ALTITUDE VS PRESSURE: 5 000 ft = 4/5 of sea level pressure (80%) 8 000 ft = 3/4 of sea level pressure (75%) 18 000 ft = 1/2 of sea level pressure (50%) 36 000 ft = 1/4 of sea level pressure (25%)
What happen for true alt if / drift to the left or northen = dcress What hapen for true alt if / Drift to the right or south = incress
positions are connected by isobars isobar is equal
Isobars on a surface chart are lines of equal= QFF
QFE, QNH and QFF of an airport have the same value = airport must be at MSL a higher altitude has a lower pressure, so the barometric value of QNH is lower than QFE. We can say that QNH is always greater or equal to QFE , except when the airport is situated under sea level. QNH is equal to the QFE if Elevation airport = 0 pressure altitude is equal to the true altitude if = standard atmospheric conditions occur. Flying in WARM weather, the INDICATED ALTITUDE in the ALTIMETER will show that you are LOWER than you really are, meaning that your TRUE ALTITUDE is HIGHER than what the instrument is Indicating - When I say warm, I mean warmer than ISA.
Flying in COLD weather, the INDICATED ALTITUDE in the ALTIMETER will indicate that you are HIGHER than you really are, meaning that your TRUE ALTITUDE is LOWER than what the instrument is Indicating. – When I say cold, I mean colder than ISA.
Flying through colder than ISA temperature is the most dangerous, especially if you are not aware of that the true altitude being lower than what is being indicated in the cockpit. From HIGH to LOW, look down below, otherwise you may be in a situation not envied. //The worst condition would be a low temperature together with a low pressure.Because now if you would not make any corrections the altimeter would overread
VALLEY INVERSIONS = form as a result of both cooling
of the ground due to long-wave radiation and nocturnal down-slope winds. The temperature of the upper parts of the valleys in mountainous areas becomes exceedingly low during winter nights because of radid loss of heat from the surface through terrestrial radiation.
Warm air advection = when a warm airmass moves into an area which was previously occupied by a cooler airmass. // warmer = bigger/ higher
Cold air advection = when a cold airmass moves into an area which was previously occupied by a cooler airmass. replaces a warm
Transition altitude —> from local ( QNH ) to standard —> from
Altitude to FL (during climb)
Transition level —> from standard to local ( QNH ) —> from FL
to Altitude (during descent)
pressure altimeter is set to the QNH or
QFE of the destination airfieldits regarding QNH = elevation regarding QFE = zero FL = TA QNH bigger than 1013 Then Colder than ISA FL = TA QNH smaller than 1013 Then Warmer than ISA FL = TA QNH = 1013 average temp is the same as ISA + + or - - = + (plus means QNH is higher than QFF) + - = - (minus means QNH is lower than QFF) When the aerodrome is above sea level write +; When it is bellow sea level write - When temperature is above ISA then write + , and vice versa
responsible for the warming of layers of air=
Radiation for low levels Convection for medium Absorption for high
IF ask about average in FT : 16xcos(lat) = Answer x (3280) = close
answer
IF Ask about in KM Average :17×cos(lat)=
LOW PRESSURE ( curves down ) means that "HIGHER
ISOBARS" reach LOWER LEVEL
HIGH PRESSURE ( curves up ) means that "LOWER
ISOBARS" reach HIGHER LEVELS The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) is:
a MSL temperature of +15° Celsius;
a MSL pressure of 1013.25 hectopascals (hPa); a MSL density of 1225 grams / cubic metre; a lapse rate of 0.65°C/100 m (1.98°C/1000 ft *) up to 11 km (36 090 ft); a constant temperature of -56.5°C up to 20 km (65 617 ft); an increase of temperature 0.1°C/100 m (0.3° C/1000 ft), up to 32 km (104 987 ft). Note: *Practically, a lapse rate of 2°/1000 ft is used for calculations up to the Tropopause.
Tropopause higher over the poles
Troposhere higher over the Equator
Temp -75
رتفاع حسب ا>خطط8 درجة الحرارة تبدي بل تنازل كل ما يزيد ا:Torposher
layer just above the tropopause is absolutely stable. صعوداkm 20 تبقى ثابتة لحد:Trpopause
تزيد درجة الحرارة صعودا-1 :Stratospher
lower part of the stratosphereis constant with altitude.2 - Colder airmass = Overread - Warmer airmass = Underread - Low-pressure area = Overread - High-pressure area = Underread
VARIATIONS WITH HEIGHT
• Pressure decreases with height. • Density decreases with height. • Temperature varies with height.
HEAT TRANSFER • Conduction • Convection (due density changes) • Advection (horizontal movement of air) • Latent heat (absorbed if melt / evaporate) • Irregular mixing of convection and advection gives rise to turbulence.
PRESSURE VARIATION WITH TEMPERATURE
• Cold air is more dense so more rapid decrease in pressure with height. • Warm air is less dense so slower decrease in pressure with height (compared to ISA). • When flying from ISA to colder air, aircraft will descend but still show 18,000ft. High to low, watch out below! • The pressure in a column of warm air is likely to be greater than the pressure at the same height in a cold column of air.
Cold high = cold upper low
Cold low = cold upper low
Warm low = warm upper high
Warm high = warm upper high QNH INCRESS To ROLLING QNH DCRESS TO ROLLING LEFT RIGHT TURE ALT IS INCRESS TURE ALT IS DCREES
