and free- and contained 6,584 pages. When the law
been a powerful motive indeed that induced dom would be secure. finally emerged from these hundreds of
any nation to refuse an offer so much to its
advantage. It is evident that the Marshall
• • • • • necessary but wearisome hearings and con-
ferences, it included among its provisions
I can understand why many people feel tllis
plan, in the estimation of these nations, in- way. Much as I believe in peace, I am not a directive that the European nations: (1)
cludes much that does not appear on the for peace at any price. I go along com- Submit a detailed program of their needs,
face of the financial transactions. pletely with Senator Vandenberg, who, with (2) discuss with the ECA administration the
It does, indeed. It includes a tacit agree- his customary insight, said at Dartmouth trade and fiscal policies they would follow,
ment on the part of beneficiary nations that College in 1949: "Appeasement is surrender and (3) allow ECA to make end-use checks
they will make· every effort to restore, not on the installment plan." And General Mar- to determine that American aid was spent
only their domestic productive power, but shall, in his eloquent 1950 Memorial Day as agreed.
also that free and friendly commercial ex- address, endorsed this view when he de-
change necessary to support the economy of clared that "there is nothing to be said in Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
the world. This economy is not sustained favor of war except that it is the lesser of wish to thank all Senators who have
but damaged by a policy of aggression on the two evils. For it is better than appeasement associated themselves with the majority
part of any nation or group of nations; hence of aggression because appeasement en- leader and the Senator from Oklahoma
the Marshall plan by its very nature re- courages the very aggression it seeks to pre• [Mr. MONRONEY] in expressing their
quires abandonment of the idea of aggression. vent." thoughts on General Marshall today.
In theory a strong nation-Russia, for ex-
ample-might have accepted the Marshall
• • •
On both scores there is hopeful news.
• He is a great man-great in the annals
of war, great in the annals of peace, and
plan with no intention whatever of living up Nothing finer could have occurred to per- great in the affection of his countrymen.
to this responsibility; but in practice it would suade Europeans that we are in earnest
not work. The leaders of the Communist about building up our defenses, and using Mr. NEUBERGER subsequently said:
state were well aware that if they accepted them to avert war, than the appointment of Mr. President, I was on the floor earlier
the benefits of the Marshall plan, intending George Marshall as Secretary of Defense. today when the able Senator from Okla-
all along to follow a policy of aggression, They vividly remember his leadership in homa [Mr. MONRONEY] paid tribute to
they would be left in a position so inde- World War II. They look upon him, and the illustrious career of Gen. George C.
fensible morally that they could not make rightly, as a military genius who can con- Marshall. I realize there is nothing I
even their own people regard it as justifiable. struct and conduct a great common defense.
The Soviet system is powerful; but even so, At the same time they have an immense can say which would add to the encd-
it is not powerful enough to accept a man's regard for him as the author of the Marshall miums paid so deservedly to General
money and then stab him in the back with- plan as a program for peace. In the same Marshall by the Senator from Oklahoma,
out incurring the condemnation of its own way that he conceived of economic strength by the Senator from Illinois [Mr. DouG-
supporters. as a means of thwarting internal Com- LAS], by the Senator from Montana [Mt.
But Russia, debarred from accepting the munist aggression he will conceive of mili- MANSFIELD], and by many other distin-
plan, must inevitably regard its success else- tary strength as a means of thwarting ex- guished Members of the Senate. I
where with great apprehension, and was com- ternal Communist aggression. should, however, like to add one very
pelled, by her own stern logic, to employ every ... • • • • brief comment. · ·
resource to prevent its success. Those re- If this sounds like fiscal fantasy, let's look
sources have been employed, with consider- at the process in action. The French had We in the State of Oregon, which is my
able effect. The blockade of Berlin, for in- made a valiant comeback in their cotton in- native State, have always taken great
stance, compelled us tq resort to the airlift, dustry, restoring some 80 percent of prewar pride in the fact that Oregon has been
costing us hundreds of millions and many capacity. Raw materials ran out. Prior to General Marshall's favorite scene of
lives; and that was but one item in a long the Marshall plan, French millowners faced recreation. On many, many occasions
list. Oh, yes, when we put the slug-horn the threat of having to shut up shop for General Marshall has gone fishing on the
to our lips we started something that will be lack of raw cotton. Unfortunately, France
difficult to carry through. Umpqua River, which is one of our lovely
is not a cotton-growing nation and no cot-
The worst of it, though, is not Russian ton was available there. The millowners coastal and tidewater streams, and in
obduracy and ingenuity, but our own fa- had plenty of francs, but the American cot- which steelhead trout, salmon, and other
tigue. The moral endurance of the Amer- ton grower couldn't use them. Then the game fish abound.
ican people has astonished the world, but it Marshall plan came along. The millowners Again and again General Marshall re-
is not unlimited. The antagonist who rose took their francs to the French exchange turned to Oregon, and always he has had
before us a.fter 1945 is well aware of the fact control, traded them for dollars (after their praise for Oregon's magnificent outdoor
and has employed it with great shrewdness. requests were approved by French officials beauty and grandeur.
His game has been to facilitate a psychologi- and ECA), bought the needed cotton with
cal collapse by every means in his power, and the dollars and kept their mills going. What I think it was in connection with his
to play for time until it comes about. It is about the millowners' francs? They went original military service in the Pacific
a style of warfare to which Americans have into the recovery fund and became coun- Northwest that General Marshall first
never been subjected before, and the man- terpart-to be used for some such worth- came to national attention. At the time
ner in which the average American will sus- while project as building a highway or creat- the Russian fliers made their epic flight
tain it has yet to be determined. · ing new farmland by draining a swamp. over the polar region in their antiquated
What has happened? The dollars kept the
EXCERPTS FROM BOOK ENTITLED "PEACE CAN French mills active and thousands of French airplane-at least antiquated by pres-
BE WoN" workers at their jobs. They have provided ent-day standards-Gen. George Mar-
(By Paul G. Hoffman) the French Government with a sackful of shall was a brigadier general in command
francs for recovery projects. They have of the Vancouver Barracks. That is one
The Kremlin's intent, even before the Mar- robbed the French Communists of an excel- of our oldest military posts, and is located
shall plan got under way, became abundantly lent opportunity to exploit the discontent
clear as early as July 1947 in Paris. General of idle workers. More importantly, because on the banks of the Columbia River, near
Marshall had but recently delivered his great the French millowners paid for their cot- Vancouver, Wash., just across the Colum-
speech at Harvard, calling upon the nations ton-and thus ordered only what they bia from Portland, Oreg.
of Europe, upon all of them, to join together needed-the program avoided the waste that General Marshall at that time distin-
in a vast cooperative effort to repair their is normal in most "giveway" plans. guished himself by his very adroit han-
shattered economies. "It is logical," he had We must use guided dollars. As most dling of the negotiations which took
declared, "that the United States should do Americans know, we have been extending to
whatever it is able to do to assist in the Europe a vast amount of aid ever since
place with the Russian fliers. and in their
return of normal economic health in the World War I. presentation to our country and to the
world, without which there can be no polit- In 1947, Congress was facing the task of
world after their remarkable feat of avi-
ical stability and no assured peace. Our further aid to Europe. But it wanted to put ation. I recall editorials which were
policy is directed not against. any country or 'it on a sounder, more solid basis than ever published in newspapers in the States of
doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, des- before. Hence Congress made this the cen- Washington and Oregon, citing the fact
peration, and chaos.'• .There were no ideo- tral aim of Marshall plan legislation. In that the commandant at Vancouver Bar-
logical strings attached to that offer beyond my opinion, its efforts were notably success- racks was indeed an outstanding military
1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 9971
leader and also a man who knew how to We would do so by inviting the Presi- as was wisely done at Geneva at the
handle his fellow men and to behave dent of the United States, acting summit, in 1955, then I believe that
very capably in what might have been a through the Department of Health, Edu- President Eisenhower, Premier Khru-
delicate international situation. cation, and Welfare; the National shchev, Prime Minister Macmillan and
I note the distinguished senior Sen- Science Foundation; the National Acad- President De Gaulle would do wen' first,
ator from Washington [Mr. MAGNUSON] emy of Sciences and National Research to approve the concept of such a year;
is present on the floor. I am sure he will Council, and other public and private and, second, to sign ify their intention to
recall the time when General Marshall groups to ask the medical profession, have their governments financially sup-
was commandant of one of the oldest and and other professions and organizations port such a year. I am hopeful that our
most traditional military posts in the in the life sciences, in cooperation with Government, in the person of our Pres-
State of Washington, and indeed in the the scientific community of the world, ident, will take the initiative in these
Pacific Northwest. to develop concrete plans and programs endeavors.
I am happy indeed to have had this op- for the year. The fact is that a h ealth year is pre-
portunity to bring to the attention of the REBUTTAL OF SOVIET CLAIMS cisely the sort of relatively noncontro-
Senate the heritage and legacy we of the Second. A second purpose of my reso- versial issue on which East and West
Pacific Northwest feel we enjoy whenever lution is to rebut the erroneous Soviet can and should unite. Last year, one
the outstanding career, both in war and claim to the effect that it was the Soviet quarter of a million Americans and a
peace, of Gen. George C. Marshall ~.s Union which originated the concept of quarter of a million Russians died of
mentioned. such a year. cancer, for example. So, enlightened
I should like to say that it is a source self-interest requires cooperation.
INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH of regret to me that the subject of health When I discussed the issue of the year
AND MEDICAL RESEARCH YEAR should be made a pawn in the East-West with Premier Khrushchev in Moscow on
December 1, 1958, he enthusiastically
Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, I chess game, or power struggle. approved it.
submit, for appropriate reference, a So far as we Americans are concerned,
Unfortunately, Soviet actions at WHO
resolution expressing the sense of the we are interested in the health of man- did not accord with his comments. This
Senate on behalf of specific steps look- kind because of humanitarian reasons. is not, however, an uncommon contrast.
ing toward the observance of an Inter- Unfortunately, however, the Soviet
Unfortunately, too, until heads of
national Public Health and Medical Re- Union at the World Health Assembly state flash encouraging word to their
search Year. in Geneva attempted to draw a false
own health ministers, to the effect that
I ask unanimous consent that this issue in speech after speech and to as- governments are ready, willing, and
resolution, lie over on the desk for 10 sert that it was the Soviet Union which eager to back the year with dollars,
days so that all of my colleagues who is responsible for this concept. rubles, francs, and pounds sterling, the
may wish to join as cosponsors may The fact is that it was an American,
former Gov. Adlai Stevenson, who first health ministers will be unable to pledge
have the opportunity to do so. more money to international health
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The presented the idea publicly-3 months efforts.
resolution will be received and appropri- before the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet This brings us to consideration of the
ately referred; and, without objection, Republic took up the idea. It was an action at the World Health Assembly,
the resolution will lie on the desk, as re- American resolution in the U.S. Senate which I believe will be of interest to
quested by the Senator from Minnesota. which I had been privileged to draft the Senate.
The resolution <S. Res. 129) favoring which first presentd the idea in formai
continued efforts b;\· all nations to form. It was an American message to
REASONS FOR ASSEMBLY'S DECISION OF
POSTPONEMENT
strengthen cooperation in health and the executive board of the World Health
research activities, was referred to the Organization which first drew it to the It is only being frank to say that
Committee on Foreign Relations. attention of WHO in the form of my WHO's decision of postponement was a
Mr. HUMPHREY. I hope that as message to Surg. Gen. Leroy Burney. source of disappointment not only to
many of my colleagues as possible will The Soviet Union at the Geneva As- myself, but to a great many individuals
join with me, because I would like for the sembly chose to disregard all of these here and abroad who see in the year a
world to know explicitly that the Senate facts, simply relying upon the fact that magnificient opportunity to strengthen
of the United States, and I hope the in September 1958, the Ukraine had in- the health of the human race.
House, thereafter concurring, remain troduced a resolution for the year in the The reasons for the postponement are
united in favor of this great ideal of an United Nations. several. I shall not, at present, attempt
International Health and Medical Re- I call the attention of the Senate to a complete statement with regard to the
search Year. the fact that it was about 6 weeks be- Assembly's decision, because I have not
PAST U.S. AND SENATE SUPPORT OF YEAR fore that when the Senate of the United as yet had the opportunity to take this
States adopted a resolution asking for up at first hand with American dele-
It will be recalled that on August 11, an international health and medical re- gates, following their return from Ge-
1958, the Senate unanimously approved search year. neva.
my bills, Senate resolution 361 and Sen- Let me say, in all candor, that I re- I have, however, through correspond-
ate concurrent resolution 399, inviting gret that it was not the American dele- ence and through information obtained
the President of the United States to ex- gation in the United Nations which in- by the staff of the Government Opera-
plore the possibility of such a year. tions Committee conducting the Inter-
On December 5, 1958, the United Na- that troduced such a resolution. The fact
it did not does not alter the fact national Health Study, ascertained that
tions General Assembly, with full U.S. the following were among the reasons
support, unanimously approved the con- th~t it was at American initiative, that for postponement:
cept of such a year and referred it to this whole concept developed. First. It is universally recognized that
WHO. I believe that the U.S. Senate as such
However, the World Health Assembly is to be complimented for haviiig take~
the year will require extensive prepara-
tion. Yet, it is less than a year since
which has just concluded its 12th ses~ the initiative. Now, I want the Senate the concept of such a year was first ad-
sion in Geneva, decided to postpone the to maintain the initiative, but I want vanced. And many of the nations felt
year. It asked, however, that the Di- the executive branch to carry through that it would have been preferable to
rector General and the Secretariat pre- fully-as I believe it very definitely will. have more definite plans before author-
pare specific plans for reconsideration But authorship of the idea is not
izing a full go-ahead.
of the year at the next meeting of the nearly as important as fulfillment of it. By contrast, it should be noted that
Assembly, in Geneva, in May 1960. SUMMIT CONFERENCE COULD ADVANCE THE YEAR
the eminently successful International
PURPOSES OF NEW FORM OF RESOLUTION I believe that it is time that at the Geophysical Year was first discussed as
The purpose of my resolution today is highest possible level, this iss~e now far back as April 1950 before its start 7
as follows: derailed, be put back on the track. years later in July 1957.
First. To utilize constructively the If a summit conference between East Second. A second and equally or more
time period of 11 months before the and West is held, and if a broad-range compelling reason for postponement \Jas
·world Health Assembly reconvenes. of nonpolitical issues is taken up, such stated in the World Health Assembly
9972 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE June 5
resolution itself. It pointed to the fact · I know that ·the United States at the ·As Dr. ·Burney wrote to me from
that the nations are heavily committed appropriate time will make a substantial Geneva, this is an exceedingly important
at present to both national and inter- voluntary contribution for the success of step in the history of WHO. It estab-
national efforts to improve health·. That the Year, just as it did in the case of the lishes the principle that research activity
means, I might add, principally the International Geophysical Year. is part and parcel of the regular WHO
underdeveloped nations are so com- If it was appropriate for us to spend program, supported by all members. A
mitted. tens of millions of dollars not counting special research fund was also established
It is no fault of the delegates to the logistic support, for IGY, t h en it cer- to permit t h e United States, and others
Assembly that they were appar ently tainly is appr opriate that we be prepared who may wish to do so, to make special
under instructions of their home gov- to m ake reasonable expenditures avail- contributions or grants for research
ernments not to attempt to undertake able for the International Health Year. projects, as I certainly hope will prove to
additional financial commitments, eith er WHO'S ACTIONS PROVES NEED OF YEAR be the case.
nationally or through pro-rat a inter- I point out that the very decision of FOUR ITEMS TO BE PRI NTED IN RECORD
national effort. The Assembly recog- p ostponement of the Year underlined a Mr. President, in conclusion, I ask
nized that it still faces enormous finan- reason why there should be such a Year. unanimous consent that several items
cial burdens in programs such as ma- The fact of the matter is that in many be printed in the RECORD following my
laria eradication. countries, the Ministers of Health, comments:
Third. Apparently, a third r~ason for t h rough no fault of their own, seem to First. The text of my resolution.
postponement was that the Soviet effort be, in effect, considered "low men on the Second. A series of quotations from
to make propaganda out of the Health totem pole" by some of their govern- letters, telegrams, and postal cards which
Year apparently backfired. As a result m ents. I am not speaking of our own have come to me from all parts of the
of Soviet and satellite propaganda country or of any one country in par- United States approving the concept of
speeches, there was resentment by many ticular. such a year. I have only selected a
delegates against Soviet efforts to take I am simply stating that when many handful of the many messages which
over the year. Let me say, Mr. Presi- national budgets are prepared by power- have come to me.
dent, that I do not view the Health Year ful Finance Ministers and are approved Third. A National Science Foundation
as a propaganda stunt for or against any by parliaments, somehow money is al- memorandum, summarizing America's
nation. I view it as a solid humani- ways found for top priority Ministries vital role in the various stages of the
tarian effort. and for armaments and for all sorts of history of IGY. I believe this will be
When the Health Year is formally ob- governmental projects, like roads and very helpful background, both as to
served, it cannot possibly succeed unless harbors, etc. But often, at the bottom similarity and dissimilarity as between
all nations view it in this manner. of budgetary priorities, money is doled IGY and IHY. .
Its success will depend in very large out with an eyedropper when it comes Fourth. The text of an article which
measure on full Soviet participation- to human health. appeared in t!l.e May 29 issue of Science,
but Soviet effort should be conducted as the official publication of the American
a part of the community of nations and I have seen country after country
where the biomedical community is vir- Association for the Advancement of
not in a manner which will estrange Science. This article outlines the history
many nations. · tually starved for finances.
I have seen country after country with of the development of this IHY concept,
1f an<i when a summit conference and it reports upon an extensive discus-
takes place, I am hopeful that thePresi- pot ential scientific genius being wasted
because there are no career opportunities sion of it at the meeting of the National
dent of the United States will say in no Citizen's Committee for WHO, which I
uncertain terms, with clarity and pur- . and adequate salaries for medical re-
searchers and for public health vhY- had the privilege of addressing last
pose, that we expect the Soviet Union month.
in these internat ional cooperat ive efforts sicians.
An I n ternational Health Year could go There being no objection, the material
to act responsibly, and cease their efforts was· ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
at propaganda, and cease their efforts at a lon g way toward ending this unfortun-
ate downgrading of human health. as follows:
harassment of important international
Fortunately, we of the United States SENATE RESOLUTION 129
purposes.
Notwithstanding East-West differ- have considerably awakened to health Whereas Senate Resolution 361, 85th Con-
needs. This awakening is due in large gress , agreed to August 11, 1958, expressed
ences, I want it known that I con t inue the unanimous sense of the Senate that the
to hope that the Soviet Union will leave part to the superb efforts of the senior
Senator from Alabama [Mr. HILL] and President of the United States be invited to
no stone unturned to contr ibute to man- explore through the World Health Or ga ni-
kind's health. I believe that the im- h is colleague on the House side, Con- zation and related orga nizations, the possi-
pressive talent of R ussian science, the gressman JoHN F'OGARTY. bility of a n International Health and Medical
manyfold abilities of Russian research NUM EROUS ACHIEVEMENTS AT HEALTH ASSEMBLY R esearch Year; and
should be just as dedicated to mankind's Whereas on December 5, 19'58, the United
But let me pay a well-deserved tribute Nations General Assembly with full U.S.
health as the ability and talent which to those thinking leaders in the execu- support, unanimously approved the concept
we ourselves can mobilize. tive branch who are likewise to be com- of such a year; and
THE mONY OF INADEQUATE FINANCES FOR plimented. Whereas the 12t h World Health Assembly
HEALTH Let me point out that we sent a very in Ma y 1959, exp res sed "deep appreciat ion
Now, let me state this fact concerning able delegation to the ·world Health As- and s a t isfaction a t learning of the intzr est
sembly and that fortunately, this year, at displa yed by the General Assembly of the
the financial problem: United Nations in international health mat-
Reports from Geneva indicated that long last, it was under instructions to ters, including medical research"; and
the delegates and many of their govern- support, not oppose, an increase in Whereas the World Health Assembly af-
ments were concerned about the $600,000 WHO's budget. firmed that it "appreciates the value and
price tag on administration of the Health · Let me say further that the Surgeon importance of an International Health and
Year. General of the U.S. Public Health Serv- Medical Research Year"; and
I say in all candor, Mr. President, ice, Dr. Leroy Burney and his colleagues Whereas the Assembly indicated that be-
that it is a sad and tragic commentary on cause of " the existing heavy commitment on
in the American delegation to the as- national and internationa l effort," it found it
the world of the 20th century when the sembly are to be complimented for their ·neces sary to postpone the year for the
nations can spend $100 billion on arms, devoted efforts not only on behalf of the present, but that it would reconsider the
but shrink from spending $600,000 for International Public Health and Medical subject at the 13th World Health Assembly,
human health. Research Year, but on behalf of the other convening in Ma y 1960; and
It is a tragic commentary on man's important and constructive achieve- Whereas the Assembly requested the Di-
system of values when the world spends ments of the assembly. rector General to transmit the views ex-
billions to fire rockets into outer space, pressed in its resolution to the Economic
I refer in particular to the fact that it and Social Council at its 28th session and
but hesitates to spend relatively pennies was agreed by a vote of 51 to 14 to add to the General Assembly of the United Na-
for experiments which will fire magic $500,000 to the Director-General's pro- tions at its 14th session; and
bullets against diseases which are the posal as a second stage in developing the Whereas the need is greater than ever
enemies of man. · · intensified WHO research program. before f or all the n a tions to proceed without
1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 9973
delay to strengthen cooperation in health didly, I feel it is one of the most brilliant CHICAGO, ILL., May 9, 1959.
and research efforts on behalf of present proposals of this period. May your endeavor DEAR MR. HUMPHREY: Thank you for in-
and future generations; and to make it a reality be successful. troducing the International Health Year
Whereas it is the hope and anticipation of H as your proposal been formalized as a project to the U.S. Senate.
the people of the United States that the statement, petition, or act? If it has I would Naturally, the article in This Week maga-
13th World Health Assembly will declare an appreciate receiving a copy. And is there zine is only an introduction for us readers.
International Public Health and Medi.c al Re- anything a layman citizen could do to assist We hope to see and hear much more of this
sea rch Year to be observed at an early and you in your endeavor? wonderful proposal. * * *
feasible date: Now, therefore, be it Sincerely, With appreciation for the problems in-
Resolved, That it is the sense of the Senate EDWARD STARR. volved, and with all best wishes for your
that the President of the United States, act- personal efforts in this task, I am
ing through the Department of Health, Edu- CHICAGO, ILL., May 19, 1959. Very sincerely,
cation, and Welfare; the National Science Senator HUBERT H. HUMPHREY, Mrs. NORBERT KACEU.
Foundation; the National Academy of Senate Office Buildi ng,
Sciences-National Research Council, and Washington, D .C. WATERTOWN, Wis., April 9,1959.
such other official and private bodies, as DEAR SENATOR HUMPHREY: I have read your Han. HUBERT HUMPHREY.
he deems appropriate, should (1) continue article in This Week magazine for Ma y 10, DEAR MR. HUMPHREY: Have been read-
U .S . initiative in seeking to strengthen 1959, entitled "IHY, Our Best Hope To Stop ing a great deal about your international
international cooperation in health and Atomic Fallout." It is an excellent idea heal'~h program. Assure you many people
research efforts and, in connection there- and I want to commend you for sponsoring thr oughout this area are looking very kindly
with, (2) invite the medical professio~ of it. I wish you success. toward your effort.
the United States, and other professwns Sincerely yours, With kindest regards,
and organizations concerned with the heal- HERBERT K . ABRAMS, M.D. L. D. HEFTY.
ing arts and the life sciences to ~evelop
plans and programs in cooperation ':V1th the BURBANK, CALIF., May 10, 1959.
DEAR SENATOR HUMPHREY: Hooray for IHY. PITTSBURGH, PA., May 11, 1959.
scientific community of other natwns to- Senator HUBERT H . HUMPHREY,
ward declaration and observance of an In- You are showing the kind of simple diffi-
cult, superlative imagination which may yet Senate Office Building,
ternational Public Health and Medical Re- Washington, D.C.
search Year. sa ve this old world.
Keep thinking big. No matter what peo- SIR: In This Week magazine I read your
EXCERPTS OF MESSAGES TO SENATOR HUMPHREY ple say, Americans will prove big enough article about IHY. To me this seems to be
ENDORSING HIS EFFORTS FOR THE INTERNA- for your largest thoughts, and I believe all one of the most outstanding suggestions
TIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH AND MEDICAL RE- men will join them. the world has faced in a good many years.
SEARCH YEAR WM. LoUCHARD. *
BIRMINGHAM, ALA., May 15, 1959. P.S.-I will help publicize IHY in this Yours respectfully,
The Honorable HUBERT HUMPHREY, district. HARRY LOEWY.
U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR HUMPHREY: Your plan for ALHAMBRA, CALIF., May 11, 1959. Los ANGELES, CALIF., May 29, 1959.
an IHY year, as portrayed in the This Week DEAR MR. HUMPHREY: At long last I feel all SENATOR HUMPHREY: Your article on IHY
magazine section, is just about the most is not lost, and am quite excited and en- in May 10 This Week was the best thing
heartening thing that has come up in a long, couraged over two developments that have I've read for a long time. So much good
long time. With the almost overwhelming arisen from the other unpeaceful and im- solid sense to it--and what wonderful
advance of cancer-scarcely a day goes by moral situations of today. promise. If the whole world would partici-
that you don't hear of it-and with the The first is the World Peace Through Law, pate in your international health proposal,
frighteningly unknown radiation haz!j.rd, it from the American Bar Association, and the it not only would do great work toward solv-
has been amazing to me that no more has other is the International Health Year. May ing some of the mysteries of bad health and
been done. I congratulate you on the latter, and offer disease, but would go farther than any-
With the vital need for a program such as my most heartiest support and encourage- thing we've tried yet to bring about lasting
this, I can see enly two things wrong-first, ment; may I also assure you that the peo- world peace as a possibility.
why hasn't it come forth long ago, and sec- ples of this country and of all countries want Great success to you and yours.
ond, why wait until 1961 to start it? peaceful and respectful coexistence. Thanking you,
At any rate, I am most grateful to you for BILLy JENKINS .
what you have done in starting it and hope

I implore you to beseech your coworkers to
you will never give up until it has become recognize and exhort the dignity of all men. Los ANGELES, CALIF., May 15, 1959.
a realization. Again, accept my wholehearted support Senator HUBERT H. HuMPHREY,
Yours very truly and good wishes in this wonderful project. Chairman of International Health St'udy,
(Miss) FARRAR ARMSTRONG. Most sincerely, U .S. Senate, Washington, D.C.
Mrs. J. R. McCAFFERTY. DEAR SENATOR HUMPHREY: I have read the
CLEVELAND, OHIO, January 9, 1959. article in This Week magazine outlining
Senator HUBERT HUMPHREY, MIAMI, FLA., May 23 , 1959. your plans for an International Health Year.
U.S. Senate. The Honorable Senator HUBERT H. HUMPHREY, One should be commended for a program
DEAR SENATOR HUMPHREY: * * *. Chairman of International Health Study, that will give healthier, happier, and fuller
Another matter that impressed me great- U .S. Senate, Washington, D.C. lives to all of the individuals of the world.
ly was the idea of an International Medical DEAR MR. HUMPHREY: I read With interest •
Year. This is the kind of competition we your article, in This Week magazine (May Yours truly,
should have with our rivals on this earth. 10 issue) concerning International Health W. D. PALLOCIC.
Not only would it be very stimulating but Year.
only a great deal of good could come from I am very much interested in keeping up BACKGROUND TO THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH
this rivalry. * * • with the plans as they progress and will YEAR: A BRIEF SUMMARY OF IGY HISTORY
Sincerely yours. appreciate you advising me how best to do
RALPH I. FRIED,· M.D. this, or send me any brochures or informa- I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND INTERNATIONAL
tion being issued at this particular time, ORGANIZATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL GEO-
JANUARY 9, 1959. especially if nurses or other personnel will PHYSICAL YEAR
Senator HUMPHREY, have an opportunity to train under this spe- The period July 1, 1957, through December
Senate Office Building, cial organization in how to cope with nuclear 31, 1958, was designated as the International
Washington, D.C. radiation and its relation to health as soon Geophysical Year (IGY). It was a period of
DEAR SENATOR HUMPHREY: I have just fin- as this information has been decided. worldwide observations and studies of the
ished reading your interview with Mr. Khru- Thanking you, I am sun, and of the earth and its physical envi-
shchev in Life. Respectfully yours, ronment, including its atmosphere and the
As chairman of the health and sanitation PATRICIA POWELL, R .N. space through which it travels. Sixty-six
committee, the Chicago American Chapel, nations took an active part in the program
Chicago Typographical Union No. 16, I am DALLAS, TEX., May 19, 1959. (attachment A).
attracted to any reference to the subject of Han. HUBERT H. HUMPHREY, The IGY was actually the third such scien-
health. Senate Office Building, tific undertaking. In earlier periods geo-
Your proposal for an International Year Washington, D .C. physicists recognized the inherent advan-
for Public Health arrd Medical Research un- DEAR SENATOR HUMPHREY: Certainly your tages of studying geophysical phenomena
der U.N. auspices, it seems to me, has un- plan for an International Health Year would over the entire earth within a relatively short
usual implications for American initiative be as fruitful as it seems now that the In- interval of time. During 1882-83, the First
in strengthening international good will and ternational Geophysical Year has been. Polar Year, 10 nations, including the United
understanding. Beyond that it opens up
new vistas for solving some of the major
• • • States, conducted simultaneous, cooperative
scientific observations in the Arctic. F'ifty
Yours very sincerely,
health problems confronting mankind. Ca n- ELIZABETH S. BRADLEY, R .N. years later the Second Polar Year, 1932-33,
9974 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE. June 5
was undertaken, in which 30 nations coop- tariat, the funds coming originally from the requested amount for the National
erated in observations primarily in the Arc- the National Science Foundation. Science F.oundation in support of the In-
tic. Both of these periods contributed great- A coordinated, worldwide scientific pro- ternational Geophysical Year in a supple-
ly to the store of basic knowledge in the gram for the IGY was synthesized from vari- mental appropriation request for fiscal year
geophysical sciences. ous proposals submitted ·by individual na- 1955. Action by the Congress was approval
. In April 1950 at an informal meeting of tions and modified through periodic meet- of an initial appropriation of $2 million for
geophysicists in Silver Spring, Md., the sug- ings of CSAGI (Brussels, 1953; Rome, 1954; the IGY program (Supplemental Appropria-
gestion was offered by Dr. L. V. Berkner that, Brussels, 1955; and Barcelona, 1956). At a tions Act of 1955, 83d Con g., 2d sess.) . Sub-
because of the tremendous advances in in- fifth reunion of CSAGI held in August- sequent appropriations to the National
strumentation that had taken place in the September 1958 in Moscow, consideration Science Foundation for the program have
1940's consideration be given to holding a was given to a review of the accomplish- been $10 million (Independent Offices Ap-
Third Polar Year 25 years after the second, ments of the first two-thirds of the IGY, propriations Act of 1956, 84th Cong., 1st
which would place it in 1957-58, a period of the question of the future of international sess); $27 million (Second Supplemental Ap-
maximum sunspot activity. The suggestion cooperation in geophysics after the end of propriations Act of 1956, 84th Cong., 2d.
was received with enthusiasm, and in subse- the IGY, the problem of · the collection, sess.); $2 million (Second Supplemental Ap-
quent discussions scientists throughout the storage, and cataloging of data at the world propriations Act of 1958, 85th Cong., 2d
world recognized the benefits of extending data centers, and the question of publica- sess.); $2,500,000 (Supplemental Appropria-
the planned program to encompass the entire tion of IGY data and results. tions Act of 1959, 85th Cong., 2d. sess.). The
earth and renamed it the International Geo- total amount, therefore, appropriated to the
II, U.S. PARTICIPATION IN THE INTERNATIONAL
physical Year to reflect the increased scope National Science Foundation for the U.S.
in coverage. GEOPHYSICAL YEAR
IGY program was $43,500,000.
During the next 18 months the initial U.S. National Committee for the IGY Funding of the various projects in the
proposal was considered and supported by a The National Academy of Sciences-Na- U.S. IGY program has been administered
number of international scientific groups, tional Research Council, a nongovern- through grants, contracts, and transfers of
most of them members of the International mental organization, as the adhering body funds made by the National Science Founda-
Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU). The on behalf of American scientists to the In- tion, upon recommendations received from
Mixed Commission on the Ionosphere en- ternational Council of Scientific Unions and the U.S. National Committee for the IGY.
dorsed it, as did also, in rapid succession, most of its unions, was the group in the These totaled approximately $43 million as
the International Scientific Radio Union, the United States that received the CSAGI in- of April30, 1959.
International Astronomical Union, the In- vitation for this country to participate in The National Science Foundation has, in
ternational Union of Geodesy and Geophys- the IGY. In response to this invitation, the order to assure coordination, worked closely
ics, and finally the International Council of president of the Academy-Council estab- with other Federal agencies having an active
Scientific Unions itself. lished in February 1953 the U.S. National interest and role in the IGY. These in-
In ·1951 the executive board of ICSU ap- Committee for the International Geophysical cluded the Department of Defense, Weather
pointed the Comite Special de l'Annee Geo- Year 1957-58, under the chairmanship of Dr. Bureau, National Bureau of Standards,
physique Internationale (CSAGI), composed Joseph Kaplan, professor of physics at the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and Geological
of representatives of the various scientific University of California at Los Angeles. Dr. Survey. Additionally, the Department of De-
unions involved and of the World Meteoro- Alan H. Shapley of the National Bureau of fense provided major logistic support to the
logical Organization and the International Standards was named vice chairman, and Dr. Antarctic, Arctic, rocket and satellite pro-
Consultative Committee for Radio Commu- Hugh Odishaw, formerly of the National Bu- grams.
nications. A Bureau of CSAGI was appointed reau of Standards, the executive director. III. EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL GEO-
consisting of Prof. Sydney Chapman (Great The Committee membership was composed PHYSICAL YEAR PROGRAM AT N.II;TIONAL AND
Britain), president; Dr. Lloyd V. Berkner of appropriate representation from the vari- INTERNATIONAL LEVELS
(United States), vice president; and Profs. ous scientific disciplines involved, selected
M. Nicolet (Belgium), general secretary. with a view toward securing as wide a geo- Taking the United States as an example of
Later (in June 1957) Prof. V. V. Beloussov graphical coverage as possible and to in- a country phase of the total IGY world effort,
(U.S.S.R.) and Prof. J. Coulomb (France) clude both governmental and nongovern- it can be seen how individual national pro-
were added as members of the Bureau. mental groups. An executive committee of grams were developed and synthesized into
In late 1951 and early 1952 CSAGI invited the U.S. National Committee for the IGY the international program.
member nations of ICSU or its unions to was named, as were also subcommittees to First, the proposals for IGY projects were
establish special national committees to take cover the regional programs planned (Arctic, based on ideas conceived in individual labor-
part in the planning and guidance of the Antarctic, equatorial regions). In addition, atories or in the minds of individual scien-
IGY. As the conc.e pt of the program ex- 13 technical panels were established to direct tists, thus originating at the grassroots levels
panded, invitations to an . countries of the the program in the scientific disciplines of in the scientific community. The origii1al
world were issued to join in the enterprise. meteorology, geomagnetism, aurora and air- idea or proposal was· first subjected to a
Individual countries were r~sponsible for glow, ionosphere, solar activity, cosmic rays, screen process within the framework of the
organizing and supporting their own por- longitude and latitude, glaciology, ocea- national committee. In the United States
tions of the IGY program. In general, this nography, seismology, gravity, and in the pro- this initial screening took place in one of the
meant that each country provided the fund, grams of rocketry and communications and technical advisory panels that had been· es-
equipment, and personnel for IGY activities world days. The latter were special intervals, tablished under the U.S. National Commit-
that they undertook within their continental some preselected, others based on observed tee for the IGY.
limits, possessions, or in areas where they solar activity during which enhanced obser- The various individual projects that were
had traditionally had an interest. In the vation schedules were activated. accepted by the panel were then consoli-
case of the U.S. program, additional support dated into a proposed disciplinary program
Role of the National Science Foundation in in meteorology, or geomagnetism, for exam-
was given to U.S. organizations to conduct the IGY
oceanographic observations on the high seas; ple. The disciplinary programs were next
equipment and services were provided at a The Academy-Council, recognizing the im- brought together into a proposed national
network of stations overseas for satellite portance of Government cooperation and program at committee level. After a process
tracking purposes; and equipment was sup- support to the success of the U.S. portion of of trimming to adjust the complete national
plied for certain scientific stations scattered the IGY program, on November 25, 1953, program to come within the country's
throughout the world, particularly in South asked the National Science Foundation to budget, it was sent as a proposal to the gen-
America along the 75-80° West longitude line. take responsibility for obtaining and admin- eral secretary of GSAGI, who received many
The initial support of the international istering Government funds required to carry such national program proposals.
secretariat of the CSAGI was received from out the program and to coordinate the in- A meeting of GSAGI and representatives
ICSU and UNESCO. Grants from the lat- terests of Government agencies involved. from participating countries was called to re-
ter of $1,000 to $2,000 and $20,000 were After consideration of the recommendation view these programs and out of them to
made during this initial period (1952-54), and a · study of the proposed program and prepare the first draft of an international
and were supplemented by additional budget, the National Science Board at its program. Working groups in the various
amounts, $15,000-$25,000 a year (1955-58). meeting of January 29, 1954, endorsed the disciplines were selected from among country
It soon became evident that the cost of general objectievs of the program and the delegates, generally capable scientists in the
supporting the secretariat, including travel Foundation's participation in it. various fields of interest. These working
to international planning meetings, distribu- After the proposed program and budget groups were chaired by the appropriate
tion of various planning documents, etc., for the IGY had been submitted to · the GSAGI reporters, who had been designated
would require considerably more support. Bureau of the Budget, and after letters in to act as convenors for the development and
The secretariat, therefore, appealed for vol- support of the program had been submitted coordination of worldwide programs suitable
untary contributions to the various national to the Bureau of the Budget from the De- to the IGY in their respective fields of inter-
committees of the countries involved with partments of State, Defense and Commerce, est. The synthesis of the international pro-
the IGY. The response was quite success- the Atomic Energy Commission, and the gram resulted in modifications to the indi-
ful. For example, over a 3-year period the Office of Defense Mobilization, the President vidual country programs, which then went
U.S. National Academy of Sciences made approved the program in a brief reference back to the national committees for recon-
available $70,000 to the international secre- at one of his pre~s conferences and included sideration and implementation.
1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 9975
During the planning period for the IGY, out of which, It can be confidently expected, coping with major killing and crippling
additional suggestions for projects were re- will come substantial gains not only 1n diseases which afHict mankind."
ceived after the first cycle of approvals, increasing our knowledge of man's physical Some 2 weeks later, on September 6,
necessitating a certain amount of reexamina- environment but perhaps, even more im- the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic pre-
tion, adjustment, enlistment of additional portantly, in indicating ways in which we sented to the United Nations Gener al As-
country support and the reconsideration of can more effectively adapt ourselves to these sembly a resolution for the organization of
international aspects of the program. The conditions. an International Public Health and Medical
United States IGY earth satellite project was COUNTRIES PARTICIPATING IN THE INTERNA- Research Year. Under the auspices of 22
a case in point. It was not until after the nations, including the United States, the
Rome meeting of CSAGI in 1954 that the TIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR, APRIL 15, 1958 resolution was approved in December 1958.
(66 COUNTRIES) Next, in J anuary 1959, the Health Year
U.S. National Committee determined that it
was feasible technically to accept the CSAGI Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, was considered by the World Health Organi -
invitation to attempt to place a scientific B;,livia, Brazil, B ulgaria, Burma, Canada, zation's executive board, which asked the
earth satelUte in orbit during the IGY pe- Ceylon, Chile, China {Taipei}, Colombia, WHO director general to prepare plans for
riod. Similarly, other new programs were Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican the proposed Year for presentation at the
!~traduced after the initial review, and sig- Republic, East Africa, Ecuador, Ecrypt, Ethio- 12th WHO assembly. That assembly is now
mficant additions were made to many other pia, Finland, France, German Democratic Re- in session in Geneva
programs. public, German Federal Republic, Ghana, FORUM DEFINES HEALTH YEAR
By the fall of 1956, when the fourth gen- Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Iceland, India,
eral meeting of CSAGI was held in Barcelona, Indonesi . Iran , Ireland, Israel , Italy. P articipants in the recent National Con-
the world program had been agreed to with fer nee on World Health in Washington in-
Japa n, D3mocratic Republic of Korea, cluded most of the U.S. delegation to the
but few minor exceptions. Oper ating details Malaya, Mexico, Mongolian People's Republic, current Geneva meeting. Some of this group
were subsequently resolved and complete Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand , Norway, played an active part in a forum on the In-
accord was reached by the time of the be- P akistan, Pan ma, Peru. Pbillppines, Poland, ternational Health Year that was held under
ginning date set for the IGY, July 1, 1957. Portugal, Svuthern Rhodesia, Rumania, the chairmanship of J ames E. Perkins, man-
Through the National Academy of Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, TUnisia, Union nging director of the National Tuberculosis
Sciences• representation at the various in- of South Africa, Union of Soviet Socialist As ociation. The panelists were Albert W.
ternational planning meetings held in con- R epubl cs, United Kingdom, United States, Dent, president of Dlllard University; James
nection with the IGY, American scientists Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam Democratic Re- E. Hundley, special assistant for interna-
dealt with their collegues from other nations public, Vietnam (Republic}. Yugoslavia. tional health at the National Institutes of
in the planning of the overall scientific pro- He lth; nd Julius N. Cabn, project director
gram, LFrom Science magazine, M y 29, 1959 ] of the Internatlon l Health Study of the
IV. IGY OBSERVATIONAL PERIOD NEWS OF SCIENCE S ~na te Committee on Government Opera -
As far as the actual period of observations WORLD HEALTH YEAR PLANS ADVANCED tions.
Was concerned, a general statement can be Cahn, who has b een working closely with
made that the program was carried through Secretary of Health, Education, and Wel- S ~nator H u PHREY on the Heal th Year, was
essentially as planned . With minor excep- fare Arthur S. Flemming recently urged the first speaker. His statement, which rep-
tions, the spirit of cooperation that prevailed that a great world crusade of health for resented the views of many of the discus-
during the planning stage of the IGY ex- peace be 1 unched through the Interna- sants heard later, presented seven points
tended throughout the period of observa- tional Health Year, a health stu dy period formula ted to help assure the success of the
that h as been proposed to par llel the In- Year .
!!ons. Inevitably, a few of the special sta- ternational Geophysical Year of 1957-58.
f ons and programs that had been planned 1. The program should be based on the
His appeal was made at the opening dinner
d~ the IGY did not mater! lize, in some cases se<>sion of the second National Conference
individual nations' own felt needs.
ore to lack of financial support, personnel, 2. There should be strong cooperation by
to due to the fact that the plans were made on World Health , which was held in Wash- nation 1 governments, but basically- s in
ington, May 7- 9, under the auspices of the the International Geophysical Year-success
neo late to assemble, set up, and operate the Nation 1 C tlzens Committee for the World
;essary field equipment. Most of these will be dependent on private i itiative, the
0 Health Organiz tion. initiative of the complex of private scien-
1ssions were in national programs other
than the United States. Milton S. Eisenhower, president of Johns tific and other organizations.
i Both before the observing period and dur- Hopkins University, was chairman of the 3. The Year will require the enthusiastic
t~g the 18-month interval of field observa- conference, which brought together leaders support of the medical profession cry-
ons, representatives of the various national of Congress and of the executive branch of where, but it should be broad enough in
committees met on occasion to discuss in the Federal Government and representatives cone pt to allow the fullest possible contri-
d~tail the kinds of data that would be of organizations and industrial companies but on by laymen as well.
~:~:d in the various World Data Centers. interested in health and international re-
lations. The principal objectives of the con-
4. All the life sciences must be involved.
5. In addition to WHO, the other health-
e centers were esta blished to insure the
:viailabutty of IGY data to all interested ference were to discuss the intern tional oriented international organiz,.tlons that
S~ e~tists. One is loc ted in the United health legislation now before the Congress. are allled with the U.N. should participate.
be~w s, one in the U.S.S.R., and one divided to appr ise the value of international such as the United Nations Educational.
To een Western Europe and Japan . health programs in developing habits of co- Sclent1fic, and Cuhural Organ zation, the
ce t a large extent, a high degree of a.c- operation among nations , and to outline a Intern tional Labor Organiz tlon. the Food
f P ance was realized on the content and future International Health Year. and Agriculture Organization , and the United
t~r~at of IGY data. The fiow of data Into STEVENSON FIRST TO PROPOSE Nations Children's Fund.
in: ~y World Data Centers is stUl continu- The original suggestion for such a year
6. P rticipants should be willing to under-
mu~ts ~ce in many cases raw observations take bold experiments in the health field.
came from the former Governor of Illinois, There must be an effort establish new
field 1 e transmitted from rather remote Adlai Stevenson , in an address delivered June
ing is tes to central activities where proce - models of experimental collaboration, new
8, 1958, at Michigan State University. On approaches, new techniques.
t s required prior to their transmittal June 9, Senate Majority Leader LYNDON B.
w~th~~e tbinternattonal centers. Certainly, JoHNSON, Democrat of Texas., had Steven-
7. Provision should be made for continu-
fio e next year or two, most of this ation of the projects started during the
son's remarks printed in the CoNGRESSIONAL
mo~ should have been completed. Further- RECORD. That same d ay Senator HUllERT H .
International Health Year so that the
fair~' there is every reason to believe that HUMPHREY, Democrat of Minnesota, com-
momentum gained during the period will be
at Y complete sets of data will be assembled sustained in years to come.
mended the address on the Senate fioor.
ter~~ch of the three centers. This free tn- HUMPHREY has been the dedicated champion
Cahn then mentioned specific areas that
aspec~~ge of IGY data is, of course, a crucial of the proposal ever since. In mid-August
ought to be involved in the project. He em-
by the I~;..~r as the ultimate gains produced 1958 Senate Concurrent Resolution 99,
phasized that the most important single IHY
program should be the expansion of epidemi-
which he had introduced was passed. I t ological services throughout the world and
V. POST-IGY PERIOD s id: "The President of the United States the strengthening of data concerning the
re The major distribution of IGY data for ls hereby invited to extend to the other distribution of various diseases. Another
pe~~a~cb studies Will occur in the post-lOY nations of the world, through the World great need that could be met by IHY would
con~n· ~n addition, there is evidence of Health Organization, and related organiza- be that for increased training of profe on 1
de ue international cooperation to a tions, an invitation for the designation of and nonprofessional medical personnel; this
IG'ie~ that had not existed prior to the representatives to meet nd discuss the would include increased exchange of scien-
The n certain special areas of geophysics. feasibility of designating an International tists in the health field and the organization
gram c~tinued international scientific pro- Health and Medical Research Year, at such of International seminars. Further, partic-
It i8 Antarctica is an example. e rly date ns adequate preparations can be ular attention must be p ld to the problems
gators ~tlcipated that scientific investl- made, or of other methods of developing of providing the world's supply of water and
data ovw make continuing uses of IGY such intensive International cooperation ln food. The various nations should attempt
form th~r ..many years to come. These will the field of health as will lead toward the to lngle out one or two di eases for a peclfic
inputs" to many research projects discovery and e change of the answers on campaign of rndicatton. Examples giv n, in
9976 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 5
addition to malaria and smallpox, currently Under last September's U.N. resolution, 1ng programs of Polish aid, undertaken by
the subject of control programs, were tuber- WHO has been invited to report on the In- the U.S. Government and by private sources
culosis, cholera, and schistosomiasis. In like ternational Health Year to the U.N.'s Eco- during the period 1957 to 1959.
manner, certain important problems should nomic and Social Council at its 28th session In this speech you referred to the letter
be singled out for intensified research. Cahn this July, and to the General Assembly at of Secretary Macomber dated April 22, 1959.
suggested as possibilities radiation and air its 14th session, which wUl begin in Septem- In his letter, Assistant Secretary Macomber
pollution. There should be health education ber. gives a comprehensive picture of assistance
of the masses. And finally, certain broad In the United States, congressional to Poland in the period between 1944 and
projects should be selected for emphasis dur- sources confidently predict that adequate 1956. However, as we are not sure that you
ing the IHY that would allow citizens to do funds will be provided for the mY once the have information about the assistance ex-
t h · gs for themselves so that they would appropriate scientific authorities, govern- tended by the Polish Institute of Arts and
feel a sense of participation. For example, in mental and nongovernmental, have devel- Sciences in America, during the period from
the United States this might be achieved oped specific programs for the year. As in 1956 to the present date, we would like to
t h rough a special campaign to increase the the case of the International Geophysical offer you this most recent information.
number of women who take annual diag- Year, bodies such as the National Academy The Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences
nostic tests for uterine cancer. of Sciences, the National Science Founda- in America has forwarded according to a
The next panelist to present his views was tlon, and the Department of Health, Educa- plan based on formal requests received from
J a mes Hundley, who proposed that each tion, and Welfare are being a~ked to draft Polish academic schools medical schools, and
country hold a meeting to reach agreement the framework for the International Health engineering schools, the following items:
ngarding the final plan for the year for that Year program that will eventually be sub- Books and periodicals to the value $46,057
particular country. He pointed out that the mitted to Congress for consideration. of _______________________________
year has two elements: an international co- Medical instruments to the value oL 25, 420
operative element and the individual pro- Varitypers, multilith printers, office
grams of the various nations. SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL AID TO
equipment to the value of._______ 13,249
With regard to a possible national plan POLAND Stipends enabling Polish scholars
for this country, Hundley made several spe- Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, Ire- and students to study abroad___ _ 7, 310
ci11c suggestions that fell in to three classes: ceived a letter the other day from Ro-
research projects of special importance to Total of assistance provided ___ __ 92, 036
the United States, research on problems as man Michalowski, a member of the
important to other countries as to the United board of the Polish Institute of Arts and In addition, we have at present ready for
States, and research that would be of benefit Sciences in America. He referred to my shipment to Poland items in the book and
almost entirely to other countries. statement before this body on April 28, medical categories to the value of $7,000.
Albert W. Dent was the final panelist to 1959, in which I spoke of the expansion We are enclosing: The charter of the Pol-
ish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America,
speak. He stressed the importance of citizen of American aid to Poland and provided its bylaws, a certificate from the U.S. Treas-
participation in the programs selected and me with information showing the
the need to evolve better techniques in edu- ury Department testifying to its tax exempt
cating and motivating people to participate
amount of assistance extended to Po- status, and some background material, are-
in health programs, such as in the program land from 1957 to 1959 by the Polish In- port of our activities for 1958, and the in-
of vaccination against poliomyelitis and that stitute of Arts and Sciences in America. formation leaftet issued in November 1958.
of tuberculosis control. He pointed out that I was particularly glad to receive this Respectfully yours,
RoMAN MICHALowsKI,
public apathy has developed with regard to information since the assistance men-
both of these diseases. Member of the Board.
tioned testifies to the continued effort by
PLAN BEING CONSIDERED BY WHO the Polish people in America to keep
In the general discussion that followed the
alive the spirit of freedom which exists ORDER OF BUSINESS
panelists' presentations, H. van Zile Hyde of in Poland, even in these difficult times.
The hunger of the Polish people for Mr. DffiKSEN. Mr. President, a par-
the US. Public Health Service, and U .S. liamentary inquiry.
member of the WHO executive board, out- information and knowledge has been
lined briefiy what the director of the World shown by the thousands of requests for The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
Health Organization is proposing with respect scientific and cultural publications and YoUNG of Ohio in the chair). The Sen-
to the International Health Year at the cur- books which the institute has received ator from Illinois will state it.
rent World Health Assembly in Geneva. The from individuals and institutions in Po- Mr. DIRKSEN. Are we still in the
object of the Health Year, as presented by
land. .The work which the Polish Insti- morning hour?
the director general's report, is "to stirr.ulate, The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
primarily on a national basis, the intensifi- tute has done in filling these requests
and in preserving the Polish cultw·e and Senate is still in the morning hour.
cation of international cooperation in care- Mr. DffiKSEN. Are we operating un-
fully selected aspects of health and of med- tradition is worthy of sincere commen-
ical research." This will involve the in- dation by the American people. der the 3-minute rule?
tenslfication of field activities in the control Although there is evidence of renewed The PRESIDING OFFICER. W 1 are
or eradication of specific diseases and the tightening of Communist control, the supposed to be.
intensification of research related to WHO's work of the institute and other Polish Mr. DIRKSEN. I most respectfully
growing program. Examples of field activity groups outside of Poland keeps alive suggest that the rule be enforced.
mentioned by the director general include The PRESIDING OFFICER. Further
renewed emphasis on malaria and smallpox the hope that someday the captive coun-
tries of Eastern Europe will again be morning business is in order under the
eradication and installation of piped water 3-minute limitation.
supplies. As examples of fields for increased free to determine their own future.
research, be cited cancer, cardia-vascular dis- Because of the need to continue and
eases. and virus diseases. The director gen- extend the present program of medical NOMINATION OF LEWIS L. STRAUSS
eral further suggested that national commit- aid and educational supplies, I repeat
tees be formed throughout the world to my proposal to establish a Polish- TO BE SECRETARY OF COM-
stimulate interest in and to plan for the American foundation dedicated to the MERCE-TOPICAL INDEX FOR
IHY. HEARINGS BE.F ORE COMMITTEE
The Washington forum carried this idea health of the Polish people and to the
further by proposing that as a framework improvement of their educational oppor- ON INTERSTATE AND FOREIGN
for the International Health Year a series tunities tilrough the use of counterpart COMMERCE
of national assemblies be held, dealing with currencies in Poland. Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, I observe
health problems in the respective countries, Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- on the desks of all Senators the hearings
and that the year might close with a cli- sent that the text of the letter from Mr. held by the Committee on Interstate and
mactic congress held in connection with tbe Roman Michalowski, dated May 20, 1959, Foreign Commerce on the nomination
World Health Assembly in the spring of be printed in the body of the RECORD.
1953. The forum session ended with unani- of Lewis L. Strauss to be Secretary of
mous passage of a resolution that read: There being no objection, the letter Commerce. The hearings are in excess
"Forum No. 2 recommends urging the U.S. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, of 1,100 pages. It is doubtful that Sen-
delegation to the 12th World Health Assem- as follows: ators will be able to read the hearings
bly to support the assembly the designation POLISH INSTITUTE OF ARTS with facility without a topical index· so
o! an International Health Year, to start AND SCIENCES IN AMERICA, as a guide to myself, and perhaps ~s a
in 1961, and further recommends that the New York, N.Y., May 20, 1959 .
help to other Senators, I have prepared
National Citizens Committee for the World Senator HOBERT HUMPHREY_.
Health Organization, the Department of Senate Office Building,
an index by topic of the more controver-
Health, Education, and Welfare, the Con- Washington, D.C. sial discussions during the hearings.
gress, and other groups give all possible DEAR SENATOR HUMPmtET: On April !;: 8 195 • I ask unanimous consent that the topi-
s upport to the project." you spoke on the fioor of the Senate rega rd- cal index ma be printed at this point in
1959 CONGRESSIONAL R.E CORD- SENATE 9977
the RECORD, so as to afford at least some . Pages 651-662: Discussion of Strauss' 1949 for the fiscal year 1953 were $6,583 bil-
assistance to Senators who may wish to isotope statement. lion. Government interest payments for
Pages 654-662: Strauss' 1949 isotope state-
read the record of the hearings for th,em- ment. fiscal 1959 will come to approximately
selves. Page 666: Strauss: "Stand on record." $7,600 billion. Whereas the Government
Mr. President, I yield back the re- · Page 697: Strauss says his defense based debt has increased by about 8 percent
mainder of my 3 minutes. on section lOa of McMahon Act. in this period, the interest pai,d on the
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Pages 818-821: Strauss says isotope posi- Government debt has increased bY ap-
Senator from Wyoming yields back his tion unchanged. proximately 15 percent. Interest pay-
remaining 2 minutes. ADDITION OF WORD "ALL" TO M'MAHON ACT ments on the public debt are expected to
Without objection, the topical index Page 606: Strauss doesn't recall addition be $500 million more in 1960 than they
will be printed in the RECORD. of word "all." were in 1959. In 1953, the Secretary of
The index is as follows: Page 607: Strauss doesn't believe "all" the Treasury and the Republicans
TOPICAL INDEX FOR HEARINGS BEFORE COM- changed act. talked about stretching out the public
MITTEE ON INTERSTATE AND FOREIGN COM- Pages 644-645: Senator BRICKER sta tement debt. However, the Federal budget for
MERCE ON THE NOMINATION OF LEWIS L. on addition of "all." fiscal 1960 indicates that interest pay-
STRAUSS TO BE SECRETARY OF COMMERCE, - Page 685: Strauss says "all" is redundant.
P a ge 686: Senator MoNRONEY says "all" ments on marketable obligations, mainly
MARCH 17-MAY 14, 1959 held by financial institutions, are al-
intended as rebuke.
DIXON-YATES CONTROVERSY P a ge 687: Strauss says " all" is "small most two-thirds of all interest pay-
Pages 129-190: Senator KEFAUVER testifies m a tter." ments and the estimated increase of
on Wenzell conflict of interest. ERPF $500 million in total expenditures for
Pages 523- 528: Senator ANDERSON testifies P a ge 807: Strauss says Armand Erpf being interest on the public debt will occur in
on Wenzell conflict of interest. considered for study. the payment of interest on these obli-
SEPARATION OF POWERS / EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE Jl,ELATIONS OF AEC WITH JOINT COMMITTEE gations. The interest rate paid on tax-
Pages 157-172: Senator KEFAUVER charges Pages 511-512: Senator ANDEJl.SON says able Government bonds has increased
Strauss claimed privilege, cites testimony. Strauss ignored Attorney General's letter. from 2.94 percent for fiscal 1953 to over
Pages 338-344: Strauss views on separation P a ge 598: Strauss rebuttal to charge of 4 percent in 1959-an increase of more
of powers and executive privilege. not informing Joint Committee. than 33 percent above the 1953 rate. In
Pages 781-788: Senator McCARTHY state- . Page 601: Strauss cannot answer if letter much the same manner, the interest
ment on separation of powers. reached his office.
Page 856: Strauss rebuttal to Senator rates on 3-month Treasury bills have
Page 605: Strauss says he probably would increased from 1.9 percent to a high at
McCARTHY. have received a copy.
QUESTION OF ADEQUACY OF PREVIOUS STRAUSS Pages 688-689: Strauss sa ys he was in the end of April of this year of over 3
EXAMINATIONS Havana when letter arrived AEC. percent.
Pages 506-509: Senator ANDERSON claims Page 695: Strauss says he should have . Throughout 6 7'2 years, the adminis-
no real hearing ever held. seen letter, but didn't. tration has received essentially what it_
Page 587: Strauss claims adequate hear- Pages 704-708: Submarine exchange wanted from the Congress in the w.aY of
ing held. chronology. taxation and revenue laws, and the ap--
Pages 592-593: Strauss refuses to with- propriations by the Congress have been
draw hearing claim. FISCAL IRRESPONSIBILITY less than that which was asked for by
DR. DAVID INGLIS, TESTIMONY, CONTROVERSY the administration. The only major tax
Mr. McCARTHY. Mr. President, am reduction was that of 1954 and was ac-
Pages 363-373: Inglis charges. I proceeding under the usual 3-minute
Pages 375-418: Examination of Inglis by complished with administration ap-
committee.
limitation during the 1£1orning hour, or proval. Today the administration is
Page 827: Strauss: "Never asked for any- under the rule imposed by the Vice Pres- coming to what it has called the "ir-
thing on Inglis." ident upon the Senator from New York responsible Democratically controlled
Pages 836-837: Pearson testifies Strauss [Mr. JAVITS] the other day? Congress" with three major requests.
called AEC about Inglis. The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. One, that we raise the debt ceiling.
Pages 842-843: Strauss says he called AEC YouNG in the chair). The Senator from
after Pearson's article. . Two, that we raise the interest rate
Pages 845-846: Strauss: d ifference in date
Minnesota will please proceed under the on Government bonds.
of call "heinous difference." 3-minute rule. Three, that we increase taxes on in-
Mr. McCARTHY. The junior Senator surance companies and that we extend
"DUPLICITOUS LETTER" EPISODE · !rom Minnesota will proceed under the
Pages 870-893: Committee print; letter of
the corporate profits and the wartime
rule of the Senate and will complete his excise taxes.
AEC "duplicitous, false, fraudulent." remarks in 3 minutes.
Pages 915-936: Committee report; letter of · Mr. President, if it were not for the
AEC "duplicitous." The PRESIDING OFFICER. The fact that this is a responsible Demo-
Pages 941-947: Minority report. Senator from Minnesota may proceed. cratically controlled Congress, the ad-
Pages 970-983: Duplicitous letter contro- : Mr. McCARTHY. Mr. President, al- ministration and the Government of this
versy. most every day the newspapers carry re- country would well find itself in a
Page 976: Strauss says House records ports of statements by Republicans, financial crisis which would be in large
"molded." ranging from the President of the United
Page 979: Strauss quoted as standin~.~; by part of the administration's own mak-
letter.
States, Mr. Eisenhower, down to ward ing. The deficits of recent years would'
DR. DAVID HILL chairmen of the Republican Party, not have been as great if the 1954 tax
Pages 429-445: Hill statement and
charging the Democrats with fiscal ir- reduction program of the Republicans
charges. responsibility. had not gone to extremes and if eco-
Pages 730-732: Hill says Strauss persecuted : Mr. President, let us look a the finan- nomic recession had not been indeed pro- ·
Mr. Wilson, Henderson, Arneson. cial condition of the Federal Govern- longed, consequently the need to increase
Pages 768-773: Letter from Hill to com- ment as of June 1959-six and one-half the debt ceiling would not be as pressing.
mittee. years after Mr. Eisenhower was sworn The need to increase the ·interest rates
Pages 824-826: Strauss denies persecution in -a President of the United States and
of Wilson, Henderson, Arneson.
on Government securities is certainly in
the management of the fiscal affairs of part the result of the hard money
Pages 856-864: Strauss' rebuttal to Hill's
charges. the Government was turned over to his policy initiated in the spring of 1953 by
SHIPMENT OF ISOTOPES appointees. At the end of the -fiscal Mr. George Humphrey who then issued
Page 432: Hill charges Strauss opposed
year 1953, · the Federal debt was $266 long-term Government bonds with an
isotopes shipment. billion; today, after six and one-half interest rate set at 3% percent-a rate
Pages 420-423: Strauss says "unqualified years of Republican administration, as which was 30 percent higher than the
falsehood" he opposed 1949 shipment. · we near the end of fiscal year 1959, the prevailing rate of 2¥2 percent. The
Pages 495-502: Senator Anderson says 1949 :federal debt is $285 billion. When Mr.' iss:ue, as you may recall, was extremely
"phony date." George Humphrey, the ·architect of- this·· popular but what ·followed was not so
Page 498: Senator Anderson say_s section administration's fiscal policy, left the' popular. The value of ·au outstanding·
5a, lOa, McMahon Act, allow shipment. Government .approximately 3 years ago, Government bonds dropped abruptly.
Pages 610-629: Controversy over sections the national debt had increased to $274 In 8 weeks that spring, more than $2
5a, lOa of McMahon Act. billion. Government interest payments billion was lost in market· value of these
CV--630
9978 CON GRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 5
bonds. Increased cost in interest on this gress. If he is concerned about the gen- to ascertain the correct meaning of the
bond issue alone has been estimated at eral welfare of the people of the United term "fiscal irresponsibility."
$200 million. The general increase in States, it might be well for him to send Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, will
interest rates that followed not only in- a m essage of-advice and recommendation the Senator yield?
creased the interest on the national debt, to Republican State Legislatures simply -The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
but also increased the cost of money to urging them to be as responsive in deal- time of the Senator from Alabama has
all borrowers. ing with local and State fiscal problems expired.
This action was hailed by Republicans as he expects and knows the Democratic Mr. SPARKMAN. My time has ex-
as marking the turning of the tide. It Congress will be responsive to the needs pired.
was said that George Humphrey meant of the Federal Government. Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, I sug-
business; he had replaced the office pic- Mr. President, I yield back the re- gest the absence of a quorum.
ture of his predecessor, John Snyder, m ainder of my time. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
with the picture of Andrew Mellon. This, The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there clerk will call the roll.
it is now evident, was not an empty ges- fur ther morning business? The legislative clerk proceeded to call
ture. It is not surprising that investors Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, I sug- the roll.
hesitated to invest in Government bonds gest the absence of a quorum. Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, I ask
when they have no assurance that the unanimous consent that the order for
Treasury will not arbitrarily increase the quorum call be rescinded.
the interest rates. A further factor con- INTEREST RATES ON GOVERNMENT The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
tributing to the crisis in the sale and BONDS objection, it is so ordered.
issuance of Government securities is the Mr. SPARKMAN. Mr. President-- Is there further morning business? If
Tax Revision Act of 1954, which has un- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does not, morning business is closed.
doubtedly encouraged speculation in the the Senator from Alabama desire to
stock market and attracted investments speak during the morning hour?
to that field rather than to the field of Mr. SPARKMAN. Yes. RETIREMENT OF BARON ROB-
Government bonds-a movement which Mr. DIRKSEN. I withdraw my sug- ERT SILVERCRUYS, AMBASSADOR
has undoubtedly been encouraged also gestion of the absence of a quorum. FROM BELGIUM
by the administration's continuous harp- Mr. SPARKMAN. I assure the Sen- Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, the
ing on inflation despite the fact that ator that my remarks will be confined to nation of Belgium has been represented
the price level has been relatively stable the 3 minutes under the rule during the in the United States for nearly 16 years
since 1957, the big rise in the cost of liv- morning hour. by Baron Robert Silvercruys. These
ing occurring between 1953 and 1957, The PRESIDING OFFICER. The years have marked the climax of an out-
when it rose from 113.5 in 1952 to 120.2 Senator from Alabama may proceed. standing diplomatic career that has
in 1957. Mr. SPARKMAN. Mr. President, the spanned 41 years.
Mr. President, in a number of the junior Senator from Minnesota has just As Ambassador in Washington, Baron
States in this United States, Democratic spoken about fiscal irresponsibility. I Silvercruys has served his country su-
Governors are having financial problems, wish to comment on a hearing which perbly. His work here has been in the
principally because Republican-con- was ;held before the Committee on finest traditions of diplomacy. It re-
trolled legislative bodies which supported Banking . and Currency this morning flected at all times the tact, the genial-
appropriations have refused to provide concerning a matter which was discussed ity, and the wisdom and understanding
the revenue or to meet the cost of pro- briefly on the floor of the Senate sev- which are so much a part of the man
grains which they have approved. This eral days ago. It relates to the proposed himself. · He guarded and advanced
is true particularly in the State of Mich- exchange of as much as $335 million Belgium's interests in the United States
igan, and it is true also in the State of worth of 4 percent mortgages held by
Minnesota. It is significant that in the the Federal National Mortgage Associa- very well indeed. But he did not do so
State of New York tax increases have tion, and possibly as much as $1 billion as though these interests were a thing
apart. Rather, he advanced them as an
been approved for a Republican Gov- worth, for 2% percent Government element
ernor by a Republican legislature. And bonds which are not marketable and are nations. ofItthe common interests of both
is a tribute to his excep-
in the State of California tax increases not due until 1975.
and changes approved by a Democratic The 4 percent mortgages, according to tional efforts that relations between the
legislature for a Democratic Governor. the testimony before the committee this United States and Belgium have never
However, in those State governments in morning, will realize a return after serv- been better.
which the administration is held by Dem- icing and administrative expenses, of 3% had In recent years, Baron Silvercruys has
ocrats and the legislative bodies con- percent. They would be exchanged with the companionship and the help of
trolled by Republicans the disposition banks, insurance companies, mutual sav- the lovely and gifted Baroness Silver-
has been to create financial crisis. ings institutions, and other groups, for cruys. Mrs. Mansfield and I have had
If this Democratic Congress of the bonds which will not ·become due until the privilege of knowing both the Silver-
Federal Government were irresponsible- 1975, and which pay only 2% percent cruys as warm friends. We are de-
lighted to learn that although the baron
as the President has charged us with interest.
being-if it were irresponsible in .the It was admitted in the testimony be- has retired from his country's service,
manner of Republican-controlled bodies fore the committee this morning that he and his wife plan to continue to make
in the State legislatures have been; there would be a loss of $40,000 for every their home in Washington for at least
we might anticipate a financial crisis $1 million in mortgages exchanged. In part of each year.
at the Federal level. Everyone knows, other words, if the $1 billion in mort- Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
of course, that this will not be the gages is exchanged for bonds, the Fed- sent to include at this point in the REc-
course taken by the Democrats here eral Government will suffer a loss of ORD an editorial on the retirement of
in the Congress of the United States. $40 million. Ambassador Silvercruys which appeared
Despite the fact that the financial In addition, according to the Under in the New York Times.
difficulties in which the Federal Govern- Secretary of the Treasury, there will be There being no objection, the editorial
ment finds itself are largely the result of a potential tax loss of $8,400,000 at the was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
policies which we oppose-policies which outset. as follows:
the administration insisted upon-our The Treasury seeks to justify this ac- [From the New York Times, June 4, 1959]
response will be realistic and directed to tion on the ground that it will aid in A HAPPY AMBASSADOR
doing what we can to correct the mis- debt management and in balancing the B aron Robert Silvercruys, who h a s just re-
takes of this administration and meet budget, and that it will result in an or- tired after 16 yea rs as Belgian Ambassador
the needs of the Federal Government. derly liquidation of mortgages in the and 41 years in his country's diplomatic
I suggest, however, that it might be FNMA portfolio. However, if the arith- service, has had a right to be happy. Best of
all, he intends to remain that way in retire-
well for the President to be more aware of metic of this proposal is analyzed fully, I ment and to spend half his time in Washing-
the facts and at least for the time being think it will be most interesting to ob- ton and half in Brussels.
refrain from his baseless charges of irre- serve the rather curious outcome--one The mark t hat Ambassador Sllvercruys has
sponsibility against the Democratic Con- which we might keep in mind in trying made on Wa shin gton is unusual because it
1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- SENATE 9979
was traditional. This may seem paradoxical, United States. As it happe?:ls, Baron Sil_ver- consent to the nomination of Lewis L.
but the type of diplomat that the baron ex- cruys began his diplomatic career here in Strauss to be Secretary of Commerce?
emplified is, unhappily, a disappearing one-- 1918 with the initial assignment of planning . Mr: SCHOEPPEL. Mr. President, I
genial, cultivated, a superb host, an unosten- a visit to the United States by King Albert
tatious representative of his nation. At the and Queen Elizabeth of Belgium. His final suspect it is already too late to invite
same time he was alert, intelligent, well- major assignment was to make simila;r ar- the Senate to consider the nomination
informed and skillful in furthering the in- rangements for the visit last month by King of Lewis L. Strauss in our traditional
terests of Belgium. There are centuries of Baudouin. mood.of calm and objectivity.
training behind a diplomat like Baron Silver- It is in appearance and personality, as well This afternoon I shall speak briefly
cruys, but not many men nowadays carry on as competence, that the Belgian envoy may on this matter of great importance which
such traditions or have the personality and be considered the model of what a diplomat has been placed before the Senate, the
ability to do so. should be. Possessed of these qualifications,
Ambassador Silvercruys had the good for- he has been a popular and respected figure confirmation of the nomination of Ad-
tune to represent a country with which we in official circles in Washington. It is good miral Strauss. I am well aware that
have had no problems of. magnitude. Rela- to know that he and the equally popular there are those who share positive views
tions between Belgium and the United States Baroness Silvercruys are planning to con- on Admiral Strauss. Some are violently
are and have been as friendly as possible and tinue as residential Washingtonians in the opposed; and many who know and favor
certainly Baron Silvercruys deserves some future. this man wonder in amazement at the.
credit for keeping them that way. It goes extent and character of the attacks upon
without saying that he will be missed in the [From the Washington Post and Times him and his nomination for this respon-
diplomatic corps but fortunately not in per- Herald, June 5, 1959]
son, since Washington will continue to enjoy
sible position in the Cabinet of the Presi-
his presence.
A GENIAL AMBASSADOR dent of the United States.
It is good news for the many friends of Mr. Strauss has served under four
Mr. MONRONEY. Mr. President, I Baron Robert. Silvercruys that his retirement President~ of this Republic; he has given
wish to join my distinguished colleague, a5 Ambassador of Belgium does not mean four decades of his life to public service,
the assistant majority leader, in his his departure from Washington. For 14 creditably, honorably, and forthrightly.
tribute to Baron Silvercruys, who has re- years before his official termination on Tues-
day, Baron Silvercruys was his country's I invite the attention of Senators to this
tired as Ambassador from Belgium. I envoy here, and on numerous previous visits phase of his brilliant record. It is at-
have known this distinguished envoy he had become familiar with the United tached to the report on Senators' desks.
during my 20 years in Washington, and States during a 41-year diplomatic career. A number of our colleagues publicly
I can safely say that during the 20 years As Ambassador he combined dignity and announced their intention of opposing
I have never met a man who more ably courtly bearing with wit and good counsel. Admiral Strauss even before his nomina-
or more sincerely represented his gov- He has been a good friend of this country
ernment in Washington or who more and a devoted servant of free world and tion had been voted on in committee.
NATO affairs with particular interest in The mere existence of this haste to
thoroughly understood the character, economic development matters. Not the get opposition on record indicates that
the ideals, and the inspirations of the least of his attractions has been the fact this nomination is being accorded unique
American people. that he is married to the beauteous widow attention. Nominee Strauss is not being
He has truly been a great friend of· of the late Senator Brien McMahon. Except looked upon merely as a man whom the
America, and in representing his country for the recent visit of King Baudouin, Bel- President would like to have in his Cabi-
he has done much to perpetuate the gium has been relatively little in the Amer-
great historic association that resulted ican news; this is in part a testimonial to net as Secretary of Commerce. He is
the effectiveness with which this genial Am- being regarded as personifying a phi-
from World War I, and the interwar bassador worked to keep relationships be- losophy of government which some feel
years, and continued during Belgium's tween the two countries in good repair. As impelled to combat and destroy. Mr.
travail in the World War II period. he is succeeded by Ambassador Louis Strauss, quite simply, is a conservative.
It is most gratifying to know that Scheyven, Baron Silvercruys will have the As a conservative, Admiral Strauss is
Baron Silvercruys will remain in Wash- community's good wishes and the hope that drawing the fire of many militant advo-
ington, . where his sound understanding it will continue to see much of him and .
Baroness Silvercruys. cates of change. Notably . arrayed
of world affairs and the ever brilliant ad- against him are some who have sought ·
vice of one of the most charming diplo- Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, I sug- in the past to assert the strength of this·
matic ladies ever to serve as the wife of gest the absence of a quorum. body against Mr. Strauss, usually in ·an
an Ambassador will ·also be available. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The effort to push him into doing something
Baroness Silvercruys not only is a dis- clerk will call the roll. he did not think it proper to do. He
tinguished wife of a distinguished en- The legislative clerk proceeded to call has never budged under pressure, and he
voy, but, in her own right as an American the roll. has always stubbornly resisted anything
citizen, and as the widow of the late Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I which seemed to him to ·be an undue
great · Senator Brien McMahon, she ask unanimous consent that the order encroachment by the legislative branch.
thoroughly understands the things which for the quorum call be rescinded. The curious thing about this resist-
go to make American foreign and domes- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without ance is that it is not discussed on either
tic policy and the kind of nation we objection, it is so. ordered. side in terms which are properly de-
seek to have. scriptive. It is touched on, if at all, in
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- some rather sweet-sounding euphe-
sent that there may be printed in the EXECUTIVE SESSION
misms.
RECORD two editorials, one from the Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I We are told, for example, that Ad-
Washington Evening Star of June 4, en- move that the Senate proceed to the miral Strauss refused to give informa-
titled "Model For Diplomats," and one consideration of executive business. tion to the Joint Committee on Atomic
from the Washington Post and Times The motion was agreed to; and the Energy.
Herald of today, June 5, entitled "A Senate proceeded to the consideration of The admiral, in turn has said: i did
Genial Ambassador," both expressing executive business. not refuse. At most, I delayed. I gave
very clearly the great service Ambas- everything the law allows.
sador Silvercruys has contributed to his · Mr. President, none of us was born
country, and, indirectly, to this country. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE yesterday. We all know the technique,
There being no objection, the edito- Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I very common on Capitol Hill, of stri-
rials were ordered to be printed in the ask that the Senate proceed to consider dently demanding information when
RECORD, as follows: the nomination of Lewis L. Strauss; of what we really want is to influence a
[From the Washington Star, June 4, 1959] New York, to be Secretary of Commerce. course of action. A part of the game is
MODEL FOR DIPLOMATS The PRESIDING OFFICER. The to disclaim the true intent and · to wax
If a composite picture were to be drawn of clerk will state the nomination. indignant when challenged.
a model diplomat, it might well be a por- The Chief Clerk read the nomination It is also a part of the game for the
trait of Barori. Silvercruys, who retired this of Lewis L. Strauss, of New York, to be people on whom the demand is made to
week after 41 years in the Belgian diplo- Secretary of Commerce.. pretend that they do not understand
matic service. For nearly 16 of these years, The PRESIDING OFFICER. The the true import ·of the demand. All of
he has been his country's Ambassador to the question is, Will the Senate advise and this is a stylized performance in the
9980 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 5
never ending tug-of-war between the Less likely to receive attention here are Third, and finally, I believe that the eco-
legislative and executive branches. the pages telling of the admiral's qualifi- nomic warfare which the Soviet Government
Knowing this, we have to understand cations for the post to which he has been has declared upon the United States can be
most effectively countered in the work and
that most of the criticisms of Admiral named. To those pages, I shall now decisions of the Department of Commerce.
Strauss for refusal to supply informa- refer. I have certain strongly held views as to the
tion must be taken for what they are-- The hearings on the Strauss nomina- gravity of t he Communist offensive at the
criticisms of his unwillingness to let this . tion opened on March 17, which was not present time.
or that committee chairman dictate to only St. Patrick's Day, but also the birth- Mr. President, the nomination before
him on matters of policy not spelled out day of our colleagues, the junior Senator us, is that of a man who :.:etired from
in the law. from Rhode Island [Mr. PASTORE] and public service with glory enough for a
Most of the hullaballoo surrounding the junior Senator from Wyoming [Mr. full lifetime, but who returned when
this nomination, therefore, boils down to McGEE]. summoned to dut y. WP. can only guess
the simple fact that Admiral Strauss is The first witnesses were the senior whether he would have responded to the
a conservative who errs, if at all, on the Senator from New York [Mr. JAVITS] and
side of caution in interpreting the legal his junior colleague [Mr. KEATINGL summons if he had known of the ob-
rights of the legislative branch and his Both testified that Mr. Strauss is out- stacles to be strewn in his path.
own legal duties toward it. Added to standingly qualified to serve as Secretary It is fitting to note here--that his
this is the fact that in resisting pressures of Commerce. Senator JAVITs, in par- fitness, his competency, and his integrity
from the legislative branch to be less ticular, spoke from long personal ac- have never heretofore been questioned.
conservative and more liberal, Admiral quaintance with the nominee, reaching The hearings which started on March
~7 continued through the next day, .then
Strauss has preferred to cite narrow back many years.
legalisms rather than to assert bodly, The hearing record next shows letters JUmped to April 21, and then again to
"Gentlemen, you are trespassing." This from our two Virginia colleagues, Sena- April 23.
is not a crime. This is not dishonorable. tor HARRY F. BYRD and Senator WILLIS During those 4. days, Admiral Strauss
To tolerant people, it is at most merely RoBERTSON, men of outstanding judg- in answer to questions put to him by
irritating. ment and discernment. Both stated the Committee, testified about many
Growing out of the nominee's habit of they had known Admiral Strauss for matters connected with his post. He
being legalistic in resisting pressures, a long time, and both urged that his touched upon foreign trade in general
there have developed instances which nomination be confirmed. and upon trade with Iron Curtain coun-
have been magnified out of all propor- The nominee himself then began to tries in particular.
tion. At least, that is the way the Sen- te!tify. The details of his biography He talked about atomic-powered mer-
ator from Kansas looks at it. A careful will be found summarized in the com- chant ships, about the need for expanded
reading of the record will quickly illus- mittee's report, as I indicated a moment studies in oceanography, about manda-
trate this. ago. I have heretofore referred to parts tory controls upon imports of petroleum
· Efforts have been made to leave an im- of it, and the text of his testimony is, products, about plans for handling the
pression that the nominee was evasive, of course, printed in the hearings. 1960 census, about delay in building
uncooperative, and unrelenting. The biography is impressive, showing, superliners, about problems of the textile
Even when the cocoon is unraveled it as it does, important public service start- industry, and about the financing of ship
contains something that is dead, drled ing during the administration of Presi- construction.
up, and worthless. Nevertheless such · dent Wilson when the nominee was Sec- He answered questions on functions of
instances are described over and ~ver in retary to Herbert Hoover, then U.S. the Federal Maritime Board and the
grave and resonant tones as "serious Food Administrator and Chairman of the Maritime Administration, on so-called
very serious.'' ' Commission for the Relief of Belgium. runaway flags, and on the transportation
Mr. President, saying so does not make The period between the two World study requested by the President.
it so, and the events will not seem serious Wars found Mr. Strauss associated with He gave his views on the Federal High-
to anyone who is reasonably observing the investment firm of Kuhn, Loeb & co., way Act of 1956, toll roads, the highway
and willing to search the total c·o ntext in New York. He was at the same time trust fund, taxes on aviation fuel ad-
of an event before judging its meaning. a membe.r of the Naval Reserve, and was visory committees to the Departme~t of
No Senator will lose his way in search- called to active duty 10 months before Commerce, trade missions, and commer-
ing for the truth about Admiral Strauss Pearl Harbor. Since that time, he has cial attaches. In answer to questions
if he will bring to his quest his accumu- been almost continuously in public serv- he explained how he would deal with
lated . experience in appraising people, ice, either as a naval officer, as a mem- the press and volunteered to furnish any
and his accumulated wisdom about what ber or Chairman of the Atomic Energy personal financial data in which the
is likely to have happened in a given set Commission, or on special assignment committee might be interested.
of circumstances. by the executive branch of the Congress. All of the foregoing was covered in
Thus prepared, he can avoid being From all the recital of biographical hearings taking place on 4 days embrac-
snared into accepting the thesis that Ad- detail, two things stand out in my mind. ~g 7 hours and 10 minutes of hearing
miral Strauss, without any advantage The first is, that the nominee re- time. The inquiry was important and
flowing from the act, lied to Congress ceived the Medal of Freedom, personally certainly it was relevant to confirm'ation
just for the heck of it. on the the other awarded by President Eisenhower, in of the nomination of a Secretary of
hand, any Senator who insists on wear- July of last year. This medal is not Commerce.
ing blinders can chop off enough at each given lightly. Only 15 have been However, when the hearings recon-
side of each scene to mislead himself awarded by act of the President since vened on April 28, they began to take
completely. the medal was authorized, the last re- on a different character. The opening
On the desk before each Senator I's a cipient being the late revered John Fos- witness was one of our Senate col-
ter Dulles. l~agues. He testified at considerable
CO?Y of our hearings. It is forbiddingly The second point of interest in the length on the Dixon-Yates matter his
thick. I can assure Senators that it con- biographical detail is that the nominee testimony . bearing on two points,' the
tains all upon which our wisdom about
people and events need focus to arrive at returned from retirement to accept ap- first of which can be summarized. I am
a sound judgment on this nomination. point as Secretary of Commerce. Our summarizing the testimony very briefly;
Of the 1,128 pages in the volume I colleague, Senator PASTORE, asked him Adolphe Wenzell was involved in a
should say that about 120 pages have' to :~Iw~;:did so, and this was Mr. Strauss' conflict of interest iri the Dixon-Yates
matter. Admiral Strauss denies know-
do with Admiral Strauss. The rest, In the first place, I deeply respect and ing of the conflict although other people
nearly 1,000 pages, seem to me to tell far admire the President, and the duty to which
knew. Somebody could be lying. Per-
more about Admiral Strauss' accusers he called me was a responsibility in which
than about the Admiral himself. Those I felt I could be effective. haps it is Admiral Strauss. I further
pages, inexorably, will have their own In the second place, I held it to be a very s~marize the Senator's second point in
l~ngthy counterparts in the CoNGRES- great honor to occupy a post in which my this way: In the chronology prepared by
SIONAL RECORD. former chief, Mr. Hoover, had set so high the AEC and the Bureau of the Budget
a standard of public service. to show who took part in the Dixon-
1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 9981
Yates negotiation, Adolphe Wenzell's others which I consider irrelevant, have -nor could it be anticipated·, that this
name was left out. All competent testi- been covered. As this debate progresses would be a nomination which would run
mony agrees that Admiral Strauss had these matters will be brought before the ·along in the usual or normal course of
no part in preparing the chronology, but Senate. the consideration . of nominations, and
maybe he did. anyway. . Finally, I am of the firm conviction would be reported to the Senate within
In all fairness to our colleague, who that Admiral Strauss merits having his 30 days, or the usual time.
then testified, I must admit that he did nomination confirmed. I am confident I do not wish to reply to the articles
not claim that his allegations added up that the great majority of the Senate and commentaries to which I have re-
to reasons for refusing to confirm the will agree with me if and when they check ferred. The amazing thing about it all
nomination of Admiral Strauss. into the record with open minds, as many is that no one called on us and asked
He did insist, however, that they pre- of us have tried to approach this problem us about it. I believe that the Record
sented questions which the Attorney in the hearings. should show, on behalf of the commit-
General ought to investigate, and that Mr. President, I yield the floor. tee, that there was a reasonable expla-
until such an investigation is completed, Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, I nation for the seemingly long time
the nomination of the admiral should not wish to say at the outset that, like my which elapsed from January 17, when
be confirmed. Maybe that is only a dis- distinguished friend from Kansas, I the nomination was sent to the Senate,
tinction without a difference, after alt shall ·be· brief today. As the debate _pro- until the close of the hearings in com-
On April 30, Admiral Strauss was given ceeds-and I hope it will not be a pro- mittee.
an opportunity to testify in answer to his longed debate, but only sufficient rea- First, the Committee on Interstate
first adverse witness on the Dixon-Yates sonably to cover some of the questions and Foreign Commerce could not - or-
matter. The rebuttal testimony pointed raised by the nomination-! shall prob- ganize until after about the 20th of
out that there was nothing in the adverse ably have something to add to what I January, because the Republican caucus
testimony that had not been fully de- shall say today. was having some difficulty in making
veloped by exhaustive· questioning be- I wish to place in the RECORD certain assignments to committees. So there
fore the Antitrust and Monopoly Sub- excerpts from the minority views and -practically a week went by. Then we
committee in December 1955. - individual views of other members of the have a rule in committee, as the Sen-
Further, the rebuttal testimony re- Committee on Interstate and Foreign ator from Kansas well knows, that all
newed, mos_t adequately, specific an- Commerce with reference to the nomi- nominations must lie over 2 weeks,
swers and explanations to each of the nation which is now before the Senate. in case anyone wishes to be heard on
specific charges. As the Senator from Kansas has pointed a nominee. That put us into the middle
Mr. President, as I listened to the re- out, the hearings were long . .The printed of February, or about the lOth of Feb-
buttal, it seemed to me that any fair- transcript of .the hearings runs to 1,128 ruary. Of course that is the week which
minded and objective person would' not pages. A great number of subjects were is known as Lincoln Day Week in the
have the slightest hesitancy in accepting .covered, and it was a fairly difficult task Senate. Nearly half of the members of
the explanations. They would be trou- to separate the important matters from the Committee on Interstate and . For-
blesome only to someone embarrassed by others which were not quite so impor- eign Commerce had felt impelled to go
the hope that others mi,ght find guilt tant, and yet make a report expressing to various places throughout the coun-
where there is no guilt. the views of eight Senators on the com- . try and talk about the Republican
As I have already said, the Strauss mittee who had opposite views from nine ·. Party and Abraham Lincoln. I .could
hearings at their inception were confined other members of the committee, and do not have obtained a corporal's guard
to matters properly relevant to an exam- it in the usual form of a committee during that week. That situation ex-
ination of a nominee for Secretary of report. tended until the following Thursday, or
Commerce. Their nature changed with We had worked on the report a long so.
the calling of the first adverse witness. time, and after many drafts we elimi- Then in order to expedite considera-
From then on, a number of witnesses nated a great deal of it; yet it is still a tion of the nomination, .there was some
testified. Their words and demeanor fairly long report. I recommend the necessity, or at least it so appeared to
made plain that they share a common reading of the report and the individual me, knowing that there would be a great
aim, namely, humiliating defeat of the views and the · minority views to every volume of testimony, of having a small
nominee. member of the Senate. In it they will subcommittee work on the matter, be-
Concurrently, a reading of this record .find constant references to the hear- cause such a subcommittee could sit
will show, iri my judgment, that some on ings themselves, and constant references regularly. My experience here has been
the committee departed from the role also to digests of them. I note on my that we save a great deal of time by
of inquiry on qualifications of a man for desk a mimeographed sheet of another operating that way. _
this important position to the role of index, which relates to the page numbers That procedure was objected to, I sup-
grand inquisitors. of different portions of the testimony and pose for very good ·reasons; apparently
It is only fair to say that they were of the various subjects which were in- some members wanted the full commit-
the members who take greatest pride volved in the hearings. · tee to hear the matter. So I ·said, "Very
in the label "liberal" and who look hope:.. I wish also to say for the RECORD that well; I . guess we will have to do that, if
fully for the day when the last con- earlier in the session, sometime arotind that is what a · reasonable number of
servative will be stuffed and in a glass the latter part of March or the first part the members of the committee want.
case at the Smithsonian. Let it be clear of April, there appeared a great number But I will insist on a quorum."
that I do not share their hope. of news articles and radio and television Mr. President, it was not possible to
I was distressed at the turn taken by commentaries suggesting that a· long get the usual quorum in committee for
the Strauss hearings before our commit- time had elapsed since the name of Mr. about 10 days, because the Senate was
tee. I sensed, as did my colleagues on Strauss had been sent to the Senate and not active, there were no votes in the
the committee, that what had started that there may have been some dilatory Senate; the major committees had not
as a detour into genteel mudslinging tactics or delaying tactics in the Com- started to their work, and there were not
had too soon degenerated into a far mittee on Interstate and Foreign Com- enough Senators here:
rougher game. It is our opportunity merce with respect to the nomination. Along came the Easter vacation. In
here to redress the balance of the com- There appeared to be also a great num- the meantime-because I had to hold
mittee hearings and assess the merits ber of people who wanted the committee hearings :niyself-I was · responsible for ·
of the charges leveled at this nominee to go ahead and report the nomination, . about 3 weeks' delay, because of con-
in the light of his conduct, his answers, and do it quickly. Between those two ditions beyond my control. I spent most
and his responsibility to the security schools of thought, the committee de- of the time at a place north of town,
needs of our Nation. cided that this was a matter which was called Bethesda. So there were at least
In closing, let me say that I have not not uncontroversial. I am sure when the 40 or 50, and perhaps ·even 60 days, in
attempted to point out in detail much President of the United States sent the which business could not move along
that transpired. In the more than 1,000 name of Mr. Strauss to the Senate, normally. :
pages contained in the printed record of nominating him to be Secretary of Com- As chairman of the committee, I do not
hearings, au· those matters, and many merce, the administration did not expect, believe I expected at any time that we
:9982 ·coNGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE
would take 1,128 pages of testimony; al- never has been a hearing when ·some For the ·reasons I ·have stated, ·then,
though as a matter of fact, this was ·witness did not go off on a tangent and the hearings on the nomination took a
about as condensed a hearing on a con- .speak on something.which was irrelevant long time. I think the members of the
firmation as I have ever seen in the Sen- to the subject under consideration. :committee . cooperated to the fullest ex-
ate, considering the number of people Mr. HAYDEN. That frequently hap- tent. I attended every hearing except
involved. Actually, about 1,100 of the pens. one, as I recall, on one afternoon. At
pages of the testimony, other than docu- Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, the that time the distinguished Senator from
ments, are taken up by 11 witnesses 6 of printed hearings are extensive. I took Rhode Island [Mr. PASTORE] assumed the
them U.S. Senators, 3 for Mr. Strauss and great pains to make certain that a copy .chairmanship and presided at the hear-
3 against him; 4 scientists, 2 for Mr. of the hearings was on the desk of every ing.
Strauss and 2 against him; and the nomi- Senator as soon as it came from the The testimony regarding the nominee
nee himself. Printing Office. Perhaps Senators will was presented by only 11 witnesses.
I have thought at times that perhaps not read the hearings in their entirety, The seven Senators who cast their
the witnesses should have come from but they will find in the hearings all the votes against the confirmation of the
wider segments, but that was the type reports which were made and page ref- nomination of Mr. Strauss have signed
of witness schedule we had in the hear- erences to many different subjects. their views, both in the nature of . so-
ings. Because of the nature .of .t he con- I have heard something lately about a called minority views and individual
troversy, and because we would be going kind of concerted effort on the part of the views. Much care was given to this
back to matters which had happened 3 Democrats on the committee to hold up document, which is in the report of the
or 4 years ago in other committees of the President's nomination, or to look at committee. I know similar care was
Congress, which had taken much testi- it a little too carefully, with the implica- given by those who voted in the com-
money, all of us agreed, or at least I did, tion that that was a terrible thing to do. mittee for the confirmation of the nom-
that in order to keep things in perspec- I shall submit for the RECORD on Monday ination, because the committee had a
tive-since.the nominee was going to give a compilation of the nominations which very difficult task to perform.
an answer to everything-when one wit- have passed through the Committee on I shall read excerpts from the report,
ness would testify to a certain matter, Interstate and Foreign Commerce since · but I ask unanimous consent that a
the nominee, would be given the unusual I have been the chairman. The number portion of the report and the jndividual
privilege of answering at that time when runs into the hundreds, and there has views be printed at this point in the
it was fresh in his mind. That was what never been any trouble about them. RECORD. .
was done. Each one of the nominations was scru- There being no objection, the portion
I say that is unusual, because I have tinized. To some of them there was no of the rep6r~Executive Report No. 4-
attended many hearings on nominations, opposition. - Some of the nominations -was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
and the usual, fair procedure is that the were of persons whom we knew well, and as follows:
witnesses who favor the nomination tes- the nominations were acted on quickly. NOMINATION OF LEWIS L. STRAUSS To BE
tify first, followed by the witnesses who I do not know of any nomination which SECRETARY OF COMMERCE-REPORT
are opposed, and then the committee we did not examine carefully. There The Committee on Interstate and Foreign
concludes the hearings. Sometimes a were two or three of them I wish we had Coxnxnerce, to whom was referred the nomi-
rebuttal will be allowed at the end of the -looked at longer, because of what hap- nation of Lewis L .. Strauss, of New York, to
hearings, if a nominee desires that priv- .pened after the nominees began to serve -be Secretary of Commerqe, havi~g con-
ilege. · in their respective posts. But I do not sidered the same, report favorably thereon
In the case of the pending nomination, ..know why it is so unusual that once in a and recommend that the nomination. be
additional time was afforded, because while some Members of the Senate should confirmed.
every time a matter was brought up dur- ·have doubt about a particular nomina- VIEWS FAVORING CONFmMATION OF LEWIS L.
ing the rebuttal by the nominee, many tion. I do not think anyone is anointed STRAUSS
other questions were opened up. That simply because he is appointed. This We recommend that the Senate confirm
took much time. After. we got started, happened to be one c;>f those cases. the nomination of Lewis L. Strauss as Sec-
and the chairman and the distinguished I do not think anyone likes to indulge retary of Commerce.
ranking Republican member of the com- in acrimony deliberately. Nevertheless, The hearings on the nominee's confirma-
tion were of a scope to reflect to a large ex-
mittee insisted on a quorum, the mem- every Senator has the right to uphold tent the nominee's long distinguished pub-
bers of the committee were in attendance the Constitution according to the oath He service. The "impressive record of Ad-
almost all the time. he took. I know of no amendment to the miral Strauss is summarized in the bio-
I do not know the number of pages of Constitution which has repealed the graphical sketch appended hereto.
testimony which were required for the words "advice and consent." The three major points into which the
so-called rebuttal; but sometimes there No member of the committee had had Senate should inquire when considering
were rebuttals within rebuttals, because very much contact with Mr. Strauss. confirmation of a cabinet appointment are:
(1) the nominee's honesty and integrity;
we touched on many other subjects. But Most of his contact with the Senate had (2) his compet ence; and (3) his record for
everything which was discussed is in the been in two other committees. Some of cooperation. On all of these points, the
record. us who have been Members of the Senate .record of the hearings satisfies us beyond
I have heard some suggestion that the for a while knew Mr. Strauss in a social doubt that the nominee meets fully there·
committee might have been conducting way or in a political way or in an official quirements for confirmation. .
a sort of inquisition of Admiral Strauss. way. But certainly the committee did Examining each of the criteria in more
I do not think_any question asked by any not begin the hearings with any pre- detail, we turn first to the honesty and in-
member of the committee, regardless of tegrity of the nominee.
conceived ideas concerning Mr. Strauss; Several witnesses at the hearings made
whether he was for or against Admiral at least, I did not sense any such feeling. charges against the honesty of Mr. Strauss.
Strauss, was not a fair question. Some But we knew that his nomination would The charges were refuted, and much of the
of the criticism which was presented by be controversial with respect to many refutation was actually contained in ad-
some of the witnesses might have been matters, because we in the Senate knew verse testimony. Some of the witnesses who
in the nature of immaterial remarks or of his activities in connection with the came before the committee knew the nom-
in the nature of picking on the nominee Dixon-Yates contract, for instance. We inee well; some had never known him nor
unfairly. But the committee itself cer- knew so-me of the problems which con- had personal contact with him. Some wit-
tainly did not know what the witnesses nesses voiced their belief that the nominee
fronted the Joint Committee on Atomic maintained a facade of innocence while op-
would say. So, whatever was said by Energy with respect to Mr. Strauss. I erating in a devious manner. Others, and
them had to be gaged as fairly and justly knew, for instance, about the controversy these with one exception, were people who
as possible. I think some of the wit- he had with the chairman of the House have had the most contact with the nom-
nesses got away off the subject. Committee on Appropriations. inee, have found him always honest, forth-
I observe the distinguished senior Sen- So the committee did not expect that in right, and courageous.
ator from Arizona [Mr. HAYDEN] _in · the the hearings on the nomination of Mr. The wide divergence in views can be ex-
Chamber. He has attended many more Strauss we would all merely listen to plained partly on the ground that adverse
hearings, probably, than all the rest of judgments rested largely on double or triple
his autobiography, consider the service hearsay. It is not surprising that opinions
us in the Chamber combined. I am cer;. he had rendered, and then simply report resting on hearsay were the most vehement
tain he will agree with me that there his nomination. · against the nominee, for unfriendly gossip,
1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-
·. SENATE 9983
gathers strength as it travels. In the :main, Conclusion and other ·decorations from foreign govern.;.
· however, the adverse testimony is found to The testimony and documentation pre.; ments.
stem from dis.agre~ments with the . nomin~e sented before our committee, in our judg- 1958: Awarded the Medal of Freedom by
on .questions of judgment .and philosop}ly, or ment, does - not justify. an adverse recom- · President Eisenhower,in person in July. Re-
from inferred affronts to personal or official mendation on this nomination. On the cipient of 2~ honorary degrees from colleges
dignity. contrary, there is an abundance of affirma- and universities in the United States and
We were particularly impressed by the tive evidence to establish beyond doubt the abroad. · · ·
nominee's efforts to be exact in answering nominee's h~nesty and integrity, compe- Trustee$hips and other offices
the most . searching cross-examination on tence, and his long record of cordial and
minute details of his activities throughout President of the Board of Trustees of the
willing cooperation with the Congress. Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton
his long and useful public career. We recommend his confirmation as University, Princeton, N.J.
. After carefully reviewing all of the evi- Secretary of Commerce. Trustee of the Hampton Institute, the
dence before us, and after considering as ANDREW F. SCHOEPPEL. Sloan-Kettering Institute Memorial Center
well the nominee's reputation as a man of JOHN MARSHALL BUTLER. for Cancer and Allied Diseases, the New York ·
unblemished character t:P,rough more than NORRIS COTTON Institute for the Crippled and the Disabled,
four decades in the public eye,·we find Lewis CLIFFORD P. CASE. the Jewish Theological Seminary of America,
L. Strauss to be a man of honesty and STROM THURMOND. Belgian-American Educational Foundation,
integrity. · FRANK J. LAUSCHE. Metrop91itan Opera As~ociation, Inc., Vir-
On the question of competence, there is THRUSTON B. MORTON. ginia Museum of Fine Arts at Richmond, and
no adverse testimony. Even witnesses who HUGH SCOTT. Congregation Emanuel of the City of New
testified against him acknowledged the ABBREVIATED BIOGRAPHY, LEWIS LICHTENSTEIN York (also its past president). ·
breadth of his experience, his firm grasp of STRAUSS
problems in the Commerce Department area ADDITIONAL VIEWS OF SENATORS SCHOEPPEt,
and his long record of achievements as a top Government service THURMOND, AND LAUSCHE
administrator. Few men in public life can 1917-19: Secretary to Herbert C. Hoover We believe it also worthy of mention that
match his long tenure in sensitive and re- (then U.S. Food Administrator and Chair- the nomination under consideration is for
sponsible posts and his unique record of man of the Commission for the Relief of a Cabinet post, and as such, is an appoint-
distinguished service under four Presidents. Belgium) in relief operations overseas, and ment to a position within the official family
It is clear that the nominee is highly com- in the U.S. Food Administration. U.S. dele- of the President.
petent. gate at final Armistice Convention. As former Governors of our respective
The next test is that of cooperation with 1941-46: In Naval Reserve 1926; active duty States, we are . particularly sensitiye to the
Congress. Here, we can count noses. For f~om February 1941 to May 1946; successively fact that a Ch.i ef Executive is accountable
example, during the time that the nominee promoted through officer grades to the rank to the people theinselves for the conduct of
served on the At~mic Energy Commission, of rear admiral. members of the Executive's official fainily, or
the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy had 1946: Appointed member of the first admi-nistration. Since the Chief Executive
five chairmen. The first of them, Senator Atomic Energy Commission; resigned in must, in the final analysis, answer for the
Brien McMahon is dead, but a letter which April1950. · · actions of his official family or Cabinet, we
he wrote to the nominee in 1950 in behalf 1946-'-52: Member of the Naval Research feel that the President should be given the
. of the Joint Committee praised Mr. Stl'auss' Advisory Committee. , widest latitude in deciding whether the nom-
service during his first term on the AEC 1950: Appointed consultant to Joirit Con- inee's philof'iophy of government is accept-
·and invited him to become a consultant to ·gressional Committee on Atomic Energy. a~le; and that. the Senate, in considering
the Joint Committee. The second chairman, · 1950-58: Adviser on occasions to congres- confirmation, should minimize consideration
Senator BOURKE B. HICKENLOOPER, submitted sional and executive agencies studying and of his philosophy 'of goverriinent unless a
a statement supporting the nominee and reporting on production and . procurement question of loyalty is involved. ·
testifying to his fine cooperation. The third problems for the Department of Defense. This viewpoint applies particularly to the
chairman, former Congressman W. STERLING · 1953: Completed report on "Hazardous objectiqns to the noininee's. confirmation
CoLE, by a May 5, 1959, cablegram tc;> the Duty and Other Special Pays," requested by raised by witnesses, whose own philosophy
nominee introduced into the record, con- the Armed Services Committee of the Senate. is basically opposed to that of the nominee
firmed "existence cordial relationship with 1953: Appointed special assistant to Presi- and who, until challenged during the hear-
you as Chairman AEC and I chairman Joint dent Eisenhower on March 9. ings, assumed the role of spokesmen for
Committee • • • ." The fourth chairman, 1953-58: Nominated to the U.S. Atomic science. ·
. Congressman CARL T. DURHAM, who immedi- Energy Commission on June 24, confirmed by The purported reason for these witnesses'
ately preceded Senator CLINTON P. ANDERSON the Senate on June 27, and took oath of office objections, in essence, was that the nominee
as chairman of the Joint Committee, was on July 2. Designated Chairman. Retired had in the past· demonstrated that he was
reported in the hearing on May 6, 1959, as at end of 5-year term, June 30, 1958. vindictive. As the principal example of the
willing to appear and testify· if our commit- 1955 and 1958: Chairman of U.S. delegation vindictiveness they charged, they cited the
tee wished to hear him. We are authorized to the United Nations Conferences on the noininee's action with respect to the with-
by Congressman DuRHAM to say that had he Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, held at Ge- drawal of the security clearance of Dr. J.
appeared, he would have testified to a cordial neva, Switzerland, August 8-20, 1955, and Robert Oppenheimer. ·The vindictiveness
and cooperative relationship with the nom- .September 1-13, 1958. which allegedly motivated the nominee, ac:.
inee reaching back more than 20 years. In cording to the testimony of these witnesses,
1958: Appointed special assistant to the arose from the fact that Dr. Oppenheimer
addition former Senator John W. Bricker, President on matters concerning atoms for
who was a member of the Joint Committee had opposed testing of the hydrogen bomb
peace. and had favored certain shipments of iso·
on Atomic Energy from 1948 through 1958, 1958: Appointed on October 24, as Secre-
praised the nominee for his cooperation with topes to friendly nations, on both of which
tary of Commerce; took oath of office, Novem- questions the nominee admittedly felt quite
Congress. ber 13.
We would also direct attention to the strongly to the contrary~
Business service In every facet of this issue, there was in-
fact that ·Senator PAsTORE, a member of
tb.e Joint Committee on Atomic Energy - 1919-46: Associated with the investment volved solely a question of judgment. On
. since 1953, and chairman of the Subcom- firm of Kuhn, Loeb & Co., New York, N.Y. the OpJ:}enheimer case, the nominee was one
mittee on Agreements for Cooperation dur- Became partner in 1929, resigning in 1946 to of nine in an official position who was re-
ing the review of the proposed transfer to take office as AEC Commissioner. quired to pass on the revocation of the se-
Great Britain of information on the Nau- At various times was director of business curity clearance. The decision of the three-
tilus reactor, on which the question of co- ~nterprises, including Radio Corp. of Amer- man Gray Board was reviewed by the Man-
operation was specifically raised, is support- ica, National Broadcasting Co., General ager of the Atomic Energy Commission, and
ing the confirmation of the nominee. For American Transportation Corp., U.S. Rubber thereafter by the five-man Atomic Energy
a more detailed expression of Senator PAs- Co., Industrial Rayon Corp., Hudson & Man- Commission itself. The Gray Board decision
TORE on the nominee's cooperation, reference hattan Railroad, Rockefeller Bros., Inc., was 2 to 1 to revoke the security clearance, in
is made to the individual views of Senator Rockefeller Center, Inc., Merchants Fire As- which the manager of the AEC concurred
PASTORE. surance Co., etc. and the Gray Board's decision was upheld on
Our committee spent much time in de- 1950: Consultant and financiaf adviser to review by the Commission by a vote of 4 to 1.
tailed examination of specific instances in Messrs. Rockefeller. The very number of persons who partici-
which it was charged that the nominee pated officially in th~ Oppenheimer case in-
Decorations, hQIIU)rs, and degrees d-icated conclusively that the decision was a
withheld or was grudging in giving in- Awarded the Distinguished Service Medal:
formation to congressional committees. The matter of judgment; not 9f personal .preju-
and the Legion of Merit -with Gold Star dk~ '
few instances charged represent a minute (Navy) in lieu of a second award and an
percentage of the noininee's dealings with There has c-ertainly been no question of
Oak Leaf Cluster (Army) in .lieu of a third loyalty raised With respect to the nominee.
the Congress. In fact, the nominee showed a~ard: . ·. On the contrary, the adverse scientists testi-
great diligence in keeping the Congress Officer of the Legion of Honor ·(France): fied th~t the nominee's allegedly poor judg-
informed. Grand Officer, Order of Leopold (Belgium); ment, on which they based their objection
9984 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD --~ SENATE June 5
to his coriflrmation, stemmed from what may. I merely vote my o\vn conscience ln supporting this nomination, that great lati-
they suggested was an over-security-con- this matter as I feel it concerns our country. tude should. be given to a President in the
sciousness which permeated the nominee's I vote to recommend the confirmation of selection of individuals to fill high posts in
thinking. If the nominee erred in his judg- Lewis L. Strauss as a man who has given to Government. · However, we cannot in good
ment, it was on the side of our Nation's se- our country an effective patriotism over a conscience agree with the contention fre-
curity for which, in our .opinion, he should period of 40 years and as one who, in my quently advanced since this nomination was
be commended, rather than condemned. opinion, will make a good Secretary of Com- submitted to the Senate that · we who serve
ANDREW F. SCHOEPPEL. merce. in that body should automatically and un-
STROM THURMOND. JOHN 0. PASTORE, questioningly give our consent to every
FRANK J. LAUSCHE. By C. J. MAISANO, nomination.
Administrative Assistant. The Constitution provides that the Presi-
INDIVIDUAL VIEWS OF SENATOR JOHN 0. PASTORE dent "shall nominate, and by and with the
MINORITY AND INDIVIDUAL VIEWS
Through the years I have had the oppor- advice and consent of the Senate, shall ap-
tunity sufficient in my own reasoning to ap- I point Ambassadors, other public Ministers
praise the nominee, Lewis L. Strauss, and Lewis L. Strauss was given a recess ap- and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court,
to form my judgment of his qualifications pointment as Secretary of Commerce on Oc- and all other Officers of the United States,
for appointment to the Cabinet of the Pres- tober 24, 1958, and began serving in that whose appointments are not herein other;.
ident of the United States. It is not within capacity on November 13, 1958. His nomi- wise provided for, and which shall be estab-
my province to pass upon h..lm for any other nation was referred to the Committee on lished by Law."
office or any other purpose--political or Interstate and Foreign Commerce on Janu- We do not understand that this require-
economic. ary 17,_1959. The committee was compelled ment of the advice and consent of the Sen-
The chasm that separates us in these two to cancel hearings originally scheduled for ate on major appointments was improvi.-
.categories is wide and, in some instances, February, and on March 2 announced hear- dently included in our Constitution. We be-
unbridgeable. Furthermore, it is not my ings for later that month. lieve, rather, that it is one of the most im-
purpose to persuade the thinking of any Hearings were held on March 17 and 18, portant of the checks and balances which
other person. It is possible that I do not and were then suspended because of advice have contributed so greatly to the vitality
.s hare the reasoning of any other individual to the committee that Secretary Strauss had and stability of our system of government.
·on this committee. I vote my own con- previous commitments and because of the .we believe the Senate should no more abuse
science alone. official Easter recess. The chairman had its power to withhold its consent than the
· In these open hearings I have already sugge.s ted the appointment of a subcommit- President should abuse his power to veto
voiced the qualifications to which I felt all tee to expedite proceedings, but upon objec- laws enacted by the Congress. It is clear
testimony should be addressed. While these tion by the minority members the matter that there have been and will continue to
were expressed in running comment during was kept in the full commitee. This tech- be instances in which both of these re-
the proceedings I see no reason to add or nically required a quorum, which put the straints are entirely proper. This was so
subtract from them. These qualifications hearings in conflict with other committee intended by the Constitution. We are not
are: business and senatorial duties. Hearings prepared to abdicate the role assigned to
1. The character and integrity of the ·were resumed on April 21, and 14 hearings the Senate by the Constitution. When
nominee as it affects his membership in the were held in the next 18 weekdays. During serious questions are raised as to the fitness
President's Cabinet. the entire series of 16 hearings Mr. Strauss of a nominee, as is true in this case, we
2. No conflict of interest.
.testified at length in his own behalf and as feel that the Senate must discharge its
to questions of policy raised by the commit- function carefully and resolutely. The per-
3. Sufficient stability, emotionally and tee with respect to matters within its juris- formance of its duty may be both distaste-
temperamentally, for the position to which diction over the Department of Commerce. ful and time consuming but it cannot be
he is nominated. In addition, he requested and was given the shirked on either ground.
4. The competence, morally and intellec- unusual opportunity to speak in rebuttal at
tually, to assume the responsibility. It appears to us that those who contend
the conclusion of the testimony of each of that the President should be completely
The committee has made an exhaustive the witnesses who appeared in opposition to unhampered in the choice of his Cabinet
record, but nothing materially new has been his confirmation. Senators JAvrrs and KEAT- should, if they are sincere, seek to amend
adduced with which I was not already ING, of New York, testified in the nominee's the Constitution accordingly. We believe
familiar and, I dare say, not known to the behalf · and a statement in his support was that in most cases the restraint inherent
President who nominated him to this re- read for Senator HICKENLOOPER, of Iowa. In in the Senate's power to withhold its con-
sponsibility. addition, former Senator Bricker, of Ohio; sent is effectuated by the incentive pro-
I did not know the nominee until I was Dr. Edward Teller, and Dr. Detlev W. Bronk vided for the exercise of great care before a
appointed as a member of the Joint Com- appeared in support of the nomination. Let- nomination is proposed. If this check upon
mittee of the Congress on Ato~ic Energy. ters urging confirmation were received from . the power of the Executive were removed
But since then, because of our official respon- Senators BYRD and ROBERTSON, of Virginia; or denied all effectiveness by abandonment
sibilities, we came in frequent and close con- Senator CAPEHART, of Indiana; and Senator of the prerogative, the way would be opened
tact, especially so in my capacity as chairman CHAVEZ, of New Mexico, and were incorpo- for abuses. We took ah oath to uphold the
of the Subcommittee on International Agree- rated in the record. Constitution as it is now written.
_ments for Cooperation. It was my respon- The witnesses testifying in opposition ~o
sibility to work out with the nominee, his confirmation were Senator Kefauver, of Ten- A. Differences in Philosophy Cannot Be
colleagues on the Commission, and staff nessee, Senator Anderson, of New Mexico: Controlling
members of the Atomic Energy Commission
_43 bilateral agreements for cooperation with
Senator McCarthy, of Minnesota; Dr. David We agree thata President may appoint
R . Inglis, Dr. David L. Hill, Jarrell Garonzik, associates who support his political views, if
41 nations. James B. Carey, and Benjamin · C. Sigal. no violence is done to the Constitution or
Moreover, as a member of the U.S. dele- There was plac.e d in the record a letter from to our democratic processes. This remains
gation to the lOth General Assembly of the Senator LANGER, of North Dakota, opposing true when, as now, the President is of one
United Nations in 1955 where the resolution confirmation. In addition, Drew Pearson, party and the majority of the Senate of
for the establishment of the International Jack Anderson, Robert J. Dodds, Jr., and another. We do not, therefore, base our op-
Agency for the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Arthur Arundel testified briefly with respect position to the confirmation of Mr. Strauss
Energy was discussed and enacted, again at to questions which arose during the hear- upon the differences in opinion which no
the Atoms for Peace Conference at Geneva in ings. This testimony, together with mate- doubt exist between us and the nominee on
the same year, and again as a congressional rials inserted into the record, occupies 1,128 a number of important political, social, and
adviser to the Conference on the Statute of pages of printed record. economic issues.
the International Atomic Energy Agency at On May 19, 1959, the committee met in Some or all of us have perhaps differed
the United Nations in 1956, and also at the executive session to consider the nomina- with Mr. Strauss on the Dixon-Yates con-
first general conference of the Atomic Energy tion. At that time Senators PASTORE, THUR- tract; on the development of atomic power
Agency in Vienna in 1957, I was brought in MOND, SCHOEPPEL, BUTLER, COTTON, CASE, and the related controversy over the Gore-
close association with the nominee to work MoRTON, and ScoTT voted to report the nomi- Holifield blll; on the threat of radioactive
out our assigned tasks. nation favorably, while Senators MAGNUSON, fallout to the health and genetic future of
In all of these dealings I found Mr. Strauss MONRONEY, SMATHERS, YARBOROUGH, ENGLE, our people; on the possibility of detection of
to be patriotic, honorable, and competent. BARTLETT, HARTKE, and McGEE VOted to the atomic tests as a basis for enforceable limi-
We did not always agiee and I did not ex- contrary. tations on such tests in the future; on the
pect perfection. I would not trespass on II. The Senate's role in connection with proper role of our systems of personnel se-
the divine to say, "There is no fault in this nominations curity and classification of information in
man." The undersigned strongly believe that the providing the maximum of freedom and pub-
From a similar set of experiences there are Senate should not confirm the nomination lic information consonant with sound na-
those who make a different deduction. They of Lewis L. Strauss to be Secretary of Com- tional security; or on the policies to be pur-
too are honorable men whose record of pa- merce. This is a conclusion which we do sued in the fieids of international relations
triotic service is unimpeachable. I do not not reach lightly and wi-thout the deepest ·and foreign trade. We have not reached our
quarrel with their right to reason as they consideration, becau se we believe, as do those conclusions as to Mr. Strauss' qualifications
1959 (:ONGRESSIONAL . R;ECORD- SENATE 9·985
solely upon any disagreements we may have sufficiently complete to serve as the basis ·him. (In addition to this, other facts bear-
as to these matters. - for congressional action. The country ing on our conclusion will be given in the
During the first 4 days of hearings, the _g ained by this relationship. We are forced views of other Senators included ·below:)
committee interrogated Mr. Strauss with re-
gard to various matters within the juris·
reluctantly to conclude that there is no
. likelihood that this vital mutual respect and • • • "' •
(1) The nominee was guilty of an out-
diction of the Department of Commerce. its resulting relationship can exist between right misrepresentation in regard to his re-
Bayond these .preliminary inquiries tradi- Mr. Strauss and the Congress. This would cent rejection, as Secretary of Commerce, of
tionally addressed to nominees for important be a loss to what we consider democratic an export license for the shipment of steel
positions, we are confident that even a cur- processes at a time when democracy is on pipe. Mr. Strauss informed the committee
sory reading of the record will demonstrate trial. that his action was taken with the "com-
that we were not only concerned with Mr. Based in part upon the past record of his plete concurrence" of the Department of
St r au ss' position on questions of substantive relations with different committees of the State-that "there was absolutely no differ-
policy. Rather, we were more concerned as Congress, and even more strongly upon his ence between the State Department and the
t ime went on with questions of the nomi- conduct before our committee, we have Department of Commerce on this." In ac-
nee's attitude toward Congress, his p ast re- come to the conviction that Mr. Strauss does tual fact, State's position was completely op-
lations with Congress, and the methods he not understand the proper relationship be- posed to that of Commerce-the State De-
followed in the course of our own hearings. tween the legislative and executive branches. partment had objected in unequivocal terms
B. The Basic Criteria The record indicates he claims for himself to the denial of the license. Its objection
the right to withhold certain information was a matter of record and Mr. Strauss knew
Confirmation should be denied a nominee from Congress. The record also indicates
for a Cabinet post only for very compelling of it when he spoke. As the final authority
such withholding is without basis in law, for making a decision in this matter lay with
reasons. Two criteria were cited by Senator and that the nominee had no concern for
Cotton during the course of our hearings- the Secretary of Commerce, Mr. Strauss was
the law in this respect. From the record it perfectly within his legal right in overriding
though there may well be other factors which is clear that the nominee time after time
would have to be considered. In essence, the State's views. In this light, his outright
has resisted furnishing the appropriate com- misrepresentation of the position of another
criteria were that a nomination should be mittees of the Congress with information
rejected for lack of integrity or lack of com- agency is all the more shocking. (See hear-
needed in order for Congress to properly per- ings, pp. 43-44 and p. 1067.)
petence. form its legislative functions. This has led
As to the latter point, we freely concede to seriously adverse consequences in the (2) The nominee challenged the integrity
that Mr. Strauss has demonstrated compe- atomic energy field, and so we believe it of an official transcript of a hearing before
tence in the investment banking field and would in the important post of Secretary of a committee of the House, thus impugning
rendered wartime service in the Navy. He no Commerce. the integrity of those responsible for this
doubt possesses the capacity to direct signifi- preparation. He charged that a reported
In our opinion, he sought to mislead our statement by him before a subcommittee of
cant business enterprises or to administer committee either by means of what we con-
certain types of governmental programs. the House Appropriations Committee in 1956,
sidered direct misrepresentations of fact or in which he had accepted full responsibility
However, this does not necessarily establish by resort to half truths intended to divert
competence for the post to which he has been for having asked for the preparation of a
the committee from full discovery of the highly embarrassing letter to the Joint Com-
nominated. relevant facts. This course··of conduct was
When related to a major administrative mittee, had in fact never peen made. Such
repeated so often that it must be judged to an assertion, by itself, reflects a virtually
and policymaking post in the executive have been deliberate. He has so impaired
branch of our Government, competence in- contemptuous attitude toward congressional
our confidence that we cannot recommend procedures. Whatever defense the nominee
volves something more than mere capability his confirmation.
in other ventures. It also involves balance, might have had for making this charge evap-
stability, and appreciation for differing views, III. Surprising course taken by hearings orated completely when a check of the hear-
a willingness to abandon or modify earlier We recognize that Mr. Strauss has sought ing reporter's stenotype notes showed con-
views when their error is demonstrated, and to serve the best interests of the country, as clusively that the portion of the record in
an ability to work with others in the difficult he sees them, and has made real contribu- question had not been altered in any way
but essential adjustment of the conflicting tions to its welfare. Moot of the committee whatsoever. (See hearings, pp. 978 and 981.)
interests of different segments and sections expected at the outset to vote for his con- * * * "' offered only
*
of our Nation. If competence in Government firmation. We embarked upon our hearings (4) The nominee consistently
entails these and similar traits and abilities- with the expectation that those who were partial or oblique defenses in his effort to
and we believe it does-then Mr. Strauss' critical of Mr. Strauss would air their past reply to Senator ANDERSoN's charges of fail-
record leaves us unconvinced of his compe- differences, that he would explain his posi- ure to keep the Joint Committee on Atomic
tence for the high office to which he seeks tion on these matters, and that conflicts Energy "fully and currently informed" of
confirmation. would be resolved. AEC's activities as required by law.
It is true that his activities have been im- At the outset the committee discussed with As an example of this, the nominee com-
pressive in some aspects. We believe, how- Mr. Strauss certain matters with which he pletely ignored the Senator's assertion that
ever, that a careful scrutiny of his perform- would deal as Secretary of Commerce. But Mr. Strauss had suppressed an important
ance as Chairman of the Atomic Energy Com- even in this phase of our hearings we began letter from the .Attorney General concerning
mission from July 3, 1953, to June 30, 1958- to encounter half facts and misstatements the legality of the 1956 amendments to the
and that constitutes his principal record in which later seemed to us to become habitual. agreement for cooperation with England.
the field of civil administration-leaves one For instance, on the first day of our hearings Instead, he based his defense on the wisdom
with grave doubts that he could serve effec- in his prepared statement the committee re- of the proposed amendments to the agree-
t.ively as Secretary of Commerce. We be- ceived a very distorted view in respect to his ment and on his notification to the Joint
lieve that the public record as well as the role in the development of a long-range de- Committee that negotiations -had taken
hearings before our committee indicate tection system and the development of the place. Even as to the latter, he sought to
rather clearly that he overturned a success- H-bomb, particularly in light of subsequent distort the record in order to establish that
ful pattern of Commission operation, that he testimony. Mr. Strauss continued this pat- the Joint Committee had been informed in·
involved the Commission for the first time tern the second day, making two material a timely manner. Actually, contrary to the
in partisan political controversy, that he misstatements of fact with regard to a very mandate of the law and contrary to the
estranged a substantial segment of the coun- important matter, namely, his rejection of advice of the Attorney General, the Joint
try's scientists, and that he substantially im- an application for a license to export. This Committee was not informed of these im-
paired what had become, prior to his chair- was the central feature of a fairly extensive portant negotiations until after the com-
manship, a very effective working relation- discussion of foreign trade policy and is dealt pleted agreement had be.e n submitted to the
ship with the Congress. with at some length below and in the ap- President for his signature (hearings, pp.
We do not believe that a man can be ad- pendix to the hearings. This matter deals 598-607, 687-695, 1024-1030).
judged competent for a Cabinet post unless with his responsibilities as Secretary of Com- (5} The nominee claimed credit for un-
there exists a sound basis for mutual con- merce. supportable public benefits from a prospec-
fidence between him and the Congress, de- tive transaction while disclaiming knowledge
• "' •
We became mainly"' concerned"' over alle-
spite a showing of the capabilities for com- of or responsibility for underlying issues
petence. As we have already indicated, this that question the validity of his plans.
does not depend upon political agreement. gations bearing upon Mr. Strauss' allegedly When the Dixon-Yates power contract be·
Now and in recent years Congress has en- devious and delusive methods which he had came jeopardized by the conflict of interest
joyed satisfactory relations with many ex- employed in certain cited cases. The rec- of a key participant, Mr. Strauss who was
ecutive officials who frequently held sharply ord of his past performance was convincing principal architect of the contract denied:
opposed views on fundamental policy. This in a number of instances. Together with ( 1) Knowledge of Senator HILL's speech re-
has been true because there existed mutual other facts the weight of evidence which pri- garding the dual role of Adolphe Wenzell
respect and esteem between them and be- marily has impelled us to our conclusion and thereby denied responsibility for pro-
cause the Congress .felt assurance that these. that Mr. Strauss is lacking in the sincerity ceeding on such a questionable plan (hear-
officials were dealing openly and fairly with and the tolerance required for confirma- ings, pp. 333-334); (2) knowledge of the
it and that the information imparted to the tion came in the manner in which he at· false chronology on Dixon-Yates issued by
committees of Congress was reliable and tempted to meet the criticism leveled against t:tie AEC on August 21, 1954 (hearings, p •.
9986 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 5
285) even though Mr. Strauss, as AEC' Chair- ered the sections jointly (hearings, pp. 498- from Wyoming, wrote to the editor of the
man, discussed with Mr. Hughes the con- 499). Washington Post under date of May 8, 1959.
tents of that record (hearings, p. 493); and Mr. Strauss has shown a willingness to His letter, which we believe ably answers
(3) knowledge of the Government capacity seek to fit the facts to his preconceived no- these arguments, follows:
of Wenzell even though Wenzell testified tions as regards the fallout danger (hearing, U.S. SENATE,
that he told Mr. Strauss that he represented pp. 433 and 728) and the ability to detect Washington, D.C., May 8, 1959.
the Bureau of the Budget (hearings, p. 319). bomb tests (hearings, pp. 441 and 558). He EDITOR, THE WASHINGTON POST,
( 6) The nominee was prone to accept only has demonstrated a tendency to carry over Washington, D.C.
official responsibility for ill-advised official from a high security area (atomic energy) to DEAR SIR: May I not take the Uberty of
actions by the Atomic Energy Commission the area of foreign commerce his highly re- suggesting that your editorial of Saturday,
while trying to create the impression that strictive concepts as to the permissible de- May 2, 1959, entitled "Grasping at Strauss,"
he in fact really had no connection with gree of contact with any nation. The act of seems to be based upon a mistaken constitu-
them. February 14, 1903 (5 U.S.C. 596) in setting tional premise, namely, that "The President,
An example of this was his explanation of out the duties of the Department of Com- we believe, ought to be entitled to have in
the circumstances surrounding the classifi- merce, provided, among other things, that his Cabinet the persons in whom he has con-
cation of an adverse safety report on the "It shall be the province and duty of said fidence."
Detroit reactor project made in June of 1956 Department to foster, promote, and develop This is not what the framers of the Con-
by an advisory committee to the AEC. Mr. the foreign and domestic commerce, • • • stitution believed. They were of the opinion
Strauss admitted that the repor·:: s classifica- of the United States;". His rigidity of posi- that the President ·should be required to
tion, and its consequent suppression from tion and 'insistence upon policy decisions have the advice and consent of the Senate
the public, had been a mistake--a mistake which ignore or make over the facts hardly not only to the appointment of Ambassadors,
which he now seeks to attribute to members seem to promise the kind of flexibility and other public ministers atl.d consuls and
of his staff. Yet, a review of the record adaptability required of a Secretary of Com- Judges of the Supreme Court, but also "all
shows conclusively that he knew this report merce in the discharge of his duties both at other officers of the United States, whose
had been classified and in fact had vigor- home and abroad (hearings, p. 1074). These appointments are not herein otherwise pro-
ously defended its classification in corre- limitations raise serious questions as to the vided for, and which shall be established by
spondence with the Joint Committee. (See qualifications of the nominee for the posi- law."
hearings, p. 607, and Joint Committee on tion of Secretary of Commerce. After placing that limitation upon the
Atomic Energy print, "A Study of AEC Pro- The nominee questioned the integrity of power of the Pres·i dent to make appoint-
cedures and Organization in the Licensing Members of the Congress, charging in one ments, the framers of the Constitution
of Reactor Facilities," April 1957, pp. 117- instance that the records and reports of a added another proviso in these words: "But
122.) committee had been changed to his detri- the Congress may by law vest the appoint-
( 7) The nominee often resorted to un- ment (hearings, p. 976). He insisted on ment of such inferior offices, as they think
necessary untruths in what appeared to be this position to the point of telling a mem- proper, in the President alone, in the courts
an attempt to put himsel! in the best pos- ber of our committee that a report was not of law, or in the heads of departments." It
sible light before the committee. He cate- a report, and that he should be suspicious of is not necessary to point out that Congress
gorically denied, for example, that he had the man who supplied it (hearings, p. 973). has never by law authorized the President
ever asked for any information on adverse This statement was made almost immedi- to appoint without limitation persons "in
witness, Dr. David Inglis, and sought to cre- ately after Mr. Strauss had been told the whom he has confidence" to his Cabinet.
ate the impression that the only data which chairman of the committee involved had To sustain your argument that the Sen-
he had received was furnished to him gratu- stated, in writing, that this committee could ate should waive its constitutional power to
itously by a member of his staff at the time "use any portion of it without reservation as give advice and consent to the appointment
Dr. Inglis testified. Yet, when the question this is the official copy of the report of the of Cabinet members, you must be able to
of the nominee's attempts to gain possibly subcommittee" (hearings, p. 971). show that the drafters of the Constitution
unfavorable security information on Dr. In- Two chairmen of important committees of were wrong in the belief that the public
glis was put seriously in issue, he admit- Congress, one in the House and one in the interest requires the Senate to have a check
ted that he had personally called the AEC Senate, have openly and publicly charged upon the selection of Cabinet members.
prior to the Dr. Inglis appearance for back- Mr. Strauss, when head of the Atomic Energy Is there any present reason to support
ground material. His exact words were, "I Commission, with giving false and mislead- this view of the members of the Constitu-
have never asked for anything on Mr. Inglis ing information to the Congress and to the tional Convention? Yes. It is to be found
in my life" (hearings, p. 827) . This state- public. not only in the traditional American princi-
ment was made May 11, 1959. On May 13 We believe the printed hearings on this ple that this is a government by law, not a
1959 (hearings, p. 844), a letter was read nomination demonstrate how hard it is to government by men, but also in the words of
into the hearings from the Atomic Energy get a direct and complete answer from the your editorial. You said:
Commission dated May 11, 1959, that flatly nominee. The questioning went on for days, "This newspaper has not been by any
stated Mr. Strauss had inquired about Dr. yet we had no choice but to continue if we means an admirer of Admiral Strauss. It
Inglis about April 20, and had been given wanted answers. Standing alone, it might has differed with him strongly in the Op-
some information on April21. be said that some of the things asked were penheimer case, on his defense of the Dixon-
When questioned on this point, Mr. not too important, but tied into the whole Yates contract, on excessive secrecy in nu-
Strauss, after first saying, "I see absolutely proceeding, an impartial and unbiased clear matters and on a number of other
no significance in whether the date was the reader will clearly see the necessity for the important policy questions."
22d of April or May the 5th or what," finally manner in which we proceeded. Let me add, it is more important now that
stated, "I have nothing more to say, Mr. We think the key role played by Mr. we have a President who delegates to others
Chairman, on this point" (hearings, pp. Strauss in the notorious Dixon-Yates case so much of his power that the Senate should
845-846). was a deliberate use of public office for im- not waive its constitutional right to deny
Some of the foregoing it appeared to us proper aid to private . business. When the confirmation in the case of a nominee whose
was not dictated by necessity, because other details of . this abortive attempt to cripple record amply establishes the charge that he
and better answers or explanations seemed TVA was finally brought to the attention of aspires to have his own way in matters of
possible. But this would have involve·d ad- the public through the efforts of Members of public importance, the Congress and even
mission by Mr. Strauss that he had been in Congress and some of our great newspapers, the President to the contrary notwithstand-
error, or had forgotten something he had the President was forced to repudiate the ing. In the Dixon-Yates case Mr. Strauss
once known, or had misunderstood the contract. But Mr. Strauss still defends that denied the Judiciary Committee of the U.S.
charge against him. Such things are un- contract, as a good one (hearing, p. 329). Senate information with respect to the ne-
derstandable, because they involve familiar The hearings disclose that there are many gotiations after the President had indicated
human failings-but Mr. Strauss seems un- unresolved questions. that indicate, we be- his desire to have a full disclosure made, but
able to confess to error in any way. He still lieve, a great deal more knowledge on the also in the present hearings, despite the fact
insists that the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 part of Mr. Strauss, than he has yet re- that the President had ordered the cancella-
forbade the export of isotopes for metal- vealed. tion of the Dixon-Yates contract, Mr.
lurgical research though the other four The record and background of the Dixon- Strauss proclaimed his view that it was a
Atomic Energy Commissioners, the General Yates case is not such as to inspire confi- good contract. It was not a good contract
Counsel of the Atomic Energy Commission, dence in this nominee's future relations with from the public point of view, because it
and the majority of the Joint Committee on Congress and the public, if he is confirmed. was a contract designed to defeat the purpose
Atomic Energy (including Senator Mc- There have been many editorials, discus- of a law of the United States by transferring
Mahon, the principal author of the act) all sions, and even arguments as to the con- to a private utility combination a function
disagreed. He still insists that Senator AN- stitutional privilege of the President to be that Congress had given to the TVA.
DERSON made his case on isotopes on section unhampered in his selection of his official The battle that is being waged now in the
5 of .the act whereas he (Strauss) had made family. This has been much on our minds. United States is a battle to transfer to pri-
his on section 10 (hearings, p. 610), al- On this point, one of the distinguished vate management the powers granted by the
though anyone who reads the record can constitutional lawyers of our time, the Hon- Constitution to the Congress to regulate
see that Senator ANDERSON properly consid- orable JOSEPH C. O'MAHONEY, senior Senator interstate and foreign commerce. It is not
1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-
. SENATE 9987
necessary in a case like this to find "evi- We therefore recommend that the Sen- of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy
dence of serious misconduct or some similar ate reject the nomination of Lewis L. Strauss appeared before this committee and testified
compelling disqualification," as your edi· to be Secretary of Commerce. concerning the conduct of Mr. Strauss during
torial asserts. It is only necessary to in• Respectfully submitted. the years in which he was Chairman of the
sist that a man nominated to be a Cabinet WARREN G. MAGNUSON. · Atomic Energy Commission. The incidents
officer shall have a record which justifies the GEORGE A. SMATHERS. discussed in his testimony reflect a continu-
belief that he will support a government RALPH W. YARBOROUGH. ing pattern of refusal to deal frankly and
by law instead of a government by men. CLAm ENGLE. openly with the Congress; of withholding in-
This constitutional view was never better E. L. BARTLETT. formation which there was a statutory ob-
exemplified than in the case of Charles VANCE HARTKE. ligation to divulge; of evasion and obfusca-
Beecher Warren of Michigan; nominated on GALE w. McGEE. tion. My association with this witness is
March 5, 1925, to be Attorney General of the ADDITIONAL VIEWS OF SENATOR MAGNUSON sufilcient to convince me that his charges
United States. He was rejected on March are not made lightly, but from deep con-
10, 1925, by the Senate by a vote of 41 to There was a direct conflict of testimony re-
39. President Coolidge renominated him 2 garding the role of the nominee and his con- viction born of personal experience. I do .
days later and the Senate again rejected tacts with Mr. Wenzell in the Dixon-Yates not propose to reargue the sufficiency of the
him, this time by a vote of 46 to· 39. He was negotiations. Even if I could accept the examples offered to illustrate this pattern, for
opposed by both Senators from the State of nominee's version of his participation, I am Mr. Strauss has adhered to it in his conduct ·
Michigan-James Couzens, a Republican, forced by the weight of evidence and the long and testimony during the hearings on his
and Woodbridge N. Ferris, a Democrat. The testimony before the Subcommittee on Anti- confirmation.
trust and Monopoly of the Judiciary Com- He labeled it "an unqualified falsehood"
burden of the argument against him was
made by Senator Thomas J. Walsh of Mon- mittee to conclude that he knew much more that he had opposed the export of isotopes for
tana, whose qualifications as a constitu· about the negotiations than he revealed be- medical research in 1949, but later acknowl-
tiona! lawyer no one will deny. fore ·three Senate committees, and that he edged that he had done so in 1947.
was one of the chief architects of this bad He denied having ever as:ked for informa-
Senator Walsh, in opposing the nomina- tion on a hostile witness; and when con-
tion of Warren, made no personal attack contract.
upon him and did not oppose him for any It was so directly contrary to the interests fronted with evidence that he had done so,
inferior office. He said he was not qualified of the people of th,e United States that I can- denied that he had denied it.
not but expect from him in the Department He devoted several days of testimony to a
to be the Attorney General because of his discussion of his views on the functions and
association in the activities of the American o~ Commerce, a continuation of policies not
Sugar Co. which was then generally known in the public interest. responsibilities of the Department of Com-
as the Sugar Trust. These activities, Sen- The people I represent would find me sad- merce, but avoided any reference to pro-
ator Walsh contended, were such that he ly lacking if I did not voice vigorous protest posals for its drastic reorganization.
of such policies in Government, and surely He denied that he had made a statement
could not be entrusted with the enforcement
of the antitrust laws . . Thus the President's would find me wholly lacking if I should give attributed to him in a transcript of hearings
nominee, under clear constitutional author- my advice and consent. before the House Appropriations Committee,
ity, was rejected because, in the belief of a WARREN G. MAGNUSON. which statement was inconsistent with his
majority of the Senate, public policy re- testimony before this committee, charging
SEPARATE MINORITY VIEW OF SENATOR
quired his rejection. that the transcript had been altered-a
MONRONEY
This is the situation that exists . now in charge which later was disproved.
I must reluctantly recommend that the He stated that limitations on exports o!
the case of Mr. Strauss. Public policy re- Sanate decline to consent to the appointment pipe to the Soviet Union had been imposed
quires his rejection as Secretary of Com- of Mr. Strauss to be Secretary of Commerce. with the complete concurrence of the State
merce. Surely the President can find an- It has been suggested that there is some- Department, when in fact they had been
other nominee in whom he has equal con- thing improper in . the Senate's withholding imposed over its written objection.
ft4en•::e who will be qualified both from the its consent to an appointment to a Cabinet
President's personal point of view and from He alternately exaggerated or minimized
post. Because of the intimate relationship his role in decisions in direct relation to
the I·Ublic policy point of view. of trust and confidence which must exist whether they now appear to have been wise
Sincerely yours, between the President and the members of or unwise, proper or improper, acknowledg-
JOSEP~ c. O'MAHONEY, his Cabinet, it is argued that the selection ing no error of judgment during all his
Senator from Wyoming, of his Cabinet is· the sole prerogative of the years of public service. .
-It appears to us from careful attention to President, in which the_ S~nate must auto- ·His initial assertions on almost every topic .
the - testimony.. that Mr. Strauss has with- . matically concur after the formality of a . were misleading, an~ only aft.er persistent .
held or manipulated information to serve hearing. This view, widely urged in connec- questioning- was the full story · available . to
policy or personal ends. On the basis of tbe tion with tne confirmation· of Mr: "Strauss, the committee.
record, we have grave doubts as to whether implies that no conduct of the nominee · ·Information on the conduct of their gov-
or not information furnished by Mr. Strauss, short of criminality is sufficient to justify' his · ernment is not only the people's right, but
as Secretary of Commerce would be accurate rejection. an absolute necessity ·for their effective
or complete. While a plausible argument might be made supervision of that government. They must
We believe that Congress is entitled to all for s.uch .a procedure, in my view it is not know, and know in time to be heard be-
the facts-whether we agree with the con-:- the one provided in our Constitution. I do fore action is taken. · Likewise their repre-
clusions of the Secretary, or his policies, and not regard the Senate's consent as a formal- sentatives must be fully informed if they
we say again that we would not vote against ity or the withholding of its consent as tan- are to legislate wisely. Both the people and ·
Secretary Strauss .s olely because of disagree- tamount to conviction on impeachment. the press are entitled to expect from the
ment with his policy positions, but the Hamilton wrote of the power of the Senate legislative branch of Government the vigi-
hearings developed cold hard facts on even to obstruct the course of honors,. and em- lant protection of the people's right to know. ·
this aspect, that go deep into any hope of phasized that "If an ill appointment should For the Senate to seek to give that protection
his ever being-, or being able to be, a com- be made, the Executive for nominating, and in the exercise of its power of confirmation
petent Secretary of Commerce. the Senate for approving, wou_ld participate, is not only proper, it is obligatory.
As was so well stated in an editorial of though in different degrees, in the oppro- I conceive it to be basic to democratic
the St. Louis Post-Dispatch of May 7, i959, brium • • • ." Nor is the Senate limited, in government that the people, and tJ;leir elec-
"If a Cabinet officer must have the con- the exercise of its constitutional obligation, ted representatives in the Congress, are en-
fidence of the President, he must have the as to the grounds on which its consent may titled to receive from the officials of the ex-
confidence of a majority of Senators as well. be withheld, the authors of the Constitu.tion ecutive branch, not merely literal truth, but
Though the majority cannot fairly demand wisely leaving it to the Senate to determine full information, freely given without design
that a nominee agree with its views, it can the circumstances which would justify its to soothe, to confuse, or to divert. Because
and should demand that he possess quall- disapproval of a nomination. I am convinced that this cannot be expected
fications of character and a record which It is true that the Senate's consent to an of Mr. Strauss, I do not believe that it is in
warrant consent to his nomination." appointment has seldom been refused, the public interest that he be confirmed as
largely because of the wise resort to its ad- Secretary of Commerce.
Conclusion vice, even in advance of a nomination. In MIKE MONRONEY.
We have concluded for all the reasons set the. rather rare periods when different parties
forth above-partly on evidence as to his control the executive and legislative Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, the
past record, but mostly on the basis of his branches, the Senate has much less oppor- Dixon-Yates controversy was one of the
conduct and demeanor before us-that Lewis tunity to exercise the advisory function and matters in which the nominee was in·
L. Strauss is lacking in the degree of integ- can only discharge its constitutional obliga-
rity and competence essential to proper per- tion by granting or withholding consent. volved. ·Much of the time of the com.
formance of the duties of the office to which Mr. Strauss comes before the Senate for mittee was also taken up with a con·
he has been nominated. We regret that this promotion to a Cabinet post, after a long pe- sideration of the nominee's viewpoint
is so, but we cannot otherwise read the rec- riod of service in an important, but lesser, regarding the so-called separation of
ord he has made before our committee. position in the Government. The Chairman powers and executive privilege. Much
9988 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 5
time was taken up with previous exami· power to withhold its consent is -effectuated I read further from our minority
nations of the nominee before other by the incentive provided for the exercise of views:
great care before a nomination is proposed.
committees; and a great deal of the evi· Beyond these preliminary inquiries tradi-
dence dealt with questions involving the Mr. President, at this point let me tionally addressed to nominees for important
Atomic Energy Commission, the Joint suggest that during the course of the positions, we are confident--
Committee on Atomic Energy, and the hearings, and also several days before. And I am-
entire field of atomic energy, all the way and lately, I have heard some expres· that even a cursory reading of the record
from the H-bomb down to isotope ship· sions of amazement by persons who say will demonstrate that we were not only con-
ments to Norway. The committee has they cannot understand why the nomi- cerned with Mr. Strauss' position on ques-
covered most of those items. nation of Mr. Strauss is controversial; tions of substantive policy. Rather, we were
Following the chronology, the minor· they say they did not realize it was con- more concerned as time went on with ques-
ity views state the position of the mi· troversial. Well, Mr. President, perhaps tions of the nominee's attitude toward Con-
nority as fairly as we knew how to state they have not been paying close atten- gress, his past relations with Congress, and
the methOds he followed in the course of our
it, in view of what we felt. From our tion to the proceedings of Congress, or own hearings.
minority views, I now read the following: perhaps they did not have such knowl-
II. THE SENATE'S ROLE IN CONNECTION WITH edge of what has taken place. They state Mr. President, from that point on, I
NOMINATIONS that he is a fine man, and they say they think the minority views have gone into
The undersigned strongly believe that the cannot understand the controversy. every detail, step by step, case by case,
Senate should not confirm the nomination I believe there was rather common indexed and documented by testimony,
of Lewis L. ·S trauss to be Secretary of Com- knowledge of many of these controver- from which we finally arrived at our
merce. sies; and surely nothing received wider conclusion.
After due consideration, we seven Sen- publicity all over the Nation, including in Mr. President, I recommend the minor-
ators say that; and we add the follow· this body, than the so-called Dixon-Yates ity views and the individual views for
ing: controversy in which his name was reading.
This is a conclusion which we do not prominently mentioned. There are many other matters which
reach lightly and without the deepest con- Then in our minority views we state: we could have discussed in a longer re-
sideration, because we believe, as do those port. As a matter of fact, Mr. President,
If this check upon the power of the Ex- I am not so sure that we should not have
supporting this nomination, that great lati- ecutive were removed or denied all effective-
tude should be given to a President in the ness by abandonment of the prerogative,
gone a great deal further into many
selection of individuals to fill high posts in the way would be opened for abuses. We matters which were brought up in the
Government. However, we cannot in good took an oath to uphold the Constitution as hearing. In other words, perhaps we
conscience agree with the contention fre- should have taken the time to proceed
quently advanced since this nomination was it is now written.
submitted to the Senate that we who serve
deeper and further into some of those
We further state: matters. But we felt that we could not
in that body should automatically and un-
questioningly give our consent to every nomi- A. Differences in philosophy cannot be con- take the time to do so, and that we did
nation. trolling not have sufficient -staff to do so, in view
The Constitution provides that the Presi- We agree that a President may appoint of the great number of matters which
dent shall nominate, and by and with the associates who support his political views, if come before the Committee on Interstate
advice and consent of the Senate, shall ap- no violence is done to the Constitution or to and Foreign Commerce and those which
point Ambassadors, other public Ministers our democratic processes. This remains true
when, as now, the President is of one party come before the Senate as a whole.
and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, Mr. Presiqent, in concluding what I
and all other omcers of the United States, and the majority of the Senate of another.
whose appointments are not herein otherwise We do not, therefore, base our opposition to have to say this afternoon on this ques-
provided for, and which shall be established the confirmation of Mr. Strauss upon the tion, I repeat that I hope the debate
by law. differences in opinion which no doubt exist will not be protracted or unduly long.
. We do not understand that this require- between us and the noxninee on a number However, I think there should be suf-
ment of the advice and consent of the Sen- of important political, social, and economic ficient debate on the floor of the Senate,
ate on major appointments was improvi- issues. so that every Member of the Senate who
dently included in our Constitution. Some or all of us have perhaps differed did not have an opportunity to sit
with Mr. Strauss on the Dixon-Yates con-
I am sure the Founding Fathers had tract; on the development of atomic power through the hearings will have sufficient
good reason for it, and discussed it at and the related controversy over the Gore- information to be able to exercise his
some length. Holifield b111; · on the threat of radioactive own judgment.
Then we say: fallout to the health and genetic future of Before I yield to my friend, the Sen-
our people; ator from Wyoming [Mr. McGEE], I also
We believe, rather, that it is one of the wish to state that I do not believe that
most important of the checks and balances And, Mr. President, the last mentioned any Member, including myself, who
which have contributed so greatly to the vi- is an important matter upon which a
tality and stability of our system of Govern- signed the minority views has ever
great deal of testimony was taken, and I sought, either since the hearings were
ment. We believe the Senate should no more am sure it is a matter on which the
abuse its power to withhold its consent than held and since the report has been filed,
the President should abuse his power to veto American people, even as of today, need or before then, to suggest or to use any
laws enacted by the Congress. It is clear real enlightenment: suggestion or influence or to take advan-
that there have. been and will continue to be On the possibility of detection of atomic tage of any relationship with any other
instances in which both of these restraints tests as a basis for enforcible limitations Senator, to ask him to vote either. one
are entirely proper. on such tests in the future; on the proper way or the other on this nomination. I
And here is one. role of our systems of personnel security think we have been almost deliberate in
Then we say: and classification of information in provid- our attempt not to be ·drawn into any
ing the maximum of freedom and public such sort of an arrangement or any such
This was so intended by the Constitution. information consonant with sound national
We are not prepared to abdicate the role as- security; or on the policies to be pursued in campaign to induce any Senator to vote
signed to the Senate by the Constitution. for or against this nominee. We have
When serious questions are raised as to the the fields of international relations and for- been deliberate, however, in document-
fitness of a nominee, as is true in this case, eign trade. We have not reached our con- ing what we think is the case against
we feel that the Senate must discharge its clusions as to Mr. Strauss' qualifications him, in the hope that those who read
function carefully and resolutely. The per- solely upon any disagreements we may have the record and use their own judgment
formance of its duty may be both distasteful as to these rnatters.
and time consuming but it cannot be shirked During the first 4 days of hearings, the will probably see the issue as we see it.
on either ground. comxnittee interrogated Mr. Strauss with Despite reports to the contrary, to
It appears to us that those who contend . regard to various matters within the juris- the knowledge of the chairman there
that the President should be comJ!letely un- diction of the Department of Commerce. has been at no time any sort of a gath-
hampered in the choice of his Cabinet should, ering, caucus, meeting, or anything else,
if they are sincere, seek to amend the Consti- The Senator from Kansas [Mr. in an attempt to line up any Senators on
tution accordingly. We believe that in most ScHOEPPEL] mentioned some of those this side of the aisle so that it would be
cases the restraint inherent in the · Senate's instances. a partisan matter.
'1959. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 99-89
I have heard that Members on the I am forced by the weight of evidence and of some bombs and falling walls and
other side of the aisle will vote solidly the long testimony before the Subcommittee death.
the other way. I do not know. But, on Antitrust and Monopoly of the Judiciary I am hopeful that those who formu-
Committee to conclude that he knew much
surely, there are many fine Democrats more about the negotiations than he re- late our policy, those who conduct our
on this side of the aisle who do not agree vealed before three Senate committees. policy, will look at the world in a little
with us, and we have made no attempt more flexible way, because we are going
to do anything but to suggest by our I am not only convinced that he knew to have to live in it a long time under
actions that if they have an honest dis- more ·about those·negotiations but I am different conditions, and we are going
agreement with us, or we with them, almost firmly convinced that he was the to have to do something other than
that should determine their action. chief architect of the Dixon-Yates con- simply be inflexible in our opinions and
I do not know of anyone in the com- tract. I can come to no other conclu- in our views toward the hundreds of
mittee, or outside the committee, or on sion. But, of course, no one wants to millions or billions of other people who
the floor of the Senate, or in the leader- have it suggested that he had been asso- live in the world.
~;hip, or anyWhere else, wl:10 has even ciated with that contract in any way. I have many reasons for my position,
made such a suggestion. The only time I am convinced that he was a part and but the real reason is documented in
members of the committee, incJuding parcel of it. Coming from where I do, the report. We reached our conclusion
~he chairman, have ever discussed this Mr. Presi~ent, I believe such negothi- reluctantly, but we have a duty which we
matter, other tnan to submit statements tions and such a contract are directly must face. At times it has not been
as to the facts, has been when a Senator contrary to the interests of the people of easy to make a decision. I hope that
may have asked something about what the United States. I am forced to con- in this matter we are correct in our con-
happened in the hearing, because this clude that the same kind of thinking clusions. I hope time will prove us to
matter has been so much in the public would be transferred to the Department be correct, and that we shall make a
eye, or when he has asked us a question, of Commerce. I would be sadly lacking contribution to the best interests of the
and we have given him a courteous an- in the representation of the people of my United States.
swer. That is going to be the attitude State if I did not make a vigorous pro- Mr. ENGLE and Mr. McGEE ad-
of the Senator from Washington during test against that kind of policy and dressed the Chair.
all the debate ori the nomination. thinking. And, I surely would be wholly The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
All the facts are set forth in the hear- lacking in my duty if I gave my advice BARTLETT in the chair). Does the Sen-
ings. Surely, there are enough in- and consent to the confirmation of the ator from Washington yield; and if so,
stances, · there has been enough said, nomination. That is what I would be to whom?
enough evidence has been documented, doing if I voted for the confirmation of Mr. MAGNUSON. I yield first to the
so that each Senator can make up his the nomination. Many matters, of Senator from California.
mind, dictated by his own conscience. course, are controlling on this question, Mr. ENGLE. Mr. President, I should
I should like to mention one other but, to me, this is the controlling one. like to compliment the distinguished
matter. I know many Members of the Mr. President, I have been hearing the chairman of the Senate Committee on
Senate are lawyers. There has been testimony of witnesses before congres- Interstate and Foreign Commerce for
some discussion among the lawyers iri. sional committees for a long time. Be- his excellent, moderate, and fair pres-
the Senate as to their interpretation of fore I came to Congress 23 years ago, I entation. I wish to say, as a new Mem:-
the Constitution on this question and had a little experience both as a U.S. at- ber of the U.S. Senate, that this is the
matters pertaining to constitutional law. torney and as a district attorney in my first nomination which has been vig-
On many occasions since this nomina- hometown of Seattle and King County. orously contested as to which I have
tion canie· to the Senate, the suggestion I have had much to do with witnesses. had an opportunity to sit through th_e
has been made that the President of After a time, one can tell pretty well hearings. I cannot imagine a more fair
the United States has the right to have what the thoughts of witnesses are from hearing being given to any man than
a.s members of his Cabinet those whom what they say, just as some persons can was given to Mr. Strauss by the chair-
he appoints, and that the Senate should tell a lot about my thinking if I were man of the Senate Committee on Inter-
allow him to exercise that right with- testifying. stat"e and Foreign Commerce.
out any suggestion to him under the I think there is something much big- Mr. Strauss was accorded every op-
advice-and-consent clause of the Con- ger involved in this case than appears portunity to answer every criticism
stitution. on the surface. I have been worried for against him. He was given the oppor-
I think that involves a very important a long time. I had not been worried tunity to sit at the witness table during
legal question. The actual role of the much about my country before this. I the time those who testified against the
Senate in the exercise of the advice and remember, when World War II broke out, confirmation of his nomination were tes-
consent constitutional provision is I thought it would be only a brief matter tifying. He was permitted to interject
sometimes misunderstood. As a result, of time before it would end. All of us during the testimony of witnesses who
a couple of pages in the report were thought so. We thought we were so su- were testifying against him in answer to,
used to discuss this question. · I must perior we could handle the situation and and often disputing, statements which
confess we did not write it ourselves; could work out way out of it. But con- were made by the witnesses.
because I thought the thesis of the ditions are becoming worse and worse. · If I had been a witness against Mr.
senior Senator from Wyoming [Mr. I may be wrong, and I do not say this Strauss-and I was not-I would have
O'MAHONEY] on this question was so as a reflection on anyone's integrity or as taken l_'ather serious exception, I think,
complete and so precise and so under- a lack of confidence, but surely I have a to having the nominee sit there and in-
standable by either a lawyer or a lay- right to have some thoughts regarding terrupt every time he saw fit with refer-
man that his views on the question the nominee's thinking. I think he ence to remarks made in a prepared
should be included in the report. I am has-maybe honestly so-a sort of ada- statement.
sure every Senator, or anyone who mant attitude, almost a stubborness, Furthermore, the nominee was given
knows him will agree with the state- which, it seems to me, is getting us no- the opportunity to rebut immediately
ment in the report that he is one of the where in our relations with the world at and on the spot, following statements
outstanding constitutional lawyers, not large. Perhaps it is the proper course; made by each of the witnesses, anything
only in this body, but in the country. only history will disclose. It bothers me, with which he disagreed.
Mr. President, the chairman of the because I see the breach growing wider As the chairman has stated, this was
committee submitted some individual and wider and wider. an unusual procedure. As I say, I had
views. Those views are very brief. They I say that such an adamant way of not previously participated in a hearing
touch on a fundamental question. I thinking-not moving, not trying to on a contested nomination. I assume
read from my views: work things out-may be the best course it would be considered an unusual pro-
There was a direct conflict of testimony in the long run; I do not know; but ·it cedure.
regarding the role of the nominee and his seems to ·me it will lead us down a long Extreme fairness, moderation, and pa-
contacts with Mr. Wenzell in the Dixon- road. It i~ not a road of no return, but tience were exhibited by the chairman of
Yates negotiations. Even if I could accept I can only see one return if we co:n-. the Senate Committee on Interstate and
the nominee's VeTsion of his participation, tinue, and that is a return to the whine Foreign Commerce, which certainly have
9990 :CONGRE-8SIONAL -R ECORD- SENAT-E June ·s
not :warranted some of, the criticism he Senator froin Texas [Mr. YARBOROUGH] Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President,
has received in the public press. as to the importance of a very careful will the Senator yield?
Moreover, our distinguished chairman examination of a presidential nomina- Mr: MAGNUSON. I yield.
did his best to accelerate the hearings, tion for a Cabinet position, which was Mr. YARBOROUGH. I wish to com-
in the light of. the calendar of -business well reasoned and carried forward in . mend the distinguished senior Senator
before his ·committee and before the the discussion today by the Senator ·from Washington for the service-he has
Senate. There were continuous hearings from Washington [Mr. MAGNUSON], that rendered as chairman of the Commit-
in the afternoon, sometimes much to my Mr. Strauss himself replied: tee on Interstate and Foreign Com-
inconvenience. If I had been an older I most certainly agree with you that there merce, and for the fine manner in which
and more senior Member of this body must be a detailed and careful examination the Strauss hearings were conducted
I might have protested the procedure, of an appoin~ment of this stature. during the period of time when he was
because in some instances the hearings This, I think, was lived up to. I present and presiding.
were subject to a point of order. No suppose in a way, the ultimate tribute · I do not believe Senators know all the
such point of order was made by any to the chairman is paid not by his com- difficulties under which the chairman
Democrat or by any opponent of Mr. mittee colleagues on both sides, but by labored. The chairman of the commit-
Strauss. The hearings continued, after- the ladies and gentlemen of the press. tee had sustained a broken foot. He had
noon following afternoon, without objec- Several of them mentioned in my pres- -come to the committee hearings on that
tion from some of us, and many times ence-and I see two of them in the :Jress foot, in pain, for several days, unwilling
without a quorum being present. gallery at the present time-that in all to give up and go to a hospital, not
Mr. President, I want to compliment their experience in covering hearings on knowing that the bones were broken.
our distinguished chairman not only for the Hill, they could not recall when a The foot became so badly swollen and the
the fair, moderate, temperate, and sen- committee chairman had conducted pain so intense that he was unable to
sible statement he has made today, but himself with such responsibility and bear any weight on it.
also for the kind of management and had leaned over so far backward to try An examination revealed that the
chairmanship -he gave to the hearings on to be fair to all concerned. · bones in the chairman's foot were
this highly contro·v ersial and difficult Mr. President, I think the chairman broken. The foot was placed in a cast,
-question. rightly deserves the plaudits of his col- Jtnd the chairman came to the commit-
Mr. McGEE. · Mr. President, will the leagues, as well as of the American pub- _tee hearings despite the- pain, in an ef-
Senator yield? . lic, for his conduct in conducting a hear- fort to exped_ite t:Qe hearings and to
Mr. MAGNUSON. I yield.
Mr. McGEE. I only wish to associate ing on a question which was painful, give the nominee an, opportunity to have
difficult, and tortuous. the hearings move forward. He came to
myself with the remarks just made by
the Senator from California in regard I should like to add a little footnote to the hearings day after day with his foot
to the excellent presentation this after- the observations with regard to the sin- in a cast, walking with a cane, in in-
noon by the chairman of the committee. cere e1Iorts, and I think successful ef- tense pain, in order to keep the hearings
I should like to add, likewise, my ap- forts, to prevent any political insinua- moving. I think the fairness and calm-
·preciation for the forthrightness of the tions . with regard to the Senator's part ness with which he presided are a great
·ranking minority member of the com- .in these deliberations. At no time do I tribute to him. Often, he was the calm-
mittee. As one who sat through the know of an instance when any attempt est person in the hearing room.
hearings, I think we have had the vary- was made to line up the antisentiment Such qualities are the result of his
ing positions very honestly and fairly ·with regard to Mr. Strauss. At no tim~ background as a State district attorney,
represented here. -to my knowledge was there a call of as U.S. district attorney, as a Member of
I think there needs to be a particular any group of the commit~ee to try to have the House of .Representatives, and as a
focus on the aspect of the matter which a meeting of minds with regard to the U.S. Senator. I believe it required
the Senator from California was just candidate. many yea_rs of service to give him
discussing, which was the fairness of the I do note, however, in a Washington the self-control and self-discipline nec-
chairman himself in conducting the newspaper printed the day before yes- essary to enable him to conduct the hear-
hearings under sometimes very trying terday, June 3, that there is a quotation ing in the very fair .manner in which it
circumstances. At times it was neces~ attributed to the distinguished minority was_cQnducted, while unjust attacks were
sary to suspend the ground rules and to leader [Mr. DIRKSEN], which suggests being made upon him at the same time by
meet even when a quorum could not be that there had been a discussion of this the ranking minority member of the
scraped up in an attempt to keep the question by the minority policy commit- committee, who assailed him in the hear-
hearings moving along, because we were tee of this body. That may· be proper, ing with a statement to the e1Iect that
running behind. We met at times when and I have no quarrel with it. I merely the hearing was some kind of persecu-
the session of the Senate would have in- wish the RECORD to show that fact. tion. Nothing was further from the
terfered, and when we had agreed in The distinguished minority leader is fact. I believe that the manner in which
advance we would not meet, in an at- further quoted as saying: - the hearing was conducted was a great
tempt to speed up the hearings. I have no great alarm about defections tribute to the chairman of the commit-
. I think this is a further tribute to the on our side. I am sure of my troops. tee. 1 am proud that I sat with that
chairman of the committee, who was in- committee, and had the opportunity to
terested that there be no more delay I think that, too, is commendable. see the kind of governmental service that
than was absolutely necessary. But I think the Record should show the distinguished chairman rendered.
Finally, I think the fairness of the where this is being done. The chairman of the committee did not
chairman to. the nominee himself was To my knowledge, there has been no even respond to the attack by the rank-
one of the exemplary evidences of how to official majority e1Iort to hold a policy ing minority member. It requires great
conduct a committee hearing. The meeting on this question. I think the personal self-control and public dedica-
chairman of our committee, the Senator chairman was absolutely correct in say- tion for-a man to be able to perform that
from Washington [Mr. MAGNUSON] ing that this is a serioUs question. As he kind of service.
leaned away over backward to accommo- has said, the issues are deep, and the In his statement today the chairman
date Mr. Strauss. There were times possible consequences are of such great of the committee has stated that perhaps
when we even interrupted our commit- moment that the question can be re- we did not go far enough into certain
tee hearings so that Mr. Strauss might solved only in the conscience of each questions. As one member of the com-
make a speech he had long since com- Senator. It must be an individual mittee, I believe that the committee
mitted himself to make elsewhere. I resolution, rather than a party or group should have gone further in inquiring
think this was a proper accommodation. operation. into certain subjects, particularly the
It was my observation that there was I commend the distingUished chairman questions raised by the attorney Jarrell
no attempt to abuse in any way Mr. of the committee for the high plane on Garonzik, of Dallas, and dealt with on
Strauss' convenience, liis requests, or his which he placed the issue before this body page 448 of the record, regarding certain
wishes. today. uranium stocks.
I noted in the RECORD, Mr. President, . Mr. MAGNUSON. I thank the Sena- · There is a sketchy memorandum on
after a comment by the distinguished tor. page 1100 of the record, on the
1959 CONGRESSI_ONAL RECORD- SENATE 9991
question of interlocking directorships is required by .t he rules-·to -be present at .in peaceful uses of atomic energy, and-
and the relationships of Kuhn-Loeb and -three or -four places at the same time, . certainly not the least controversial-
Rockefeller interests in the uranium while having a multitude of other duties the questions on security clearances for
field. I sought to have the committee go to perform for his constituents. employees in the atomic energy field.
into the question of what happened to _ I ask Senators to take the time to read The Judgments which ·he made on these
the prices of uranium stocks following the 1,128 pages of the record. I know questions stand as a magnificent tribute
the statement by Jesse C. Johnson, Di- that that represents quite an under- to the competency and ability, as well as
rector, Division of Raw Materials, Atomic taking for them, and that this is a broad the unflinching patriotism of the nom-
Energy Commission, in a memorandum request to make. However, in view of inee.
dated June 14, 1956. I sought informa- the attacks that have been made on the It was, indeed, inevitable that there
tion as to who owned uranium stocks be- integrity of the committee, I ask my would be a serious conflict in judgment
fore the statement, and who acquired colleagues to read the record before they between any public servant in this field
stocks after the market was broken by believe any of the attacks. We have who took a firm stand and others in the
the statement. seen an effort to confirm an appointee same and allied fields. The differences in
I do not criticize the committee for its by propaganda. judgment arose and, indeed, were fore-
decision. It was the thought of the ma- One Member of the Senate who is not doomed, not only from divergent prog-
jority of the committee that this was not a member of the committee said to me noses as to contemplated courses of ac-
a subject properly within our jurisdic- today, "I am reading the record, and I tion in the atomic energy field, but from
tion, but rather one that came under the am more impressed every day by the basic differences in philosophy. Place
jurisdiction of the Joint Committee on fairness of the hearing." any man of deep convictions-and I
Atomic Energy. I believe that it was a Again I add my word of appreciation doubt that anyone will question that Mr.
proper subject for ·consideration in con- to the distinguished chairm~n of the Strauss is a man of deep convictions-in
nection with the nomination of Mr.. Committee on Interstate and Foreign the same circumstances, and controversy
Strauss. Commerce for the objective manner in will result. /
I am merely trying to iUustrate how which the hearing was conducted. Contrary to what appears to be the
fair the chairman was to the nominee. Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President, I impression in some quarters-the Wash-
I am not criticizing the majority on its rise in support of the confirmation of ington Post, for example-the fact that
decision on the question raised as to the nomination of Lewis L. Strauss to be a man is controversial does not disqualify
whether or not that particular subject Secretary of Commerce. him from public service. If such were
came within the province of the Com- Let me acknowledge at the outset that the case, few, if any, men with the requi-
mittee on Interstate and Foreign Com- this is a controversial question. The site experience would be eligible to serve,
merce or some other, committee. Juris- fact that it is controversial is in some and the Cabinet of every President would
diction was not assumed by the Com- respects reassuring to me. Mr. Strauss necessarily be staffed with mediocrity,
mittee on Interstate and Foreign Com- has a record of long public service in rather than quality and ability. Let us
merce. high office. Were there to be no objec- dispel once and for all any illusion that
In the light of what actually . hap- tion to his confirmation, I · might be in- may exist that the Senate shall establish
pened at the hearing, I believe that noth- ftuenced to believe .that during this long a new criterion for confirmation based
ing could be a worse misrepresentation period of service the nominee was, in es- on whether · a man is controversial.
of the facts than the criticism to the sence, a do-nothing. I am proud that As stated in the supplemental views
effect that the hearing was a witch hunt, such is not the case. of the committee report on this nom-
or a trial by innuendo. Other deroga- Although the nominee's record of serv- ination, I believe that differences in
tory terms about the hearing were used ice is long in period of time, his record philosophy should be minimized- in the
here on the ftoor this week by the junior of accomplishments in benalf of our Senate's consideration of a confirmation
Senator from Pennsylvania. country is much longer. He has served of an appointment to a Cabinet post.
This hearing was conducted by the in the administrations of the last three The President is presumably aware of the
distinguished senior Senator from Wash- Presidents-Roosevelt, Truman, a n d philosophy of any man he appoints to a
ington in ·a manner to reftect credit not Eisenhower. As a member, and subse- Cabinet post, and it is inconceivable that
only upon the committee, but upon the quently as Chairman, of the Atomic En- the President would appoint a man to a
U.S. Senate itself. It would have done ergy Commission, Mr. Strauss partici- Cabinet post if the nominee adhered to
credit to any tribunal. I sat for 5 years pated at the highest level in dealing with a philosophy substantially contrary to
as a trial judge in my State in a court the most volatile and controversial issue that of the President, or his administra-
of general jurisdiction. For 3 ¥2 years I of modern times. The scientific advance tion, in the area in which the nominee
was presiding judge over 33 counties. I in the field of atomic energy, with its is to function. The President and his
have served as the law member of a original application in the field of party are accountable to the people at
military commission. I have served as weaponry, was so rapid that the fact of the polls for their philosophy as it is em-
the law officer at courts-martial. I have its existence preceded a full public bodied in policy and actions. At the
appeared before many administrative awareness and consciousness of its po- same time, let us hope that the Senate
tribunals. I have served some. I have tentialities and far-reaching effects on will always have members who are not
never seen a hearing before a tribunal every phase of our lives. The contro- in accord with the philosophy of the
of any kind, whether it be a court or a versy i~.this field has not been lessened President, for unanimity to this extent
board, military or civil, that was more by the suspicion in the public's mind would be quite indicative of an abysmal
fair and just than the hearing presided stemming from the secretiveness neces- lack of freedom of thought among the
over by the distinguished chairman of sarily accompanying the scientific ad- people themselves.
the committee in his conduct of the vances because of its military applica- The transcript of the hearings on this
hearings on the days when he was pres- tions. nomination is voluminous. It contains a
ent. I think he was present every day variety of objections to the nominee's
except one afternoon, when the pain and It was in this novel :field that Mr. confirmation. Others have also raised
Strauss applied his long and valuable ex-
swelling in his foot forced him into a
hospital. perience as an administrator and
clear and logical judgment in the public
his reasons for objections both on the Senate
ftoor and in statements in the press, but
This is a most important issue to the they are not substantially different from
United States. I hope that each Mem- interest. In response to his official du- the reasons given in the hearings. .
ber of the Senate will study the entire ties, and consistent with his honest judg- I attended as many of these hearings
1,128 pages of the record. That is a ment, Mr. Strauss took a firm and reso- as my schedule would permit, and I have
difficult task. Most Members have two lute stand on such widely controversial studied the transcript extensively. It is
or three committees meeting simulta- issues as testing of the hydrogen bomb, my firm conclusion that every objection
neously, and they are under obligation to shipping of radioactive isotopes to for- to the confirmation of this nomination is
be present at those committee meetings. eign nations, the dangers posed by radio- · founded, basically, on a difference in
Sometimes they are testifying before active fallout, -the adequacy of our nu- judgment or philosophy, whether the
another committee. Often the Senate is clear detection system, the extent to objectors are, or are not, conscious that
in session at the same time. A Senator which private industry should participate such is the case.
9992 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 5
""It is unquestionable that our objec- agreement in philosophy. Senator PAs- only with eyes of love, they interpret that
tivity is weakened by our emotions. It is TORE has pointed out that the chasm action With a certain sense of benevolence.
an equally human characteristic that our that separates him and the nominee in Yet when somebody else does it, that they
emotions are aroused by the advocacy of the political and economic categories don't like too much, it seems to be an evil
act.
philosophies to which we feel deeply is "wide, and in some instances, un-
opposed. bridgeable." The Senator from Rhode Island has
The hearings on this nomination were Another charge, which has been con- summed up this matter in a nutshell.
prone to arouse emotions, as is obvious tinuously reiterated by opponents of The nominee has taken an active part
to anyone who observed them and even confirmation, centers . around the un- in public affairs for a period of 40 years.
to one who reads the transcript. Al- equivocal dispute in testimony between He has, in an official capacity, testified
though I approached the hearings with- the nominee and Adolph Wenzell. Mr. before numerous congressional hearings.
out any strong feelings about the nom- Wenzell stated that he informed Admiral He has been widely reported in the press,
inee-in fact, I had never met the man Strauss that he was an employee of the and many columnists have commented
before his appointment--! found myself Bureau of the Budget, and the nominee on his actions. His services, as I have
having to resist emotions of antagonism stated that he knew Mr. Wenzell only as pointed out, have been connected with
inspired by the advocacy of views and a representative of First Boston Cor- highly controversial issues.
philosophies to which I am violently op:. portation. This conflict of testimony is With such a public record for a
posed. For instance, when two of the not a late occurrence, but, in fact was playground, anyone who is so minded
witnesses from the ranks of scientists given in 1954. It was related and re- can except apparent inconsistencies and
continued to defend Dr. Oppenheimer, to related during the hearings on the nomi- apparent illustrations of deceitfulness of
talk of our "national guilt" for having nation in question. Time and again it the nominee, just as could be done from
developed the hydrogen bomb-although has been reiterated that one of the two the record of any other public servant
they themselves worked vigorously for was lying. With this assertioo I am . or person in the public eye to the extent
development of the atom bomb-and satisfied that few will argue; but it is that the nominee has been. Viewed in
raised their wail of woe that our security extremely significant that no witness its entire context, however, the record
laws were too rigidly enforced, it was would assert, as distinguished from in- and the verbal expressions of the nom-
only by the most determined exercise in sinuate, that the nominee was the liar inee disclose no disqualification.
willpower that I viewed the testimony in this instance. In assuming this approach I am not
of these witnesses as merely the expres- The reason for the innuendo, rather unaware that at least one witness be-
sion of impractical idealists, rather than than a clear-cut charge of falsehood, is fore the committee based his objections
parrots of the Daily Worker. evident from the facts surrounding the solely on the political philosophy of the
Similarly, I can understand that those transaction. Mr. Wenzell was involved nominee. The question of political phi-
who disagree basically with the nom- in a personal conflict of interest matter. losophy has not historically been a cri-
inee's philosophy · can unintentionally Criminal prosecution was in the offing. terion for the confirmation of nomina-
approach his testimony and record with It was, from his standpoint, a self-serv- tions, except to the extent that it might
a desire to find conflicts of statements ice to establish that he had been dealing affect loyalty to our form of government.
conflicts of interests, and _unseemly con~ in the Dixon-Yates transaction above I do not believe that the Senate is ready
duct. With the presence of this desire board and out in the open, with no in- to adopt a new criterion, and I know
it is not too difficult to understand ho~ tention to represent conflicting interests that I am not.
their interpretation of the record and at the same time. His statement, in Only recently it was argued · persua-
testimony is reached. point of law, is· known as a self-serving sively to this body that the historic cri-
An objective consideration of the evi- declaration, and, as a practical matter, teria used by the Senate on questions
dence will not bear out the charges that raises a suspicion, even when not con- of confirmation of appointments were
have been hurled at the nominee. Take, tradicted. It was contradicted by a pub- four in number, and consisted of good
for example, the charge of noncoopera- lic servant with a long and devoted rec- character and mental soundness, free-
tion with Congress. There can be no ord of unselfish service to our country, dom from conflict of interest, loyalty to
doubt that the Senator from New Mex- who had no axe to grind. our system of government, and compe-
ico [Mr. ANDERSON] conscientiously be- The transaction in which Mr. Wenzell tency to perform the job for which the
lieves that Mr. Strauss, as Chairman of was involved concerned an issue of the appointment was made.
the AEC, failed to keep Congress in- deepest political and economic philos- Viewed objectively from these criteria,
.formed and failed to cooperate with it. ophy- public power versus private the nominee should be confirmed by the
In considering this question, however, power. There are those who feel most Senate. .
we cannot overlook the fact that all the strongly-yes, even emotionally-about On the question of character, there is
others who had the same official rela- this issue. And that emotion is ever an abundance of evidence. An over-
tionship as chairmen of the Joint Com- present in any discussion of action with whelming majority of the reputable press
mittee on Atomic Energy, with the nom- relation to the much discussed Dixon- has supported him editorially. People
inee, take a contrary view to the Sena- Yates transaction. who have known the nominee for a life-
tor from New Mexico. The other The relevant fact with respect to the time of public service have come forward
chairmen were Senator McMahon, Sen- nominee in the Dixon-Yates transaction with unsolicited testimonials to his un-
ator Hickenlooper, Representative Cole, is that there was no conflict of interest impeachable character. These testimo-
and Representative Durham, whose at- on his part, and all the rationalization nials include statements by Members of
titudes are summarized in the commit- in the world cannot attribute the ac- our own body from both sides of the
tee report on this nomination. Lest tions of Mr. Wenzell to the nominee. aisle. As examples, I shall read, first, a
there be any doubt that the divergent Even such a springboard of emotions as letter from our esteemed former col-
opinion of Senator ANDERSON be attrib- Dixon-Yates cannot bridge this gap and league, Senator H. Alexander Smith, of
utable to philosophical differences attribute misconduct to Mr. Strauss. New Jersey:
rather than the nominee's action dur~ The whole play of emotions in viewing DEAR STROM: I am writing this personal
ing the particular period when Senator this confirmation, or any other question, note to those present Members of the Senate
ANDERSON, as chairman of the Joint was most ably and succinctly stated by who were colleagues of mine during these
the junior Senator from Rhode Island past years. ·
Committee, worked with the nominee I am distressed over the charges that have
one need only to refer to the individuai [Mr. PASTORE] during the hearings, and been made in the current debate on the con-
views of the junior Senator from Rhode I quote: firmation of Adm. Lewis Strauss to be Secre-
Island on this nomination. Senator If you don't like a man, I suppose you can tary of Commerce which appear to reflect on
PASTORE was chairman of the Subcom- construe anything he has done as being ill his character and on his integrity. We must
mittee on Agreements for Cooperation advised, as being deceitful, as being cunning. bear in mind that he has been nominated by
and a member of the Joint Committee . It is like anything else. President Eisenhower to be a member of the
during Senator ANDERSON's chairman- I have seen a lot of men brag about President's Cabinet.
ship. It is also indicative that the at- their children for having done something I have known Lewis Strauss since World
that they might have spanked someone ·else's War I when we served toegther in the u.s.
titude of these others on the nominee's child for having done. But ·just because it Food Administration under former President
cooperation does not stem from an happens to be their child and they see him Hoover. I have been privileged to be asso-
1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD--- SENATE -9993
elated with him .in all President Hoover's was prepared in connection with the I feel that I would be :remiss-if I con-
postwar relief and educational activities. We testimony of Mr. Garonzik, who testified cluded without at least mentioning what
are both members -of the Belgian-American in executive session, but whose testimony I consider to be a factor for considera..
Educational Foundation. is included in the hearings. No rela .. tion -in voting on this nomination, al ..
I have followed with great interest and
admiration his brilliant business career and tionship by the nominee with either though it is not within the usual -criteria
his outstanding military service in World Kuhn-Loeb or the Rockefellers was of the Senate's tests on confirmations.
War II. I know of no one who has main- shown during the periods of the nomi .. It arises from unusual circumstances of
tained during his entire life higher stand- nee's Government service, nor was . any this nomination, and, indeed, from the
ards of integrity and dedicated selfless public current connection shown. The wit- unusual times in which we live. ·
service than Adm. Lewis Strauss. ness, Garonzik, in substance, testified AJ3 I have pointed out earlier, and as all
Let me add that Lewis has had no. part in that, in his .opinion, the nominee and of us are aware, the nominee has been
my sending -this letter nor does he know I in positions of prominence in the ad-
have done so. Kuhn-Loeb think alike. This sort of
With warm personal regards, I remain testimony is involved and is voluminous, ministration of our security programs.
Always cordially yours, and best typified as "full of sound and He has been unflinchingly diligent in en-
H. ALEXANDER SMITH. fury, signifying nothing." forcing security laws. In the process, the
Although there has not been forthcom- nominee has unquestionably been a thorn
From our side of the aisle, we draw on ing any evidence that the nominee would in the flesh of subversive elements; for
the recommendation of the able senior have a conflict of interest, were he to be some time, he has even been a target
Senator from Virginia [Mr. BYRD], who appointed to any job in the Government, for such brickbats as were at their
wrote the following le'tter to the chair.: it is still important to remember that the disposal.
man of the Commerce Committ~: nomination is for Secretary of Com.. I do not mean to imply that the Com-
Hon. WARREN G. MAGNUSON, merce, not to some post in the atomic mumsts are in any way directly respon..
Chairman, Senate Commit~ee on Interstat~ energy field, to which the meaningless sible for the opposition to this nomina·
and Foreign Commerce, Washington, D.c. tion in the Senate. Unquestionably, the
MY DEAR WARREN: Thank you for your let.,. testimony on this point was apparently
directed. opposition in the Senate and the opposi·
ter with respect to the hearing on the nomi- tion of the Communists to the confirma·
nation of Lewis L. Strauss to be Secretary of The nominee is loyal to our form of
Commerce. government. He is intensely patriotic. tion of Mr. Strauss are for completely
I have known Admiral Strauss for a long Every iota of testimony and evidence dissimilar reasons.
time. [ -think -he is a-man of v-ery great abil- points unequivocally to this conclusion. Nevertheless-and this is my point--
ity and is eminently qualified for this posi- As a matter of fact, some of the wit- if the nomination of Admiral Strauss as
tion. He bas a great _breadth of experience nesses objected to his preoccupation with Secretary of Commerce is not confirmed,
and is splendidly equipped in ~very way. security . . If, indeed, he be one of the few the Communists will undoubtedly, albeit
I trust your committee will .report his nom- falsely, claim credit for having ' purged
ination as promptly as possible. preoccupied with security, he should be
commended, rather than condemned. It from the Government another strong ad·
With best wishes, I am vocate of security. Although such a
Faithfully yo~rs. is interesting to note that these witnesses
attempted to sustain this particular point claim may be without any substance or
HARRY F. BYRD. truth, there is a distinct possibility that
by directing attention to remarks in a
These are only examples of the testi- speech delivered by the nominee at Co- the claim will have a deterring, although
mony to the good character of the lumbus, Ohio, in November 1953. The unconscious, effect on persons who might
nominee. remarks of Mr. Strauss which the witness be called upon to administer our secu-
Opponents to the confirmation of this suggested showed his oversecurity con .. rity program in the future.
nominee point repeatedly to the legal- sciousness are as follows: Fanciful though it may seem at first
istic answers of Mr. Strauss. I mention glance, it is a possibility which deserves
There are some who think that in the past the mature and objective consideration
the inclination of the nominee to give we have erred on the side of excessive secu-
legalistic answers to congressional com- rity. There are others who think we have of every M·e mber of this body. I do not
mittees, not as it affects his character, revealed too much information. Many years suggest for a moment that it is a con·
for it has no bearl.ng on that matter, and of association with the problem have shown trolling factor; but it is certainly more
reflects to no extent on his forthright- me that when the error is on the side of too vital, by far, than some of the -consider-
much security, that can be rectified; but if ations which have been suggested.
ness, in my opinion. On the· contrary, the error has been in the other direction,
it does reflect on the question of mental In conclusion, I admonish each Mem-
there is nothing appropriate but handwring- .ber of this body to read the entire tran·
soundness, for it shows that the ing and vain -regrets.
abundance of experience that the nomi- script of the hearings on this nomina-
nee has had in testifying before con- I can only summarize the evidence on tion. They are voluminous; but only in
gressional committees has not gone the question of loyalty by quoting an- the full context can the issues be clearly
unheeded. Legalistic answers are often other patriotic Virginian's apt remark, put into proper perspective. In the
a necessity if one· is to survive congres- "If this be treason, make the most of it." transcript is everything except the
sional grilling. · - As to the fourth of the criteria to which demeanor of the witnesses; and in some
I have referred, it is my opinion that the instances even that is apparent in the
There is no question, actually, as to country is indeed fortunate that a man transcript.
the mental soundness of the nominee. of the nominee's ability will still consent Mr. President, I am convinced beyond
Even the witnesses who most vigorously to undertake this public service. His ex- any shadow of a doubt, from the evidence
opposed his confirmation admitted that perience as an administrator extends before the Senate, that the nomination
the nominee was a man of acute mental back for several decades. He has ren- of Lewis L. Strauss· to be Secretary of
perception. There was even a hint that dered outstanding service in each of the Commerce should be confirmed.
his mental ability was somewhat too good positions of government in which he has Mr. COTTON. Mr. President, will the
for the likes of his antagonists. - served. It would be difficult, if, indeed, Senator from South Carolina yield?
There is no conflict of interest dis- not impossible, to find in another man The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. HART
qualification. Charges in this regard the combination of knowledge of com- in the chair) . Does the Senator from
have been substantiated by innuendo merce, ·administrative ability and ex- South Carolina yield to the Senator from
only. There has been an effort to find perience, and familiarity with. govern- New Hampshire?
conflict of interest in the Dixon-Yates mental practices and procedures, to the Mr. THURMOND. I yield.
matter, which I have previously men- degree that this combination is present · Mr. COTTON. Mr. President, in view
tioned; and on Wenzell's part, there may in the nominee. of the fact that I was one of those who
well have been; but there is no evidence If, then, we put aside differences in for many days sat with t11e Senator from
of conflict of interest insofar as the political and economic philosophi~s. South Carolina through the hearings be-
nominee is concerned. which exist most bro;;~.dly among the fore the Committee on Interstate and
There is printed in the transcript of Members of this body on almost any Foreign Commerce, and after having
the hearings, at page 1100, a staff study of given question, and concern ourselves listened today to his direct, unimpas-
interlocking relationships of Kuhn-Loeb with pertinent qualifications of the nom- Sioned analysis of the evidence relating
and Rockefeller interests in the uranium inee, the evidence is overwhelmingly· in to the factors bearing on the question of
field. I can only suppose that this study favor of confirmation. confirmation of the nomination of Mr.
CV-631
9994 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 5
Strauss to be Secretary of Commerce, I tiona! approaches which have been made able to find no substantial · criticism of
cannot· refrain from saying to the Sen- to ·this subject by other Senators whose Admiral Strauss' capability .to handle
ator from South Carolina that, although discussions have been based upon chi- the job of Secretary ·of Commerce, the
perhaps it means little for one to be com- mera rather than upon the facts as ad- job he has performed competently, it
mended by someone who happens to duced on the record and from the nomi- appears, since he took the oath of office
agree with him, I only hope that it will nee's history. on November 13, 1958.
be my privilege to be a Member of this I want personally again to express my For these reasons, Mr. President, I be-
body in future years when a nomination appreciation to the Senator from South lieve that the nomination of Lewis L.
to a Cabinet post or other high post in Carolina ·for courageously, intelligently, Strauss to succeed Sinclair Weeks as
the Government is before the Senate and and forthrightly discharging his duties· Secretary of Commerce should be con-
when the nominee is not of my party or as a United States Senator in an unas- firmed:
of my philosophy. In such case, the ex- sailable manner. Concerning the current debate on this
ample the distinguished Senator from Mr. THURMOND. I wish to thank matter, Mr. President, and the ultimate
South Carolina has set here, today, will the distinguished Seantor from Iowa for vote on confirmation, I wish to commend
remain in my mind; and I hope I may his kind remarks. our distinguished majority leader for
follow it, and that I may be as broad in Mr. SCHOEPPEL. Mr. President, will the criteria which he set down recently.
my statesmanship, as unimpassioned the Senator yield? I think the Senate as a whole can bene-
and as fair in my approach and as un- Mr. THURMOND. I yield to the dis- fit very deeply from his standards. On
swerving to my convictio~ as a Senator tinguished Senator from Kansas. . May 21, the able senior Senator from
as the distinguished Senator from South Mr. SCHOEPPEL. I wish to commend Texas mentioned that the duty of the
Carolina has been this day. the distinguished Senator from South Senate to pass upon the President's
Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President, I Carolina for his very able and brilliant nominations, whereas not a perfunctory
wish to thank the distinguished Senator presentation on the fundamental issues function, ought not to be a political one
from New Hampshire for his kind involved. I know the Senator has given either. All Senators, he advised, should
remarks. careful consideration to the question and vote according to the conscientious
. Mr. IDCKENLOOPER. Mr. President, has been faithful in· his attendance on judgment of each, applying the stand-
will the Senator from South Carolina the hearings. With his experience and ards of conscience and conviction "with-
yield tome? background, I can say very frankly the out regard to partisanship." He pointed
Mr. THURMOND. I yield. Senator has made a fine presentation, be- out that the Senate generally has not
Mr. IDCKENLOOPER. Mr. President, cause it has touched upon some of the attempted to harass the President, and
I wish to join the Senator from New cardinal issues the Senate will have to that he would be no party to such a
Hampshire in his commendation of the <,iecide when it finally votes on the con- movement. He also said:
Senator from South Carolina for the firmation of the nomination. We have to consent and we have to con-
outstanding address we have just heard Mr. THURMOND. I wish to thank firm the nominations of the President if we
on a most important subject. the distinguished Senator from Kansas. think the nominees · will carry out the laws
I have known the Senator from South Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, in the manner that they ought to be carried
Carolina for a considerable length of out.
I rise to support the nomination of Lewis
time. I have the highest admiration for L. Strauss to be Secretary of Commerce. · All of us in this body should be grate-
his perception, his courage, and his de- Through my service on.the Appropria- ful to the· esteemed majority leader fol'
votion to duty. I can say to him that this tions Committee, I have had the oppor- his words, and I personally hope verY
is another outstanding example of the tunity · to work closely with Admiral deeply that the Senate, in regard to this
dedication of the Senator from South Strauss for almost 10 years. Since early or any other nomination, will uphold the
Carolina to what he believes to be right. 1947, shortly after he was appointed a standards he has set forth. It would be
I shall speak about this matter later, on member of the first Atomic Energy Com- tragic, and against the ·best tradition of
my own time, but I should like to say to mission by President Truman, until his this body, to put Admiral Strauss on
the Senator at this moment that I have resignation in 1950, and again from 1953 trial on the basis of narrower Demo-
had rather intimate public association when his nomination to that body was cratic-Republican loyalties, or, for that
with Lewis Strauss since 1946 and that confirmed by the Senate until he re- matter, according to the so-called lib-
the association included the formative signed as chairman in 1958, we have eral-conservative ideological split.
days of the atomic energy program, and worked together on fiscal matters. Dur- We will do a grave disservice to our
other activities. ing those periods of time, therefore, I country, its governmental system, and to
The Senator from South Carolina, in have observed Lewis Strauss and partic- the prestige of this body itself if we
my judgment, is completely right and ipated with him in a most important area consider this question in a partisan or
sound not only in his analysis, but in his of the work of the Atomic Energy Com- petty way. Emotional reaction and per-
conclusions. I know of no man in pubUc mission, and have formed strong convic- sonal rancor have no place here, either.
life who has devoted more conscientious tions about his competency, dedication Much emphasis has been placed on in-
time to his country and to the duties of and integrity as a high-level public dividual decisions and actions of Mr.
numerous high offices which he has held servant. · Strauss. Because he is a man of action,
than has Lewis Strauss. I have always found Admiral Strauss there will of course be those who oppose
I think the Senator's brilliant, but un- to be clear and forthright, cooperative him. History may prove some of his ac-
impassioned, approach to a most serious and honest, in his dealings with me and tions to have been wrong. Every one
matter-and the confirmation of the the Appropriations Committee. His of us faces the same risk when historians
nomination of a proposed Cabinet mem- competency was demonstrated to me, for weigh what we have done. However, in
ber is a serious matter-is in keeping instance, by his fine understanding of the aggregate Mr. Strauss has proven
with the Senator's own serious dedica- fiscal matters, particularly important himself to be a devoted public servant of
tion to duty in an unimpassioned and during the early years of the AEC. I rare ability. His career in recent days
highly intelligent, determined, and cour- certainly believe Lewis Strauss to beag- has been marked more strongly by the
ageous way. gressive in going after what he believes critical cries of those who disagree with
As a long-time acquaintance, asso-- in, and I commend him for this neces- some of his decisions than by the words
ciate, and friend of Lewis Strauss, I want sary characteristic of leadership which of praise for the able, forthright ac-
to thank the Senator for his objective ap- is so critically needed in t hese challeng- tions which he has brought to pass.
proach. ing times. The heart of the matter, Mr. President,
While this is perhaps a comparison The fact that the nominee has worked is the nominee's integrity and compe-
which I should not even refer to at this at high levels with such dedication for tence.
t1me, I feel I must. I think the difference so long-under three Presidents, and The "advice and consent" duty given to
between the Senato;r's ·objective ·a p-- with decorations from both the Army the Senate by the Constitution provides a
proach to this whole ·problem and his and the Navy for service in wartime-is function under America's vital balance of
clear analysis of' the . facts, are in con- also naturally influential on my decision. power arrangements. The Senate must
trast with some of the impassioned, eino-· In addition, let me say that I have been discharge this duty thoroughly, yet with
1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 999'5
a faithfulness to its purpose. The spirit military construction authorization bill, terim before Bomarc B missiles are
and tradition of the Constitution give but with an amendment which would ready to be deployed for use. Together
broad leeway to the President in the sharply cut :back the requested extension with the newer and more effective Nike-
choice of his Cabinet members. and improvement of the Nike-Hercules Zeus missile now being developed, they
One of the opportunities which has system. It recommends that appropria- will be highly valuable complements to
been afforded me in ·public life was to tion of only $5,081,000 be authorized for the Bomarc when the Bomarc B is fully
serve as Governor of the Commonwealth the coming fiscal year for expansion of operational.
of Massachusetts. Many other Mem- the Nike-Hercules system. This would The Bomarc B is expected ultimately
bers of the Senate have held similar office be a cut of $17,332,000 below what Presi- to have an effective range of about 400
where the responsibility for planning dent Eisenhower recommended. The miles. The effective range of the Nike-
and carrying out a program of govern- committee would authorize the full $26,- Hercules is about 80 miles, and that of
ment action has weighed as the heaviest 900,000 appropriation for the Bomarc the Nike-Zeus will be substantially
of the many duties of the office. Anyone program. greater. No matter how good the Bo-
who has this task becomes immediately Mr. President, the proposed cutback in marc ultimately is, some enemy super-
aware of his need for top-flight men to the requested extension of the Nike- sonic planes and missiles may get past
serve in the key positions of his official Hercules ballistic missile system could be the Bomarc curtain in any attack made
family, seriously detrimental to our national de- on us. As a last defense against such
To a much .higher degree, the Presi- fense, even to our continued national elusive aircraft and missiles, we would
dent of the United States is entitled to existence. This comes at a time when still have the Nike system for a final at-
have in his Cabinet those persons in the Nike-Hercules is the only close-de- tempt to destroy them before they reach
whom he has confidence, and it is my fense missile in our military arsenal that their targets. Such a role for the Her-
deep belief that the Senate should con- is ready for use, with proven ability to cules and Zeus is vitally important.
firm his nominees unless there is serious destroy enemy aircraft flying at· super- Many remarks have been bandied
disqualification in the areas which we sonic speed. about in recent days to the effect that
have discussed-competency and in- I am one of the economy-minded the Nike missiles system already is ob-
tegrity. I do not think it is within the Members of this body, and I believe that solete, that it is not a system which can
spirit of the Constitution, as written by Government expenditures in all fields be of value in missile warfare. Let us
the Founding Fathers and as valid should be held to the lowest possible see what the proven facts are.
throughout the years, for the Senate to figures consistent with the national wel- It was on November 27, 1951, that a
attempt to revise policies in which the fare. In this particular case, however, Nike-Ajax made the first successful
President of the United States believes, the proposed reduction in expenditures guided ·missile intercept of an aircraft.
by controlling the appointment of his would not be consistent with the national In December 1953, the first Nike-Ajax
top advisers rather than by the legis- welfare. The proposed cutback in the battalion was deployed in a defensive
tive process. Our President, with the Army's Nike program could seriously im- position to protect a strategic target area.
demands and almost inhuman burdens of pair our ability to intercept an invader That same year, 1953, intensive work was
his position, must have the people he and prevent him from wreaking destruc- begun on the second generation, more
wants close by to help him. It is with tion on our homeland. This proposal effective Nike-Hercules.
this belief, .incidentally, that I cast my comes at a time when we cannot afford
to create such a gap in our air-defense In November 1958, a Nike-Hercules
vote for Henry Wallace as Secretary of missile achieved the first free-world in-
Commerce .in 1945, even though I dis- capability.
The cutback is proposed on the theory tercept of a supersonic target missile by
agreed emphatically with most of the destroying a missile which was traveling
views which he expressed at that time that the entire Nike-Hercules defense
missile system now in use is obsolete and over 1,500 miles per hour at an altitude
and afterward. of more than 60,000 feet. Also, in No-
I hope, then, Mr. President, that the needlessly duplicates the Air Force's
Bomarc weapon. vember of 1958, a Nike-Hercules success-
Senate will demonstrate its traditionally fully intercepted a balloon-launched
high degree of statesmanship in this I vigorously support the Bomarc be- target at an altitude of more than 100,000
matter, and confirm the nomination of cause, when fully developed, it will be- feet. In December 1958, a Nike-Hercules
Secretary Strauss. come a most effective weapon for our intercepted a supersonic missile target
air-defense system. traveling at more than 2,000 miles an
But the Bomarc still is in the develop- hour at an altitude of 14 miles. This
NIKE-HERCULES AND BOMARC ment stage. It will be at least 2, and record effectively refutes any contention
. MISSILES more likely 3, or perhaps 4, years before that the Nike system should be arbi-
the advanced Bomarc B will be ready for trarily abandoned by congressional ac-
Mr. MARTIN. Mr. President, I shall full-scale use. Meanwhile, we have the tion.
direct my comments particularly to Nike-Hercules in being and fully opera-
House bill 5674, which was reported to An additional factor in favor of con-
tional. Army plans for the coming fis- tinuing the Nike program as scheduled
the Senate by the Committee on Armed cal year are based on a program which lies in the large number of personnel who
Services on May 19, and I shall direct my would see installations constructed for have already been trained in handling
comments particulary to that part of the 50 Nike-Hercules batteries at 25 different this weapon. There are now more than
report of the Senate Armed Services locations in the continental United 2,000 trained technicians stationed at
Committee contained on pages 14, 42, States, and an additional 8 batteries in- existing Nike sites. Present programs
43, and 60. stalled in Hawaii. Under the amend- will about double this number. But a
Mr. President, two of the defense ment to the military construction au- major point in this connection is the ex-
weapons in our growing arsenal of bal- thorization bill proposed by the Senate tensive training program which the
listic missiles are the Nike-Hercules, de- Armed Services Committee, the authori- Army has been conducting for National
veloped by the Army, and the Bomarc, zation for the construction and equip- Guardsmen in handling Nike weapons.
developed by the Air Force. ping of these installations would be The National Guard now is itself man-
President Eisenhower has requested eliminated at a time when they are seri- ning three battalion equivalents of Nike-
$22,413,000 for the extension anci im- ously needed to give us our only existing
provement of the Nike-Hercules defense proven defense capability against invad- Ajax units within continental United
system for the next fiscal year beginning ing supersonic planes and ballistic States, and about 10 additional elements
July 1, and $26,900,000 for facilities for missiles. of National Guardsmen are being used
Bomarc sites. The House of Represent- I hope the amendment proposed by in the training of other National Guards-
atives has approved legislation authoriz- the Committee on Armed Services will men in Nike operations. Furthermore,
ing appropriations in these recom- be defeated because I firmly believe the two additional Nike-Hercules battalion
mended amounts to be made by Con- Nike-Hercules and its installations are equivalents scheduled for deployment in
gress for the next fiscal year. necessary to our defense system now and Hawaii will likewise be used to train
The Senate Armed Services Commit- for several years ahead. They are es- guardsmen. Guardsmen already trained
tee now has approved this-legislation, the sential to help protect us during the in- in handling Nike-Ajax weapons can be
99'96 (:ONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 5
made expert in the handling of Nike- greatly influenced by the views of this Never has the discussion been more
Hercules weapons with only a few addi- great military leader. The President has heated, nor the stakes higher than today.
tional weeks training. These trained expressed his views on this subject. I Nor does it seem likely that there will be
guardsmen represent a reservoir of pro- have not given this matter the study any substantial abatement in the argu-
ficiency in the handling of weapons which the Senator from Iowa has or the ment in the foreseeable future.
which it would take a substantial time to study which it deserves. I intend to do Unfortunately, many people tend to
duplicate for a completely different so before passing on the proposed paint this problem in black-and-white
weapon. This entire schedule would amendment. terms. Too many people tend to look
necessarily be abandoned if the amend- I am greatly influenced by the views so only to the Federal Government for the
ment under discussion is adopted. ably expressed by my friend from Iowa, answers to all our problems, thus ignor-
The President, who is charged with and I commend and compliment him on ing the great place to ·be occupied by our
primary responsibility for developing the fine presentation he has given us State governments in meeting chal-
and directing our national defenses, is today. lenges. On the other hand, many feel
not advocating that the Nike missiles Mr. MARTIN. I thank the junior that the States should do almost every
be discarded. Rather, he has recom- Senator from New York for his very kind job, should be given the responsibility to
mended their further development and remarks, which are appreciated. answer almost every question confront-
expansion. . The vocal arguments . for Mr. President, I yield the floor. ing our people, thus overlooking the im-
curtailment and abandonment, on the portant responsibility of the · Federal
other hand, are coming from right here Government in our Federal system.
on Capitol Hill. NEW YORK AND THE FEDERAL · I have always believed that a middle
The Congress should leave such mili- SYSTEM course held the best hope for serving the
tary decisions where they rightfully be,- best interests of the American people.
long-in the hands of the President. He Mr. KEATING. Mr. President, when Succinctly stated, I believe that where
is reported to feel that at least for the our Founding Fathers drafted that fundamental human rights, human lib-
time being, development and productio11 greatest of all human documents, the erties, and human equality are con-
should be continued on both the Nike Constitution of the United States, they cerned, we should not hesitate to bring
and Bomarc weapons systems. I have anticipated many . of the challenges the full power of the Federal Government
confide!lce in the President's judgment, which would later confront the Nation. to bear in order to insure full compliance
and this is what he regards as necessary. The almost uncanny foresight of that with our Constitution's guarantees of
In the absence of any compelling evi- document, combined with its inherent equal protection of the laws and full op-
dence to the contrary, I believe we should qualities of precision which delineate the portunity for every man, regardless of
authorize and appropriate the necessary bounds for private and public conduct in his race, creed, color, or national origin.
funds. All the evidence I have found this land, have permitted the Constitu- But where economic issues are · con-
confirms the President's finding that we tion to grow with time and progress. cerned-and I refer most specifically to
need both weapons systems. Indeed, that document-unmatched in the spending of taxpayers' money-! be-
I respect and congratulate those mem- the annals of history-has continued to lieve we should look initially to the States
bers of the Armed Services Committee grow in stature and meaning as our Na~ for answers, and only where their powers
of the Senate who are . toiling so dili:. tion has grown great and strong and or resources are inadequate should we
gently and assiduously to prevent any independent. · bring the Federal , Government into the
waste or undue duplication or over- Today, our Constitution constitutes the picture. Of course, as interstate prob-
lapping in the expenditure of the bit- bedrock of our civil libe-r ties and serves lems arise, as situations where nation-
lions upon billions of dollars which we as the rallying point for men everywhere wide uniformity is found essential, and
necessarily must spend to maintain our who yearn for freedom and for the pres- as challenges which uniquely dem·a nd
defenses. I wish . them the greatest of ervation and protection of human rights, Federal intervention arise, we can and
success in these efforts. But on the and for the equality which should be the should utilize the tremendous power of
point of cutting down funds for develop.:. birthright of every human being. the Federal Government.
ment and deploy-m ent of Nike weapons, I rise tOday to speak on one aspect of But more fully than we now do, I feel
I must differ. The extra defense capa- that great document. And I rise to we should seek means in these situations
bility provided by these wea.pons will be speak in a manner which that immortal for more equitable partnership arrange-
more than worth their cost. document has made possible. For I ments between the Federal Government
If a major new war should break out, speak as both a citizen of New York and the States. We should try to stim-
we will need to use every weapon we can State and as a citizen of the United u1ate a more nearly equal sharing of re-
lay our hands on, for both our imme- States of America. I speak as a free sponsibilities, of costs, and of adminis-
diate defense and for our own strategic man, proud of my Nation's heritage and tration. We should never, in consonance
retaliation. We have developed the traditions, and as one determined to see with the Federal concept of our Consti-
Nike-Hercules and have made it an op.,. to it that our Nation progresses and re- tution, allow federally run programs to
erational, ready-to-use weapon. We are mains free. discriminate against any - one State or
making real progress in developing the Mr. President, I speak. today as one region of the country. We should never
Nike-Zeus. To abandon them now who believes devoutly in our Federal permit Federal projects to favor unfairly
would be perilous folly. system. I subscribe with all the strength any one State or even type of State to
Mr. KEATING. Mr. President, will at my command to reasonable applica- the detriment of other States. Yet that
the Senator yield? tion of the great principle of States is the situation which confronts us today.
Mr. MARTIN. I yield. rights. But I also adhere with deter- It is a situation which cries out for
Mr. KEATING. Mr. President, I hope mination to the concept that in certain exposure, study, and correction.
every Member of the Senate will read the areas, the power and prestige and re- To me, as a citizen of New York State,
views expresed by the distinguished Sen- sources of the Federal Government must the present overall picture of Federal-
ator from Iowa. My friend from Iowa be applied to solving social, economic, State relations is particularly disturbing.
does not rise in this Chamber to talk on and human problems of the American As a citizen of the United States, who
a subject until he has studied it carefully people. believes sincerely in the Federal system,
and . has thoroughly digested both sides. The difficult balancing between where it is a picture which causes me acute
I served with the Senator when he was a States rights begin and end and where dismay. It is about time we did some-
Member of the House of Representatives. the responsibility of the Federal Gov- thing about the inequitable manner in
I know of his record for economy in ernment must come to the fore is not a which Federal programs of aid to the
government. I know he is a stanch new problem. It has confronted the States are being drafted and adminis-
advocate of balancing the budget. people and the lawmakers of our Na- tered.
I daresay the Senator feels, as I do, tion for years. Indeed, Federal-State In a sense, of course, the great debate
that when it comes to our national de- relations have been the subject of lively about Federal-State relations is inevi-
fense, if the President tells us a certain discussion and spirited controversy since table. Under our . Constitution, the
development is necessary, we will be the early days of the Republic. powers of the Government are divided
1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 9997
between the Federal Government . and which his name will always be asso- Thomas E. Dewey, were nominated for
the States. The Constitution sets forth ciated. the P r esidency.
the powers delegated to the Federal Each of these measures, in its own To each of these men, the respective ·
Government and declares, by the 10th way, had an impact on Federal-State roles of the State and the Federal Gov-
amendment, that "the powers not dele- relations. Each provided for greater ernment were matters of intense and ac-
gated to the United States by the Con- Federal responsibility in particular eco- tive concern. To each of them, the Na-
stitution, nor prohibited by it to the nomic areas, with new problems and op- t ion is forever indebted. And I · per-
States, are reserved to the States, re- portunities for the governments of each sonally, as representative of nearly 17
spectively, or to the people.'' Neverthe- of our separate States. million people of New York State, look to
less, for 170 years, the judiciary, law- I should also pay tribute to numerous each of these men for guidance and in-
makers, and learned scholars have been other men who have preceded me in rep- spirat ion as I seek to serve my State and
wrestling with the proper sphere of the resenting New York State in the U.S. my Nation.
jurisdictions, the State and the Fed- Senate. Each, in his own way, has pro- I want today to renew consideration of
eral. vided a special and unique inspiration the respective roles of the Federal and
The problem of the pecu~iar function to guide my actions in this body. Suf- State governments in our Republic. We
of the Federal Government in its rela- fice to say that I intend to adhere to the have been much concerned with this
tionships to the individual States is one high principles of dedication and patriot- problem in recent years in connection
of particular importance to the U.S. ism they exhibited, ·never for getting that with civil rights legislation. In my
Senate. In one sphere or another, the I am at once a citizen of New York State opinion this should be one of the most
most distinguished Members of this body and a citizen of the United States. noncontroversial aspects of Federal ac-
have struggled with this question. We I cannot refrain from also saying a t ion since no one can deny the duty of
need only think of Webster, Clay, and word of appreciation about some of the the Federal Government under the Con-
Calhoun, to mention only three of the recent Governors of my State who have stitution to protect the equal rights of
most illustrious of our predecessors. been acutely concerned with the prob- our citizens and to prevent this infringe-
But we need not go back as far as the lems of Federal-State relations, and who ment by arbitrary or other unlawful
19th century. have added luster, not merely to the his- State action.
My distinguished predecessors as Sen- tory of the State of New York, but to the It is ironical, under these ·circum-
ators from the State ·o f New York, of Nation as well. stances, that so much debate has cen-
both political parties, were vitally con- Gov. Thomas E. Dewey, who served as tered on the question of States rights in
cerned with this eternal enigma of my State's chief executive for a longer connection with civil rights and so little
American government. All grappled term than any other Governor, compiled on the impact of Federal policies on the
with the question of the proper. role of a record seldom equaled for brilliance economic welfare of the States. It is to
Federal and State governments in vari- and accomplishment. He set a standard this latter problem that I will give at-
ous areas. for progressive, efficient, economical gov- tention today.
Senator Irving M. Ives, both as a U.S. ernment which would bear emulation by I particularly want to discuss the im-
Senator and earlier for many yea-r s as all on both the Federal and State level. pact of several Federal spending pro-
a member of the New York Assembly, Tom Dewey's talent for administration grams in my own State of New York
demonstrated a keen grasp and full since it is becoming increasingly ap-
understanding of this problem. In his won him well-merited nationwide ac-
claim. His political party called upon parent that New York pays a heavY if not
outstanding work iii ·the field of labor exorbitant charge for the services and
relations, particularly, he recognized the him twice to be its national standard
bearer. He bears the distinction of be- financial aid it receives from the Federal
ramifications, and came to grips with the Government.
relationship between Federal and State ing one of the youngest men ever nomi-
nated for the Presidency. It is, of course, unnecessary for me to
jurisdictions. dwell on the economic importance of the
As a State legislator, Irving Ives was As Governor of New York, he was in-
tensely concerned with the relationships State of New York to our Nation. Today
closely associated with the drafting of it has a population of about 16% million,
'New York's laws on unemployment in- between the Federal Government and his still well ahead of California's 14% mil-
surance, workmen's compensation, and State. His concern for the effect of lion. It has ranked :first among the
elimination of discriminatory employ- Federal activities on his State led, for States in manufacturing since the 1830's.
ment practices. All of these subjects example, to his recommendation for the It leads all other States in number of
were also matters of Federal legislation, a:?pointment of the Temporary Commis- wage earners and value of products.
in which, as a Member of this body, sion on the Fiscal Affairs of State Gov- New York City is the commercial center
Senator Ives proved himself equally dis- ernment. This group made a compre- of the Nation, if not of the world. Buf-
tinguished. In the legislative halls in hensive study and appraisal of New falo , at the other end of the State is the
Albany, as well as in Washington, he York's :(lnancial affairs, including its re- leading flour milling center of the world.
consistently worked for legislation which lationship with the Federal Government New York's transportation network, be-
would contribute to the sound growth and units of local government. The set with problems though it may be, is
of America's great labor movement. report it submitted deserves the highest still superior to that of almost any other
Senator Herbert H. Lehman, for 10 praise. area on earth. It ranks first among the
years Governor of·New York before com- I am delighted to note that the present Eastern States in the amount of water
ing to the Senate, in his own manner incumbent in the Governor's mansion in power it can develop. New York State
proved himself the untiring and eternal Albany, Nelson A. Rockefeller, has begun leads the Nation in the manufacture of
guardian and defender of human rights. his administration in the :finest tradi- such varied products as clothing, rugs
He was an effective and eloquent op- tions of action and accomplishment and carpets, sugar, jewelry, paper, print-
ponent of social and religious discrim- which characterized Tom Dewey's ing and publishing, photographic equip-
ination, an advocate of a more liberal stewardship 1n office. I am confident ment. New York City is the financial,
immigration policy, and an unrelenting Nelson Rockefeller will blaze new and commercial, art, and cultural center of
champion of civil rights legislation. progressive trails as Governor, and I the country. The State ranks first in
Senator Robert F. Wagner, a Justice know that from his long and rich experi- both foreign and domestic commerce.
of the New York Supreme Court before ence at all levels of governmental activi- As a result of this tremendous wealth,
his election in 1926 to the Senate, was a ties he is acutely aware of the problems New York has always paid a substantial
chief sponsor of much of the legislation involved in .Federal-State relations. share of all the revenues oi the Federal
introduced during President Roosevelt's Mr. President, four Governors of my Government. In 1958, the latest period
early years in office, which sought to State have gone on to the presidency of for which complete State data is avail-
bolster and strengthen the American the United States: Martin Van Buren, able, New York individuals and business
economy. He worked long and hard for Grover Cleveland, Theodore Roosevelt~ firms paid out to the Federal Govern-
the Social Security Act, the :first Na- and Franklin Delano Roosevelt. In this ment a total of $15,348,079,000. This
tional Housing Act, and, of cow·se, the century, three more Governors, Charles represents 19.19 percent of all Federal
National Labor Relations Act, with Evans Hughes, Alfred E. Smith, ·and internal revenue collections in the United
9998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 5
States for the fiscal year, which aggre- much of the reason for the_change ha$ York yields to the Senator from
gated $79,978,476,000. New York paid been due to the great importance of Pennsylvania?
more than twice as much as was paid by the aircraft and missile industry in our Mr. KEATING. Yes.
any other State, and more than 51 times defense structure. Mr. ENGLE. I am trying to ascertain
as much as was paid by such States as Mr. ENGLE. Does -the Senator say it whether the Senator from New York
Arkansas, Mississippi, and West Vir- was entirely justified to place that busi- thinks that California has gotten these
ginia. ness in California where there is the contracts by political skulduggery or
Since New York is the leading State plant capacity and the competence of whether he is willing to admit that we
of the Nation in manu~acturing, it comes personnel and the kind of climate in got them because, on a competitive basis,
as a surprise and a shock to learn that which people wish to live, as well as the either by contract bidding or on nego-
New York is no longer the leading State capability of producing for America the tiated competition, California has dem-
in the Union in the receipt of military defense items needed at the lowest pos- onstrated competency and the plant
prime contracts. During the Korean pe- sible cost? capability of producing these items at
riod, the 3 years from July 1950 through Mr. KEATING. I appreciate the the lowest possible cost to the taxpayers-.
June 1953, New York received military stanch support of the State of California Which is it? The Senator certainly is
prime contracts valued at $14.5 billion by the Senator from California. I be- not implying, is he, that political skul-
or 15.3 percent of the Nation's total for lieve the selection of the place to locate duggery is at the crossroads? There-
that period. At the same time, the sec- a plant is something which should be fore, it must be the competence of the
ond ranking State, California, received left to those who are investing their personnel and facilities in California
military prime contracts of under $13 funds in the plant. If a group of people which caused the awarding of the con-
billion, or 13.6 percent of the Nation's desire to start a plant in California, the tracts to California.
total. Now, during the recent three and Government, in my philosophy, should Mr. KEATING. There has been no
a half year period, from January 1955 not interfere with the desire to locate mention of skulduggery by the junior
through June 1958, New York received a the plant wherever they wish to do so. Senator from New York. In fact, any
total of only $7.6 billion in military prime The point which I am bringing out mention of skulduggery has always
contracts, or 12 percent of the Nation's is the very large increase in California emanated from the California side. This
total, compared to Californie:s receiv- in the amount of defense contracts really puzzles me. I cannot understand
ing, in this period, $12.9 billion, or 20.3 which have been let, and the very large it because there has never been any such
percent of all military prime contracts decrease in the percentage of defense allegation on the part of anyone I know
let during the period. contracts which have been let in New of representing the State of New York.
For the fiscal year 1958, California re- York, because New York does not yield It would be quite unthinkable that skul-
ceived 21.4 percent of all rr~ilitary prime in any respect to California in the abil- duggery would be engaged in in order
contracts, compared to New York's 11.6 ities and capabilities of its industry or to get defense contracts. ·
percent, little more than half as much. in the number of skilled workmen avail- Mr. ENGLE. California fears the po-
And for the first 3 months of the pres- able to handle a very much larger share litical power of New York.
ent fiscal year, California received nearly of the missile business and other defense Mr. KEATING. I cannot see why. I
three times the volume of military prime business than New York is now getting. commend the State of California and
contracts which New York did. Mr. ENGLE. Does the distinguished its chamber of commerce and other or-
The growing importance of the air- Senator from New York protest the allo- ganizations for the magnificent work
craft and missiles industry in the mili- cation of this very large amount of de- they have been doing in this field. All I
tary budget accounts in good measure for fense business to California on the am saying is that the State of New York,
this shift to California, where a major ground that it should have been placed, its organizations, and its rep'resenta-·
share of the Nation's aircraft production geographically, in New York, because tives in Congress, had better "get on the
facilities is located. geographically New York is a big State, ball" and perhaps take a leaf from the
_ Mr. ENGLE. Mr. President, will the because it pays large amounts in income. book of the representatives of California
Senator from New York yield? taxes, regardless of whether New York in this respect.
The PRESIDING OFFICER <Mr. has the -plant capability and the com- · Mr. ENGLE. Perhaps the distin-·
YouNG of Ohio in the chair). Does the petence of personnel to handle -such . guished Senator should make his speech
Senator from New York yield to the contracts? in New York rather than on the floor of
Senator from California? Mr. KEATING. New York has the the Senate. It troubles me when the·
Mr. KEATING. I am happy to yield plant capability and the capability of distinguished Senator from New York
to my friend from California. personnel to handle contracts. There- makes a speech on the floor of the Sen-
Mr. ENGLE. I have obser-ved that the · fore, it should have had a larger share ate which implies that there is something
distinguished Senator from New York of the total business. improper in the fact that California has
has referred- to the State of California Let me make one thing very clear. gotten these contracts. We assert we got
and to the number of defense contracts Perhaps this will set the mind of the them on the basis of our merits-plant
firms in California have received. He Senator from California at rest. I have capability and the fact that people like
has compared those contracts with the nothing but the highest commendation to live in California.
total number received by the State of for California and its representation in If New York wants to compete with
New York. Do I correctly understand the Congress, especially its present repre- California, California will be glad to com-
Senator from New York to be arguing · sentation in this body, and for the very pete with New York. We will be glad to
that the defense business of the country magnificent way in which they have compete through bidding or on any other
should be allocated on a geographical built up the business in California and basis. We will be glad to compete for
basis, or a political basis, or a basis on the way that the California congres- the construction of earth satellites on a
which we would equate the defense sional delegation have met, time. after negotiated bid basis, because it is neces-
business throughout the country in time, for this purpose, and are meeting, sary to negotiate such contracts since
terms of the largest taxpaying States? I understand, as late as today, for the the cost of building satellites and experi-
Is that the import of the Senator's purpose of endeavoring to meet the New menting with them is not known.
argument? York threat. I am trying to determine whether the
Mr. KEATING. No; and I believe that What I say to the Senator from Cali- Senator from New York is claiming tha.t
has been made very clear in the last fornia is that it is high time that the someone other than the industries of
sentence, in which I pointed out that Members of Congress from New York and New York themselves is at fault in fail-
there has been a major share of the from Pennsylvania-! observe the dis- ing to stand up and slug it out with Cali-
Nation's aircraft production in the tinguished junior Senator from Penn- fornia in competing for these contracts,
State of California and that-- sylvania on the floor-States which have which we are perfectly willing to do.
Mr. ENGLE. Does the Senator pro- not properly shared in this business, be- I call attention to the fact that the dis-
test that? Does he believe it to be un- come equally alert to what the great tinguished senior Senator from New
merited? Senator from California is saying; York introduced a bill in the Senate
Mr. KEATING. It the Senator will Mr. ENGLE. May I make one com- which, it was stated, was directly aimed
permit me to finish, I would say that ment before the Senator from New at California contracts. Further, we
1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE
read in the press that an indignation the most wonderful States which com-- that I may comment on the remarks
meeting was held in New York, and that prise our Union. In fact, I am decidedly which have been made by the distin-
for the first time in 40 years or more aware of it, for in 17 years in these legis- guished Senator from Pennsylvania.
the entire New York delegation got to- lative halls I have heard many debates Our three States are the first tax-
gether and agreed upon one piece of and I have observed the passage of many payers of the Nation. At present time
proposed legislation, aimed in one direc- acts to provide, in California, for irriga- New York is the first of- all, although it
tion, namely, to take sorhe of the-busi- tion, conservation, highways, public im- will not be first very much longer--
ness away from California. provements; harbors, and port develop- Mr. KEATING. Mr. President, I did
California is not afraid of losing busi- ments of an enor-mous character, due in not yield for that purpose. [Laughter.]
ness on the basis of competition; we fear part, I am sure, to the extraordinarily Mr. ENGLE. Because California is
the political power of New York. There- able activities and representation of the rapidly overtaking New York, both in
fore, we are concerned about the Sena- virtues of California by its representa- population and in the payment of taxes.
tor's statement. I am trying to deter- tives in both bodies of Congress. According to the last figures, I think
mine whether the Senator is saying that But I wonder whether it is valid to Pennsylvania was even with California,
what has occurred has been due to our argue to New York and to Pennsylvania or perhaps a little ahead of California,
competence or our political power. that a greater share than the national in regard to the payment of taxes. But
Mr. KEATING. I must answer the average perhaps should go to some States Pennsylvania is now behind California
Senator when he speaks to the effect because they, alone, have the necessary in population.
that there is any direction of our efforts facilities, when one considers that those So here we are, all three of us.
against California. I feel it is construc- facilities have been made possible in What the Senator from New York and
tive to have had this first consensus, as such enormous amounts by the taxpay- the Senator from Pennsylvania are com-
the Senator from California puts it, in ers of all the States. As I have at many plaining of is that California gets more
40 years from the representatives of the times said to the distinguished· Senator of the defense business than their States
State of New York on a piece of pro- from California, I would go along with do. Tpe Senator from Pennsylvania
posed legislation, and I am very proud him in regard to many of his proposals, says there are depressed areas in his
to have had a hand in bringing about so long as he does not ask us to build a State, and that there is unemployment
such a meeting. bridge from San Francisco to the nearly there, and that, therefore, defense con-
What we are seeking in the proposed adjoining State of Hawaii. [Laughter.] tracts should be awarded there. But I
legislation is just as much applicable to I think there has to be some limit to the say, "No." If Pennsylvania has unem-
Pennsylvania, New Jersey, or, indeed, westward trek of the Pennsylvania and ployment, certainly I want to help in that
California, as it is to any other State. the New York dollars. situation. I supported the depressed-
It is to make certain that the taxpayers I am so proud of the Senator from areas bill which recently was passed by
get a dollar's worth for every dollar they New York [Mr. ·KEATING] in his com- thisbody--
spend. ments on New York, that I am very hap- Mr. SCOTT. I know; and I am grate-
I have nothing but the highest praise PY that so much of Pennsylvania adjoins ful that the Senator from California did.
for California and its aims. I cannot the State of New York. I would point Mr. ENGLE. And I joined with the
understand the injection of the refer- out that perhaps in some ways Pennsyl- junior Senator from New York [Mr.
ence to skulduggery. It begin~ to make. ~ania has a peculiar reason for wishing KEATING], I '!:>elieve, and certainly with
New York wonder what has been, taking to be recognized more often in connec- the senior Senator from New York [Mr.
place. Although I entirely negate any tion with the ·a ward of Government con- JAVITS], in supporting that proposed leg-
charge of that kind, it simply is bound tracts and facilities, in that in our State islation.
to raise a question in anybody's mind, there is a distressingly bad, chronic un- Mr. KEATING. The Senator from
when, the minute one tries to get a fair employment situation. Our shipyards California did not join with me in sup-
share of businesses for his State, some- stand ready to build ships; our factories porting that measure, because I do not
one comes up and says, "You are trying stand ready to produce munitions; our think such legislation is sound. How-
to practice political skulduggery in the qther production and manufacturing fa- ever, W9 do not wish to debate that
matter." cilities stand ready and waiting, and in point now.
. I now yield to the distinguished Sen- some cases yawning wide, for opportu- _Mr. ENGLE. No. But I have sup-
ator from Pennsylvania. nities to produce the materials which the ported legislation to help depressed
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Government needs in its civilian and its areas.
YouNG of Ohio in the chair). The Sen- military programs. Mr. SCOTT. So have I, although the
ator from Pennsylvania is recognized to So I am very glad the Senator from bills may have been somewhat different.
speak for Pennsylvania and, perhaps, New York has brought up this matter. . Mr. ENGLE. But the defense pro-
for its neighboring State of Ohio. Of course, I do not speak in derogation gram should be handled separately, as
Mr. SCOTT. I thank the Chair. of any other State. Instead, I speak in a defense program, on its merits and on
I commend the distinguished Senator admiration of the facility with which a competitive basis, either by competi-
from New York. His encomiums upon certain of the States have been able to tive bidding or by negotiated competi-
his great State have almost persuaded secure substantial parts of the Federal tion, which is necessary in some in-
me that he has an interest, perhaps, as tax dollar. But, Mr. President, I ask stances.
a Senator from New .York. Certainly, them not to penalize us by using the fact What I say to my good friends is that
seriously speaking, he is a good Senator, that we have sent our moneys to help if they want to compete with us, we
and a good ambassador from his State; build their great States, as an argument shall be glad to meet them. But we do
for, in fact, all of us are sometimes that contracts should not also be not believe the defense program of the
called ambassadors from our States. awarded in our great States. Nation shouid be used as a WPA ·pro-
With reference to the suggestion of I am sure the Senator from California gram; and we do not believe the defense
the distinguished Senator from Califor- will recognize our concern in this re- program and the defense procurement
nia that perhaps these commentaries gard. He has a great State, a growing of the Nation should be allocated on a
might be reserved for our home States, State, a wonderful State. But in our -p olitical or a geographical basis, in order
one of the reasons we are here present is State there is chronic unemployment; to take care of States which happen to
not only as ambassadors from our States, and we hope he will leave us a few peo- pay large portions of the Federal
but as missionaries, also, to carry to ple to continue to pay the taxes. 1·evenues.
the Central Government in Washington Mr. ENGLE. Mr. President, will the Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, on that
pleas for fairness and equal treatment; Senator from New York yield to me? point, will the Senator from New York
the plea, too, that our tax moneys shall The PRESIDING OFFICER <Mr. yield again to me? ·
not be sent to Washington and then be YouNG of Ohio in the chair) . Does the Mr. KEATING. !yield.
diverted so far away, in so many cases, Senator from New York yield to the Sen- Mr. SCOTT. I do not wish it to be
that the money actually gets tired and ator from California? understood that Pennsylvania is asking
may, in fact, lose some of its purchasing Mr. KEATING. I yield. for a WPA program. Perish the thought.
power if we are not careful. Mr. ENGLE. Mr. President, I appre- Heaven forbid. We have gone through
I am very much aware of the virtues ciate the courtesy of the distinguished that experience; and all of us have suf-
of the State of California. It is one of Senator from New York in yielding, so fered its consequences.
10000 CONGRESSIONAL ·RE~ORJ)- SENA.TE June _5
We only ask that the unemployed in total Federal aid payments. California ther east for that work, at great addi-
our State be given a chance to work and received more-$611,951,000; and Tex- tional cost. A helicopter installation at
be given a fair distribution of Govern- as, which contributed. less than 3.4 per- San Marcos: about 30 miles from the
ment contracts, so they may be enabled cent of total tax collections--compared State capital, was closed down. The
to work, and thereby may avoid the to New York's 19.19 percent-received mere fact that installations are being
t emptation of moving in the direction of almost as much as New York, namely closed down in Texas does not mean that
the setting sun, in order to find employ- $452,710,000, or 6.1 percent of total Fed- money is being saved. The way people
ment. We think that is an undesirable eral aid payments. are moving out of the State because of
situation for our State. Hence, my Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President, the closing of these installations recalls
expression of concern. will the Senator yield? the movement of settlers across the
I thank the distinguished Senator from Mr. KEATING. Having mentioned Sabine River to escape the invading Gen.
New York for yielding to me; I appreciate the great State of Texas, I am happy to Santa Ana until Sam Houston stopped
it very much. yield to the distinguished Senator from him.
Mr. ENGLE. Mr. President, I, too, Texas. Mr. KEATING. So far as I know,
thank the Senator from New York for Mr. YARBOROUGH. I thank the none of those facilities has been moved to
yielding to me. distinguished Senator from the Empire New York State.
Mr. KEATING. Mr. President, I ap- State of this country for yielding to Mr. YARBOROUGH. The Navy wit-
preciate the comments my colleagues me. Since he has mentioned the plac- nesses testified that a $14 million over-
have made in connection with my pres- ing of defense contracts in my State, I haul and repair installation was being
entation; such interjections are all to should like to ask him to what year the moved from Corpus Christi to Long
the good. statistics he is reading refer. Island.
I realize that the distinguished Sen- Mr. KEATING. I think perhaps the Mr. KEATING. That is the best news
ator from Pennsylvania has a problem Senator misunderstood me. I had I have heard in this debate.
which is very similar to New York's prob- passed from the percentage of defense Mr. YARBOROUGH. I am glad the
lem; and I know how much he has been contracts. I was giving the figures on Senator brought that matter up. Mod-
concerned about it. He has talked with the percentage of taxes paid by the resi- esty forbade me mentioning my State,
me about it. It is a very serious problem. dents of the States as compared to the because this is a body where all States
The situation is not, as the senator amount which they received on all Fed- are supposed to be treated equally. The
from California has suggested, that this eral grant-in-aid programs. I had com- evidence shows that there has been a
matter is so much one about which com- pleted that portion of my remarks which discrimination against the State of
plaint is made. The senator from Cali- related to defense contracts. Texas in the case of defense contracts
fornia has said that I am complaining Mr. YARBOROUGH. I should like to and military installations.
about it. It is true that I am complain- call the attention of the distinguished Recently, an attempt was about to be
ing; but, principally, I am trying to place Senator from New York to the fact that made to close down Nike-Hercules in-
in the RECORD the facts in connection my State is in the identical situation to stallations. On that particular point,
with this matter; and the same is true that which faces the State of New York. the distinguished Senator from Iowa
of Connecticut, Ohio, Massachusetts, and With reference to the plight of defense EMr. MARTIN] spoke of the necessity of
a number of other states. These are contracts being awarded to industries in keeping the Nike-Hercules as our defense
facts which I hope the Department of States other than Texas, I call atten- weapon.
Defense and others who are concerned tion to the fact that a few years ago 9 I desire to say that if the State of New
with this problem will read in this percent of the people who were engaged York is being treated inequitably in the
RECORD. I am making these remarks, in the aircraft manufacturing industry letting of defense contracts, certainly my
today, in order to get the facts before worked in my State. That is down to 6 State has not been the recipient of those
the public. percent now, despite the fact that the contracts, because we are on the losing
I wish to say, here and now-and this total number of people engaged in the end.
will be a little balm to my friend, the aircraft industry has increased. The as- Mr. KEATING. I am sorry the Sen-
Senator from California; certainly I sembly lines which have been in my State ator from Texas was temporarily de-
desire to be fair about this matter- are moving out of the State. The people tained and was unable to be present when
that the figures I have been submitting, formerly employed in them have taken I had my colloquy with the Senator from
although official figures of the Depart- less remunerative ways of making a liv- California. I would have been glad to
ment of Defense, must be interpreted ing or have moved out of the State to have had him as an ally. But I will say
with some caution. As the Department places where the contracts are being to the distinguished Senator from Texas
itself points out, these data on prime placed. that this is the first time I have heard
contracts do not provide any direct In January or February of last year, in Congress that Texas had not gotten
indication as to the State in which the the Department of the Navy closed down at least its fair share of everything.
a:ctual production work is done. For overhauling and repairing facilities at [Laughter in the galleries.]
the majority of contracts with manu- the Corpus Christi Naval Base. It had The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
facturers, the data reflect the location been costing the U.S. Government $20 Chair informs the visitors in the galleries
of the plant where the product is finally million a year to maintain those facili- that they are guests of the Senate and
processed and assembled. They do not ties. It was claimed that the closing that they will have to remain silent. No
in any way reflect the distribution of down of those facilities would save the laughter or other manifestation will be
the very substantial amount of mate- Government money. The hearings be- tolerated.
rial, component fabrication, and other fore the Preparedness Subcommittee Mr. YARBOROUGH. I thank the dis-
subcontract work which may be done proved that people were being hired in tinguished Senator from New York for
outside the State where final assembly other parts of the country for that pur- having yielded to me.
or delivery takes place. It is clear from pose, to the extent of $9 million. A pri- Mr. KEATING. I am very happy that
the overall figures, however, that New vate contract had been let for work in I yielded to my friend from Texas.
York is not getting its fair share of · Long Island, amounting to $14 million, Mr. President, I was dealing with the
defense work. for the purpose of overhauling aircraft comparison of the percentage which New
At the same time, New York is being engines replacing the work which had York and some of the other States pay
heavily discriminat~d against under var- previously been done at Corpus Christi. in Federal taxes, and the percentage of
ious Federal grant-in-aid programs. In During the first year the Federal Gov- the total internal revenue collections,
the same year that New York indi- ernment was compelled to spend $23 mil- with the amount which they receive from
viduals and business firms paid to the lion to replace the work which had been Federal programs.
Federal Government a total of $15,348,- done at Corpus Christi at a cost of $20 Continuing on that point, if New York
079,000, or 19.19 percent of all Federal million, and that did not include the cost had received 19.19 percent of the total
internal revenue collections in the of flying or shipping equipment and per- Federal aid payments of $7,420,770,000-
United States, New York State received sonnel. Planes which had been repaired that is, the percentage of total internal
in Federal aid payments only $482,- in installations on the Pacific coast and revenue collections from New York-it
102,000, which was only 6.5 percent of the gulf coast will have to be moved far- would h ave received a total of $1,424,-
1959 ·c oNGRESSIONAL RECORD-
- -.SENATE 10001
065,000 in Federal aid payments, or I ask unanimous consent that this table - There being no objection, the table
$941,963,000 more than was actually re .. be printed in the RECORD at this point in was ordered to be printed in the RECORD 1
ceived; more than enough to have bal .. my remarks. as follows: ·
anced its current budget without any in ..
crease in State taxes. Federal internal revenue collections and Federal-aid payments, by States, fiscal year 1958 t
Under present programs, for every
dollar New York received in Federal aid Federal internal Federa~ aid payments Estimated Estimated
revenue collections amount of Fed- amount of Fed-
payments, it paid in over $2.95, or for eral internal eral internal
all practical purposes, $3 paid in for every revenue collec- revenue collec-
$1 received. How does this compare with State tions in each tions each
State allocated State contrib-
payments to other States? Amount Per- Amount Per- for Federal-aid utes for each
· Texas, for each dollar received in Fed· (thousands) cent (thousands) cent payments $1 received in
(thousands) Federal-aid
eral aid, paid only 55 cents, Alabama 25 payments
cents, Arkansas 15 cents, Tennessee 41
cents, Wyoming 14 cents, and North Da- Alabama._------------------------ $496, 155 0. 62 $185,196 2. 50 $46,036 $0.25
kota 11 cents. Only little Delaware paid Arizona ________________ ----- _______ 235,036 . 29 71,395 .96 21,808 . 31
more than New York for each dollar re- Arkansas
California____________________________
------------------------ 186,009 .23 112,521 1. 52 17,259 .15
6, 753,950 8.44 611,951 8. 25 626,662 1. 02
ceived. Colorado ___ - ---------- ----- ----- -- 905,357 1. 13 129,025 1. 74 84,003 .65
It is distressing that the States with Connecticut __ - ------------------- - 1, 398,277 1. 75 71,446 .96 129,739 1. 82
D elaware ______ ----- _________ --- --_ 784,815 . 98 15,876 . 21 72,819 4. 59
the most progressive records in dealing Florida. __________________________ _ 1, 094,513 1. 37 149, 794 2.02 101,554 .68
Georgia ____________________________
with their own needs have become the Idaho ____ -------- __ ________________
846,084
134,826
1. 06
.17
191,042
47,588
2. 57
.64
78,504
12,510
.41
. 26
economi-c victims of Federal grant-in- illinois ____ ----_----- _______________ 6, 478,405 8.10 284,860 3. 84 601,096 2. 11
aid programs. New York, for example, Indiana __ ____ -- _____ -----_--_--- ___ 1, 798,028 2. 25 120,492 1. 62 166,829 1.38
Iowa ______________ :. _______________ _ 625,272 . 78 155,198 2.09 58,016 .37
for decades has been in the vanguard of Kansas __ -------------------------- 546,418 .68 106,339 1. 43 50,699 .48
the States with regard to highway engi- Kentucky ___----- ----- --- ---- -----
Louisiana __________________________ 1, 539,590 1. 92 123,864 1. 67 142,850 1.15
neering and construction. It has been 691, 591 .86 177,006 2.39 64,169 .36
Maine _____ ----------- --------- ____ 191,286 .24 39,391 .53 17,748 .45
one of the most active States participat- Maryland and District of Colum-
bia _______________________________
ing in the National System of Interstate 1, 871,897 2. 34 158,196 2.13 173,683 1. 10
Massachusetts _________ -----_------ 2, 194,763 2. 74 188,641 2. 54 203,640 1.08
and Defense Highways, the 41,000 mile Michigan ______________ -------- ____ 6,198,156 7. 75 248,527 3. 35 575,093 2.31
National Highway System designed to Minnesota ___ ----------- _______ ~ ___ 1, 245,617 1. 56 142,967 1. 93 115,574 • 72
Mississippi._---------------------- 176,473 . 22 136,593 1.84 16,374 .12
meet the highway needs of local and in- Missouri_ __________________ ________ 1,892, 308 2. 37 244,439 3. 29 175,577 • 72
terstate commerce, as well as national Montana __
Nebraska ------------------------
__________________________ 138,940 .17 53,071 . 72 12,891 .24
and civil defense. Nevada ________ __ __________________ 444,2-34 .56 102,827 1.39 41,218 .40
New Hampshire ____________ _______
109,986 .14 25,538 .34 10,205 .40
It has already completed or has un- 148,751 .19 27,504 . 37 13,802 .50
New 2, 420,308 3.03 119,565 1.61 224,567 1. 88
der way 719.7 miles of new highways, New Jersey---------- ---------
Mexico ____ __________ --·---_
________ 157,411 . 20 89,810 1. 21 14,605 .16
which represents 58.6 percent of its total New York ____________ ___ __________ 15,348,079 19.19 482,102 6. 50 1,424,065 2. 95
North Carolina ____________________ 1. 01
share of the Interstate System, compared North Dakota _____________________
1, 857,559
88,472
2.32
.11
170,161
73,201
2.29
.99
172,353
8,209 .11
to 28.2 percent of the entire Nation's Ohio _____ ----- _______ ------------ __ 5, 355,654 6. 70 287,981 3.88 496,922 1. 73
Interstate System being completed or un- Oklahoma __ ---------- __ ----------- 817,388 1.02 183,193 2.47 75,841 .41
der construction. Oregon __ -------------------------~ 472,025 . 59 102,716 1.38 43,797 .43
Pennsylvania ________ --------------
Rhode Island ______________________ 5, 804,794 7.26 294,679 3.97 538,595 1.83
The disconcerting side to this picture 312,963 .39 44,428 . 60 29,038 .65
is that of the 719.7 miles completed or South Carolina __ -----------~------ 287,511 .36 90,955 1. 23 26,677 .29
South Dakota_-------------------- 87,999 .11 66,651 .90 8,165 .12
under way in New York, only 143.8 have Tennessee_------------------------ 622,225 . 78 141,049 1.90 57,733 • 41
been financed out of Interstate funds, 'l'exas ______ ---------- ______________ 2, 697,309 3.37 452,710 6.10 250,269 • 55
Utah _______________________________
-------------------------- 200,022 .25 51, 170 .69 18,559 .36
which is less mileage than has been fi- Vermont 76,641 .10 20,364 .27 7,111 .35
nanced by Federal funds in 19 other Virginia ___ ------------------------ 1, 239,931 1. 55 100,161 1. 35
1. 87
115,046
86,442
1.15
.62
Washington _________________________
--- ---------------- - 931,643 1.16 138,503
States. West Virginia 334,804 .42 65,301 .88 31,065 . 48
In effect, New York-which contrib- Wisconsin_ •• ----_------------- __ -- 1, 462,224 1.83 123,095 1.66 135,672 1.10
Wyoming ____________ -------_------ 71,724 .09 48,137 .65 6, 655 .14
utes more than any other State to the Others 2_ ----------------- -- ________ 205,052 - .26 353,551 4. 76 19,026 .05
funds for this program-is being taken
advantage of for having taken steps on TotaL- ---------------- __ ---- 79,978,476 100.00 7, 420,770 100.00 7, 420,770 ------- .. --------
its own in connection with the New York
Thruway. Certainly it is unfair for 1 Alaska and Hawaii are included in the table in the category "Others."
2 "Others" includes Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and other U.S. Territories, and amounts not detailed by States.
any State to be penalized for its initiative
in this manner; and it is imperative, NOTE.-This table has been prepared specifically to respond to inquiries for a comparison of Federal tax collec-
tions in each of the States and the amount of collections returned to each of these States in the form of Federal-aid
therefore, to a proper administration of payments. The internal revenue collections, as reported by the Internal R evenue Service for the collection districts,
the program that States like New York are used. There has been no effort to measure the extent to which the taxes collected in one State are borne by resi-
dents of another State.
receive a form of equitable reimburse .. Sources: (1) Federal internal revenue collections, U.S. Treasury Department, combined statement of receipts,
ment for their early positive action. The for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1958. (2) Federal-aid payments, Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury,
for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1958. The data presented here include (a) aid payments made to States and local
most constructive measure would be to units within the States, and (b) aid payments to individuals, etc. within the States. (3) Estimated amounts of
allow Federal payments up to 90 per- Federal internal revenue collections in each State allocated for Federal-aid payments, These estimates were made by
cent-the percentage under the act-for multiplying collections by the percentage constant 9.278458 percent. This constant is the percentage of total internal
revenue collections ($79,978,476,000) represented by Federal-aid payments ($7,420,770,000). (4) Estimated amounts
substitute mileage to be added to the sys- of Federal internal revenue collections each State contributes for each $1 received in Federal aid payments. These
tem in place of completed highway mile- estimates were computed by dividing for each State, the estimates in the preceding column by the Federal-aid pay-
ments to the respective States. _
age already approved for ·the Interstate
Highway System. The present law, Mr. KEATING. Mr. President, the their general revenues from the Federal
which does not contain such provisions, is situation may be viewed from a slightly Government in 1957; New Jersey, with
a striking illustration of the manner in different angle by analyzing the source 4.7 percent and Connecticut with 5.4 per·
which local initiative can be discouraged of revenues of the individual State&- cent. At the other end of the scale
by the operation of a Federal grant-in- how much came from their own citizens Wyoming received 24.8 percent of its
aid program. through taxes and State and local general revenues from the Federal Gov-
These statistics tell quite a story. In charges and how much from Federal ernment, New Mexico 22.6 and Alabama
the baldest terms they plainly show that payments to the State. In 1957, total 29.9 percent. On a per capita basis, New
the people of New York are being short- revenues of New York State and local York in 1957 ranked 2d .among all the
changed by the Federal Government un .. governments amounted to $4,553,969,-
ooo. Of this total 38.5 percent was de· States in total State and local taxes col·
der these national programs. Because of lected from- its residents, but 44th in
my deep interest in the facts, I asked the rived from property taxes, 42.8 percent
Library of Congress to prepare a com· from other taxes, 13.1 percent from State the per capi~a revenues from the Federal
parative summary, on a State-by-State and local charges, and only 5.6 percent Government.
basis, of all Federal internal revenue from the Federal Government. ' Only Mr. President~ I know that Senators
collections and all Federal aid payments. two States derived a smaller share of will be interested in the figures for their
10002 ·c oNGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 5
States ·and I, therefore; ask 'Unanimous source · of general revenues of all State ·- There being no objection, the summary
consent that a summary prepared by the and local governments be printed at this was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
U.S. Bureau of the Census showing the point in the RECORD. as follows: ..
STATE AND LocAL ·GovERNMENT FINANcEs
General1'~Vefl-Ue of State and local governments, by source, by States: 1957

.Amoun:ts (in thousands of dollars) Percent '

General revenue from own sources General revenue from own sources
State From From
Federal F ederal
Total Govern- Taxes Charges Total Govern- Taxes Charges
ment Total and ment and
miscel- miscel-
.All t axes Property Other laneous .All taxes Property Other. laneous
---- ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---- ---- ---- - - - - ---- - - -
Continental United States ____ 38,162, 123 3,843,1:64 34, 318,959 28,803,257 12,850,649 15, 952,608 5, 515,697 100.0 10.1 75.5 33. 7 41.8 14.5
- -- - - - - - -- - ---- ---- - - - - ----
.Alabama._------------------------- 510, 936 101, 679 409, 257 319,166 64; 085 255, 081 90,091 1(',0. 0 19. 9 62.4 12.5 49.9 17.6
.Arizona __ ------------- ------------- 262, 934 33,691 229,243 183, 103 84, 911 98, HJ2 46, 141 100. 0 12.8 69.6 32.3 37. 3 17.5
.Arkansas. ______ • __ •••... _____ • __ .. _ 268, 694 50,519 213.175 17S, 716 47, 272 131, 444 39,460 100.0 18.8 66.5 17.6 48. 9 14.7
California .• _-------------------- - -- 4, 358,853 465,061 3, 893, 772 3, 301,496 1, 554,633 I, 746,863 592,276 100.0 10.7 75. 8 35. 7 40.1 13.6
Colorado._------------- - ----- ~ ----- 4.51, 087 66,559 384, 528 313, R32 159,251 154, 581 70.696 100. 0 14.8 69. 6 35. 3 34.3 15. 7
Connecticut. ••..•.. -- -------------- 559, 612 30,359 529, 253 464, 624 233,706 230,918 64; 628 100. 0 5. 4 83. 1 41.8 41: 3 11.3
Delaware. 89,721 8,149 81, 572 58,752 14, 102 44, 650 22, 818 100.0 9.1 65.5 15. 7 49.8 25.4
District of ·---------------------
Columbia ________ _____ ----
__ 194, 750 35, 133 159, 617 143,258 52, 766 90,492 16,359 100.0 18.0 73.6 27.1 46.5 8.4
Florida 924, 209 89,432 834,777 671, 124 239,795 431,329 163,653 100. 0 . 9. 7 72. 6 25.9 46. 7 17.7
Georgia.•• --.---••.
_______ -- ___ •-----------------
_____________ ___ 677,870 97, 105 580, 765 467,328 133, 422 333, 906 113,437 100.0 14.3 69.0 19.7 49.3 16.7
Idaho_------------ __ ----------- - -- - 146,476 23, 394 123,082 99,973 50, 059 49,914 23, 109 100.0 16.0 68.3 34.2 34.1 15.8
lllinois ___ ----- _------ _______ --~---- 2, 116,375 146, 108 1, 970, 267 1, 740,745 906,038 834, 707 229, 523 100.0 6.9 82. 2 42.8 39. 4 10.8
Indiana_-----------------_--------- 828, 327 56,537 771.790 638, 553 351, 004 287,549 133, 239 100. 0 6.8 77. 1 42.4 34.7 16.1
Iowa __ -------·--------------------- 638,149 61,984 576,165 490,727 240, 517 250,210 85,438 100.0 9. 7 76. 9 37.7 39.2 13.4
Kansas __ ._~ _____ •• --_--_----------- 495,399 58, 019 437,380 370,115 215,237 154, 878 67,265 100.0 11.7 74.7 43. 4 31.3 13.6
459,914 66,536 393, 378 326,704 119,605 207,099 66,675 100.0 14.5 71.0 26.0 45.0 14.5
riF~!;~~:::::::::::::::::::::::;:
Maryland __ -- ---- -- -------- - ---- -- --
795, 937
188,022
600,031
117, 369
22,057
51,823
678,568
165,965
548, 208
499, 704
145, 126
457,477
109,568
74,694
192,085
390,136
70,432
265,392
178,864
20.838
90, 731
100.0
100.0
100.0
14.7
11.7
8. 6
62.8
77.2
76.2
13.8
' 39. 7
32.0
49. 0
37.5
44.2
22.5
11.1
15.1
M assachusetts _______ • _________ -_-- 1, 218.069 87, 886 1, 130, 183 1, 014,657 587,303 427, 354 115,525 100.0 7.2 83.3 48.2 35.1 9.5
Michigan . ____________ __ ______ ______ 1, 809,482 142,921 1, 666,561 1, 395, 625 643,597 752, 028 270, 936 100.0 7.9 77.2 35.6 41.6 15.0
Minnesota. __ __ ____ ----- - ------------ 804,901 79, 242 725,659 596,287 307,021 289,266 129,371 100.0 9. 8 74. 0 38.1 35.9 16.1
Mississippi. ____-- ---- - _- ------- ---- 346, 976 59,094 287,882 235, 184 65,543 169, 641 52,698 100. 0 17. 0 67.8 18.9 48.9 15.2
Missouri.------------ ----- --- ------ 769, 472 128, 159 641 ; 313 553,028 244, 064 308,964 88,284 100.0 16. 7 71.9 31.7 40.2 11.5
Montana __--------- ------------ ___ - 185; 071 32,774 152, 297 125,996 73, 559 52,437 26,302 100.0 17.7 68.0 39.7 28.3 14.2
N ebraska ________ --------_._--- __---- 281,020 33, 764 247, 256 202,211 141,844 60,367 45, 045 100. 0 12.0 72.0 50.5 21.5 16.0
Nevada_- -------------------------- 93,789 16, 339 77,450 60,062 21, 780 38,2-82 17, 386 100.0 17.4 64.0 23.2 40.8 18.5
New Hampshire. __________________ _ 112; 459 10,451 . 102,008 87,206 '54, 852 '32, 354 14,802 100.0 9.3 77.6 48.8 28.8 13.2
New Jersey 1, 201,051 56, 017 1, 145, 034 978,422 623,417 355,005 166,612 100. 0 4. 7 81.5 51.9 29.6 13.9
New Mexico-------------------------
___________ _____ ________ 240,486 54,214 186,272 128,086 29, 575 98,511 58, 185 100.0 22.6 53.3 12. 3 41.0 24.2
New York __ ___________________ _____ 4, 553,969 254, 179 4, 299, 790 3, 720, 839 1, 754,784 1, 948,055: 596,950 100.0 5. 6 81.3 38.5 42.8 13.1
North Carolina ... -~------ - - :. ___ ___ _ . 727; 062 117,376 609,686 503; 323 135,250 368,073 106,363 100.0 16.1 69.2 ·18. 6 50.6 14.6
North D akota ___________ _____ ____ __ 167,073 20,614 146,459 107,490 56, 665 50,825 38, 968 100.0 12.3 64.3 33.9 30.4 23. 3
Ohio . _-- -------------------- --- --- - 1, 844, 931 . 147,232 I, 697,699 1, 408,327 678, 169 730, 158 289,372 100.0 8.0 76.4 36.8 39.6 15.7
Oklahoma _____ ------ __ ------- _____ _ 526,316 91, 972 434,344 346, 929 105,657 241, 272 87,415 100.0 17.5 65.9 20.1 . 45.8 16.6
Oregon ___ __ -------------------- ---- 483, 784 67, 150 416, 634 349, 785 148, 607 201, 178 66,850 100. 0 13.9 72. 3 30.7 41.6 13.8
Pennsylvania __ --------- -------- --- 2, 170,568 139, 851 2, 030,717 1, 772, 478 588,824 1, 183,654 258,239 100.0 6. 4 81.6 27.1 54.5 11.9
Rhode Carolina
I sland . --------- ------------- 164,699 20,155 144, 544 130, 116 63,572 64,544 14,428 100.0 12.2 79. 0 39.8 39. 2 8.8
South _________________ __ __ 353, 872 46,799 307,073 245,981 56,668 189, 313 61,092 100.0 13.2 69.5 16.0 53.5 17.3
South Dakota ____ __________ _______ _ 167, 683 27, 536 140, 147 114,228 67, 413 46, 815 25,920 100.0 16.4 68.1 40.2 27. 9 15.5
T ennessee ___ _--__ _------------ - --- - 569,876 80,894 488. 982 406,672 119,193 287,479 82, 311 100.0 14.2 - 71.3 20.9 50.4 14.4
T exas . • -- ---- -------------- --- -- --- 1, 826.485 233, 680 1, 592,805 1, 257. 016 579, 106 677,910 335,788 100.0 12.8 68.8 31.7 37.1 18.4
Utah_------- ------------- ----- --- -- 192, 103 27,933 164,170 136, 680 59,739 76,941 27, 490 100.0 14.5 71.2 31.1 40.1 14. 3
84,591 10,998 73,593 65, 628 29,928 35,700 7,964 100.0 13.0 77.6 35. 4 42.2 9.4
~~;~~i~~~ ~ ~
Washington .=== =====
_____ ==== ==
--_--- ====. =====
_____ _____ =
_
686, 274
722,378
66,196
81,025
620,078
641,353
503,819
512,639
161, 575
151, 778
342,244
360, 861
116,259
128,715
100.0
100.0
9.6
11.2
73.4
71.0
23.5
21.0
49.9
50. 0
16.9
17.8
295,539 37, 560 257,979 220,014 55,680 164,334 37,965 100.0 12.7 74.4 18.8 55.6 12.8
~~;Jo~~ft~~~~===~=======:::: :: :::: 886, 460
108,368 .
62,711
26,908
823,760
81,460
711,210
60,796
369,462
31,274
341,748
29,522
112, 558
20,663
100.0
100.0
7.1
24.8
80.3
56. 1
41.7
28. 9
38.6
27.2
12.7
19.1
Wyoming __-- --------------------- -

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. ''State and Local Government Finances in 1957" (CGA-No. 8) . F ebruary 1959.
NOTE.-Local government amounts are preliminary, in part representing estimates subject to sampling variation; see text. Because of rounding, detail may not add to total

Mr. KEATING. Mr. President, I also of general revenue of State and local There being no objection, the chart
ask unanimous consent that a similar governments, by States, be printed at was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
chart showing the per capita amounts this point in the RECORD. as follows:
P er capita amounts of general revenue of State and local governments, by States: 1957

Per capita amounts L State rank according to per capita amount of-

Revenue Charges Revenue Charges


State All from . All State Other and All from .All State Other and
general Federal and local Property (non- miscel- general F ederal and local Property (non- miscel-
revenue Govern- taxes t ax property) laneous revenue Govern- taxes t ax property) laneous
ment t axes general ment taxes general
revenue revenue
---- ---- ---- ---- - - - ---- ---- ---- ---- - - - - - - - -
Continental United States--------- ~- -- - $224.10 $22. 57 $169.14 $75.46 $93.68 $32. 39 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
227.09 25.47 160.98 77.61 88.51 31.34 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
M edian State._-------------------------
- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -28.-49- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - -
.Alabama .••• __ ._ •• _._---.--- ______________ •• -- 161.59 32. 16 80. 67
100. 94 20.27 44 14 48 49 31 32
Arizona _____________________________ _______ ___ 243.91 31.25 169.86 78.77 91.09 42.80 14 16 20 23 20 8
Arkansas ____________
------ ------ -------------- .:-------- 150.95 28.38 100.40 26.56 73. 84 22.17 47 20 49 47 41 43
California. _____________________ ______ 314. 06 33.51 237.87 112. 01 125.86 42.67 3 12 1 2 4 9
Colorado _____ •• _________________________ ______ 271.25 40.02 188.71 95. 76 92.95 42. 51 8 7 8 11 17 10
Connecticut ___________________________________ 246.63 13.38 204.77 103.00 101.77 28.48 13 46 5 6 13 33
D elaware. 206.73 18.78 135.37 32. 49 102.88 52.58 30 36 38 43 11 6
District of ___ ---------------------------------
Columbia _________________ _________ 237. 50 42.85 174.71 64. 35 110.36 19.95 1.7 5 18 . 30 8 47
Florida ______________________ • __________ .-----_ 219.58 21.25 159.45 56.97 102.48 38. 88 26 33 26 33 12 13
G eorgia._-------------------------------- ~ ---- 179.76 25.75 123.93 35. 38. 88.55 30 ..08 40 24 41 41 23 28
227. 09 36.27 155:oo 77.61 77.39 35.83 25 11 29 . 25 37 19
1~~~8======================:::::::::::::::::: 218.21 15.06 179.48 93.42 86.00 23.66 27 45 14 14 27 40
1 Computation based on estimated population as ofJuly I, 1957; see t abic 14. 'Not applicable.
1959 -CO:NGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE ·100~3
Per capita amounts ·of general revenue of State and local government.c;, by States: 1957- Continued

Per capita amounts 1 State rank according to per capita amount of-

Revenue Charges Revenue Charges


State All from All State Other and All from All State Other and
general 'Federal and local Property (non- miscel- general Federal and local Property (non- miscel-
revenue Govern- t axes t ax property) laneous revenue Govern- taxes t ax property) laneous
ment taxes general ment taxes general
revenue revenue
--- --- --------- --- --- ---------
Indiana_. ______ -----------.---------.--------- $183.79 $12.54 $141.68 $77.88 $63.80 $29. 56 38 48 35 24 46 30
Iowa . . ____ .. ___ -----------------.-------.----. 229.30 22.27 176.33 86. 42 89.91 30. 70 22 31 16 17 21 26
Kansas. __ • _____ ------_-----.-----.----------- ~ 235.90 27.63 176.24 102.49 73.75 32.03 18 21 17 7 42 22
~~~ls~~i~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
151.14 21.87 107.36 39. 30 68.06 21.91 46 32 46 38 44 44
259.60 38.28 162. 99 35. 74 127.25 58.34 10 10 23 40 3 5
Maine ___ • __ ---------------------------------- 200.24 23.49 154. 56 79. 55 75.01 22.19 32 30 30 22 39 42
M aryland __ _.. _--- __ • ____ ••. __ ----------- ____ • 207.26 17.90 158.02 66. 35 91.67 31.34 29 40 27 29 18 25
M assachusetts. _------------------------------ 252.34 18.21 210.20 121.67 88.53 . 23.94 12 39 4 1 24 37
Michigan_ •. --------------------"------------- 234.85 18.55 181.13 83.53 97.60 35.16 19 37 12 19 14 20
Minnesota ~ __ -------------------------------". 242.59 23. 88 179. 71 92.53 87.18 38. 99 15 26 13 15 26 12
MississippL---------- ------ ------------ ------- 160.19 27.28 108.58 30.26 78.32 24. 33 45 22 45 44 35 36
Missouri.------------------------------------- 181.56 30. 24 130. 49 57.59 72.90 20.83 39 17 40 32 43 46
Montana ______ --_ . .• ____ •. _._. _........... --.. 275.81 48. 84 187.78 109.63 78. 15 39.20 7 4 10 4 36 11
Nebraska. __ •. ------------------ ------ ---._--_ 195. 56 23.50 140.72 98.71 42.01 31.35 36 28 36 8 49 24
Nevada·- - - - - ~ -------------------------------- 357. 97 62.36 229.24 83.13 146.11 66.36 1 3 3 20 1 2
New Hampshire .. ---- ~- -------- - - - ----------- 196.26 18.24 152.19 95.73 56. 46 25.83 35 38 33 12 48 34
New Jersey.------------- ----- ---------- ------ 213.82 9. 97 174. 19 110. 99 63. 20 29. 66 28 49 19 3 47 29
New Mexico .• -- ____ ------ __ .-- . __ ----- .-- -- .. 295.80 66.68 157. 55 36.38 121.17 71.57 4 2 28 39 5 1
New York. _---------------------------------- 282. 01 15.74 229.31 108. 67 120.64 36. 97 5 44 2 5 6 17
North Carolina_------ ~ --------- ~ --- - --------- 162. 58 26.25 112.55 30. 24 82.31 23.78 43 23 43 45 30 39
North Dakota_------------------------------- 259.03 31.96 166.65 87. 85 78.80 60.42 11 15 21 16 34 4
0 hio ____ __. --------.---------- _____ • _____ . ___ _ 200. 41 15.99 152.98 73. 67 79. 31 31.43 31 43 32 27 33 23
Oklahoma. __ ----------------. _______ . ___ ----- 233.19 40.75 153. 71 46.81 106. 90 38. 73 20 6 31 36 10 14
Oregon .. -------------------------------- - ----- 277. 56 38.53 200.68 85.26 115.42 38.35 6 9 6 18 7 15
Pennsylvania ________________________ --------- 197.13 12.70 100.98 53.48 107. 50 23. 45 34 47 25 35 9 41
Rhode Carolina.
Island_--------------- - ---------------- 192.18 23.52 151 : 82 76.51 75.31 16. 8·1 37 27 34 26 38 49
South ________ .. _____________________ 149.44 19.76 10-3.88 23.93 79. 95 25.8() 49 34 47 48 32 35
South Dakota _______ ----------.-------- __ .---. 241.97 39.73 164. 83 97.28 67.55 37.40 16 8 22 10 45 16
Tennessee ____________ ------------------------- 161\.52 23.50 118. 12 34.62 83.50 23.91 42 29 42 42 29 38
Texas. ________ .----. ___ --._ •• -_".--... --.----_ 199.07 25.17 137.01 63. 12 73.89 31!. 60 33 2.5 37 31 40 18
Utah .. ---------------------------------------- 228.69 33. 25 162. 72 71.12 91.60 32. i3 23 13 24 28 19 21
228.62 29.72 177. 38 80.89 00. 49 2l.li2
~~~~~~~====================================
24 19 15 21 15 45
179. 28 17.29 131.62 42.21 89. 41 30.37 41 41 39 37 22 27
Washington __________ --- __ .•• ________ ._-_----- 265.09 29.73 188.15 55.70 132.43 47.23 9 18 9 34 2 7
West Virginia ____________________ ------------- 150.55 19.13 112.08 28. 36 83.72 19.34 48 35 44 46 28 48
w isconsin.____
Wyoming ___------
--------------------------------
___________________ . ,. ____ --
229.60 16. 24 184.47 95. fl9 88.51 29.15 21 42 11 13 25 31
311.85 84.88 191.79 98.66 93. 13 65.18 2 1 7 9 16 3

NoTE.-Local government amounts are preliminary, in part representing estimates Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. "State and Local Government Finances in
subject to sampling v:ariation; see text. Because of rounding, detail may not add to 1957." (G-CGA-No. 8). February 1959.
total. · ·

Mr. KEATING. Mr. President, this is power set forth in our fundamental law when any Federal property, excluding
in no sense just a New York problem. is seriously undermined when the Fed- only property devoted exclusively to
The present situation should be cause for eral Government becomes involved in strictly governmental purposes, enjoys
concern among all those who still be- such a large financial investment in in- the benefit of local services, it should
lieve that the ends of democracy are best dividual States. The trend is bound to contribute its fair share of local taxes.
served J:>y a government closest to the encourage domination and control by the Legislation to this end has been pending
people. National Government and the weaken- in Congress for more than a decade.
In the early years of the 20th century, ing of State and local initiative. More- Approval of such a principle would at
less than one-third of all governmental over, the process is a mushrooming one, least partially restore to the States abil-
expenditures were made by the Federal since the greater the drain on local tax ity to support local programs in accord-
Government, and two-thirds by the sources by the Federal Government to ance with their own needs and desires
States and local governments. Now pay for these grants, the less individual ·and out of their own revenues.
these proportions are almost reversed. States will be able to meet their prob- Serious consideration actually has
While this trend may be attributed in lems out of their own resources. been given during this session of Con-
considerable measure to the increasing The drain on the resources of New gress to legislation which would have
needs of national defense, a substantial York caused by Federal grant-in-aid pro- just the reverse effect on New York by
contributing factor is the constant exten- grams would be a serious enough problem limiting its taxing powers even further.
sion of Federal domestic programs. by itself, but it is compounded by other I refer to Senate Joint Resolutions 29
Federal aid to State and local govern- demands on the States made by the Fed- and 67 which would prohibit New York
ments now averages almost 20 percent of . eral Government. One of these is the from collecting any tax on income
general expenditures at the State level. result of the large property holdings of earned in the State by nonresidents.
In four States-Arkansas, Missouri, Ne- the United States. Particularly since The importance of this proposal is un-
vada, and Wyoming-Federal grants and World War II, the Federal Government derscored by the fact that more than
shared revenue is equal to more than has gone so far into the real estate busi- $30 million annually is produced by such
one-third of the State's total general ex- ness that a good many local communities taxes on the approximately 190,000 per-
penditures. In Alabama, Federal grants have found their tax revenues seriously sons affected.
and shared revenues constitute more impaired by the exemption traditionally The validity of such taxes was estab-
than 26 percent of all State expenditures; accorded Federal property. At the crux lished in Travis v. Yale & Towne Mfg.
in Kentucky, over 27 percent; in Missis- of this problem is the fact that much of Co., 252 U.S. 60; and ShaDer v. Carte,
sippi, over 27 percent; in Texas, over 22 this real property consists of valuable 252 U.S. 37, both decided in 1920. The
percent, and in West Virginia, over 24 urban and suburban locations which Court pointed out in those cases that
percent. And, in New York, 14 percent. would normally contribute generously in the States assume and perform the duty
These figures show dramatically the ex- local taxes and which impose a propor- of preserving all persons, property and
tent to which the Federal Government tionately high burden in local services business within their borders and, in
has taken over financial responsibilities and facilities. consequence, must enjoy the power to
of the States. This condition could be rectified by resort to reasonable forms of taxation
The heavy dependence of the States of having the Federal Government make a to require all such persons and inter-
the Union on Federal funds is a matter payment in lieu of taxes to the local ests to contribute to the expenses of
of national concern, and dangerous to community with respect to such prop- government. In the recent case of
our Federal system. The dispersion -of erty. It has long been my opinion that Goodwin v. State Tax Commission, 1
10004 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 5
N.Y. 2d 680, App, dismissed 352 U.S. 805, comm1ss10ns and executive agencies. however, when such contributions are
the Court specifically sustained the pro- There have been enough background forced at a rate or in a manner which
visions of the New York law which grant studies and statistical reports. We should undermines the fiscal soundness of some
to nonresidents less favorable deduc- be ready now to come to grips with the for the benefit of others. Any such
tions than those extended to residents specific legislative measures necess.a ry to trend has moral as well as economic con-
on the ground that' a classification of de- remove the discriminatory features of sequences which deserve our most ear-
ductions based on residence wa's reason- these programs and to curb their ever nest consideration.
able. increasing scope. I believe it would be desirable to
I do not contend that the existence It would be helpful to consider some write 'into Federal laws in this field a
of such a broad power necessarily re- of the basic considerations which must definite statement of the purpose and
quires or justifies its full exercise. It is guide us in this job. We cannot hope duration of the part icular program.
my judgment, however, that the depri- successfully to cope with the far reach- This is necessary to avoid indefinite ex-
vation of this power by the Federal ing problems in this area unless we first tension of such Federal activities al) a
Government through a constit utional det ermine our objectives and standards. result of legislative inertia and bureau-
amendment would be an unconscionable I believe that any such undertaking cratic pressures. We all know from
inter·f erence with the t axing power of must be premised first of all on the as- personal experience the tremendous dif-
the respective States. Moreover, when it sumption that our Republic derives its ficulties which are faced whenever an
is considered that a substantial majority strength from the bond of responsible effort is made to terminate any Fed-
of the S tates have income tax laws, and S tate governments. This means that eral activity once it is set in motion, no
that under all these laws the income the F ederal Government must avoid en- matter how limited and temporary the
within the State of nonresidents is croachment on the activities and re- impetus for the program may have been
taxed, it is evident that such action sources of local governments. It means originally.
would benefit only a small m inority of also that the States must be ready to ful- It is therefore vitally important, as
the country at the expense of the rest fill pressing public n eeds demanded by the Joint Federal-State Action Commit-
of the country. our citizens. As was said in the First tee has recommended, that built-in
Such examples of actual or threat ened Progress Repor t of the Joint Federal- mechanisms be included in all Federal
action by the Federal Government tend- State Action Committee: grant-in-aid programs -to prevent con-
ing to undermine the fiscal independ- The degree to which the States satisfy tinuing operating responsibilities by the
ence and integrity of the States can be the governmental needs of modern society Federal Government in spheres prop-
easily multiplied. Perhaps the most d etermines in large measure the strength of erly State a.nd local in scope. The Fed-
egregious of all in recent years is the so- the wh ole system. eral Government can and should stimu-
called area redevelopment bill referred We must also avoid any suggestion late St ate action necessary to meet na-
to here today, which I believe can more that reevaluat ion of Federal-State pro- tional objectives and provide the people
accurately be described as the area dis- grams in this area is designed to en- with needed services. But safeguards
location bill. cour age retrenchment. Much of the should be included whenever appropri-
Every person is concerned over con- work on t h is problem can be accom- ate, to make certain that such grants
ditions which exist in the economically plished without disturbing- in any way retain their character as stimulants and
depressed areas of our Nation. One of the scope of the programs involved. do not become permanent operating re-
the major causes of such distress in the Our primary goal should be a redistri- sponsibilities of a centralized bureauc-
Northeast has been the migration of in- bution of responsibility, not a diminu- racy.
dustry to the South. It is incredible, tion of services. I do not say that all It must be the objective of action· in
under these circumstances, to propose the pr ograms involved are sacred. I do this area -to restore to the States not only
legislation as a solution to such problems say, let us not confuse the mer its of the desir e but the ability -to assume their
which would actually acceler at e the fur- these programs with t he fundamental burdens. Present Federal tax policies
ther movement of industry from this problems involved in their proper ad- make it virtually impossible for the
part of the Nation. As if this were not ministration. States to raise the necessary revenue to
enough, as is typical in such legislation, A third assumption on which I be- support these programs without subject-
New York and other Northeaster n States, lieve we must proceed is that it is un- ing their residents to onerous taxes. A
the very States which stand to lose· the desirable for any Federal program to definite adjustment in this situation,
most from this legislation, would · be be fashioned in a manner which takes therefore, is a necessary condition to any
forced to pay their usual high share of undue advantage of the people of any effective measures.
the expense of the program. A better one of the States. In my opinion, Immediate attention should be given
example of the conflict between New present policies require New York to to determining tax sources which might
York's and the Federal Government's contribute more than its fair share to be r elinquished by the National Govern-
apparent economic interests could not be support certain areas of the Nation .fa- ment and absorbed by State and local
conceived. vored under the present programs. It governments. Several possibilities al-
Mr. President, I believe that a com- is doubtful whether the count ry as a ready have been suggested. The most
plete reevaluation by Congress of the whole will benefit in the long run from widely discussed involves the local tele-
economic relationship between the Fed- a continuation of this disparity. Any phone service tax now levied by the Fed-
eral and State Governments can no policies which curb or shackle the de- eral Government. This tax is regarded
longer be delayed. Much spade-work velopment of New York and i~p.pede its as particularly appropriate for at least
has already been done. The Nat ional independent growth will harm not only partial transfer to the States because of
Study Commission on Intergovernmental the Empir e State, but ultimately the the wide and uniform distribution of tax
Relations under the leadership of Meyer entire Nation, which it serves as a com- source over the country and because of
Kestenbaum submitted its report on the mercial and industrial hub. the unlikelihood of State differentials
subject almost 4 years ago, The Presi- The operation of a Federal program in deYeloping.
dent, in an effort to carry forward this a way which penalizes any State be- It is interesting to consider the effects
work, appointed former Gov. How- cause of the initiative it has taken to of this proposal on the revenue of the
ard Pyle, of Arizona, a Special Deputy provide for the needs of its people should State. Under the most conservative of
for Intergovernmental Relations. Pres- give us pause. I cannot believe that the suggested alternatives, under which
ident Eisenhower was instrumental also this is a necessary consequence of ap- 3 percentage points of the present 10
in creating a Joint Federal-State Action propriate Federal action. It may be an percent tax would be uniformly distrib-
Committee composed of high ranking inevitable consequence, however, of too uted and an additional percentage dis-
State and Federal officials. This Com- much Federal control and participation tributed under the control of the Secre-
mittee is now functioning, and has al- in welfare programs which should be tary of the Treasury, over $147,500,000
ready made some recommendations for primarily State responsibilities. All the would be yielded to the States. It has
action in this field. States of the Union, of course, must be been suggested that this plan be com-
The time has come for positive steps prepared to contribute to the mainte- bined with assumption by the States of
by Congress. We must do our part in nance of certain national standards and the present Federal share for vocational
implementing the work of these special goals. The danger point is reached, education and waste treatment constr ue-
1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 10005
tion programs. If this were done it NOMINATIONS Grant, Arthur E., 064960.
would mean that New York taxpayers Hamilton, Richard D., 065681.
Executive nominations received by the Hopeman, Alan R., 065455.
would save more than $11 million which Senate June 5, -1959: Hudson, Heber S., 065446.
they now contribute to the support of DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY Kellen berg er, Robert E., 064962.
these programs, without any change in Kleinma nn, Mortimer V., Jr., 064975.
their scope. The incredible fact is that to James Henry Wakelin, Jr., of New Jersey,
be Assistant Secretary of the Navy, vice Ko varic, John J., 069965.
this is almost twice the amount which Fred A. Bantz, elevated.
L angs joen, Per H ., 0 64949.
New York now receives in total from M.\}L 3od, Dona ld G. , Jr ., 065445.
the Federal Government as its share of IN THE REGULAR ARMY M et zger, Joseph F., 064940.
these programs. · The following-named officers for promo- M ueller , Harold W., 065451.
Nitz , Robert E ., 070003.
Mr. President, it is time Congress did tion in the Regular Army of the United
Sta tes, under the provisions of title 10, P a rrish, Ma t t hew D. , 065447.
something to implement these consid- United States Code, sections 3284 and 3299. Pope, J a mes K., 064941.
erations. While I have discussed a lot All officers are subject to physical examina- Reeve, Arnold M., 065453.
of figures in my remarks, much more tion required by law. Scha nzer , Stephan N ., 065465.
than a matter of dollars and cents is TO BE LIEUTENANT COLONEL, MEDICAL CORPS S chwamb, Halbert H ., 067954.
involved here. The problems in this Shafer, J a mes A., 065464.
Pope, John J ., 031214. Sheffler, Paul W. , 065459.
field go to the very core of our demo- Silberman, Henry K., 066099.
TO BE LIEUTENANT COLONELS, DENTAL CORPS
cratic system. They concern the funda- Silverman, Leo H., 065435.
mental concept of our country as a B a scom, Perry W ., 025171.
Bunnell, J a mes B ., Jr. , 031074. S immons, John R., 064972.
union of sovereign States joined to- Burke, Allyn ·D., ·o78039. Sta lker, D a niel E., 064959.
gether for their common welfare but for- Burnett, George W., 039499. S t elter, Grant D ., 068052.
ever retaining their separate identities C a mpbell, John L., 038863. Sulak, Michael H., 064951.
and responsibilities. The strength of our Enmeier, J a mes M., 043168. Switzer, Walter E., 065442.
body politic is derived from this diffusion Fisher, William T., 0 43171. Syner, James C., 065462.
Tunberg, Clarence L., 065680.
of power and sovereignty. It will be pre- Fra nk, Ogden M., 03110l.
Vineyard, William R ., 064954.
served to the extent that we curb the Jorda n , John E ., 038859.
Kirchoff, Arnold W ., 031146. Wright, Lloyd T., 065457.
tendency to follow the easy example of Lang, Norbert S., 031062. TO BE MAJORS, VETERINARY CORPS
other nations toward more and more Mosgrove, Richard L., 038880.
centralized control over the fate and Bridenstine, William A., 063225.
Mosley, George W., 043175. Carter, Leland B., 069878.
fortune of our citizens. Olsen, Edmund S., Jr., 031071. Lampru, Paul D., 084818.
The task before us is too great to be Rudisill, John W., Jr., 031128. Meckstroth, Leslie E., 065538.
superimposed upon any congressional Sauser, Clare W ., 026444. Mehnert, Erich C., 068385.
committee already weighted down with Shaver, Robert C ., Jr., 078614. Miller, Walter W., 065541.
the consideration of problems within its Weeks, Rubert A., 052011. Morgan, Richard B ., 065540.
jurisdiction. Moreover, this task must TO BE LIEUTEN~NT COLONELS, VETERINARY CORPS Nossov, Gabriel, 063223.
be approached from an overall point of Allison, Aaron F., 031016. Ott, Bruce S., 066064.
view and not from a position already Anslow, Ralph 0.~ 031093. Rothe, William E ., 070031.
Coburn, George C ., 031025. Vaninetti, Gus A., 065535.
oriented in favor of or against any par- Young, James B., 070071.
ticular interest· or program. Aocord- Fechner, Walter W ., 031033.
Gould, Clinton L ., 040116. TO BE MAJORS, MEDICAL SERVICE CORPS
ingly, I propose the creation of a new Horn, Wiley H., 031078.
Joint Committee of Congress on Federal- Adams, Raymond E., 079646.
Manges, Joseph D., 031055. Beakes, Francis C., 080283.
State Relations with jurisdiction to con- Robertson, Harry J., 023683. Cevey, Paul E., 080290.
duct a comprehensive study of the prob- Rubin, Harvey L., 052006. Doran, Gerald J., 084315.
lems in this area and with a mandate Sunderville, Edwin J ., 023335. Fanning, William E., 080293.
to recommend to the Congress within a TO BE LIEUTENANT COLONELS, MEDICAL SERVICE Fellerman, Erwin K., 080294.
prescribed period of time a definite pro- CORPS Gray, Irving, 058738.
gram for action. I will introduce a spe- Austin, William L., 037403. Hinrichs, Herbert H., 079665.
cific resolution for this purpose in the Behrens, Donald H., 037400. Holtwick, Philip B., 080303.
very near future. I hope that before too Bouton, Arthur G., 031306. Hooker, LaRay D., 080304.
Brown, Eugene T., 037398. Johnson, Andrew J., 081870.
long we can start on the vital work which Kammerer, William M., 079667.
needs to be done to restore a proper Chapelle, Francis 0., 037399.
Dean, James W., 031300. Luban, Albert J., 079669.
balance to Federal-State economic rela- Evans, Murray F., 031296. Newman, Forest P., Jr., 080313.
tions. Frick, Lyman P., 043239. O'Hern, Robert S ., 079659.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, Gott, William E., 037405. Ostrom, Thomas R., 050576.
I suggest the absence of. a quorum. Hastings, Frederick W., 031313. Poucher, Clyde R., 079673.
The PRESIDING OFFICER <Mr. Helsel, Wilford P., 037391. Rogers, 0. B ., 080322.
Jones, Herman A., Jr., 031312. Rojo, Fernando S., 084833.
YouNG of Ohio in the chair). The clerk Leivovitz, Albert, 037407. Ross, William E., 080324.
will call the roll. Marsh, Edwin S., 031307. Shepard, Leonard G'., 079660.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call Mastrolia, Anthony C., 043244. Tate, Robert W., 081872.
the roll. Meagher, Harvey E., Jr., 031305. Thompson, Richard c., 084330.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, Nelson, Francis C., 031314. Tsakonas, Charles T., 084809.
I ask unanimous consent that the order Noe, Herbert A., 031299. Weatherall, RichardT., 076804.
Olson, Clarence T., 039323. Winkler, Harry T., 080331.
for the quorum call be rescinded. Pacey, William A., 031323.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without TO BE MAJORS, ARMY NURSE CORPS
Quackenbush, Robert 0., 031317.
objection, it is so ordered. Richek, Herbert G., 040139. Connors, Amy L., N809.
Wagnon, Glen B., 056201. Due, Stella G., N1848.
Zachar, Martin, Jr., 037388. Freese, Thelma U ., N2838.
Hehn, Mary K ., N2822.
ADJOURNMENT TO MONDAY TO BE MAJORS, MEDICAL CORPS Lachette, Mary C., N1707.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, Arzola, Asdrubal, 067785. McCoy, Goldie M., N2520.
Barila, Timothy G., 064939. PiergalUni, Anne R., N1937.
in executive se8sion, I move that the Borski, Anthony A., 065443. Witt, Rosemary, N1520.
Senate adjourn in accordance with the Bridgeford, Otis E., 065450. TO BE MAJORS, ARMY MEDICAL SPECIALIST CORPS
order previously entered. Brown, Paul W., 064946.
The motion was agreed to; and <at Daniels, John R., 065460. Cook, Marion E., R10134.
Delia, Claude W., 064952. Cotter, Anastatia, R10171.
5 o'clock and 55 minutes p.m.) the Sen- Frazee, Mary E., M10107.
ate, in executive session, adjourned, un- Dimond, Francis C., Jr., 065682.
Eaves, Charles C., 065577. Hamlyn, Alvera E., M10099.
der the order previously entered, until Eberlin, Eugene W., 067813. Hughes, Rosamond E., R10029.
Monday, June 8, 1959, at 12 o'clock Esses, Henry A., 069916. Johnson, Frances J., M10031.
meridian. Ewart, James A., 065449. Kemske, Dorothy L., M10052.
10006 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 5
Mahoney, Margaret E., M10017. Avera, Graham J., 079547. Hinspeter, William LeR., 074253.
Rader, Marjorie A., M100E8. Bailey, Clarence A., 078212. Hobin, Raymond M., 085001.
Strobel, Phyllis· R., M10069. Baird, Richard J., 078215. Hodges, Charles E., 074254.
Torp, Ma:·y J., M10113. Balint, Barry T. J., 074631. Hollister, Myron P., 074261.
The following-named officers for promotion Barrett, Jonathan R., 3d, 083636. Hosmer, William, 075066.
in the Regular Army of the United States, Barry, John W., 074633. Houlis, Harry S., 074269.
under the proviEions of title 10, United States Bassett, Gordon C., 085290. Houston, Joseph B., Jr., 074270.
Code, sections 3284 and 3304. All officers Bird, Max R., 074077. Huddle, Charles E., Jr., 074999.
are subject to physical examination required Birdsong, Edward M., Jr., 074078. Humphrey, Paul W., 079586.
bylaw. Blank, James N., 081587. Hunt, Byron W., 074275.
Bonner, Benjamin J., 3d, 074088. Irwin, James T., 074732.
TO BE LIEUTENANT COLONELS, ARMY NURSE Booth, John P., 3d, 074642. Israel, Glenn A., 074283.
CORPS Bowden, John J., 084953. James, William N., 074285.
Archer, Rubye W., N1634. Bower, George L., 078234. Jarrell, William J., 078466.
Ball, Katherine, N358. Brister, Delano R., 074646. Jenks, George V., 081668.
Bowen, GenevaN., N1966. Bronson, Richard M., 085129. Jeter, Munford S., 081670.
Cindric, Rose H., N1983. Brown, Charles H., 074103. Johanknecht, George P., 074734.
Clarke, Gertrude R., N2387. Brown, Roy A., 074104. Johnson, Gerald K., 074735.
Clarke, Margaret G., N745. Bruner, Robert J., 081595. Johnson, James M., 084923.
Colyer, Betty L., N1206. BruEkiewicz, Glenn L., 078248. Johnson, Joseph M., 079588.
Cully, Irene E., N614. Brylla, Charles W., 074107. Kantor, George W., 078376. ·
Dennis, Anna K., N1965 . Bue, Paul A. J., 078251. Keith, Donald M., 078379.
Diekroeger, Luella E., N1861. Burke, Francis J., Jr., 085132. Kelly, Edward V., 078382.
Duley, Clara M., N1637. Burton, Donald L., 085133. Kirk, John G., 085470.
Edenfield, Ruth, N2061. Bush, Emory W., 079560. Kitay, Peter N., 078389.
Egan, Margaret M., N2058. Cahalane, Robert E., 079561. Kite, John C., 074310.
Eidsaa, Alma 0., N167. Campbell, Donald A., 074118. Knapper, Aubrey L., 074312.
Elliott, Dorothy V., N2245. Campbell, Joseph R., 074657. Knipp, James D., 078391.
Ernst, EEtelle T., N314. Carucci, Raymond A., 074969. Kramer, Bryce R., 074314.
Feagans, Nellie I:, N1547. Castle, Edward R., Jr., 074971. Krome, Alan, 074317.
Flavelle, Elizabeth L., N1896. Cento, Dahl J., 085307. Lackey, Lyman A., Jr., 074321.
Fuller, Anne_L., N587. Chesley, Arthur P., 074128. Ladd, John P., 074322.
Garrard, Delzena E., N1890. Clites, James E., Jr., 079566. Lake, Howard K., Jr., 074323.
Green, Josephine M., N2400. Cockrell, William F., Jr., 081602. Larimer, Charles L., 074755.
Greenfield, Ruth L., N873. Coffee, Edwin P., Jr., 074130. Laughbon, Richard W., 074328.
Hayes, Katherine E., N688. Coffman, Richard L., 074664. Lehner, Scott J., 082282.
Hollinger, Margaret A., N1962. Conroy, Robert E., 078265. Lenderman, William R., 079596.
Houston, Emi11a F., N1960. Cook, James H., 080221. Lesko, Charles J., 084712.
Jones, Peggy G., N:363. Cooper, Willis MeL., 085143. Lockwood, Willard E., 074342.
Jordan, Mary C., N987. Correll, Ralph T., 074667. Lofton, Marvin, 075013.
Jump, Katherine R., N341. Cox, Randall S., 074138. Logan, Rodney W., 074343.
Laggan, Mary M., N1028. Craig, Joe H., 074668. Long, John E., 078405.
Lewis, Luella R., N340. Curran, Jan D., 074670. Losik, Robert C., 074344.
Lozinak, Mary M., N2291. Dedrick, Warren F., 081617. Lyons, Calvin G., 074349.
Malta, Winifred z., N2370. Deel, Arlin, 079571. Maass, Charles G., 074350.
Micklick, Irene E., N388. Deetjen, Roy F., 081618. MacDonald, Donald L., 081691.
Parker, Edna M., N271. Delandro, Donald J., 074942. MacHatton, Joseph G., 078411.
Patterson, Evelyn_M., N339. Dilyard, Rex E., 083648. Mapes, John B., 077556. ·
Perreault, Marsciene A. B., N2396. DiValentino, Leo E., 074164. Marguccio, Robert G., 074357.
Pfeffer, Henrietta H., N2413. Ditman, William D., 074163. Marmor, John W., 083657.
Plemon, Evonne L., N1860. Dowling, Donald J., 074170. Massey, Oran A., 074365.
Reutenauer, Marguerite C., N206 .- Dreeben, Lionel, 074677. May, Francis B., 083113.
Rime, Mabel·L., N1533. Druit, Clifford. A., 074678. - May, Richard L., 084092.
Sandberg, Wilma K., N248. Dunn, James_E., 0741n. McAden, Henry J., Jr., 074767.
Satterfield, Ruth P., N2168. Dvorak, Philip J., 074178. McCreery, John L., 074373.
Saulnier, Dorothy N., N249. Earlix, Richard L., 084523. McCullough, James A., 074374.
Smith, Mary I., Nl005. Eastwood, Clifford A., Jr., 074180. McKinney, Horatio W., 074384.
Taylor, Ruth P., N302. Edward, Charles A., 085158. Meaney, Edward J., Jr., 082287.
Thornton, Joyce A., N267. Ely, Sumner R., 078293. Merritt, Hubert D., 078432.
Tollefson, Margaret E., N329. Epperson, Thomas A., 078295. Milan, Richard L., 075022.
Walker, Isabelle M., N148. Evans, Walter C., 081632. Miller, Donald L., 084225.
Werley, Harriet H., N1241. Fennell, George R., Jr., 074192. Miller, Spencer R., 074782.
Younger, Mary M., N288. Flanagan, Carl P., Jr., 081636. Milliron, Joseph F., 074395.
Foard, John B., 3d, 074201. Molinelli, Robert F., 079604.
TO BE LIEUTENANT COLONELS, ARMY MEDICAL Ford, Wilbur E., Jr., 074202. Montgomery, Ross D., 085217.
SPECIALIST CORPS Morrison, Kenneth L., 076444.
Freitas, Louis H., 083651.
Davies, Elizabeth J., M10102. Frobel, Martin C., 078310. Mudgett, John S., 084714.
Forsythe, Lois M., R10039. Gately, Michael P., 074691. Mungovan, Robert W., 081706.
Jones, Elizabeth C., M10114. Gentry, Roy C., 074989. Murphy, Clifton M., 074407.
Moseman, Martha E., R10031. Gereau, Richard N., 075059. Murray, Jackson S., 074787.
Strain, Ruth G., R10070. GeEsner, Stephen C., 083654. Nobriga, Gordon H., 074415.
Winslow, Ruby Z., R10006. Giles, George E., 074213. Norris, James B., 081711.
The following-named officers for promotion Gilmore, Joseph R., 074215. Osa, Nelson, 074426.
in the Regular Army of the United States, Givhan, Walter H ., 074217. Owen, Thomas D., Jr., 074797.
under the provisions of title 10, United States Glover, Richard R., 074219. Padgett, David H., Jr., 074430.
Code, section 3284 and 3298. All officers are Goetz, George W., 074699. Parker, Murry E., 076493.
subject to physica.l examination required by Good, Robert E., 085172. Parr, Ivan W., 3d, 083660.
law. Greenway, John R., 084994. Patte, Chris, 075121.
Hallinan, James M., Jr., 074709. Pearlman, James T., 081715.
TO BE FIRST LIEUTENANTS
Hatch, Vernon L., 074242. Perry, James R., 074804.
Adams, George B., ·074038. Hatcher, Robert T., 085180. Pertain, George H., Jr., 074806.
Aicken, Larry B., 074042. Hawkins, RichardS., 079582. Peterson, Walter R., Jr., 074808.
Alexander, Joseph E., Jr., 079545. Heckman, RichardT., 074245. Pharr, Joe B., 074810.
Allison, Robert H., 081573. Hemminger, Girard L., 074247. Pickens, Homer C., Jr., 085361.
Amerson, Hinton S., 074623. Herbert, Anthony B., 078348. Pierce, Isaiah B., Jr., 074812.
Amos, Julian E., 074047. Hickerson, Arville L., 074249. Pinkston, WilHam R., Jr .• 074813.
Anderson, Duane F., 074624. Hilmo, Orin R., 083655. Pipkin, John R., 079610.
Andrews, Robert H., 075052. Hilton, Jimmie L., 074251. Powers, Max L., 074448.
Aschettino, Richard F., 078208. Hinkleman, Roberts., 074252. Price, Roger J., 074815.
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-·SENATE 10007
Proctor, Marvin P., 0796.13. Maeder, Donald F., 081876. Gierhart, Jane E., AMSC, M3077.
Quinlan, Richard J., 074931. Murrell, Dan S., 080348. Matsumoto, Eleanor M ., ANC, N2290031.
Raines, Fred B ., 074451. Neitzel, Richard F., 080349. O'Claire, Joyce W., WAC, L2291670.
Randolph, William M., 073517. Peterson, Charles W., 078686. Raines, Ruth D., WAC, L1010875.
Reedy, Henry J., 074459. Seeley, Sam T., 078169. Smith, Gary T., MSC, 04051350.
Reese, Ronald R., 084531. TO BE FIRST LIEUTENANTS, ARMY NURSE CORPS The following-named persons for appoint-
Reeves, George E., 074823. ment in the Regular Army of the United
Reichel, James E., 074824. Doucet, Eileen :b., N2860.
La Rock, Ethel B., N2884 . States, in the grades specified under the pro-
Rembecki, Edward X., 083662. visions of title 10, United States Code, sec-
Reynolds, George P., 085076. The following-named person for reappoint-
ment to the active list of the Regular Army tions 3285, 3286, 3287, and 3288:
Robinson, Thonius, Jr., 074468.
Roddy, Robert E., 074470. of the United States, in the grade of second TO BE MAJORS
Russell, George G., Jr., 078486. lieutenant, from temporary disability retired Boardman, Charles H., III, 0393863.
Sanches, Manuel L., 074483. list, under the provisions of title 10, United Chance, Donald W., 02236534.
Scherer, George H., 079617. States Code, section 1211: Cushing, John M., 01020294.
Schessler, Donald R ., 074488. Tonda, Rica rdo D ., 075841. Dey, Edward H., 01169484.
Schober, Frank J., Jr., 074492. The following-named persons for appoint- Fisher, Charles M., 01546978.
Schuler, James D., 074495. ment in the R :: gular Army of the United Gould, Howard J., 0 404889.
Scott, John R., 083663. States, in the grades and corps specified, un- Harris, William T., 01045570.
Shuman, John N., 074843. der the provisions of title 10, United States Holland, Earl H., 01633281.
Smith, John D., 079620. Code, sections 3294, 3291, 3311, 3285, 3286, Johnson, Glen R., 01103238.
Snyder, Harold B., Jr., 074522. 3287, and 3288: Johnson, Ivan H., 01036211.
Snyder, Ronald E., 078511. Keevan, Edward F., Jr., 01080383.
Solley, Charles W., 074850. TO BE MAJORS Kirk, Raymond L., 01555708.
Spears, Joseph M a cK., Jr., 075034. Glenn, James C ., MC, A0380482. Konopka, Wenceslaus F., 01109427.
Stein, Edward J., Jr., 085265 . Kaisch, Kenneth R., MC. Ledbetter, William R., 0389559.
Stipe, John W. M., Jr., 078518. TO BE CAPTAINS
Pierson, Leslie E., 0391152.
Stockhammer, Gordon, F., 079621. Radcliff, Joseph A ., 01309606.
Stoddard, Timothy D., 075039. Arnold, Vivian M., ANC, N792070. Roemmer, Jo~eph, Jr., 01329750.
Stone, Frank R., Jr., 074536. Bridges, Berly E., Jr ., MC, A02091772 . Samborski, Henry J., 01332743.
Stone, Gordon L., 079622 . Chunn, Van D., Jr., MC, 01873794. Shepard, G eorge, 01062289.
Storms, Robert N. Jr., 080230. Farrelly, Robert L., MC, 02283260. Trumps, Shirly R., 01293152.
Stotser, George R., 074540 . H a le, Meredith S., MC, 01917779. Zandy, Deno J., 0576797.
Stringer, Paul G., 074542. H all, Betty J ., ANC, N792332.
Harrison, Richard E., MC, 05407610. TO BE CAPTAINS
Stuart, James R., 074545 .
Sullivan, Noel E., 077716. Hooks, Doris, ANC, N777728. Adams, Arlye D ., 02204130 .
Levine, Theodore, MC, 05003014. Angelini, Joseph, 01597980 .
Swift, John B., 074551.
Tengler, John A. , 074867. Louis, Winifred M., AMSC, J100124. Barker, Irving 0., 01317138.
Neale, Julia A., AMSC, R20201. Dalusky, George A., 0964568.
Thomson, Robert W., 085272.
Tieken, Richard V., 074564. Rock, Marjorie J., ANC, N723708. Ferguson, James W., 02203315.
Tindall, Asa W.,Jr., 081752. Stappenbeck, Edna F ., ANC, N790864. Fordyce, John W., 01061395 .
Tisdale, Patrick D., MC, 02273957. Godwin, Harold A ., Jr., 02200105.
Treat, Robert B., Jr., 078527.
Vinall, William H., DC, 04045863 . Gray, John M., 02209645 .
Tucker, Andrew L., 079623.
W igdahl, Luther 0., MC, 04073865. Hayes, Donald R., Sr., 02016407.
Tyner, Robert 0 ., 079625 .
Wilary, Lillian B ., ANC, N90i299. Henson, Virgil A., Jr., 02014633.
Undercoffer, John T., 078530.
Hodge, Harold B., Jr., 02201540.
Vandergrift, Kennard S., Jr., 082301. TO BE FIRST LIEUTENANTS
Jones, James W., 02204417.
Ventzek, Robert E., 074877. Allison, Dorothy S., ANC, N901523. Kesler, Mac P., 02026784.
Vetterling, John M ., 074580. Bartelloni, Peter J., MC, 02273093. Matteson, James S ., 02210165.
Wagner, Stanley G., 083668. Berry, Sidney R., MC, 02295010. Moore·, Gilbert F., 0446357.
Waite, Richard D., 078624. Bloom, Gerald E., MC, 02295014. Murphy, Henry B., Jr., 01879597.
Wakefield, Donald Y., 074583. Brascho, Donn J., MC, 02291442. O 'Neil, John J., 01889863.
Ward, Jerry E., 074883. Chamberlain, Eugene C., Jr., :Me, 02291924. Peterson, Ralph J., 0980126.
Watke, Frederic W., 074588. D ecker, John T., MC, 02291355. Price, James R ., 0550225.
Watts, Ronald L., 074589. Dell, Thomas A., MC, 02291440. Roy, Joseph E., 02020678.
Welch, Larry L., 074936. DeMarco, Arnold R., MC. Russell, Dempsey R., 02033534.
West, Louis, 078544. Fagan, Charles J., MC, 02289928. Schwartz, Jack J., 02203290 .
Wetherington, Bernard J., 074885. Fischgrund, Milton L., MC, 04038340. Speights, Duris , Jr., 013 41914.
White, Billy T., 085281. Fugelso, Peter D., MC, 02289699. Starr, Merle D ., 02030534.
Whitt, Lawrence H ., 074888. Graham, John L., MC, 02295067. Stenger, John E., 01535831.
Wiersema, Kenneth E., 074594. Gray, John H., MC, 02289701. Utzman, Charles D., 01882641.
Wilder, Allen S., Jr., 083670. Grisham, Richard S. C., MC, 01942230. Wayman, Elden E., 01885834.
Wiser, Bobbie M., 074895. Hall, Thomas M., MC, 02289684. Wenneson, Richard M., 01884033.
Witt, Everett L., 085286. Hamilton, Elizabeth J ., AMSC, M3017. West, William I., 050732.
Wolff, John P., Jr., 084721. Hanson, James D. , MC, 02289961. Wilson, Thomas J., 01644233.
Woods, Robert D ., 074608 . Haynes, Christine, WAC, L1010868. Wolfe, Gerald P., 0962942.
Young, Charles De V., 074610. Hedges, James K., MC, 02289677.
Zickel, Raymond E., 074614. Hill, John E., Jr., MC, 02289922. TO BE FIRST LlEUTEN ANTS
Zychowski, Edward F ., 079629. Kabat, George J ., Jr., MC, 04032571. Adams, Basil R., Jr., 01875706.
'1'0 BE FIRST LIEUTENANTS, WOMEN'S ARMY CORPS Karshner, Paul H., MC, 02289816. Bishop, John G., 04013869 .
Kerr, Barbara J., ANC, N901506. Blandeburgo, Gasper, 01878126.
Dee, Jean P., L521. Branscum, Billy R., 01940931.
Paulsen, Carl A., MC, 04068156.
Halbert, Mary J., L523. Brock, Eldridge W., 04012541.
Pippin, Alton J., ANC, N901888 . .
Hess, Anne M., L524. Brown, Gene L., 04083757.
Reed, William A., Jr., MC.
Shelton, Ellen J., L505. Brown, James E., 04028978.
Reyna, Consuela T., ANC, N792369.
Sylvester, Suzanne E., L506. Burch, Eugene L., Jr., 02277112.
Ritter, Richard R., MC, 04004943.
TO BE FIRST LIEUTENANTS, MEDICAL SERVICE Schleif, Mary E., ANC, N901621. Carver, Cha-rley A., 04025948.
CORPS Snyder, Lowell E., MC, 02295009. Clark, Alastair S., 04032045.
Bethel, Howard D., 078161. Stewart, James L., Jr., MC, 04044295. Cochran, Jerry L., 01939794.
Brown, George L., 079558. Stewart, Roland R., VC, 04069802. Cook, Larry L., 04009844.
Bunce, George E., 078163 . Thomassen, Robert W., VC, 05500707. Dextraze, William P., 04036666.
Cedola, Vincent J., 078678. Treasure, Robert L., MC, 02289714. Dolfi, Eugene, 04006234.
Dacus, Lester H., 074149. Tucker, Walter E., Jr., VC, 04043905. Evans, Herbert C., 04000164.
Warnock, Gerald L., MC, 02295030. Farmer, Garry H., 04018893.
Darnauer, Paul F., 080341.
Wratten, Gary P., MC, 02295025. Fleming, Lynne B., 04041843.
Gulevich, Wladimir, 079677. Freeze, Richard S., 04030656.
Heldmyer, Harry F., 078682. Wygmans, John E., MC, 02291739.
Green, Gilbert R., 04018194.
Jordan, France F., 081875. TO BE SECOND LIEUTENANTS Gunn, Ernest R., 01925918.
Kinchen, Robert P., 078683. Clegg, George J., MSC, 04021890. Hance, Carl W., 04023670.
Lupien, Earle E ., 085205. Clifford, Margaret F., WAC, L2289165. Hawk , Robert T., 02033313.
10008 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 5·_
Hogan, Charles E., 04059010. Komer, James E., 05204564. Chamberlin, Paul D. Miller, Joseph, Jr.
Jackson, William B ., 01936122. Kramer, Walter B.; Jr., 05405223. Christy, William C., Morgan, Harold D.
Jackson, WilliamS., 01872393. Kraus, John H., 04049150. Jr. Moulton, William E.,
Jones, Beauford Z., 01876443. Kuehn, Karl P., 05401125. Cowden, Ronald R. Jr.
Keipp, Martin W., 04034924. LaGrassa, Joseph E., 05203421. Cox, David C. Nickelson, Richard L.
Kelman, Manfred, 04005691. Lax, Robert E., 05300546. ~ox, Joe B. Page, Wayne J.
Klora, David J., 04009486. Lester, Donald P ., 05403350. Crawford, Vernon L. Parks, James D., Jr.
Lawley, Fred W ., 04031325. Litwiller, Gavin D., 05504625. Cromwell, George E ., Pastella, Donald R.
Lytle, James H., 01891745. Lockwood, Edward D., 05002049. Jr. Plain, RayS.
McDowell, Rowland F., 04020587. Love, Richard M., 05205669. Cunningha m, Patrick Pool, Robert C.
Miller, Royce D., 04057743. Lynn, Ira I. , 05304359. J. Pope, John L.
Payne, Lloyd A., 04042906. M a nning, Norman G ., 04063155. Daly, Willia m .F., Jr. Rask, Richard H.
Ralls, Randall D., 04050046. M a tsuo, Herbert T., 0 4078081. Doubrava, Roy G. Reid, Roger R.
Rungee, James L., 04042650. Mays, Luama W., 04063781. Duckworth, Charles Rousseau, Alfred W.,
Short, William L., 04050416. Meadows , James S., 05405081. H. J~
Simmons, Frank J., 02205195. Moffitt, Robert B., 05303351. Emery, James s. Samilton, Lawrence
Sisson, Paul s., Jr., 04005735. · Morris, Alva J., 05300750. Estes, Glen A : B., Jr.
Soyster, Frank L., 02265640. Muirhead, Thomas H., 05206621. Fortney, Kenneth R., Schrader, Melvin A.
Speicher, Vernon L., 04018430. · Mullen, David A., 04052732. Jr. Sears, Perry M.
Stewart, Roger A., 04063763. Mulvey, Richard F., 05002380. Gilbertson, Clarence Shilling, Jack C.
Stommel, Raymond R., 02295197. . Munn, J a ck E., 05300565. · L. Sommers, Robert A.
Tokarz, Walter P ., 04062724. Musil, Louis F ., 05303687. Glidden, Richard C. Spanjers, Leonard J.
Tremper, Edwin 0 ., 04037536. Myers, Read E., 04010172. Godwin, Roger D. Speck, Gerald E.
Watson, Ronald J., 04002594. Oneillion, Willard M., Jr., 04071669. Gorham, Frederick Speer, Richard L.
Williams, Edwin H ., 01881997. P a rker, Jerry S., 04071412. A., IV Spratt, David M.
Willey, Burr M., 04004349. Parker, R a ymond L ., 05401638. Gunn, Lloyd R., Jr. Springer, Anthony T.
TO BE SECOND LIEUTENANTS Parker, Travis W., 04042931. Hammons, James 0. St. Ama nt, Joseph F.
Pearson, John L., 05507066. Hanzel, Richard D. Steele, James H., Jr.
Amend, William B ., 05402487. Pease, J a mes W., 05300418. Herrington, James R. Stt;itter, Frank T.
Antaya, Michel R., 05301984. Peeps, Richard D. J., 05205163. Hurteau, Joseph C. Tatge, EdwardS.
Ashley, Charles H., 04085008. Piasta, Richard L., 05504931. Jones, Manley W., Tayl or, James R.
Barkley, William A., 05201643. Pollenz, Richard S., 05502092. Jr. · Taylor, Robert P.
Beran, Joseph J., 05400679. Poole, Keith L., 05507067. Krause, Donald W. Thompson, Neil H.
Berman, Leo, 05405332. Prentice, Charles C., 05001108. Kuncl, Pat Y. Traver, Donald J.
Billey, John J., 04045444. Proulx, Clovis B ., 04064441. Leitz, Franklin W. Turner, George J.
Biskup, Robert L., 05401618. Puttkammer, Paul D., 04057310. Lindberg, Robert J. Walker, James M.
Bledsoe, Edwa rd P., 05300027. R a ynes, Troyce L., 04071190. Markham, John F. Weaver, Charles R.
Blomstrom, Harold W., 05702341. Rehusch, Kenneth S., 05502362. Mayhew, Jerald A. Williamson, John D.
Bowen, Richard M. , 05400465. Reinen, Robert H., 05205176. McKisson, Raymond Wilson, James R.
Bowman, Samuel S., III, 05503061. Renshaw, David A., 05204590. C. Wilson, John J.
Bradley, John W ., 04065760. Sanders, Walter M., 04069479. McLeod, Norman F. Wood, Merrill F.
Broome, James R., 04047692. Selby, Robert W., 05507548. Merrill, William B., Worthington, Wayne ,
Brown, Charles S., Jr ., 05401580. Sharp, Percy A., III, 05411175. III L.
Brown, Jerry R., 05401381. Shellabarger, Harold L., 04061980. Messer, Charles R.
Canfield, James D., 05301844. Sprague, James D., 04072020.
Coates, George 0., 05000047. Starr, Luther J ., Jr., 05400847. IN THE REGULAR AIR FORCE
Coulter, Richard V., 05300917. Stea kley, David L., 05303914. The following-named officers for promotion
Crane, Kenneth C., 05300954. S t eel, R·i chard E., 04048827. in the Regular ·Air Force under the appro-
Cummings, George P ., Jr. , 04075880. Tait, Thoma s H., 04036083. priate provisions of chapter 835, title 10,
Davenport, William H., 05502434. Tamer, Robert S., 02293137. United States Code, as amended. All offi-
Davis, Hal W. , 05400565. Thompson, ,Robert A., 05303537. cers are subject to physical examination re-
Decker, Gilbert F., 05204382. Thompson, Ross E. G., Jr., 04083671. quired by law:
Delius, Robert·D., III, 05303562. Thovson, Paul W., 05503518. MAJOR TO LIEUTENANT COLONEL
Dillon, Gregory P :, 04083470. Tomaka, ·Karl S., 04064625.
Dimeck, Philip A., 04065934. Line of the Air Fore•
Torretto, Richard J., 05405273.
Fisher, Edward S., 02272669. Trombley, Joseph E., 04085546. Adams, Charley J., 10281A.
Frattini, Joseph J., 04065295. Vaughn, Valentine W., 05401503. Adams, Lawrence A., Jr., 8935A.
Fulton, Lawrence P., Jr. , 04071674. Agostinho, Robert J., 10204A.
Gaebel, John L ., 05502717. Victorson, WilliamS., 05202182.
Anderson, Clarence E., Jr., 9725A.
Geiger, Peter H., 05700556. Welch, Charles W., 01893374. Anderson, John M., Jr., 6514A.
Ginex, Thomas D., 05405242. Williams, Durward R., 05304745. Anderson, Joseph W., Jr., 9734A.
Gleeson, William J., 04064815. Williams, Glen W., 05200162. Anderson, Louis J., 9742A.
Glynn, William T., 04085850. Williams, Ross S., 01940640. Anderson, Millard 0., 10185A.
Greer, Robert B., 04025806. Wolfe, Rodney D., 05506213. Anderson, Richard C., 32878A.
Groves, John E., Jr., 04047751. Wynd, William R., 04049651. Andrews, George H., 10014A.
Guinn, Ollie R., 05702495. Yancey, Thomas E., 05400122. Arcularius, Harry R., 32863A.
Gumbs, Selvin F ., Jr ., 04036539. Armstrong, John F ., 9925A.
Hardy, John D., 05206641. The following-named distinguished mili- Ashby, William K., 32871A.
Harwell, James S., A4033681. tary students for appointment in the Medi- Ashton, Alfred J ., Jr., 14661A.
Hehemann, George J., 04075231. cal Service Corps, Regular Army of the Askounis, Gust, 32890A.
Heidecker, Duane E ., 04060095. United States, in the grade of second lieu- Aszman, Burton H., 7342A.
Hering, Carroll H., 04048743. tenant, under the provisions of title 10, Atkinson, Paul G., Jr., 10115A.
Hess, Carl E., 04052586. United States Code, sections 3285, 3286, Avery, James B., 10050A.
Hicks, David L. , 05402471. 3287, and 3288 : B abb, Harold T., 6242A.
Hilton, Thomas G., 05303638. Cohen, Meyer W. Sides, John P., Jr. Bachman, Lawrence F., 6896A.
Holcomb, Samuel A., 05400088. Paul, C. Peter Yeatts, Frederick L. Bachtell, Robert C. , 9891A.
Holmes, Kenneth E. , 04063776. The following-named distinguished mili- B a er, John W., 9820A.
Hood, George E., 04075815. tary students for appointment in the Regu- B a iner, John W .,- 6313A.
Hoyle, Robert W., 04085423. lar Army of the U1_1ited States in the grade B a ll, Fra nk P., 10164A.
Jenrette, Nathan P ., III, 05300541. of second lieutenant, under the provisions B a lliet, William E., 9683A.
Johnston, Robert P., 04030596. of title 10, United States Code, sections B a rger, David H., 9851A.
Jones, Eddie H., 05401177. 3285, 3286, 3287, and 3288: Barnes, R ichard W ., 9905A.
Jones, Robert P., 05304601. B a rrow, David C. ,'9751A.
Acuff, Joseph D . Behannon, Hollis P. Barry, Billie J. , 10001A.
Keim, Carl D., 05200974.
Alton, Howard W., Jr, Berg, Dway;rte P . Barton, John R., 7450A.
Kester, William R. , 04062140. Arch, Walter J. Bergeron, Gary P. Barton, Richard E. , 9910A.
Kilpatrick, William A., 04071245. Arcuri, Francis W. Blickenstaff, Lynn A.
King, James H., Jr., 05201885. B ashant, Norman W ., 10256A.
Baker, Larry A. Brown, George N ., Jr. Bass, Thomas E.,10060A. ·
Klein, Alvin A., 05501031. Barr, Grady W . Buff, Max L. B a t es, Elbridge c .• 9741A.
Koehnke, Joseph A., 04074833. Beal, William R ., Jr. Castell, Willia m T. B a uer, M a urice H., 7534A.
1959 CONGRESSIONAL ·RECORD-· SENATE 1000!}
Beck, Charles J., 10219A-. Camp, Clyde H., Jp., 9982-A · Donohue, Timothy W., 7995A~ ·
Beckett, Thomas· A., 10175A. Cantor, Al, 10257A.· Dorff, Richard W., 9863A.
Beckett, Walter R., Jr., 10161A. Carey, Max· R., 328~3A. Dougherty, Russell E., 9985A.
B eerli, Stanley·w., 9875A. Carruth, Francis S., 7341A. Douma, Cyril R., 6910A.
B eeson, Thomas H., 9767A. Carson, Charles W., Jr., 10113A. Douthwaite, William T., Jr., 10058A.
Behn, Milton A., 9766A. Carter, Charles &., 9748A. Doyle, James L., 9813A.
Behnke, William C., 10216A. Carter, Clifford G., 8159A. Dudley, William·B., 10176A.
Bell, Homer C.; Jr., 9652A. Carter, John D .•. 8S80A. Duin, Robert, 10035A.
Benbow, John 'w., 13369A. Carwell, Ivan L ., f?368A. Duke, William F., 6521A.
Benner, Stephen 0 ., 9775A. Caselli, James L., 32891A. Duncan, Edward K., 7236A.
Bannett, John M., 9926A. Cassady, Robert E;., 9145.<\. Dunphy, E arl F., ·9878A.
B enson, Morrie, 11318A. Cassiday, Benjamin B., Jr., 10133A. Durner, Dwight E., 9881A.
B .m tley, Delwin D ., 8528A. Catledge, Richard C., 9951A. Dyser, Francis E., 9967A.
Beresford, Harry E., Jr., 7041A. Champion, :patrick D., 10296A. E ades, William B., Jr., 12195A.
Berg, WilliamW., 9961A. Chandler, John S., Jr., 10102A. Eads, Edwin "M., 51696A.
Berger, Raymond J., 8392A. Chapman, Benjamin F., 7402A. Easters, Robert D., 10043A.
Berry, Kearie L., Jr., 9833A. Cherbak, Victor A., Jr., 9857A. Ebert, Rembert A., 9917A.
Berry, Lon B., 6960A. Chessington, James B., Jr., 7002A. Edwards, Edmund B., 9787A.
Bestervelt, Harold J., 9785A. Childs, M a rvin .E., 10191A. Eichner, Leonard, 19776A.
Bevan, Wendell L., Jr., 9780A. Christensen, William R., 6545A. Eickemeyer, Karl F., 9872A.
Beveridge, McFate E., 32857A. Clark, Robert ;H., 10154A. Elam, Rhodes M.,l0207A.
Bickerstaff, Burt M., 9867A. Cobb, James B., 9769A. Elliott, Gober 0., 32874A.
Birbeck, Richard ·w., 6655A. Cobb, Melvin B ., 7966A. Ellis, Frank T., 9823A.
Bishop, Cleo M., 9777A. Coburn, Blaine K., 6447 A. Engels, Arithony M., '7033A.
Bishop, Edward L., 10047A. Coffield, Peter L., 9150A. Erspamer, Curtis R ., 10285A.
Black, Lee C., 9866A. Coke, John D , 9711A. Evans, John ·A., 10214A.
Blakeslee, Donald J. M ., 9362A. Cole, Heston C., 10197A. Evdokimoff, Dmitri, 9896A.
Blank, Jonas L., 10119A. Colgan, William B., 9973A. !.'yres, William G., 6390A.
Blehm, Harold E., 7566A. Collett, Charles E., 9902A. Farrell, Frarik J ., 9988A.
Boedeker, Charles W., 7418A. Collins, Thomas E., Jr., 9904A. Farrell, John E., 2d, 10288A.
Bogan, John w., 10027A. Comstock, H~rold E ., 9104A. Fava, James 'A., 7981A.
Bondhus, John 0., Jr., 6411A. Conard, Dean D., 32882A. Feallock, William J., 2d, 6358A.
Boone, Lewis P., Jr., 6524A. Conley, Bruce R., 10292A. Ferrell, Janies P., 32896A.
Booth, Joseph L ., 10231A. Conn, John F., 10226A. Fetters, Rolland F., 9916A.
Booth, Lionel R., 10235A. Connell, James S., 9922A. Filley, Oliver D ., Jr., 9933A.
Borellis, William F., 9871A. Connor, Edward H., 3d, 10157A. Finan, George K., 7146A.
Boreske, Andrew, Jr., 10121A. Coogan, Fran~is R., 48713A. Fishburn, James B., 7201A.
Bossardet, Charles W., 9612A. Cook, Harry D.~ lOOlOA. Fishel, Robert R., 9757A.
Bowden, Theodore W ., 7467A. Cook, William J., 9842A. Fisher, Jack C., Jr., 9129A.
Bowers, William H., 9874A. Cooke, Sherman C. ,- 6990A. Fisher, Lowell B.,' 9762A.
Bowley, Albert J., 10101A. Coonan, Daniel J., Jr., 8247A. Fitzgerald, Raymond L., 10236A.
Bowlin, Roy L., Jr., 9806A. Cooper, James H., 7004A. Fletcher, John F., 32862A.
Bowman, George· A., Jr., 9923A. Coriell, Eugene F., 33988A. Floyd, Percy M., Jr., 10326A.
Bozarth, Theodore W ., 9994A. Cormany, William F., 9714A. Flynn, Charles J., Jr., 9945A.
Bracy, Carroll H., 6741A. Costello, Edward M., 9764A. Folts, John L., 7387A."
Bradford, James W., 10082A. Cotton, Joseph F ... 10232A. Foote, Edward P ..; 9798A.
Brady, William D ., 9822A. Couch, Paul F., 10227A. Ford, Ross c., 9969A.
Brannon, CUllen A., Jr., 10146A. Coursey, Richard R., Jr., 10118A. Ford, Wilson, 6B78A.
Brazier, Harold W., 9932A. Courtney, John J., Jr., 9790A. Forster, Bernard F., 9737A.·
Brendle, George R. , 9946A. Couts, Richard L., 8305A. Forster, Joseph M., 1Q213A.
Brennan, Gerald W., 102.06A. Cox, Eugene W., 7803~. Fortner, John w., 10301A.
Brennan, John "J., Jr., 32869A. Craddock, Reynold C., 9328A. Foulk, Tom B., Jr., 10183A.
Brewer, Lonnie C., 9940A. Cragg, Ernest T.," 10152A. Founds, Joseph _W., 7873A.
Brewster, John H., 9113A. Crahen, Eu~ene J., 9954A. Frakes, James F., 9821A.
Brierty, William P., 10135A. Crandall, Thomas 0., 7460A. Frankosky, J.ames Q., 9758A.
Broach, Richard H., 9797 A. Crawford, Ben, 10028A. Freed, Lyle C., ~0322A. ·
Brooks, Charles L., 9886A. Crawford, William A., 10005A. Frink, Horace E., .rr., 9713A.·
Brooks, Leo C., 10155A. Crick, James M·., Jr., 9730A. Fry, Howarg J., 9908A.
Brooks, William K., 10240A. Criss, George W., Jr., 98l4A. ~ ­ Fry, Robert M., .10241A.
Brothers, James T., 10045A. Crocker, Gage H., 10091A. Fulcher, Kenneth M., 9937A.
Brown, John H., Jr., 7433A. Crutchfield, Wilfred B., 9941A. Gaffney, George P., 630'1A.
Brown, Marshall C., Jr., 32911A. Cummings, Earl W., 9299A. Gallienne, Winfred H., 32873A.
Brown, Ned H., 10293A. Cummings, Louis H.", 9749A. · Gamage, Leonard A., 6888A.
Brown, Robert D., 10061A. Cutler, Edward W., 101S9·A. - Gant, Eugene M., Jr., 48711A.
Brown, Thomas H., 10178A. Cutler, John M .," 9848A. - Garland, William J., 6872A.
Brownell, GeraldS., 6808A. Dale, Hugh W ., 9966A. Garner, Merritt G., 9928A.
Brubaker, Thomas F., 10024A. Damico, Robert H., 9733A. Garrett, Leslie F., 6725A.
Bryan, William E., Jr., 9888A. Daughtrey, Buddy R., 9984A. Garvin, Earl J., 9181A.
Bucher, Oliver B., Jr., 10139A. Davenport, Ellie E., 10238A. Garvin, Loyd C., 10210A.
Buckley, William A. , 7998A. Davis, Green R., Jr .", 7525A. Gaylord, Donald A., 10003A.
Buckner, John H., 9753A. Davis, Harvey M., 7642A. Gaylord, Maurice B., 6299A.
Burcky, Claude N .. 32895A. Davis, Jack T., "10142A. · Gazzaniga, Louis A., 10064A.
Burdett, Edward B., 10188A. Davis, Jesse C., 6492A. Gelwix, Joe M., 100.5 1A.
Burget, Carl E., 13393A. Davis, John J., 9712A. . Gerhart, Quinter P., 7189A.
Burnor, Richard H., 9541A. Daye, John F., jr., 9824A. Ghourdjian, Kevork, 32909A.
Burson, Thomas L.," 8773A. Decker, Lynne E., 9720A. Gibbons, John ·P., 10084A.
Bush, William K ., 6588A. · Delanoy, Charles W., 10277A. Gibbons, William L ., 100.8 5A.
Bussey, Donald G., 9010A. Delia, Andrew, 6321A. Giffin, Charlesw., Jr., -8854A.
Butcher, Chester J., 9846A . . Demelik, Andrew A., 6964A. Gilbert, John H., Jr., 6463A.
Butcher, William: A., Jr., 7035A. Dennis, Cb,arles G., 6515A. Gilchrist, Wiiliam T., 9890A.
Butler, Clifton L., Jr., 9799A. Denton, John H., 6433A. Gilkerson, Harold R., 10265A.
Butler, Henry F., 7008A. Denton, Velpeau c., 32872A. · Gillmore, Lawrence J.;9859A.
Byrd, Bacchus B., Jr., 6949A. Dettre, Rexford H., Jr., 9768A. Glover, Donalds., 8547A.
Cabell, John K., 6555A. Detwiler, Donald A., 10130A. Gold, Morton J., 20034A.
Cabral, William M., 6692A. Devereaux, John :M:., 32876A. . Goodrich, Earle A., 7837A.
Cadger, Edward J., 9492A. Doersch, George A:, 9972A. Gordon, Anyan A., 10290A.
Caldcleugh, Clarence M., 10319A. Dolby, William F., 98.56A. Gordon, Benjamin, 10320A.
Cammack, Vernon K., 10070A. Dolk, CarlE.: 9~2A. . Gorman, John J., 9801A.
CV--632 '
10010 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 5
Goss, Quentin J., 9776A. John, Ernest F ., 10075A. Manship,Joseph,10309A.
Gourley, Theodore J., 10208A. Johnson, Joseph G., Jr., 9744A. Markham, Peter J ., 32864A.
Gradwell, Burgess, 10203A. Johnson, Merle, 9962A. Markham, Theon E., 9180A.
Graham, Charles S., 6642A. Johnson, Ralph A., 9862A. Markley, William C., Jr., 9993A.
Gray, Lewis H., 10018A. Johnston, James E., 6827A. Marks, Robert J., 6927A. -
Gray, Richard L., 32877A. Jolly, Hoyt A., Jr., 7180A. Marshall, Winton W., 9999A.
Gray, William L., 32865A. Jones , David C., 9887A. Martin, Cecil S., 10223A.
Greensides, Lawrence A., 8606A. Jones, Grafton K., 6931A. Martin, Maurice L., 10158A.
Gresham, Walter V., Jr., 9738A. Jones, Oliver K., 32914A. Martin, Sherman F., 9963A.
Griffin, Donald E ., 9838A. Jones, Oval W., 9379A. Martin, Stanley E ., 6413A.
Gulino, Vasco E., 9930A. Jordan, Hugh F., 9840A. Martin, Thomas E., 7142A.
Guthrie, Donald B., 51697A. Kahley, William F., 32897A. Mason, William H ., 10030A• .
Guzak, Francis W ., 9870A . Kane, Francis X., 9774A. Masters, Elmer L. , 9880A.
Hackler, James F., Jr., 9839A. Kane, Raymond J., Jr., 8845A. Matelski, Erwin F., 32915A.
Hagen, Alfred D., 10159A. Kea ting, Philip J., 9897A. Mat hison, Charles G., 10218A.
Haist, Glade F., 6333A. Keck, James M. , 10122A. May, BrittS., 9843A.
Hale, Frederick N., Jr., 9727A. Keefer, Norman J., 10198A. Mazur, Henry J ., 9825A.
Hallenbeck, Ralph J., 10170A. Keith, Benjamin M ., Jr., 10276A. McBride, William V., 10077A.
Halsey, Fryer P., 6772A. Kelley, Charles A., 13989A. McCabe, Thomas E., 10195A.
Hambleton, Bertram L., Jr., 9865A. Kelley, Edward G ., 9716A. McCall, David D., 32886A.
Hamel, Albert G ., 9877A. Kelly, Benjamin F., 32903A. McCarthy, Frank J., 32861A.
Hamilton, George G., 10328A. Kelly, Thomas C., 7411A. McCarthy, Michael C., 9721A.
Hamilton, Joseph C., Jr., 8273A. Kendig, Robert L ., 10291A. McClain, Howard P., 9892A.
Hamilton, Joseph L ., 9770A. Kennedy, Elmore M ., Jr., 6634A. McCloskey, Richard C., 9419A.
Hamilton, William M ., 9924A. Kenney, Paul H., 9728A. McCormack, Lemuel H., Jr., 9978A.
Hamlyn, Raymond E., 9956A. Kenney, William R., 14428A. McCraw, Ruth, 21268W.
Hansinger, Michael J., 9561A. Kerig, John A., Jr., 9786A. McCulloch, Robert C., 9860A.
Hargrove, Clifford W., 10038A. Kilness, Kenneth F., 10255A. McDonald, Joseph B., 32902A..
Harlow, Harold F., 9989A. Kilpatrick, William J., Jr., 10108A. McDonald, Paul R., 10280A.
Harrington, Robert E., 9818A. King, Charles W., 32898A. McElhone, James T., 7712A.
Harris, Bert S., 9938A. King, William G ., Jr., 8356A. McEvoy, Edwin W., 6506A.
Harris, Teague G., Jr., 10150A. Kinney, George R., 9844A. McFall, Dana F ., Jr., 9959A.
Harris, William F., 10049A. Kirby, Burton M ., 9964A. McGarity, William V., 10017A.
Harrold, Frank -J., Jr., 10107A. Kirby, Fr-ank E., 10330A. McGee, Donald C., 8108A.
_ Harvey, Luther R., 10325A. Klose, Benjamin B., 32887A. McGonnell , Owen J ., 10088A.
Hayden, James H., 9235A. Knapp, Robert H ., 9465A. McGough, Edward A., 3d, 9819A.
Haynie, Frank M., 10221A. Knauber, Leo v. M., 10312A. Mcllhaney, Sam F.,l0264A.
Hearn, James A., 9979A. Knisely, James W., 10267A. McKenny, Donald C., 10268A.
Hehn, Earl L., Jr., 9778A. Knox, Glen E ., 9365A. McLean, Edward R., 9884A.
Heller, Edwin L., 9900A. Koger, Harlis R., 6393A. McLean, Lawrence S., 10304A.
Hellriegel, William C., 8643A. Kolody, Walter J., 9596A. McNamara, James F., 7167A.
Hemsley, RichardT., 3d, 10094A. Kommers, William W., 6414A. McNelly, Fred W ., 6241A.
Henry, John G., 9903A. Krafka, Edward; 6783A. Meadville, Harry W., 9710A.
Herbert, John J., Jr., lOOOOA. Kraft, Eugene J., 6490A. Mendelsohn, Irving P., 6224A.
Herman, Boyd, F., 8422A. Kraus, James C., 9927A. Mennen, Robert C., 10066A.
Herrington, Russel M., Jr., 9791A. Kreps, Conrad, 10269A. Meppen, Robert C., 32879A.
Hertel, Edward J., 10173A. Kullman, John R., 10171A. Mestemaker, Joseph E.,_10081A.
Hickey, John J., 10220A. Kunde, Clinton M., 10311A. Metz, Robert C ., 6769A.
Higgins, Donald H., Jr., 9868A. Kyle, William D., Jr., 9845A. Middlebrook, Paul L., 6552A.
Hoewing, Ralph C., 7198A. Ladner, Pat H., 10329A. Miles, Charles C., 6450A.
Hoffman, Robert W., 10126A. Lamb, Hal W., 9344A. Miller, Burdsall D., 9745A.
Hogan, Henry L., 3d, 10151A. Laroche, John J., 32866A. Miller, George L., 7494A.
Holbury, Robert J., 9893A. Larson, James R., 10026A. Miller, Jesse M., 9739A.
Holderness, Arthur W., Jr., 10095A. Latson, Harvey H., Jr., lOllOA. Miller, Robert, 10073A.
Holub, Richard C. A., 10022A. Lawley, William R., Jr., 10029A. Miller, Roger H., 14421A.
Horlick, Walter I., 23180A. Lawrence, Preston H., 9987A. Miller, Thomas B., 10036A.
Hoss, Robert J., 32860A. Lawscn, Harold B., 32875A. Miller, Vaughan, Jr., 9899A.
Hough, Luther W., Jr., 10193A. Leclair, Charles A., 32868A. Millin, John A., Jr., 8722A.
Hovatter, Elbert T., 9876A. Lee, John W., 32883A. Millson, Edwin H., 10211A.
Hovde, William J ., 9836A. Lenfest, Charles W., 9760A. Milowski, Walter J., 9111A.
Howell, Sylvanus T., Jr., 9911A. Lewis, Leo C., 9914A. Mlotkowski, Henry F., 10973A.
Hoyt, Robert F., 10006A. Lilley, Earl A., 10228A. Moler, John E., 10011A.
Huau, Joseph H., Jr., 10140A. Lilliedoll, Jarrold D., 9948A. Monroe, Thomas G., Jr., 10229A.
Hudson, Jere H., 9983A. Lindell, Keith G., 9754A. Monsell, Charles F., 6706A.
Hudson, John B., 10174A. Little, Edwin L., 9977A. Moore, Clifford J ., Jr., 9794A.
Hudson, Ullin L., 10120A. Longacre, Earl, Jr., 32894A. Moore, George B., 9968A.
Hughes, John D., 10168A. Love, Thomas M ., 10129A. Moore, William C ., 10125A.
Huguley, Edward A., 10313A. Lovell, Carl E., 10237A. Morrison, Bruce L., 8672A.
Hull, Robert R ., 8003A. Lovett, John R ., 9849A. Morse, Raymond J., 32859A.
Runner, Paul C., 8350A. Lowe, Jessup D., 9807A. Mortensen , Fred N., 10233A.
Hunt, Marvin L., 7951A. Lozito, Vincent J., 10012A. Moxon, George W., 32913A.
Huntley, James C., 9854A. Lucas, Lee R., 10071A. Mulcahy, Donald M., 9934A.
Hurley, Paul J., 10186A. Lucas, Noel A., 6370A. Muldrow, Robert, 9788A.
Hurr, Arthur P., 9850A. Lundin, Robert L., 10217A. Muller, James L., 7774A.
Husztek, William S., 6561A. Lundquist, Gilmore J.P., 32858A. Mullis, Roy W., 7687A.
Hutchens, David D., 9895A. Lusby, Perry M., 9901A. Munch, Christopher H ., 10117A.
Hutcheson, George W., Jr., 10212A. Lynch, David M., 32870A. Murphy, Benjamin S., 9421A.
Hynes, Richard J., 9795A. MacDonald, William R., 10019A. Murrah, Idas T., 6979A.
Ireland, ClareT., Jr., 10123A. Machemer, Carl C., 10251A. Murray, David H., 7700A.
Irons, Stanley W., 9717A. MacNeill, Edward H., 9997A. Murray, Francis P., 21437A.
Irwin, Robert B., 7474A. Madison, Gayle E ., 10153A. Murray, Norman L., 6513A.
Isbell, Thomas W., Jr., 11956A. Madsen, Frank M., Jr., 9991A. Mustain, Ivan F., 9942A.
Jack, William A., 10074A. Magee, William F., 10239A. Myers, Joseph R., 9992A.
Jackson, Arthur V., 9817A. Magrill, Arthur E., 6416A. Nacy, William P., 9436A.
Jacobsen, William L., 9889A. Mahone, John R., 9943A. Nesselbush, Louis K., 10131A.
Jamison, Eldon M ., 9885A. Malmgren, Victor P., 10263A. Neuer, John J., lOlOOA.
Jarvie, William J., 7688A. Maloney, Robert S., Jr., 9771A. Newbury, Edward S. E., 8144A.
Jens, Henry P., 10205A. Maloney, William R., 9708A. Newsum, Fitzroy, 32867A.
1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 10011
Nicholson, WilliamS., 10279A. Savage, CaryL., 9913A. Teller, J. Craig, 10184A.
Noble, Daniel J., 10332A. Schaefer, Chris J. H., Jr., 10056A. Thomas, WilHam K., 10307A.
Noel Frederick J., Jr., 32906A. Schaffer, Louis, 10078A. Thomasson, Samuel M., Jr., 20025A.
Noonan, Stephen F., 6380A. Schamber, Stanley Q., 32899A. Thompson, Donn ·G., 10062A.
Noriega, Virgil, 7507A; Schenk, Norbert R., 6950A. Thompson, William M., 9841A.
Norley, Louis H., 9974A. Schilke, James F., 9986A. Tillman, Herman G., Jr., 9990A.
Norton, William J., 10008A. Schlosberg, Richard T., Jr., 9816A. Trimble, Harry W., 7127A.
Nunn, John W., 8245A. Schlukbier, Alvin G., 6909A. Truesdell, Carlyle L., 32905A.
Nuthall, Alfred J ., 6939A. Schmidt, Herman J., 8962A. Tucker, Albert S. J., Jr., 10182A.
O'Brien, Gilbert M., 10331A. Schmoldt, Harold D. L., 7697A. Tucker, Janna, 21234W.
O'Connell, John F., 9747A. Schutten, Bernard J., Jr., 9995A. Turk, Wilbert, 9740A.
O'Connor, Edmund F., 10200A. Schwartz, David G., 10194A. Turner, Hiram G., Jr., 9784A.
O'Day, Helen E., 21261A. Schwengels, Forrest V., 6485A. Turner, Vernon R., 10145A.
Odren, Harry M., 8492A. Scott, George E., 8820A. Tyminski, Edward F ., 32889A.
Ogletree, Robert C., Jr., 9981A. Scott, Travis M., 6352A. Tyrrell, Robert L. F., 10020A.
Oholendt, Gene F., 10057A. Scott, William F., 10179A. Umoff, Alexis P., 9919A.
Olds, Robin, 10128A. Searles, Dewitt R., 9907A. Vague, Harold R., 22991A.
Olmstead, Earl 0., Jr., 10141A. Seiler, James R., 8429A. Vanden D1·ies, William P., 9873A.
O'Reagan, John P., 9912A. Seith, Louis T., 9756A. Vanduyn, John E., 9827A.
Osborne, Earle L., 9715A. Sewell, Virgil R., 10083A. Vaughn, William E., Jr., 6261A.
Oswald, Norbert J., 10149A. Shadell, Kenneth L., 7959A. Verbeck, Peter, 6300A.
Overbey, George D., 10230A. Shaefer, Richard F., 10096A. Verdel, Thomas H., 48710A.
Park, Lionel 0., 10286A. Shambeck, Clarence H., 9949A. Vetter, Fred W., Jr., 9719A.
Parker, Dan M., 9779A. Shea, Daniel F., 10143A. Vignetti, John L., 6410A.
Parks, Merton L., 32880A. Sheley, Edward L., Jr., 9752A. Vlcek, Donald H., 9783A.
Parris, Harry N., 9487A. Sherrill, Stephen H., Jr., 10196A. Wade, William G., 10215A.
Paulsen, Daniel H., 8823A. Shiely, Albert R., Jr., 1C106A. Walker, James H., 10116A.
Paulson, Myhre E., 8319A. Shirk, Harley 0., 6556A. Walker, William A., 6586A.
Paxton, Heyward A., Jr., 9980A. Shockley, Thomas L., 10002A. Wallace, Duane G., 10222A.
Pearson, Harvey A., 6969A. Shomo, William A., 8509A. Wallace, Robert D ., 7757A.
Pengue, Marcy L., 6713A. · Shook, Carmel M., 10063A. Wallach, John A., 9931A.
Perron, Gregory H., 9970A. Shotwell, William B., 6915A. Wallen, Francis L., 7528A.
Perry, Joseph H., 10004A. Showalter, Roy R., Jr., 9976A. Waller, Walter R., Jr .• 9549A.
Peters, Charles K., 10068A. Silvester, Lindsey M., 10156A. WalUng, Robert J., 9829A.
Pezda, Edwin F., 8888A. Simmons, William B., 8966A. Wambold, William H., 10025A.
Piatnitza, Michael J., 32912A. Skeldon, Joseph L., 32881A. Watkins, James H., 10104A.
Pitts, William F., 9796A. Slusher, John T., 9614A. Watson, Lawrence M., 10109A.
Pitts, Younger A., Jr., 9805A. Smith, Charles C., 9354A. Watson, Richard C., 6455A.
Pletcher, Gaylord L., 9378A. Smith, Earl 0., Jr., 8607A. Watson, Warren K .• 32901A.
Poore, Green B., 9508A. Smith, Francis H., 32908A. Watson. William B., 7011A.
Porter, George W., 9793A. Smith, Harold V., 10295A. Watts, Ralph K., 7844A.
Portrum, Peter, 19778A. Smith, Kenneth B., 10112A. Wayne, Byron M., 10234A.
Potter, Waldo F., 10165A. Smith, Lowell B., 10103A. Weart, George S., 9789A.
Poulson, Ernest L., 9952A. Smith, Ralph L., 10089A. Weber, John L., Jr .. 9772A.
Powell, Charles E., 32904A. Smith, Richard E., 6998A. Well, August E., 9736A.
Powell, Ellsworth A., 32907A. Smith, Russell J., 9811A. Weir, Robert A .. 10225A.
Prather, Philip B., 10037A. Smith, William K., 6895A. Weller, Russell K., 8865A.
Pratt, Jean G., 7151A. Smith, William K., 8002A. Wenk, Walter R., 8000A.
Pratt, Odgen N., 6359A. Snavely, William W.,10177A. West, Howard F., 6529A.
Pratt, William C., 9722A. Snodgrass, James P., 10318A. Westbrook, Marston T., 10148A.
Proudlove, Lloyd E., 9735A. Snyder, Wayne K., 9898A. Whitaker, Keith A., 10163A. ·
Pryor, Roger C., 32892A. Sorrell, Larue S., 6958A. White, Andrew M., 6991A.
Puskar, Steven, Jr.,10015A. Souleyret, Kenneth, 10009A. Whitescarver, John T., 10327A.
Ramsey, J. W., 10092A. Sours, Robert J., 9179A. Whitlow, Robert V., 9837A.
Randall, Robert D. M., 10181A. Spieth, Charles, Jr., 10199A. Whitson, Jack H., 10105A.
Rankin, Robert J., 9996A. Spitler, Lee W., 10052A. Whittington, Riley N., 6193A.
Rawlings, John w., Jr., 10172A. Stafford, Gordon H., 6454A. Wickham, Wallace, 9718A.
Raymond, William H., Jr., 6476A. Stein, Frederick P ., 9500A. Wigbels, Lawrence G., 8586A.
Reed, Lawrence B., 32910A. Steinle, Paul L., 10169A. Wight, Carroll H., 7555A.
Renaud, Louis c., 9213A. Stevens, Charles J., 32884A. Wilfong, John J ., 8983A.
Rhodarmer, Roger K., 9921A. Stevenson, John T., 9448A. Williams, Coleman 0., Jr., 9709A.
Richard, Anthony H., Jr., 10202A. Stevenson, Robert J., 7209A. Williams, Owen J.,10261A. ·
Ridgell, James M., Jr., 6319A. Stewart, James P., 32885A. Williams, Philip Y., 49131A.
Riepe, Quenten A., 9883A. Stewart, Raymond R., 10314A. Williams, Richard A., 6498A.
Riley, Lewis R., 7537A. Stewart, Tom B., 7854A. Williams, Todd G., 10059A.
Robbs, Charles E., 8928A. Stewart, William R., Jr., 9835A. Willis, Lloy C., 6828A.
Roberts, Joe E., 6499A. Stoddard, Richard W., 10138A. Wilson, Campbell P.M., 6229A.
Robertson, Lawrence R., 9367A. Stokely, Joe E., 6396A. Wilson, Louis L., Jr., 9803A.
Robinson, John W .• 8415A. Strang, Charles F., 9935A. Wilson, William M., 9920A.
Rogers, Felix M., 10067A. Stuart, Joseph A., Jr., 9828A.
Rogers, Robert C., 10284A. Sturdevant, Donald E., 10093A. Winget, Francis E., 6296A.
Romaine, Owen W., 6614A. Suehr, Richard C., 7886A. Winkler, John M., 8283A.
Root, George R., 6326A. Suggs, John J., 6570A. Winn, Otis E., 10013A.
Rose, Howard C., 10016A. Sullivan, Roy M ., Jr., 13942A. Wiseman, Joseph L., 10041A.
Rosenthal, Herbert, 7484A. SulUvan, William C., 10079A. Woida, Joseph A., 7215A.
Rosness, Joseph H ., 10192A. Summers, Clifford L., 48709A. Wojdyla, Henry E., 10289A.
Ross, Amos H., Jr., 10023A. Swan, Clinton D., 10224A. Wolfe, Gerald, 9939A.
Rowland, Dwight R., 20023A. Swan, Frederic F., 10271A. Wood, Willis H., 10297A.
Rule, Richard I., 10087A. Swanson, Darwin E., 7496A. Woodruff, Laymont v., 9971A.
Rundell, Francis E., 2d, 10114A. Sweat, Dale S., 10190A. Woodward, Valin R., 32900A.
Russell, Leroy G., 10127A. Sykes, George K ., 9763A. Wooles, Marcellus R., 6271A.
Ryan, William G., 9555A. Talbott, Carlos M., 9853A. Workman, Bryant A., 8201A.
Sagert, Stanley A., 10065A. Taliaferro, Walter R., 9792A. Worrell, Rowland H., Jr., 32888A.
Salter, Richard D., 7536A. Tapscott, Wilbur A., 10076A. Wright, Edmund A., Jr.,10180A.
Sanctuary, Robert H., 10031A. Tarbutton, Paul R., 48712A. Wright, Robert J ., 9953A.
Sansone, Philip, 9936A. Taylor, Charles M., 6551A. Wright, Robert L., 10048AJ
Sargent, Hubert E., Jr., 9746A. Taylor, Emery D., 10033A. Wright, Wallace A., 7015A.
Sarte, Victor J ., 62:l4A. Taylor, Lester G., Jr., 9802A. Wydner, Clarence S:, 9975A.
10012 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 5
Yopchick, Michael P., 9732A. Johnston, Alfred T., 55096A • . Clyde D. Douglass, A0663875.
Yount, Barton K., Jr., 9834A. Murphy, Francis X., 48560A. Charles B. Findley, A0746523.
Zubon, Michael, 10l34A. Northrop, Albert H., 55097A. Glenferd E. Funk, A0735563.
Tomasovic, Paul, 48564A. Marvin W. Glasgow, A0746091.
Medical Corps Clarence H. Hagins, Jr., A0522304.
Whitlock, Harold T., 18797A.
Bell, Horace S., 24650A. Burnie P. Hayes, Jr., A0729625.
(NoTE.-Dates of rank of all officers nomi-
Borah, William N., 19274A. EarlL. Holcomb, A02061382.
Campbell, Daniel C., Jr., 19290A. nated for promotion will be determined by
Robert L. Hunt, A0568737.
Condit, Norman I., 19956A. the Secretary of the Air Force.) George W. MacSparran, A0659829.
Connor, Joseph A., Jr., 19279A. APPOINTMENTS IN THE AIR FORCE Peter S . Marioles, A0801185.
Cook, Charles E., Jr., 26629A. The following persons for appointment as Leon W. Moline, A0833177.
Everett, William F., 27583A. permanent professors of the U.S. Air Force Matthew E. Perry, Jr., A0569738.
Kurland, Ahthony M., 19277A. Academy, under the provisions of section Jesse G. Pickering III, A0564040.
Leiter, Eugene R. K., 26691A. 9333(b), title 10, United States Code: Alfred J. Rumburg, A0726484.
Lifton, Solomon E., 19318A. Thomas G. Sams, A0710185.
Parish, HermanS., Jr., 24109A. Col. Christopher H. Munch, 10117A. Meredith H. Shade, A0407127.
Peters, Don P., Jr., 19248A. Col. James V. G. Wilson, 1112A. John C. Shumate, A01534145.
Prior, Bradley W., 19249A. The following persons for appointment in Herschell E. Simmons, A0556895.
Rudolph, Stephen J., Jr., 26350A. the Regular Air Force, in the grades indicated, Emanuel N. Stevens, A02040711.
Thomas, Herrick M., 19566A. under section 8284 of title 10, United States Harry S. Waller, A0772922.
Tirman, Robert M., 19255A. Code, with a view to designation under the Perry P. Wells, A0726864.
Troxell, John R., 21682A. provisions of section 8067, title 10, United TO BE CAPTAINS
Willmarth, Charles L.; 29612A. States Code, to perform the duties indicated,
Raymond D. Anderson, A01860938.
Dental Corps and with dates of rank to be determined by
Narsh D. Benson, A02223819.
Brandt, Alfred E., 18933A. the Secretary of the Air Force:
Edward P. Burrus, Jr., A02216512.
Doran, Arthur S., 19960A. TO BE MAJORS, USAF (MEDICAL) Luther M. Hawkins, A01910979.
Jameson, John R., 18955A. Harvey W. Her:j;z, A02241170. Donald R. Hayes, A02223627.
McMahon, Charles A., 25731A. Myron J. Woltjen, A03076978. Bernard R. Hazelbaker, A0784154.
Merrill, Bob K., 23120A. RobertS. Johnson, A02223854.
Rudd, Kenneth D., 27487A. TO BE MAJOR, USAF (DENTAL)
Hilton P. Jones; Jr., A02236371.
Weber, Carl E., 21426A. Harcourt M. Stebbins, A03043741. Edwin H. Kohlhepp, Jr., A0830621.
Wolfe, Rowland D., Jr., 18924A. TO BE CAPTAINS, USAF (MEDICAL) William F. Loyd, Jr., A02223760.
Veterinary Corps Milton W. McRae, A0223.6 308.
Joseph H. Coleman, A03041899.
Donald L. Olson, A02223885.
Beadner, Harold F., 18997 A. Harold A. Holtman, A03045953.
Joseph J. Student, A01854790.
Hempy, Jack H., 19003A. Chester W. Peeples, Jr., A02261989.
Lasher, Norbert A., 18998A. Donald R. Seidel, A03074788. TO BE FIRST LIEUTENANTS
Maceachern, Neil G., 19004A. John T. Whitley, A03076701. Willard C. Bachli, A03064453.
Nichols, Wilbert C., 19920A. TO BE CAPTAINS, USAF (DENTAL) William F. Baird, Jr., A03052505.
Taylor, Albert A., 22461A. Billy W. Batson, A03046455.
Arnold A. Angelic!. Hugh G. Blocker, A03052584.
Medical Service Corps Donald E. Barnhill, A0840055. Thomas G. Bonser, A03052535.
Bassoff, William, 48897A. Robert L. Jensen, 04050791. John J. Christensen, A03053793.
Edwards, Gerald, 48898A. TO BE CAPTAINS, USAF (JUDGE ADVOCATE) Robert B. Clayton, A03053789.
Eledge, William w., Jr., f9465A. William B. Crockett, A3026753.
Fulton, John D., 19452A. Paul V. Dixon, A0842789.
James C. Hancock, A02216004. Jay ·B. Day, A03064632.
Gfeller, Walter F., 48896A. James H. Frogge, A03052771.
Jarboe, Wallace E., 19470A. Robert A. Zellers, A01554501.
Clarence C. Gay, Jr., A03052392.
Johnson, William M ., 19469A. TO BE CAPT . ~N, USAF (NURSE) John R. Gilchrist, A03053177.
King, Paul W., 19457A. William J. Gorman, A03064504.
Mary J. Schuelke, AN792464.
Liles, Ben C., 19456A. Leonard E. Haskovec, A03053795.
Meyer, Alvin F. Jr., 19463A. TO BE FIRST LIEUTENANTS, USAF (MEDICAL)
Norman E. Hermes, A03064508.
Moore, David L., 19458A. John A. DeBruin, Jr., A03074952. George M. Jarvis, A03064679.
Rogers, John M., 19455A. William F. Deverell, A03075577. James D. Jefferson, A03052266.
Sangster, Maynard A., 19471A. Dennis C. Drake, A03045273. Claude J. Johns, Jr., A03051691.
Shanahan, Eugene L., 19466A. George E. Hanson. Frederic A. Kay, A03052267.
Thompson, Ralph E., 19464A. David L. Hegg, A03075024. Warren F. Klima, A03053322.
Turnipseed, Lawrence L., Jr., 19468A. Alan G. Herrington, A03075084. Clifford L. Lee, A03052809.
Wagner, Owen B., 19454A. William E. Painter. Robert F. Loken, A03064494.
Westra, Donald F., 19467A. Carlton J. Peterson, A03075008. Leland M . Martin, A03064654.
William C. Maxwell, A03064656.
Wood, Ross A., 19451A. Samuel C. Petrie, A02217404.
Roger E. McClure, A03053043.
Nurse Corps Herbert B. Spencer, A03075141. John N. McCormack, A03064686.
Bedard, Evelyn M., 21107W. Ed L. Stevens, A03078055. Dan1lo B. Medigovich, A03028274.
Brimmer, Aileen E., 20947W. Stewart A. Vernooy, Jr., A03075300. Rolland W. Moore, Jr., A03048097.
Coffman, Catherine A., 21927W. Bruce H. Warren, A03088650. Stephen E. Pettko, A03052544.
James F. Wittmer, A03079264. Philip M. Pillar, A03064694.
Echols, Hilda R., 21037W. Victor G. Ramage, A03053676.
Fill, Wanda I., 210.96W. TO BE FIRST LIEUTENANTS, USAF (JUDGE
ADVOCATE) Dean D. Roelle, A03064569.
Fintak, Florence F., 21983W. James L. Russell, A03053203.
Kelly, Evelyn A., 20950W. Arthur E . Arnow, A03050087. Thomas V. Soltys, A03064524.
Krieble, Alice R., 21956W. Richard M. Bayus, A03060614.
Kenneth B. Knowles, A03051761. Jeremy C. Thomas, A03058531.
Price, Margaret M., 20948W. William E. Thomas, A03064700.
Skinner, Alice L., 20994W. John J. Stirk, A03060822.
Donald R. Vallance, A03053550.
Thorp, Frances P., 20902W. TO BE FIRST LIEUTENANTS, USAF (NURSE) Robert W. Weaver, A03051508.
Tregea, Ruth E., 20949W. Mary L. McLaughlin, AN3078247. Charles L. Wilmot, Jr., A03051056.
Medical Specialist Corps Twila M. Wills, AN2243489.
TO BE SECOND LIEUTENANTS-DISTINGUISHED
Larue, Jack, 22057W. TO BE SECOND LIEUTENANT, USAF (NURSE) OFFICER CANDIDATE GRADUATES
Laughlin, Ma:ry M., 22058W. Sally A. Souder, AN3078713. Donald. B. Button, A03101426.
Chaplain The following persons for appointment in Wayne L. Christison, A03101386.
Blatz, Roman T., 18793A. the Regular Air Force, in the grades indi- Brian D. Cornett, A03101487.
Brennan, George J., 18795A. cated, under section 8284 of title 10, United Robert W. Farland, A03101257.
States Code, ·with dates of rank to be de- Mylan A. Haugen, A03087904.
Clasby, William J., 48563A.
termined by ~he Secretary of the Air Force: Sheila M. Henry, AL3101602.
Daniels, John F., 48559A.
Gardner, Marvin 0., 48562A. TO BE MAJORS Gary J. Holliman, A03101214.
Guiler, Horace A., 48561A. Paul M. Callahan, A0581479. Robert K. Kelly, A03101265.
Hepner, Thomas G., 18794A. Henry L. Dailey, A0649175. Darrell D. Lynch, A03101307.
1959 CON-GRESSIONAL RECORD-
· HOUSE 10013
Reynolds W. McCabe, A03101326. The message also announced that the exceed $4,125,000,000' and inserting in lieu
Gene E. Perkins, A03101538. Senate insists on its amendments to the thereof '$8,675,000,000' ."
Joseph A. Schmitt, A03101557. foregoing bill, requests a conference And the House agree to the same.
Harry Sexton, A03101563. BRENT SPENCE.,
William J. Soltis, A03101572. with the House on the disagreeing votes PAUL BROWN,
Cedric D. M. Viggers, A03101587. of the two Houses ther~on, and appoints WRIGHT PATMAN,
James W. Wassail, A03101588. Mr. ·JoHNSON of Texas, Mr. STENNIS, Mr. ALBERT RAINS,
BryanT. W~ods, A03101597. _ YouNG of Ohio, Mr. DoDD, Mr. CANNON, CLARENCE E. KILBURN,
Mr. BRIDGES, Mrs. SMITH, and Mr. MAR- WILLIAM B. WIDNALL,
Subject to medical qualification and sub- EDGAR W. HIESTAND,
ject to designation as distinguished military TIN to be the conferees on the part of
the Senate. Managers on the Part of the House.
graduates, the following distinguished mili-
tary students of the Air Force Reserve Offi- The message also announced that the J. W. FuLBRIGHT,
cers' Training Corps for appointment in the JOHN SPARKMAN,
Senate had passed, with an amendment HUBERT H. HUMPHREY,
Regular Air Force, in the grade of . second in which the concurrence of the House
lieutenant, under section 8284 of title 10, MIKE MANSFIELD,
United States Code, with dates of rank to be
is requested, a bill of the House of the ALEXANDER WILEY,
determined by the Secretary of the Air following title: BOURKE B. HICKENLOOPER,
Force: H.R. 7120. An act to amend certain laws of WILLIAM LANGER,
the United States in light of the admission Managers on the Part of the Senate.
William S. Kinkead of the State of Alaska into the Union, and
Robert C. Lorenzetti for other purposes. STATEMENT OF THE MANAGERS ON THE PART
OF THE HOUSE
The managers on the part of the House at
CONFIRMATION BRETTON WOODS AGREEMENTS the conference on the disagreeing votes of
Executive nomination confirmed by ACT the two Houses on the amendment of the
the Senate June 5, 1959: House to the bill (S. 1094) to amend the
The SPEAKER. The Chair recognizes Bretton Woods Agreements Act submit the
DEPARTMENT OF STATE the gentleman from Kentucky [Mr. following statement in explanation of the
J. Graham Parsons, of New York, to be SPENCE]. effect of the action agreed upon by the con-

•• .....
an Assistant Secretary of State.
••
Mr. SPENCE. . Mr. Speaker, I call up
the conference report on the bill <S .
1094) to amend the Bretton Woods
ferees and recommended in the accompany-
ing conference -report:
The Senate bill amended the Bretton
Woods Agreements Act to increase by $4,550
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Agreements Act, and ask unanimous million (from $4,125 million to $8,675 mil-
consent that the statement of the man- lion) the amount authorized to be made
FRIDAY, JuNE 5, 1959
agers on the part of the House may be available through public debt transactions
read in lieu of the report. . for the payment by the United States of its
The House met at 12 o'clock noon. The Clerk read the title of the bill. subscriptions to the International Monetary
The Chaplain, Rev. Bernard Braskamp, The SPEAKER. Is there objection to Fund and the International Bank for Re-
D.D., offered the following prayer: the request of the gentlem-a n from construction and Development. The cor-
Kentucky? responding provision of the House amend-
Psalm 145: 18: The Lord is nigh unto There was no objection. ment eliminated the figure of $8,675 mil-
all them that call upon Him, to all that lion, substituting an authorization· of "such
The Clerk read the statement. amounts as may be necessary" to implement
call upon Him in truth. . The conference report and statement
Eternal and ever-blessed God, we .are are as follows: the existing agreements. The House recedes.
The managers on the part of the House
again assembling in this Chamber, agreed with the Senate conferees that the
grateful for the manifold manifestation BRETTON WOODS AGREEMENTS ACT phraseology in the House amendment with-
of Thy might and Thy mercy. (H. REPT. No. 435) out any clearly apparent monetary limita-
May the kind and gentle Spirit of our The committee of conference on the dis- tion might be misunderstood.
_blessed Lord possess ~nd perm~ate our agreeing votes. of the two Houses on the The Senate bill contained a provision un-
souls more ~c-npletely, ·making them amendment of the House to the bill (S. der which the amendments made by the bill
fragrant with Thy grace and fruitful 1094) to amend the Bretton Woods Agree- would not become effective until July 1,
in service for needy humanity. ments Act, having met, after full and free 1959. This provision was· deleted by the
House amendment. The committee of con-
We beseech Thee · to illumine our conference, have agreed to recommend and ference agreed to the House amendment in
minds with a clearer vision and a deeper do recommend to their respective Houses as this respect, so that the bill as agreed to in
experience of Thyself, for Thou alone follows:
That the Senate recede from its disagree- conference will ta.ke effect on enactment.
art the source of the true, the good, and ment to the amendment of the House and This will permit the United States to take
the beautiful and the only hope for agree to the same with an amendment as a position of leadership in putting ·the au-
peace and good will in a discordant and follows: In lieu of the matter proposed to be thorized increases into effect.
distracted world. inserted by the House amendment insert the BRENT SPENCE,
Grant that all the barriers of rancor following: "That the Bretton Woods Agree- PAUL BROWN,
WRIGHT PATMAN,
among the nations and the prejudice ments Act is amended by adding at the end ALBERT RAINS,
and bigotry, which blind the heart. of thereof the following new section: CLARENCE E. KILBURN,
mankind to brotherhood, may be taken of "'SEc. 16. (a) The United States Governor
the Fund is authorized to request and WILLIAM B. WIDNALL,
away. consent to an increase of $1,375,000,000 in EDGAR W. HIESTAND,
Hear us in the name of the Prince of the quota of the United States under article Managers em the Part of the House.
Peace. Amen. III, section 2, of the articles of agreement of
The Journal of the proceedings of yes- the Fund, as proposed in the resolution of The SPEAKER. The question is on
terday was read and approved. ·
the Board of Governors of the Fund dated the conference report.
February 2, 1959. The conference report was agreed to
•• '(b) The United States Governor of the and a motion to reconsider was laid on
Bank is authorized (1) to vote for increases the table.
MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE in the capital stock of the Bank under arti-
A message from the Senate by Mr. cle II, section 2, of the articles of agreement
McGown, one of its clerks, announced of the Bank, as recommended in the resolu- SOVIET SUBMARINES AND BASES
that the Senate had passed, with amend- tion of the Board of Governors of the Bank
ments in which the concurrence of the dated February 2, 1959, and (2) if such in- Mr. CURTIS of Missouri. Mr. Speaker,
House is requested, a bill of the House
creases become effective, to subscribe on be- I ask unanimous consent to address the
half of the United States to thirty-one thou- House for 1 minute and to revise and
of the following title: sand seven hundred and fifty additional extend my remarks.
H.R. 7007. An act to authorize appropria- shares of stock under article II, section 3, of
tions to the National Aeronautics and Space the articles of agreement of the Bank.' The SPEAKER. Is there objection
Administration for salaries and expenses, re- "SEC. 2. Section 7(b) of the Bretton Woods to the request of the gentleman from
search, and development, construction and Agreements Act is amended by striking out Missouri?
equipment, and for other purposes. •of $950,000,000', and by striking out 'not to There was no objection.

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