SALT ANALYSIS I - LEAD ACETATE - ( CH3COO)2Pb

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

PRELIMINARY TESTS :-
1. COLOUR
Colour of the given salt is Colourless Shows the absence of
noted. Cu2+,Fe2+.Fe3+,Ni2+,
2.SMELL Mn2+, Co2+
Smell of the given salt is Vinegar like smell Shows the presence of
noted. acetate ion (CH3COO-)
3. Dry heating test:-
Small amount of the salt Acetic acid vapours with Shows the presence of
is taken in a dry test and vinegar-like smell. acetate ion (CH3COO-)
heated. On heating some
salts undergo
decomposition and
evolve gases with
characteristic colour and
smell.
4.Cobalt nitrate test:-
A filter paper is soaked No characteristic colored Shows the absence of
into the solution of residue. Zn2+, Al3+ and Mg2+
salt,cobalt nitrate and
conc.Nitric acid in a test
tube and burnt in the non
luminous part of the
flame.
5.Flame test:-
Small amount of the salt Dull-bluish-white flame Shows the presence of
is taken in a watch glass Pb2+.
and made into paste with
conc.Hydrochloric acid
then introduced into the
non luminous part of the
flame with the help of a
glass stirrer.
 Identification of the acid radicals
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
6.Dilute sulphuric acid
test:-
Small amount of the salt No characteristic gas is Shows the absence of
is taken in a dry test and evolved. CO32-,SO32-,NO2- and S2-
dilute sulphuric acid is
added.
7. Concentrated
sulphuric acid test:-
Small quantity of salt with Colourless acetic acid Shows the presence of
conc. sulphuric acid is vapours with vinegar like acetate ion (CH3COO-)
taken in a test tube. The smell and turns blue
gas evolved in cold and litmus red.
then on heating is
identified.
Confirmation of acid radicals
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract (SCE):-
A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium carbonate
and is boiled with distilled water for sometime. The suspension
obtained is filtered.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.
Confirmation of Acetate, CH3COO–
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1.Ester Test :-
Small amount of the salt Pleasant fruity smell of Presence of
in a test tube is heated ester. acetate ion (CH3COO-)
with conc.sulphuric acid Is confirmed
and ethanol. The reaction
mixture is transferred into
a beaker containing
distilled water .
 2.Ferric chloride
test:-
To the salt solution in Reddish coloured Presence of
a test tube neutral filtrate is obtained. acetate ion (CH3COO-)
is confirmed.
ferric chloride
solution is added and
then filtered. The
filtrate is divided into
two portions.
(i) To one part dil.HCl Reddish colour
is added. disappears.
(ii) To the second Reddish brown
part water is added precipitate is formed.
and boiled.
Identification of basic radicals
Preparation of original solution:-
Small amount of the salt is taken in a test tube and distilled water is
added. Shaken well . The clear salt solution is called the original
solution.
Analysis of group zero (NH4+):-
The solid salt is No characteristic Absence of group
heated with a ammoniacal smell. zero (NH4+)
concentrated solution
of sodium hydroxide.
 GROUP SEPARATION
Analysis of group I:-
To the original salt White precipitate is Presence of group I
solution in a test tube obtained. (Pb2+)
dil.Hydrochloric acid
is added.
CONFIRMATION OF BASIC RADICAL - LEAD (Pb2+)
1.Potassium Iodide
test:-
To the original salt Yellow precipitate is Presence of lead
solution in a test tube formed which (Pb2+) is confirmed.
Potassium iodide dissolves in boiling
solution is added. water and on cooling
2. Potassium recrystallises.
chromate test:-
To the original salt Yellow precipitate is Presence of lead
solution in a test tube formed which (Pb2+) is confirmed
Potassium chromate dissolves in sodium
solution is added. hydroxide solution.
Result
1. The acid radical present in the given salt is Acetate - CH3COO-
2. The basic radical present in the given salt is Lead - Pb2+
3. The given salt is Lead acetate - (CH3COO)2Pb
******************************************************************************
SALT ANALYSIS - 2 Aluminium Nitrate (Al(NO3)3)
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
PRELIMINARY TESTS :-
1. COLOUR
Colour of the given salt is Colourless Shows the absence of
noted. Cu2+,Fe2+.Fe3+,Ni2+,
2.SMELL Mn2+, Co2+
Smell of the given salt is No characteristic odour Shows the absence of
noted. NH4+, CH3COO- and S2-
3. Dry heating test:-
Small amount of the salt Reddish brown fumes of Shows the presence of
is taken in a dry test and NO2 gas which turns NO3-
heated. On heating some ferrous sulphate solution
salts undergo black.
decomposition and
evolve gases with
characteristic colour and
smell.
4.Cobalt nitrate test:-
A filter paper is soaked Blue colour residue is Shows the presence of
into the solution of obtained. Al3+
salt,cobalt nitrate and
conc.Nitric acid in a test
tube and burnt in the non
luminous part of the
flame.
5.Flame test:- No characteristic flame is Shows the absence of
Small amount of the salt observed. Ca2+,Ba2+,Sr2+,Cu2+,
is taken in a watch glass Zn2+, Pb2+ etc
and made into paste with
conc.Hydrochloric acid
then introduced into the
non luminous part of the
flame with the help of a
glass stirrer.
Identification of the acid radicals
6.Dilute sulphuric acid
test:-
Small amount of the salt No characteristic gas has Shows the absence of
is taken in a dry test and evolved. CO32-,SO32-,NO2- and S2-
dilute sulphuric acid is
added.
7. Concentrated
sulphuric acid test:-
Small quantity of salt with No characteristic gas has Shows the absence
conc. sulphuric acid is evolved Cl-,Br-, I-,NO3- and
taken in a test tube. The CH3COO-
gas evolved in cold and
then on heating is
identified.
Confirmation of acid radicals
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract (SCE):-
A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium carbonate
and is boiled with distilled water for sometime. The suspension
obtained is filtered.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.
Confirmation of Sulphate (SO42-)
1.Barium chloride
test:
To the aqueous White precipitate is Presence of
solution of the salt in formed which is sulphate(SO42-) is
a test tube , barium insoluble in dil.HCl confirmed.
chloride solution is
added.
2. Lead acetate test:
To the aqueous White precipitate is Presence of
solution of the salt in formed which is sulphate(SO42-) is
a test tube ,lead soluble in excess of confirmed.
acetate solution is hot ammonium
added. acetate solution
 Identification of basic radicals
Preparation of original solution:-
Small amount of the salt is taken in a test tube and distilled water is
added. Shaken well . The clear salt solution is called the original
solution.
Analysis of group zero (NH4+)
The solid salt is No characteristic Absence of group
heated with ammoniacal smell. zero (NH4+)
concentrated solution
of sodium hydroxide.
GROUP SEPARATION
Analysis of group I
To the original salt No white precipitate Absence of group I
solution in a test tube is obtained. (Pb2+)
dil.Hydrochloric acid
is added.
Analysis of group II
To the original solution No characteristic Absence of group II
in a test tube, H2S gas precipitate is (Cu2+ , As2+)
is passed in the obtained.
presence of dil. HCl

Analysis of group III

To the original solution White gelatinous Presence of group III
in the test tube
ammonium hydroxide precipitate is (Al3+ , Fe3+ )
(NH4OH) is added in obtained.
the presence of
ammonium chloride
(NH4Cl).
CONFIRMATION OF BASIC RADICAL - Aluminium (Al3+)
1. Lake test
The white gelatinous Blue precipitate floating Presence of Aluminium
precipitate is in the colourless solution (Al3+) is confirmed.
is obtained.
dissolved in dil.HCl.
Two drops of blue
litmus solution are
added. Ammonium
hydroxide is added in
drops till blue colour
develops. Blue colour residue is
2.Cobalt nitrate test Presence of Aluminium
obtained. (Al3+) is confirmed.
A filter paper is soaked
into the solution of
salt,cobalt nitrate and
conc.Nitric acid in a test
tube and burnt in the non
luminous part of the
flame.
Result
1. The acid radical present in the given salt is Sulphate (SO42-)
2. The basic radical present in the given salt is Aluminium (Al3+).
3. The given salt is Aluminium Sulphate (Al2(SO42-)3)
******************************************************************************
SALT ANALYSIS - 3 Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4)
 EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
PRELIMINARY TESTS :-
1. COLOUR
Colour of the given salt is Colourless Shows the absence of
noted. Cu2+,Fe2+.Fe3+,Ni2+,
2.SMELL Mn2+, Co2+
Smell of the given salt is No characteristic odour Shows the absence of
noted. NH4+, CH3COO- and S2-
3. Dry heating test:-
Small amount of the salt Colour of the residue is Shows the presence of
is taken in a dry test and yellow when hot and Zn2+
heated. On heating some white when cold is
salts undergo obtained.
decomposition and
evolve gases with
characteristic colour and
smell.
4.Cobalt nitrate test:-
A filter paper is soaked Green colored residue. Shows the presence of
into the solution of Zn2+.
salt,cobalt nitrate and
conc.Nitric acid in a test
tube and burnt in the non
luminous part of the
flame.
5.Flame test:- Green flashes
Small amount of the salt Shows the presence of
is taken in a watch glass Zn2+
and made into paste with
conc.Hydrochloric acid
then introduced into the
non luminous part of the
flame with the help of a
glass stirrer.
Identification of acid radicals
6.Dilute sulphuric acid
test:-
Small amount of the salt No characteristic gas has Shows the absence of
is taken in a dry test and evolved. CO32-,SO32-,NO2- and S2-
dilute sulphuric acid is
added.
7. Concentrated
sulphuric acid test:-
Small quantity of salt with No characteristic gas is Shows the absence
conc. sulphuric acid is evolved. Cl-,Br-, I-,NO3- and
taken in a test tube. The CH3COO-
gas evolved in cold and
then on heating is
identified.
Confirmation of acid radicals
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract (SCE):-
A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium carbonate
and is boiled with distilled water for sometime. The suspension
obtained is filtered.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.
Confirmation of Sulphate (SO42-)
1.Barium chloride
test:
To the aqueous White precipitate is Presence of
solution of the salt in formed which is sulphate(SO42-) is
a test tube , barium insoluble in dil.HCl. confirmed.
chloride solution is
added.
2. Lead acetate test:
To the aqueous White precipitate is Presence of
solution of the salt in formed which is sulphate(SO42-) is
a test tube ,lead soluble in excess of confirmed.
acetate solution is hot ammonium
added. acetate solution.
Identification of basic radicals
Preparation of original solution:-
Small amount of the salt is taken in a test tube and distilled water is
added. Shaken well . The clear salt solution is called the original
solution.
Analysis of group zero (NH4+)
The solid salt is No characteristic Absence of group
heated with ammoniacal smell. zero (NH4+)
concentrated solution
of sodium hydroxide.
GROUP SEPARATION
Analysis of group I
To the original salt No white precipitate Absence of group I
solution in a test tube is obtained. (Pb2+)
dil.Hydrochloric acid
is added.
Analysis of group II
To the original solution No characteristic Absence of group II
in a test tube,H2S gas precipitate is (Cu2+ , As2+)
is passed in the obtained.
presence of dil. HCl.

Analysis of group III

The original solution in No characteristic Absence of group III
the test tube
ammonium hydroxide precipitate is (Al3+ , Fe3+ )
(NH4OH) is added in obtained.
the presence of
ammonium chloride
(NH4Cl).
Analysis of group IV
The original solution in
the test tube H2S gas
Dull white precipitate Presence of group IV
is passed in the
is obtained. (Co2+,Mn2+,Ni2+ and
presence of
ammonium chloride Zn2+)
(NH4Cl) and
ammonium
hydroxide(NH4OH).
CONFIRMATION OF BASIC RADICAL - Zinc (Zn2+)
1. Sodium hydroxide
test:
To the original salt White precipitate is Presence of Zinc
solution in the test formed which is (Zn2+) is confirmed.
tube sodium soluble in excess of
hydroxide solution is sodium hydroxide
added in drops. solution.

2. Potassium
ferrocyanide test:
To the original salt White precipitate is Presence of Zinc
solution in the test obtained. (Zn2+) is confirmed
tube potassium
ferrocyanide solution
is added.

Result
1. The acid radical present in the given salt is Sulphate (SO42-)
2. The basic radical present in the given salt is Zinc (Zn2+).
3. The given salt is Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4)
******************************************************************************
SALT ANALYSIS → 4 Barium chloride (BaCl2)
EXPERIMENTS OBSERVATION INFERENCE
PRELIMINARY TESTS :-
1. COLOUR Shows the absence of
Colour of the given salt is Colourless Cu2+,Fe2+.Fe3+,Ni2+,
noted. Mn2+, Co2+
2.SMELL
Smell of the given salt is No characteristic odour Shows the absence of
noted. NH4+, CH3COO- and S2-
3. Dry heating test:-
Small amount of the salt Hydrogen chloride gas is Shows the presence of
is taken in a dry test and evolved with pungent Cl-
heated. On heating some smell and gives white
salts undergo dense fumes with the rod
decomposition and dipped in ammonia
evolve gases with solution.
characteristic colour and
smell.
4.Cobalt nitrate test:-
A filter paper is soaked No characteristic colored Shows the absence of
into the solution of residue. Zn2+, Al3+ and Mg2+
salt,cobalt nitrate and
conc.Nitric acid in a test
tube and burnt in the non
luminous part of the
flame.
5.Flame test:-
Small amount of the salt Persistent grassy - green Shows the presence of
is taken in a watch glass colour flame Barium (Ba2+)
and made into paste with (appearing after
conc.Hydrochloric acid prolonged heating)
then introduced into the
non luminous part of the
flame with the help of a
glass stirrer.
Identification of acid radicals
6.Dilute sulphuric acid
test:- No characteristic gas is Shows the absence of
Small amount of the salt evolved. CO32-,SO32-,NO2- and S2-
is taken in a dry test and
dilute sulphuric acid is
added.
7. Concentrated
sulphuric acid test:- Hydrogen chloride gas is Shows the presence of
Small quantity of salt with evolved with a pungent Cl-
conc. sulphuric acid is smell and gives white
taken in a test tube. The dense fumes with the rod
gas evolved in cold and dipped in ammonia
then on heating is solution.
identified.

Confirmation of acid radicals

Preparation of sodium carbonate extract (SCE):-
A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium carbonate
and is boiled with distilled water for sometime. The suspension
obtained is filtered.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.
Confirmation of Chloride (Cl-)
1. Silver nitrate test:
To the aqueous White precipitate is Presence of chloride
solution or sodium obtained which is (Cl-) is confirmed.
carbonate extract dil soluble in ammonium
HNO3 is added. hydroxide solution .
Boiled cooled and
then silver nitrate
solution is added.
2. Chromyl chloride
test:
To a small amount of Red orange Presence of chloride
the salt in the test vapours(CrO2Cl2) (Cl-) is confirmed.
tube a pinch evolved.
potassium
 dichromate
(K2Cr2O7) and
conc.H2SO4 are
added and heated.
On passing the It turns yellow due to
vapours into the test the formation of
tube containing (Na2CrO4).
sodium hydroxide
solution.
On adding dil.acetic Yellow precipitate is
acid and lead acetate obtained .
to the yellow
solution.
Identification of basic radicals
Preparation of original solution:-
Small amount of the salt is taken in a test tube and distilled water is
added. Shaken well . The clear salt solution is called the original
solution.
Analysis of group zero (NH4+)
The solid salt is No characteristic Absence of group
heated with ammoniacal smell. zero (NH4+)
concentrated solution
of sodium hydroxide.
GROUP SEPARATION
Analysis of group I
To the original salt No white precipitate Absence of group I
solution in a test tube is obtained. (Pb2+)
dil.Hydrochloric acid
is added.
Analysis of group II
To the original solution No characteristic Absence of group II
in a test tube,H2S gas precipitate is (Cu2+ , As2+)
is passed in the obtained.
presence of dil. HCl.

Analysis of group III

The original solution in No characteristic Absence of group III
the test tube precipitate is (Al3+ , Fe3+ )
ammonium hydroxide obtained.
(NH4OH) is added in
the presence of
ammonium chloride
(NH4Cl).
Analysis of group IV
To the original solution
in the test tube H2S No characteristic Absence of group IV
gas is passed in the precipitate is (Co2+,Mn2+,Ni2+ and
presence of obtained. Zn2+)
ammonium chloride
(NH4Cl) and
ammonium
hydroxide(NH4OH).
Analysis of group V
To the original salt White precipitate is Presence of group V
solution in a test tube obtained. (Ca2+,Ba2+ and Sr2+)
ammonium
carbonate
[(NH4)2CO3] is added
in the presence of
ammonium chloride
(NH4Cl) and
ammonium
hydroxide(NH4OH).
CONFIRMATION OF BASIC RADICALS - Barium (Ba2+)
1. Potassium
chromate test:
To the original salt Yellow precipitate is Presence of Barium
solution in the test obtained. (Ba2+) is confirmed.
tube potassium
chromate solution is
added in drops.

2. Flame test:
Small amount of the salt Persistent grassy - green
is taken in a watch glass colour flame Presence of Barium
and made into paste with (appearing after
conc.Hydrochloric acid prolonged heating)
(Ba2+) is confirmed.
then introduced into the
non luminous part of the
flame with the help of a
glass stirrer.

Result
1. The acid radical present in the given salt is Chloride (Cl-)
2. The basic radical present in the given salt is Barium (Ba2+).
3. The given salt is Barium chloride (BaCl2)
******************************************************************************
SALT ANALYSIS → 5 Calcium chloride (CaCl2)
EXPERIMENTS OBSERVATION INFERENCE
PRELIMINARY TESTS :-
1. COLOUR Shows the absence of
Colour of the given salt is Colourless Cu2+,Fe2+.Fe3+,Ni2+,
noted. Mn2+, Co2+
2.SMELL
Smell of the given salt is No characteristic odour Shows the absence of
noted. NH4+, CH3COO- and S2-
3. Dry heating test:-
Small amount of the salt Hydrogen chloride gas is Shows the presence of
is taken in a dry test and evolved with pungent Cl-
heated. On heating some smell and gives white
salts undergo dense fumes with the rod
decomposition and dipped in ammonia
evolve gases with solution.
characteristic colour and
smell.
4.Cobalt nitrate test:-
A filter paper is soaked No characteristic colored Shows the absence of
into the solution of residue. Zn2+, Al3+ and Mg2+
salt,cobalt nitrate and
conc.Nitric acid in a test
tube and burnt in the non
luminous part of the
flame.
5.Flame test:-
Small amount of the salt Brick red colour flame Shows the presence of
is taken in a watch glass (Not-persistent) Calcium (Ca2+)
and made into paste with
conc.Hydrochloric acid
then introduced into the
non luminous part of the
flame with the help of a
glass stirrer.
Identification of acid radicals
6.Dilute sulphuric acid
test:- No characteristic gas is Shows the absence of
Small amount of the salt evolved. CO32-,SO32-,NO2- and S2-
is taken in a dry test and
dilute sulphuric acid is
added.
7. Concentrated
sulphuric acid test:-
Small quantity of salt with Hydrogen chloride gas is Shows the presence of
conc. sulphuric acid is evolved with pungent Cl-
taken in a test tube. The smell and gives white
gas evolved in cold and dense fumes with the rod
then on heating is dipped in ammonia
identified. solution.

Confirmation of acid radical

Preparation of sodium carbonate extract (SCE):-
A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium carbonate
and is boiled with distilled water for sometime. The suspension
obtained is filtered.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.
Confirmation of Chloride (Cl-)
1. Silver nitrate test:
To the aqueous White precipitate is Presence of chloride
solution or sodium obtained which is (Cl-) is confirmed.
carbonate extract dil soluble in ammonium
HNO3 is added. hydroxide solution .
Boil,cool and then a
silver nitrate solution
is added.
 2. Chromyl chloride
test:
To a small amount of Red orange Presence of chloride
the salt in the test vapours(CrO2Cl2) (Cl-) is confirmed.
tube a pinch evolved.
potassium
dichromate
(K2Cr2O7) and
conc.H2SO4 are
added and heated.
On passing the It turns yellow due to
vapours into the test the formation of
tube containing (Na2CrO4).
sodium hydroxide
solution.
On adding dil.acetic Yellow precipitate is
acid and lead acetate obtained .
to the yellow
solution.
Identification of basic radicals
Preparation of original solution:-
Small amount of the salt is taken in a test tube and distilled water is
added. Shaken well . The clear salt solution is called the original
solution.
Analysis of group zero (NH4+)
The solid salt is No characteristic Absence of group
heated with ammoniacal smell. zero (NH4+)
concentrated solution
of sodium hydroxide.
GROUP SEPARATION
Analysis of group I
To the original salt No white precipitate Absence of group I
solution in a test tube is obtained. (Pb2+)
dil.Hydrochloric acid
is added.
Analysis of group II
To the original solution No characteristic Absence of group II
in a test tube,H2S gas precipitate is (Cu2+ , As2+)
is passed in the obtained.
presence of dil. HCl.

Analysis of group III

The original solution in No characteristic Absence of group III
the test tube precipitate is (Al3+ , Fe3+ )
ammonium hydroxide obtained.
(NH4OH) is added in
the presence of
ammonium chloride
(NH4Cl).
Analysis of group IV
To the original solution
in the test tube H2S No characteristic Absence of group IV
gas is passed in the precipitate is (Co2+,Mn2+,Ni2+ and
presence of obtained. Zn2+)
ammonium chloride
(NH4Cl) and
ammonium
hydroxide(NH4OH).
Analysis of group V
To the original salt White precipitate is Presence of group V
solution in a test tube obtained. (Ca2+,Ba2+ and Sr2+)
ammonium
carbonate
[(NH4)2CO3] is added
in the presence of
ammonium chloride
(NH4Cl) and
ammonium
hydroxide(NH4OH).
CONFIRMATION OF BASIC RADICAL - Calcium (Ca2+)
1. Ammonium
oxalate test:
To the original salt white precipitate is Presence of Calcium
solution in the test obtained. (Ca2+) is confirmed.
tube ammonium
oxalate and
ammonium
hydroxide solutions
are added.
Brick red colour flame Presence of Calcium
2. Flame test: (Not-persistent) (Ca2+) is confirmed.
Small amount of the salt
is taken in a watch glass
and made into paste with
conc.Hydrochloric acid
then introduced into the
non luminous part of the
flame with the help of a
glass stirrer.
Result
1. The acid radical present in the given salt is Chloride (Cl-)
2. The basic radical present in the given salt is Calcium (Ca2+).
3. The given salt is Calcium chloride (CaCl2)
******************************************************************************
SALT ANALYSIS - 6 Magnesium sulphate (MgSO4)
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
PRELIMINARY TESTS :-
1. COLOUR
Colour of the given salt is Colourless Shows the absence of
noted. Cu2+,Fe2+.Fe3+,Ni2+,
2.SMELL Mn2+, Co2+
Smell of the given salt is No characteristic odour Shows the absence of
noted. NH4+, CH3COO- and S2-
3. Dry heating test:-
Small amount of the salt White residue , glows on Shows the presence of
is taken in a dry test and heating. Ba2+,Ca2+, Sr2+, Mg2+
heated. On heating some and Al3+
salts undergo
decomposition and
evolve gases with
characteristic colour and
smell.
4.Cobalt nitrate test:-
A filter paper is soaked Pink colour residue Shows the presence of
into the solution of Mg2+
salt,cobalt nitrate and
conc.Nitric acid in a test
tube and burnt in the non
luminous part of the
flame.
5.Flame test:-
Small amount of the salt No characteristic Shows the absence of
is taken in a watch glass coloured flame Zn2+, Ca2+, Ba2+ , Cu2+,
and made into paste with Sr2+ , Pb2+
conc.Hydrochloric acid
then introduced into the
non luminous part of the
flame with the help of a
glass stirrer.
Identification of acid radicals
6.Dilute sulphuric acid
test:-
Small amount of the salt No characteristic gas has Shows the absence of
is taken in a dry test and evolved. CO32-,SO32-,NO2- and S2-
dilute sulphuric acid is
added.
7. Concentrated
sulphuric acid test:-
Small quantity of salt with No characteristic gas has Shows the absence
conc. sulphuric acid is evolved. Cl-,Br-, I-,NO3- and
taken in a test tube. The CH3COO-
gas evolved in cold and
then on heating is
identified.
Confirmation of acid radicals
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract (SCE):-
A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium carbonate
and is boiled with distilled water for sometime. The suspension
obtained is filtered.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.
Confirmation of Sulphate (SO42-)
1.Barium chloride
test:
To the aqueous White precipitate is Presence of
solution of the salt in formed which is sulphate(SO42-) is
a test tube , barium insoluble in dil.HCl. confirmed.
chloride solution is
 added.
2. Lead acetate test:
To the aqueous White precipitate is Presence of
solution of the salt in formed which is sulphate(SO42-) is
a test tube ,lead soluble in excess of confirmed.
acetate solution is hot ammonium
added. acetate solution.
Identification of basic radicals
Preparation of original solution:-
Small amount of the salt is taken in a test tube and distilled water is
added. Shaken well . The clear salt solution is called the original
solution.
Analysis of group zero (NH4+)
The solid salt is No characteristic Absence of group
heated with ammoniacal smell. zero (NH4+)
concentrated solution
of sodium hydroxide.
GROUP SEPARATION
Analysis of group I
To the original salt No white precipitate Absence of group I
solution in a test tube is obtained. (Pb2+)
dil.Hydrochloric acid
is added.
Analysis of group II
To the original solution No characteristic Absence of group II
in a test tube,H2S gas precipitate is (Cu2+ , As2+)
is passed in the obtained.
presence of dil. HCl.
Analysis of group III
The original solution in No characteristic Absence of group III
the test tube precipitate is (Al3+ , Fe3+ )
ammonium hydroxide obtained.
(NH4OH) is added in
the presence of
ammonium chloride
(NH4Cl).
Analysis of group IV
To the original solution
in the test tube H2S No characteristic Absence of group IV
gas is passed in the precipitate is (Co2+,Mn2+,Ni2+ and
presence of obtained. Zn2+)
ammonium chloride
(NH4Cl) and
ammonium
hydroxide(NH4OH).
Analysis of group V
To the original salt No characteristic Absence of group V
solution in a test tube precipitate is (Ca2+,Ba2+ and Sr2+)
ammonium obtained.
carbonate
[(NH4)2CO3] is added
in the presence of
ammonium chloride
(NH4Cl) and
ammonium
hydroxide(NH4OH).
Analysis of group VI
To the original salt White precipitate is Presence of group VI
solution in the test obtained. (Mg2+)
tube disodium
hydrogen phosphate
solution is added.

CONFIRMATION OF BASIC RADICAL - Magnesium (Mg2+)

1. Ammonium
Phosphate test:
To the original salt White precipitate is Presence of
solution in the test obtained. Magnesium (Mg2+) is
tube solid ammonium confirmed.
chloride and
ammonium
hydroxide are added
in slight excess and
then ammonium
phosphate solution is
added.

2. Magneson test:
To the original salt Bluish green Presence of
solution in the test precipitate is formed. Magnesium (Mg2+) is
tube magneson confirmed.
reagent is added.
Result
1. The acid radical present in the given salt is Sulphate (SO42-)
2. The basic radical present in the given salt is Magnesium (Mg2+).
3. The given salt is Magnesium sulphate (MgSO4)
******************************************************************************
SALT ANALYSIS → 7 Ammonium phosphate (NH4)3PO4
EXPERIMENTS OBSERVATION INFERENCE
PRELIMINARY TESTS :-
1. COLOUR Shows the absence of
Colour of the given salt is Colourless Cu2+,Fe2+.Fe3+,Ni2+,
noted. Mn2+, Co2+
2.SMELL
Smell of the given salt is Ammoniacal smell Shows the presence of
noted. NH4+.
3. Dry heating test:-
Small amount of the salt Ammonia gas is evolved Shows the presence of
is taken in a dry test and with characteristic odour NH4+
heated. On heating some and gives white dense
salts undergo fumes with rod dipped in
decomposition and dil.HCl brought near the
evolve gases with mouth of the test tube
characteristic colour and
smell.
4.Cobalt nitrate test:- n
A filter paper is soaked Shows the absence of
into the solution of No characteristic colored Zn2+, Al3+ and Mg2+
salt,cobalt nitrate and residue.
conc.Nitric acid in a test
tube and burnt in the non
luminous part of the
flame.
5.Flame test:-
Small amount of the salt Shows the absence of
is taken in a watch glass No characteristic Ca2+, Ba2+ , Cu2+, Sr2+ ,
and made into paste with coloured flame. Pb2+ ,, and Zn2+
conc.Hydrochloric acid
then introduced into the
non luminous part of the
flame with the help of a
glass stirrer.
Identification of acid radicals
6.Dilute sulphuric acid
test:-
Small amount of the salt No characteristic gas is Shows the absence of
is taken in a dry test and evolved. CO32-,SO32-,NO2- and S2-
dilute sulphuric acid is
added.
7. Concentrated
sulphuric acid test:-
Small quantity of salt with No characteristic gas is Shows the absence
conc. sulphuric acid is evolved. Cl-,Br-, I-,NO3- and
taken in a test tube. The CH3COO-
gas evolved in cold and
then on heating is
identified.
Confirmation of acid radicals
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract (SCE):-
A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium carbonate
and is boiled with distilled water for sometime. The suspension
obtained is filtered.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.
Confirmation of Phosphate (PO43- )
1.Ammonium
molybdate test:
To the aqueous Yellow precipitate is Presence of
solution of the salt or obtained. phosphate(PO43-) is
sodium carbonate confirmed.
extract in a test tube
conc.Nitric acid is
added and boiled. To
this ammonium
molybdate is added
 in excess and again
boiled.
2. Magnesia mixture
test:
To the aqueous White precipitate is Presence of
solution of the salt or obtained. phosphate(PO43-) is
sodium carbonate confirmed.
extract in a test tube
magnesia mixture is
added.
Identification of basic radicals
Preparation of original solution:-
Small amount of the salt is taken in a test tube and distilled water is
added. Shaken well . The clear salt solution is called the original
solution.
Analysis of group zero (NH4+)
The solid salt is 1.Characteristic Presence of group
heated with a ammoniacal smell. zero (NH4+)
concentrated solution 2. The gas gives
of sodium hydroxide. white fumes when a
glass rod dipped in
dil. HCl is brought
near the mouth of the
test tube.
3. When the gas is
passed through
Nessler’s reagent, it
gives brown
precipitate.
GROUP SEPARATION
Analysis of group I
To the original salt No white precipitate Absence of group I
solution in a test tube is obtained. (Pb2+)
dil.Hydrochloric acid
is added.
Analysis of group II
To the original solution No characteristic Absence of group II
in a test tube,H2S gas precipitate is (Cu2+ , As2+)
is passed in the obtained.
presence of dil. HCl.

Analysis of group III

The original solution in No characteristic Absence of group III
the test tube precipitate is (Al3+ , Fe3+ )
ammonium hydroxide obtained.
(NH4OH) is added in
the presence of
ammonium chloride
(NH4Cl).
Analysis of group IV
To the original solution
in the test tube H2S No characteristic Absence of group IV
gas is passed in the precipitate is (Co2+,Mn2+,Ni2+ and
presence of obtained. Zn2+)
ammonium chloride
(NH4Cl) and
ammonium
hydroxide(NH4OH).
Analysis of group V
To the original salt No characteristic Absence of group V
solution in a test tube precipitate is (Ca2+,Ba2+ and Sr2+)
ammonium obtained.
carbonate
[(NH4)2CO3] is added
in the presence of
ammonium chloride
(NH4Cl) and
ammonium
hydroxide(NH4OH).
Analysis of group VI
To the original salt No characteristic Absence of group VI
solution in the test precipitate is (Mg2+)
tube disodium obtained.
hydrogen phosphate
solution is added.

CONFIRMATION OF BASIC RADICAL - Ammonium (NH4+)

Nessler's reagent
test:
To the original salt Reddish brown Presence of
solution in the test precipitate is ammonium (NH4+) is
tube Nessler's obtained. confirmed.
reagent is added.
Result
1. The acid radical present in the given salt is phosphate(PO43-)
2. The basic radical present in the given salt is ammonium (NH4+).
3. The given salt is ammonium phosphate (NH4)3 PO4
******************************************************************************
SALT ANALYSIS → 8 Ammonium Oxalate (NH4)2C2O4
EXPERIMENTS OBSERVATION INFERENCE
PRELIMINARY TESTS :-
1. COLOUR
Colour of the given salt is Colourless Shows the absence of
noted. Cu2+,Fe2+.Fe3+,Ni2+,
Mn2+, Co2+
2.SMELL
Smell of the given salt is Ammoniacal smell Shows the presence of
noted. NH4+.
3. Dry heating test:-
Small amount of the salt Ammonia gas is evolved Shows the presence of
is taken in a dry test and with characteristic odour NH4+
heated. On heating some and gives white dense
salts undergo fumes with rod dipped in
decomposition and dil.HCl brought near the
evolve gases with mouth of the test tube
characteristic colour and
smell.
4.Cobalt nitrate test:-
A filter paper is soaked No characteristic colored Shows the absence of
into the solution of residue. Zn2+, Al3+ and Mg2+
salt,cobalt nitrate and
conc.Nitric acid in a test
tube and burnt in the non
luminous part of the
flame.
5.Flame test:-
Small amount of the salt No characteristic Shows the absence of
is taken in a watch glass coloured flame. Ca2+, Ba2+ , Cu2+, Sr2+ ,
and made into paste with Pb2+ ,, and Zn2+
conc.Hydrochloric acid
then introduced into the
non luminous part of the
flame with the help of a
glass stirrer.
Identification of acid radicals
6.Dilute sulphuric acid
test:-
Small amount of the salt No characteristic gas has Shows the absence of
is taken in a dry test and evolved. CO32-,SO32-,NO2- and S2-
dilute sulphuric acid is
added.
7. Concentrated
sulphuric acid test:-
Small quantity of salt with No characteristic gas has Shows the absence
conc. sulphuric acid is evolved. Cl-,Br-, I-,NO3- and
taken in a test tube. The CH3COO-
gas evolved in cold and
then on heating is
identified.
Confirmation of acid radicals
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract (SCE):-
A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium carbonate
and is boiled with distilled water for sometime. The suspension
obtained is filtered.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.
Confirmation of Oxalate (C2O42- )
1.Calcium chloride
test:-
To the aqueous solution White precipitate is Presence of oxalate
of the salt in a test tube formed which is soluble in (C2O42-) is confirmed.
dilute acetic acid is dil.Nitric acid.
added and boiled off
CO2.. Calcium chloride
solution is added.
2. Potassium
permanganate test:- Pink colour of
To the pinch of salt in a KMnO4solution is
test tube dil.sulphuric decolourised with the
acid is added . The evolution of CO2.
mixture is heated to Presence of oxalate
60-70 deg. Then a few (C2O42-) is confirmed.
drops of KMnO4 solution
is added.

Identification of basic radicals

Preparation of original solution:-
Small amount of the salt is taken in a test tube and distilled water is
added. Shaken well . The clear salt solution is called the original
solution.
Analysis of group zero (NH4+)
The solid salt is 1.Characteristic Presence of group
heated with a ammoniacal smell. zero (NH4+)
concentrated solution 2. The gas gives
of sodium hydroxide. white fumes when a
glass rod dipped in
dil. HCl is brought
near the mouth of the
test tube.
3. When the gas is
passed through
Nessler’s reagent, it
gives brown
 precipitate.

GROUP SEPARATION
Analysis of group I
To the original salt No white precipitate Absence of group I
solution in a test tube is obtained. (Pb2+)
dil.Hydrochloric acid
is added.
Analysis of group II
To the original solution No characteristic Absence of group II
in a test tube,H2S gas precipitate is (Cu2+ , As2+)
is passed in the obtained.
presence of dil. HCl.

Analysis of group III

The original solution in No characteristic Absence of group III
the test tube precipitate is (Al3+ , Fe3+ )
ammonium hydroxide obtained.
(NH4OH) is added in
the presence of
ammonium chloride
(NH4Cl).
Analysis of group IV
No characteristic
To the original solution
in the test tube H2S precipitate is Absence of group IV
gas is passed in the obtained. (Co2+,Mn2+,Ni2+ and
presence of Zn2+)
ammonium chloride
(NH4Cl) and
ammonium
hydroxide(NH4OH).
Analysis of group V No characteristic
To the original salt precipitate is Absence of group V
solution in a test tube obtained. (Ca2+,Ba2+ and Sr2+)
ammonium
carbonate
[(NH4)2CO3] is added
in the presence of
ammonium chloride
(NH4Cl) and
ammonium
hydroxide(NH4OH).
Analysis of group VI No characteristic
To the original salt precipitate is Absence of group VI
solution in the test obtained. (Mg2+)
tube disodium
hydrogen phosphate
solution is added.

CONFIRMATION OF BASIC RADICAL - Ammonium (NH4+)

Nessler's reagent
test:
To the original salt Reddish brown Presence of
solution in the test precipitate is ammonium (NH4+) is
tube Nessler's obtained. confirmed.
reagent is added.
Result
1. The acid radical present in the given salt is oxalate (C2O42-)
2. The basic radical present in the given salt is ammonium (NH4+).
3. The given salt is ammonium oxalate (NH4)2 C2O4
******************************************************************************
SALT ANALYSIS → 9 Ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3
EXPERIMENTS OBSERVATION INFERENCE
PRELIMINARY TESTS :-
1. COLOUR
Colour of the given salt is Colourless Shows the absence of
noted. Cu2+,Fe2+.Fe3+,Ni2+,
Mn2+, Co2+
2.SMELL
Smell of the given salt is Ammoniacal smell Shows the presence of
noted. NH4+.
3. Dry heating test:-
Small amount of the salt Ammonia gas is evolved Shows the presence of
is taken in a dry test and with characteristic odour NH4+
heated. On heating some and gives white dense
salts undergo fumes with rod dipped in
decomposition and dil.HCl brought near the
evolve gases with mouth of the test tube
characteristic colour and
smell.
4.Cobalt nitrate test:-
A filter paper is soaked No characteristic colored Shows the absence of
into the solution of residue. Zn2+, Al3+ and Mg2+
salt,cobalt nitrate and
conc.Nitric acid in a test
tube and burnt in the non
luminous part of the
flame.
5.Flame test:-
Small amount of the salt No characteristic Shows the absence of
is taken in a watch glass coloured flame. Ca2+, Ba2+ , Cu2+, Sr2+ ,
and made into paste with Pb2+ ,, and Zn2+
conc.Hydrochloric acid
then introduced into the
non luminous part of the
flame with the help of a
glass stirrer.

EXPERIMENTS OBSERVATION INFERENCE

PRELIMINARY TESTS :-
1. COLOUR
Colour of the given salt is Colourless Shows the absence of
noted. Cu2+,Fe2+.Fe3+,Ni2+,
Mn2+, Co2+
2.SMELL
Smell of the given salt is Ammoniacal smell Shows the presence of
noted. NH4+.
3. Dry heating test:-
Small amount of the salt Ammonia gas is evolved Shows the presence of
is taken in a dry test and with characteristic odour NH4+
heated. On heating some and gives white dense
salts undergo fumes with rod dipped in
decomposition and dil.HCl brought near the
evolve gases with mouth of the test tube
characteristic colour and
smell.
4.Cobalt nitrate test:-
A filter paper is soaked No characteristic colored Shows the absence of
into the solution of residue. Zn2+, Al3+ and Mg2+
salt,cobalt nitrate and
conc.Nitric acid in a test
tube and burnt in the non
luminous part of the
flame.
5.Flame test:-
Small amount of the salt No characteristic Shows the absence of
is taken in a watch glass coloured flame. Ca2+, Ba2+ , Cu2+, Sr2+ ,
and made into paste with Pb2+ ,, and Zn2+
conc.Hydrochloric acid
then introduced into the
non luminous part of the
flame with the help of a
glass stirrer.
Identification of acid radicals
6.Dilute sulphuric acid
test:-
Small amount of the salt No characteristic gas has Shows the absence of
is taken in a dry test and evolved. CO32-,SO32-,NO2- and S2-
dilute sulphuric acid is
added.
7. Concentrated
sulphuric acid test:-
Small quantity of salt with No characteristic gas has Shows the absence
conc. sulphuric acid is evolved. Cl-,Br-, I-,NO3- and
taken in a test tube. The CH3COO-
gas evolved in cold and
then on heating is
identified.
Confirmation of acid radicals
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract (SCE):-
A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium carbonate
and is boiled with distilled water for sometime. The suspension
obtained is filtered.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.
Confirmation of carbonate (CO32-)
1.Dil.HCl test:-
To the aqueous solution Brisk effervescence with
of the salt in a test tube the evolution of carbon Presence of carbonate
dilute hydrochloric acid is dioxide which turns lime (CO32-) is confirmed.
added. water milky is observed
2.Magnesium sulphate .
test:-
To the aqueous solution White precipitate is Presence of oxalate
of the salt in a test tube formed in cold (CO32-) is confirmed.
Magnesium sulphate
solution is added.

Identification of basic radicals

Preparation of original solution:-
Small amount of the salt is taken in a test tube and distilled water is
added. Shaken well . The clear salt solution is called the original
solution.
Analysis of group zero (NH4+)
The solid salt is 1.Characteristic Presence of group
heated with a ammoniacal smell. zero (NH4+)
concentrated solution 2. The gas gives
of sodium hydroxide. white fumes when a
glass rod dipped in
dil. HCl is brought
near the mouth of the
test tube.
3. When the gas is
passed through
Nessler’s reagent, it
gives brown
precipitate.
GROUP SEPARATION
Analysis of group I
To the original salt No white precipitate Absence of group I
solution in a test tube is obtained. (Pb2+)
dil.Hydrochloric acid
is added.
Analysis of group II
To the original solution No characteristic Absence of group II
in a test tube,H2S gas precipitate is (Cu2+ , As2+)
is passed in the obtained.
presence of dil. HCl.

Analysis of group III

The original solution in No characteristic Absence of group III
the test tube precipitate is (Al3+ , Fe3+ )
ammonium hydroxide obtained.
(NH4OH) is added in
the presence of
ammonium chloride
(NH4Cl).
Analysis of group IV
To the original solution
in the test tube H2S No characteristic Absence of group IV
gas is passed in the precipitate is (Co2+,Mn2+,Ni2+ and
presence of obtained. Zn2+)
ammonium chloride
(NH4Cl) and
ammonium
hydroxide(NH4OH).
Analysis of group V
To the original salt No characteristic Absence of group V
solution in a test tube precipitate is (Ca2+,Ba2+ and Sr2+)
ammonium obtained.
carbonate
[(NH4)2CO3] is added
in the presence of
ammonium chloride
(NH4Cl) and
ammonium
hydroxide(NH4OH).
Analysis of group VI
To the original salt No characteristic Absence of group VI
solution in the test precipitate is (Mg2+)
tube disodium obtained.
hydrogen phosphate
solution is added.

CONFIRMATION OF BASIC RADICAL - Ammonium (NH4+)

Nessler's reagent
test:
To the original salt Reddish brown Presence of
solution in the test precipitate is ammonium (NH4+) is
tube Nessler's obtained. confirmed.
reagent is added.
Result
1. The acid radical present in the given salt is carbonate (CO32-)
2. The basic radical present in the given salt is ammonium (NH4+).
3. The given salt is ammonium carbonate (NH4)2 CO3
*****************************************************************************
SALT ANALYSIS → 10 Lead Nitrate (Pb(NO3)2)
EXPERIMENTS OBSERVATION INFERENCE
PRELIMINARY TESTS :-
1. COLOUR
Colour of the given salt is Colourless Shows the absence of
noted. Cu2+,Fe2+.Fe3+,Ni2+,
Mn2+, Co2+
2.SMELL
Smell of the given salt is No characteristic smell is Shows the absence of
noted. observed. NH4+.CH3COO- and S2-
3. Dry heating test:-
Small amount of the salt Reddish brown fumes of Shows the presence of
is taken in a dry test and NO2 gas which turns NO3-
heated. On heating some ferrous sulphate solution
salts undergo black.
decomposition and
evolve gases with
characteristic colour and
smell.
4.Cobalt nitrate test:-
A filter paper is soaked No characteristic colored Shows the absence of
into the solution of residue. Zn2+, Al3+ and Mg2+
salt,cobalt nitrate and
conc.Nitric acid in a test
tube and burnt in the non
luminous part of the
flame.
5.Flame test:-
Small amount of the salt Dull-bluish-white flame Shows the presence of
is taken in a watch glass Pb2+.
and made into paste with
conc.Hydrochloric acid
then introduced into the
non luminous part of the
flame with the help of a
glass stirrer.
Identification of acid radicals
6.Dilute sulphuric acid
test:-
Small amount of the salt No characteristic gas has Shows the absence of
is taken in a dry test and evolved. CO32-,SO32-,NO2- and S2-
dilute sulphuric acid is
added.
7. Concentrated
sulphuric acid test:-
Small quantity of salt with Reddish brown fumes of Shows the presence of
conc. sulphuric acid is NO2 gas with pungent NO3-
taken in a test tube. The smell , turns ferrous
gas evolved in cold and sulphate solution black
then on heating is
identified.
Confirmation of acid radicals
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract (SCE):-
A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium carbonate
and is boiled with distilled water for sometime. The suspension
obtained is filtered.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.
Confirmation of Nitrate (NO3-)
1.Copper chips test:-
Small amount of the Dark brown fumes of Presence of NO3- is
salt in a test tube is Nitrogen dioxide gas confirmed.
heated with have evolved
conc.sulphuric acid
and a few copper
chips.
2. Brown ring test:-
 To the salt solution in A brown ring is Presence of NO3- is
a test tube a few ml formed at the confirmed.
of freshly prepared junction of layers of
ferrous sulphate acid and the solution.
solution is added
then concentrated
sulphuric acid is
added along the
sides of the test tube
without shaking .
Identification of basic radicals
Preparation of original solution:-
Small amount of the salt is taken in a test tube and distilled water is
added. Shaken well . The clear salt solution is called the original
solution.
Analysis of group zero (NH4+)
The solid salt is 1.No characteristic Absence of group
heated with a ammoniacal smell. zero (NH4+)
concentrated solution
of sodium hydroxide.

GROUP SEPARATION
Analysis of group I
To the original salt white precipitate is Presence of group I
solution in a test tube obtained. (Pb2+)
dil.Hydrochloric acid
is added.
CONFIRMATION OF BASIC RADICAL - LEAD (Pb2+)
1.Potassium Iodide
test:-
To the original salt Yellow precipitate is Presence of lead
solution in a test tube formed which (Pb2+) is confirmed.
Potassium iodide dissolves in boiling
solution is added. water and on cooling
2. Potassium recrystallises.
chromate test:-
Yellow precipitate is Presence of lead
To the original salt
formed which (Pb2+) is confirmed
solution in a test tube
dissolves in sodium
Potassium chromate
hydroxide solution.
solution is added.
Result
1. The acid radical present in the given salt is Nitrate (NO3-)
2. The basic radical present in the given salt is Lead (Pb2+).
3. The given salt is Lead Nitrate (Pb(NO3)2)
******************************************************************************