Selecting Plants for Pollinators

A Regional Guide for Farmers, Land Managers, and Gardeners In the

Ozark Broadleaf Forest Meadow Province

Including Parts of Arkansas

and NAPPC

and Oklahoma

Table of CONTE NTS

Wh y Suppor t Polli nator s? Ge tti ng Star te d Ozar k Br oadle af For e st Me e t th e Polli nator s Pl ant Tr ai ts De ve lopi ng Pl anti ngs Far ms Public L ands Home L andscape s Bloom Pe r iods Pl ants Th at Attr act Polli nator s H abi tat H i nts Ch e ck li st R e sour ce s and Fe e dback
This is one of several guides for different regions in the United States. We welcome your feedback to assist us in making the future guides useful. Please contact us at

4 5 6 8 10 12 13 14 15 16 18 20 22 23

[email protected]
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S e l e c t i n g P l a n t s f or P ol l i n ator s

Se le cti ng Pl ants for Polli nator s

A Regional Guide for Farmers, Land Managers, and Gardeners

In the Ecological Region of the

Ozark Broadleaf Forest Meadow Province

Including Parts of Arkansas and Oklahoma

a nappc and Pollinator Partnership Publication

This guide was funded by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, the C.S. Fund, the Plant Conservation Alliance, the U.S. Forest Service, and the Bureau of Land Management with oversight by the Pollinator Partnership (www.pollinator.org), in support of the North American Pollinator Protection Campaign (NAPPCwww.nappc.org).

Ozar k Br oadle af F or e st Me adow Pr ovi nce

W h y s u p p or t p ol l i n ator s ?
In theIr 1996 book, the Forgotten PollInators, Buchmann and
Nabhan estimated that animal pollinators are needed for the reproduction of 90% of flowering plants and one third of human food crops. Each of us depends on these industrious pollinators in a practical way to provide us with the wide range of foods we eat. In addition, pollinators are part of the intricate web that supports the biological diversity in natural ecosystems that helps sustain our quality of life. Abundant and healthy populations of pollinators can improve fruit set and quality, and increase fruit size. In farming situations this increases production per acre. In the wild, biodiversity increases and wildlife food sources increase. Strawberries, cucumbers, blueberries, and melons are some of the crops raised in the Ozark Broadleaf Forest that rely on honey bees and native bees for pollination. Domestic honey bees pollinate approximately $10 billion worth of crops in the U.S. each year. Unfortunately, the numbers of both native pollinators and domesticated bee populations are declining. They are threatened by habitat loss, disease, and the excessive and inappropriate use of pesticides. The loss of commercial bees to Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) has highlighted how severe the issues of proper hive management are to reduce stresses caused by disease, pesticide use, insufficient nutrition, and transportation practices. Currently, the pollination services that the commercial beekeeping industry provides are receiving much needed research and conservation resources. The efforts to understand the threats to commercial bees should help us understand other pollinators and their roles in the environment as well. It is imperative that we take immediate steps to help pollinator populations thrive. The beauty of the situation is that by supporting pollinators need for habitat, we support our own needs for food and support diversity in the natural world. Thank you for taking time to consult this guide. By adding plants to your landscape that provide food and shelter for pollinators throughout their active seasons and by adopting pollinator friendly landscape practices, you can make a difference to both the pollinators and the people that rely on them.

Far mi ng fe e ds
th e wor ld, and we must r e me mbe r th at polli nator s ar e a cr i tical li nk i n our food sy ste ms.

Co-Founder,

-- Paul Growald, Pollinator partnership

Laurie Davies Adams Executive Director Pollinator Partnership

S e l e c t i n g P l a n t s f or P ol l i n ator s

G e t t i n g S ta r t e d

thIs regIonal guIde Is just one

in a series of plant selection tools designed to provide information on how individuals can influence pollinator populations through choices they make when they farm a plot of ground, manage large tracts of public land, or plant a garden. Each of us can have a positive impact by providing the essential habitat requirements for pollinators including food, water, shelter, and enough space to allow pollinators to raise their young. Pollinators travel through the landscape without regard to property ownership or state boundaries. Weve chosen to use R.G. Baileys classification system to identify the geographic focus of this guide and to underscore the connections between climate and vegetation types that affect the diversity of pollinators in the environment. Baileys Ecoregions of the United

States, developed by the United States Forest Service, is a system created as a management tool and is used to predict responses to land management practices throughout large areas. This guide addresses pollinator-friendly land management practices in what is known as the Ozark Broadleaf Forest, Meadow Province. This 6,400 square mile province in northern Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma includes low mountains dissected with narrow, steep valleys of plains with hills and open hills. Elevations range from 650 to 2,600 feet with local relief ranging from 100 to 1500 feet. The climate is hot continental with hot summers and cold winters. Average annual temperature ranges from 58 to 64F. Annual rainfall ranges from 41 to 52 inches. This province is characterized as oak-hickory forest and oak-hickorypine forest. The low elevation

and submontane zone vegetation is primarily broad-leaved, colddeciduous forest that includes oak and hickory. There are lesser areas that include evergreen needle-leaved trees. Short-leaf pine and oak occur on the shallow soils of disturbed drier areas on the south- and westfacing slopes. Long before there were homes and farms in this area, the original, natural vegetation provided continuous cover and adjacent feeding opportunities for wildlife, including pollinators. In choosing plants, aim to create habitat for pollinators that allow adequate food shelter, and water sources. Most pollinators have very small home ranges. You can make a difference by understanding the vegetation patterns of the farm, forest, or neighbors yard adjacent to you and by making planting choices that support the pollinators need for food and shelter as they move through the landscape.

Ozar k Br oadle af F or e st Me adow Pr ovi nce

U n d e r s ta n d i n g t h e Oz a r k B r oa d l e a f F or e s t
n This region is designated number M222 in the Baileys Ecosystem Provinces. To see a map of the provinces go to: www.fs.fed.us/colorimagemap/ecoreg1_provinces.html n Not sure about which bioregion you live or work in? Go to www.pollinator.org and click on Ecoregion Locator for help. n 6,400 square miles in northern Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma. n Primarily low mountains and valleys. n Elevations ranging from 650 to 2,600 feet. n Average annual temperatures from 58F to 64F. n Average year-round precipitation between 41-52 inches. n USDA Hardiness Zones 6b-7a.

Ch ar acte r i stics
n Dominated by oak-hickory and oak-chickory-pine forest. n Common tree species include northern red oak, white oak, pignut hickory, mockernut hickory, shortleaf pine, and eastern red cedar. n Significant blocks of intact habitat remain at upper elevations, but ecosystem dynamics are largely fragmented outside those blocks.

S e l e c t i n g P l a n t s f or P ol l i n ator s

The Ozark Broadleaf Forest Meadow Province includes parts of: Arkansas and Oklahoma

Addi ng nati ve pl anti ngs i n r i par i an ar e as

to i mpr ove polli nator h abi tat mak e s se nse i n advanci ng our fa mi ly far ms conse rvation and e conomic obje cti ve s, e nh anci ng be ne fi ci al wi ldli fe and i mpr ovi ng polli nation i n our or ch ar d and gar de n.

--Lee McDaniel, Farmer and President, National Association of Conservation Districts

Ozar k Br oadle af F or e st Me adow Pr ovi nce

Me e t t h e P ol l i n at or s
Photo Lew Scharpf

Who ar e the p ol l i n ator s ?

Bees
Bees are well documented pollinators in the natural and agricultural systems of the Ozark Broadleaf Forest. A wide range of crops including strawberries, cucumbers, blueberries, and melons are just a few plants that benefit from bee pollinators.
Viceroy butterfly.

Solitary bees include carpenter bees (Xylocopa spp.), which nest in wood; digger, or polyester bees (Colletes spp.), which nest underground; leafcutter bees (Megachile spp.), which prefer dead trees or branches for their nest sites; and mason bees (Osmia spp.), which utilize cavities that they find in stems and dead wood. Cactus bees (Diadasia spp.) are also solitary ground nesters.

B u t te r fl i e s
Gardeners have been attracting butterflies to their gardens for some time. These insects tend to be eyecatching, as are the flowers that attract them. Position flowering plants where they have full sun and are protected from the wind. Also, you will need to provide open areas (e.g. bare earth, large stones) where butterflies may bask, and moist soil from which they may get needed minerals. By providing a safe place to eat and nest, gardeners can also support the pollination role that butterflies play in the landscape. It might mean accepting slight damage to the plants, known as host plants, that provide food for the larval stage of the butterfly.

Most of us are familiar with the colonies of honey bees that have been the workhorses of agricultural pollination for years in the United States. They were imported from Europe almost 400 years ago.

Ruby-throated hummingbird.

There are nearly 4000 species of native ground and twig nesting bees in the U.S. Some form colonies while others live and work a solitary life. Native bees currently pollinate many crops and can be encouraged to do more to support agricultural endeavors if their needs for nesting habitat are met and if suitable sources of nectar, pollen, and water are provided. Bees have tongues of varying lengths that help determine which flowers they can obtain nectar A diverse group of butterflies and pollen from. are present in garden areas and The bumble bee (Bombus spp.) forms woodland edges that provide bright small colonies, usually underground. flowers, water sources, and specific They are generalists, feeding on a wide host plants. Numerous trees, shrubs, range of plant material from February and herbaceous plants support to November and are important butterfly populations. pollinators of tomatoes. The sweat bee Butterflies are in the Order (family Halictidae) nests underground. Lepidoptera. Some of the species in Various species are solitary while the Ozark Broadleaf Forest are others form loose colonies.

Photo Lew Scharpf

S e l e c t i n g P l a n t s f or P ol l i n ator s

Baltimore, Harvester, Spicebush Swallowtail, Wild Indigo Duskywing, and Viceroy butterflies. They usually look for flowers that provide a good landing platform. Wet mud areas provide butterflies with both the moisture and minerals they need to stay healthy. Butterflies eat rotten fruit and even dung, so dont clean up all the messes in your garden!

as butterfly or bird watching. Yet beetles do play a role in pollination. Some have a bad reputation because they can leave a mess behind, damaging plant parts that they eat. Beetles are not as efficient as some pollinators. They wander between different species, often dropping pollen as they go. Beetle pollinated plants tend to be large, strong scented flowers with their sexual organs exposed. They are known to pollinate Magnolia, sweetshrub (Calycanthus), paw paws, and yellow pond lilies.

cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), goldenrod (Solidago spp.), and members of the carrot family like Queen Annes lace (Daucus carota).

Birds
Hummingbirds are the primary birds which play a role in pollination in North America. Their long beaks and tongues draw nectar from tubular flowers. Pollen is carried on both the beaks and feathers of different hummingbirds. The regions closer to the tropics, with warmer climates, boast the largest number of hummingbird species and the greatest number of native plants to support the birds need for food. White-winged doves (Zenaida asiatica) are also pollinators of the saguaro cactus (Carnegeia gigantea) in the south central United States. Bright colored tubular flowers attract hummingbirds to gardens throughout the United States. Hummingbirds can see the color red; bees cannot. Red buckeye growing in the Ozark Broadleaf Forest attracts Ruby-throated Hummingbirds.

Moth s
Moths are most easily distinguished from butterflies by their antennae. Butterfly antennae are simple with a swelling at the end. Moth antennae differ from simple to featherlike, but never have a swelling at the tip. In addition, butterflies typically are active during the day; moths at night. Butterfly bodies are not very hairy, while moth bodies are quite hairy and more stout. Moths, generally less colorful than butterflies, also play a role in pollination. They are attracted to flowers that are strongly sweet smelling, open in late afternoon or night, and are typically white or pale colored.

Flies
It may be hard to imagine why one would want to attract flies to the garden. However, like beetles, the number of fly species and the fact that flies are generalist pollinators (visit many species of plants), should encourage us all to leave those flies alone and let them do their job as pollinators. Recent research indicates that flies primarily pollinate small flowers that bloom under shade and in seasonally moist habitats. The National Research Councils Status of Pollinators in North America study states that flies are economically important as pollinators for a range of annual and bulbous ornamental flowers. Plants pollinated by the fly include the American pawpaw (Asimina triloba), dead horse arum (Helicodiceros muscivorus), skunk

B ats
Though bats in the NevadaUtah Mountains Semidesert are not pollinators, bats play an important role in the pollination of agave, organ pipe and saguaro cacti. The long-nosed bats head shape and long tongue allows it to delve into flower blossoms and extract both pollen and nectar.

B e e tl e s
Over 30,000 species of beetles are found in the United States and many of them can be found on flower heads. Gardeners have yet to intentionally draw beetles to their gardens, possibly because beetle watching isnt as inspiring

Ozar k Br oadle af F or e st Me adow Pr ovi nce

Plant Tr aits

W h i c h F l ow e r s Do the P ol l i n at or s pr efer ?
not all PollInators are found
in each North American province, and some are more important in different parts of the United States. Use this page as a resource to understand the plants and pollinators where you live. Plants can be grouped together based on the similar characteristics of their flowers. These floral characteristics can be useful to predict the type of pollination method or animal that is most effective for that group of plants. This association between floral characteristics and pollination method is called a pollination syndrome. The interactions of animal pollinators and plants have influenced the evolution of both groups of organisms. A mutualistic relationship between the pollinator and the plant species helps the pollinator find necessary pollen and nectar sources and helps the plant reproduce by ensuring that pollen is carried from one flower to another.

Plant Trait
Color Nectar guides Odor Nectar Pollen

Bats
Dull white, green or purple

Bees
Bright white, yellow, blue, or UV

Beetles
Dull white or green

Absent

Present

Absent

Strong musty; emitted at night Abundant; somewhat hidden

Fresh, mild, pleasant

None to strongly fruity or fetid Sometimes present; not hidden

Usually present

Ample

Limited; often sticky and scented

Ample

Flower Shape

Regular; bowl shaped closed during day

Shallow; have landing platform; tubular

Large bowl-like, Magnolia

This chart and more information on pollinator syndromes can be found at:

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S e l e c t i n g P l a n t s f or P ol l i n ator s

a n d t h e P ol l i n ator s t h e y At t r a c t

Pollinator
Birds
Scarlet, orange, red or white

Butterflies

Flies

Moths

Wind
Dull green, brown, or colorless; petals absent or reduced

Pale and dull to Bright, including dark brown or purple; Pale and dull red, red and purple flecked with translucent purple, pink or white patches

Absent

Present

Absent

Absent

Absent

None

Faint but fresh

Putrid

Strong sweet; emitted at night

None

Ample; deeply hidden

Ample; deeply hidden

Usually absent

Ample; deeply hidden

None

Modest

Limited

Modest in amount

Limited

Abundant; small, smooth, and not sticky

Large funnel like; cups, strong perch support

Narrow tube with Shallow; funnel like or spur; wide complex and trap-like landing pad

Regular; tubular without a lip

Regular; small and stigmas exerted

http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/syndromes.shtml

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D e v e l op i n g l a n d s c a p e p l a n t i n g s t h at p r ov i d e p ol l i n ator h a b i tat
not native, are very good for by butterflies during their larval pollinators. Mint, oregano, garlic, development. of many acres, land manager of a chives, parsley and lavender are large tract of land, or a gardener just a few herbs that can be planted. Wate r : with a small lot, you can increase Old fashioned zinnias, cosmos, and the number of pollinators in your A clean, reliable source of water is area by making conscious choices to single sunflowers support bees and essential to pollinators. include plants that provide essential butterflies. Natural and human-made water habitat for bees, butterflies, moths, Recognize weeds that might be a features such as running water, good source of food. For example, beetles, hummingbirds and other pools, ponds, and small containers dandelions provide nectar in the pollinators. of water provide drinking and early spring before other flowers bathing opportunities for pollinators. open. Plantain is alternate host for Ensure the water sources have F ood : the Baltimore Checkerspot. a shallow or sloping side so the Flowers provide nectar (high in Learn and utilize Integrated Pest pollinators can easily approach the sugar and necessary amino acids) Management (IPM) practices to water without drowning. and pollen (high in protein) to address pest concerns. Minimize or pollinators. Your current landscape probably eliminate the use of pesticides. Fermenting fallen fruits also provide includes many of these elements. food for bees, beetles and butterflies. Observe wildlife activity in your Specific plants, known as host farm fields, woodlands, and gardens Sh e lte r : plants, are eaten by the larvae of to determine what actions you can Pollinators need protection from pollinators such as butterflies. take to encourage other pollinators severe weather and from predators Plant in groups to increase to feed and nest. Evaluate the pollination efficiency. If a pollinator as well as sites for nesting and placement of individual plants roosting. can visit the same type of flower and water sources and use your Incorporate different canopy over and over, it doesnt have to knowledge of specific pollinator layers in the landscape by planting relearn how to enter the flower needs to guide your choice and trees, shrubs, and different-sized and can transfer pollen to the same placement of additional plants perennial plants. species, instead of squandering the and other habitat elements. Minor Leave dead snags for nesting sites pollen on unreceptive flowers. changes by many individuals can of bees, and other dead plants and Plant with bloom season in mind, positively impact the pollinator leaf litter for shelter. providing food from early spring to populations in your area. Watch late fall. (see Bloom Periods pp.16-17) Build bee boxes to encourage for - and enjoy - the changes in your solitary, non-aggressive bees to nest Plant a diversity of plants to landscape! on your property. support a variety of pollinators. Flowers of different color, fragrance, Leave some areas of soil uncovered CAUTION: Remember that to provide ground nesting insects and season of bloom on plants pesticides are largely toxic to easy access to underground tunnels. pollinators. Extreme caution is of different heights will attract Group plantings so that pollinators warranted if you choose to use different pollinator species can move safely through the and provide pollen and nectar any pesticide. Strategically apply landscape protected from predators. pesticides only for problematic throughout the seasons. Many herbs and annuals, although Include plants that are needed target species.
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Whether you are a Farmer

S e l e c t i n g P l a n t s f or P ol l i n ator s

Fa r ms
Strawberries, cucumbers, blueberries, and melons are a few of the food crops in the Ozark Broadleaf Forest Province that will benefit from strong native bee populations that boost pollination efficiency. Incorporate different plants throughout the farm that provide food for native populations when targeted crops are not in flower. Farmers have many opportunities to incorporate pollinator-friendly land management practices on their land which will benefit the farmer in achieving his or her production goals: Manage the use of pesticides to reduce the impact on native pollinators. Spray when bees arent active (just after dawn) and choose targeted ingredients. Carefully consider the use of herbicides. Perhaps the targeted weeds can provide needed food for pollinators. Minimize tillage to protect ground nesting pollinators. Ensure water sources are scattered throughout the landscape. Choose a variety of native plants to act as windbreaks, riparian buffers, and field borders throughout the farm. Plant unused areas of the farm with temporary cover crops that can provide food or with a variety of trees, shrubs, and flowers that provide both food and shelter for pollinators. Check with your local Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) office to see what technical and financial support might be available to assist you in your effort to provide nectar, pollen, and larval food sources for pollinators on your farm.

food suppli e s for

be e s ar e cr i tical to mai ntai ni ng str ong h i ve s for almond polli nation th e followi ng wi nte r .

-- Dan Cummings, Chico, California almond grower.

Illustrations by Carolyn Vibbert

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Public Lands

Fr om
h ummi ngbi r ds to be e tle s, to butte r fl i e s, natur e s polli nator s h e lp k e e p Mi de wi ns Tallgr ass pr ai r i e
Public lands are maintained for specific reasons ranging from high impact recreation to conservation. In the Ozark Broadleaf Forest, full of di ve r se forests have been converted from hardwood to pine, and cut for the fl owe r i ng development of second homes, resorts, and agriculture. Less pl ants. I nse ct disturbed natural areas can be augmented with plantings of native moni tor i ng plant species. Existing plantings around buildings and parking areas should be evaluated to determine pr ovi de s a k e y if pollinator-friendly plants can be substituted or added to attract me asur e of our and support pollinators. Public land managers have a unique succe ss. opportunity to use their plantings as an education tool to help others -- Logan Lee understand the importance of Prairie Supervisor, Midewin pollinators in the environment National Tallgrass Prairie through signs, brochures, and public

r e stor ations

programs. In an effort to increase populations of pollinators the land manager can: Inventory and become knowledgeable of local pollinators. Provide connectivity between vegetation areas by creating corridors of perennials, shrubs, and trees that provide pollinators shelter and food as they move through the landscape. Maintain a minimum of lawn areas that support recreational needs. Restrict the use of pesticides and herbicides. Provide water sources in large open areas. Maintain natural meadows and openings that provide habitats for sun-loving wildflowers and grasses. Remove invasive species and encroaching shrubs and trees.

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S e l e c t i n g P l a n t s f or P ol l i n ator s

H ome L a n d s c a p e s

A gar de n i s
only as r ich and be auti ful as th e i nte gr al h e alth of th e sy ste m; polli nator s ar e e sse nti al to th e sy ste m - mak e your home th e i r home .

-- Derry MacBride

National Affairs and legislation Chairwoman, garden club of America

Gardeners have a wide array of plants to use in their gardens. Native plants, plants introduced from years of plant exploration from around the world, and plants developed by professional and amateur breeders can be found in garden centers, in catalogs, and on web-sites. Use your knowledge of pollinator needs to guide your choices. Choose a variety of plants that will provide nectar and pollen throughout the growing season. Resist the urge to have a totally manicured lawn and garden. Leave bare ground for ground nesting bees. Leave areas of dead wood and leaf litter for other insects. Strive to eliminate the use of all pesticides. Find local resources to help you in your efforts. Contact your local county extension agent or native plant society. Visit your regional botanic gardens and arboreta.

The scale of your plantings will vary but it is important to remember that you are trying to provide connectivity to the landscape adjacent to your property. Dont just look within your property boundaries. If your neighbors property provides an essential element, such as water, which can be utilized by pollinators visiting your land, you may be able to devote more space to habitat elements that are missing nearby. It is best to use native plants which have evolved to support the needs of specific native pollinators. Some pollinators, however, are generalists and visit many different plants, both native and non-native. Be sure that any non-native plants you choose to use are not invasive. Remember that specialized cultivars sometimes arent used by pollinators. Flowers that have been drastically altered, such as those that are double or a completely different color than the wild species, often prevent pollinators from finding and feeding on the flowers. In addition, some altered plants dont contain the same nectar and pollen resources that attract pollinators to the wild types. CAUTION: Take time to evaluate the source of your plant material. You want to ensure you get plants that are healthy and correctly identified. Your local native plant society can help you make informed decisions when searching for plants.

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B L O OM P E R I OD S
F OR T H E

Oz a r k B r oa d l e a f F or e s t
April
yellow-green red

The following chart lists plants and the time they are in bloom throughout the growing seasons. Choose a variety of flower colors and make sure something is blooming at all times! Note for all charts: When more than one species of the same genus is useful, the genus name is followed by spp.

Botanical Name
Aesculus glabra Aesculus pavia Amelanchier arborea Asimina triloba Callicarpa americana Ceanothus americanus Cercis canadensis Chionanthus virginicus Crataegus crus-galli Fothergilla major Hamamelis vernalis Hamamelis virginiana Hydrangea arborescens Hypericum prolificum Ilex decidua Lindera benzoin Liriodendron tulipifera Magnolia tripetala Physocarpus opulifolius Prunus angustifolia Rhododendron prinophyllum Rhododendron viscosum Rosa carolina Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Vaccinium arboreum Vaccinium pallidum Viburnum dentatum Viburnum rufidulum

Common Name
Ohio buckeye red buckeye common serviceberry pawpaw American beautyberry New Jersey tea redbud white fringetree cockspur hawthorn mountain witchalder ozark witchhazel American witchhazel wild hydrangea shrubby St. Johnswort possumhaw northern spicebush Yellow Poplar umbrella-tree common ninebark Chickasaw plum early azalea swamp azalea Carolina rose coralberry farkleberry blue ridge blueberry southern arrowwood rusty nannyberry

March

May
yellow-green red

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Trees & Shrubs

white white reddish purple reddish purple white white pink pink white white white yellow, red white white white white white

creamy white

creamy white yellow yellow

white yellow yellow greenish yellow, orange

white

greenish yellow, orange white white

white white pink white

white white pink white pink pink pink white white white white pink pink

white white

white white

Perennial Flowers
Amorpha fruticosa Amsonia tabernaemontana Aquilegia canadensis Asclepias hirtella Asclepias purpurascens Asclepias tuberosa Asclepias variegata Baptisia alba Baptisia sphaerocarpa Camassia scilloides Chamaecrista fasciculata Conoclinum coelestinum Dalea candida Dalea purpurea Echinacea pallida Echinacea paradoxa Echinacea purpurea wild false indigo eastern bluestar eastern columbine green milkweed purple milkweed butterfly milkweed white milkweed white wild indigo yellow wild indigo Atlantic camas partridge pea blue mist flower white prairie clover purple prairie clover pale purple coneflower Bushs coneflower eastern purple coneflower white purple pale purple yellow purple white purple pale purple yellow purple white purple red, yellow pale blue red, yellow green purple orange, yellow white white yellow pale blue green purple orange, yellow white white yellow pale blue yellow yellow blue yellow blue yellow blue green purple orange, yellow white white yellow green purple pale blue purple

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S e l e c t i n g P l a n t s f or P ol l i n ator s

Botanical Name
Eupatoriadelphus fistulosus Gaura longiflora Gentiana saponaria Glandularia canadensis Helianthus angustifolius Helenium autumnale Hepatica nobilis Hibiscus laevis Ipomoea pandurata Iris cristata Iris virginica Lespedeza hirta Lespedeza virginica Liatris aspera Liatris squarrosa Lobelia cardinalis Lobelia siphilitica Monarda fistulosa Monarda punctata Opuntia humifusa Oxalis stricta Oxalis violacea Penstemon arkansanus Penstemon digitalis Rubus occidentalis Rubus trivialis Rudbeckia hirta Rudbeckia triloba Salvia azurea Silene virginica Silphium integrifolium Solidago caesia Solidago odora Solidago rugosa Solidago ulmifolia Spigelia marilandica Symphyotrichum lateriflorum Symphyotrichum novae-angliae Symphyotrichum oblongifolium Symphyotrichum patens Symphyotrichum pilosum Tephrosia virginiana Tradescantia ohiensis Verbena stricta Verbesina helianthoides Vernonia missurica Viola pedata

Common Name
joe-pye-weed longflower beeblossum soapwort gentian rose mock vervain swamp sunflower sneezeweed hepatica smooth rose-mallow white morning-glory dwarfed crested iris Virginia iris hairy lespedeza slender lespedeza tall blazing star scaly blazing star cardinal flower great blue lobelia wild bergamot spotted beebalm devils tongue common yellow oxalis violet woodsorrel Arkansas penstemon beard-tongue black raspberry southern dewberry black-eyed susan brown-eyed susan azure blue sage fire pink rosinweed wreath goldenrod anisescented goldenrod wrinkleleaf goldenrod elmleaf goldenrod indian pink calico aster New England aster aromatic aster late blue aster common white aster goats rue bluejacket hoary verbena yellow crownbeard Missouri ironweed birds-foot violet

March

April

May
pink, white

June
pink, white

July
pink, white

Aug
pinkish purple

Sept
pinkish purple

Oct
pinkish purple

blue pink pink pink pink yellow yellow white, pink, pale blue white, red white, red blue, yellow blue, yellow blue, yellow pink, white pink, white blue pink, white pink, white pink, white pink, white pinkish purple pinkish purple pinkish purple pinkish purple pinkish purple pinkish purple red blue violet pink yellow yellow violet yellow violet white white white white white white yellow, brown yellow, brown yellow, brown blue red yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow red red white purple pale blue blue white yellow, pink pink, blue pink, blue purple purple purple purple yellow purple violet violet purple yellow purple yellow purple yellow, pink white purple pale blue blue white yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow, brown yellow, brown blue yellow, brown yellow, brown blue yellow, brown yellow, brown blue blue violet pink yellow yellow violet white white violet white white violet pink violet pink pinkish purple red blue white, red white, red white, red white, red white, red white, red white, red white, red yellow yellow yellow yellow

Vines
Bignonia capreolata Gelsemium sempervirens Lonicera sempervirens Parthenocissus quinquefolia Passiflora incarnata Wisteria frutescens cross vine yellow jasmine red trumpet honeysuckle Virginia creeper passion flower American wisteria purple, white purple, white yellow orange, yellow yellow red orange, yellow yellow red red greenish yellow white, purple purple, white red greenish yellow white, purple white, purple white, purple white, purple red red red orange, yellow

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P l a n t s t h at at t r a c t p ol l i n ator s F OR T H E Oz a r k B r oa d l e a f F or e s t
The following chart lists plants that attract pollinators. It is not exhaustive, but provides guidance on where to start. Annuals, herbs, weeds, and cover crops provide food and shelter for pollinators, too. Common Flower Visitation by Botanical Name Color Ht. Sun Soil Name Season Pollinator Trees & Shrubs
Aesculus glabra Aesculus pavia Amelanchier arborea Asimina triloba Callicarpa americana Ceanothus americanus Cercis canadensis Chionanthus virginicus Crataegus crus-galli Fothergilla major Hamamelis vernalis Hamamelis virginiana Hydrangea arborescens Hypericum prolificum Ilex decidua Lindera benzoin Liriodendron tulipifera Magnolia tripetala Physocarpus opulifolius Prunus angustifolia Rhododendron prinophyllum Rhododendron viscosum Rosa carolina Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Vaccinium arboreum Vaccinium pallidum Viburnum dentatum Viburnum rufidulum Ohio buckeye red buckeye common serviceberry pawpaw American beautyberry New Jersey tea redbud white fringetree cockspur hawthorn mountain witchalder ozark witchhazel American witchhazel wild hydrangea shrubby St. Johnswort possumhaw northern spicebush Yellow Poplar umbrella-tree common ninebark Chickasaw plum early azalea swamp azalea Carolina rose coralberry farkleberry blue ridge blueberry southern arrowwood rusty nannyberry yellow-green red white reddish purple white white pink white white white yellow, red yellow creamy white yellow white yellow greenish-yellow, orange white white white pink white pink pink white white white white 20-30 4-16 15-20 20 1.5-6 12-24 8-15 12-20 12-20 4-6 8-12 12-20 3-4 2-3 15-20 5-7 120 30 4-6 12-16 5-9 2-15 10-18 2-4 4-8 10-18 10-16 10-20 April-May April-May March-April April-May June-July May-June March-April April-May April-May April-May Jan-March Nov-Dec April-May June-July April-May March-April April-May May-June April-May April-May April-May April-May May-July June-July May-June May-June April-May April-May partial shade, shade partial sun to shade sun to partial sun shade sun to partial shade sun to partial shade sun to partial shade sun to partial shade sun to partial shade sun to partial shade partial shade, shade shade shade sun sun partial shade to shade sun to partial shade partial shade to shade sun to shade sun to partial shade sun to partial shade sun to partial shade sun partial shade to shade sun to partial shade partial shade to shade sun to partial shade sun to partial shade moist moist, rich soil moist moist, rich soil moist dry, well-drained moist to dry, well-drained moist, well-drained moist to dry, well-drained moist, well-drained wet to moist moist to dry, well-drained moist, rich soil moist, well-drained moist, well-drained moist moist moist, well-drained moist moist to dry, well-drained moist to dry, well-drained wet to moist moist to dry, well-drained moist to dry, well-drained dry, well-drained moist to dry, well-drained moist moist bees hummingbirds, bees bees flies bees, butterflies, flies bees, butterflies bees moths bees, beetles, flies bees moths moths bees, beetles, flies bees, beetles, flies flies bees, butterflies beetles beetles bees, beetles, flies bees bees bees bees, beetles, flies bees bees bees bees, beetles, flies bees, beetles, flies

Perennial Flowers
Amorpha fruticosa Amsonia tabernaemontana Aquilegia canadensis Asclepias hirtella Asclepias purpurascens Asclepias tuberosa Asclepias variegata Baptisia alba Baptisia sphaerocarpa Camassia scilloides Chamaecrista fasciculata Conoclinum coelestinum Dalea candida Dalea purpurea Echinacea pallida Echinacea paradoxa wild false indigo eastern bluestar eastern columbine green milkweed purple milkweed butterfly milkweed white milkweed white wild indigo yellow wild indigo Atlantic camas partridge pea blue mist flower white prairie clover purple prairie clover pale purple coneflower Bushs coneflower purple pale blue red, yellow green purple orange, yellow white white yellow pale blue yellow blue white purple pale purple yellow 8-12 24-36 14-22 18-26 30-40 16-28 30-36 30-60 30-36 18-24 36-60 24-36 12-18 12-18 20-30 20-30 May-June April-May March-April May-Aug May-July May-July May-July May-July May-July May-June July-Oct Aug-Oct May-July May-July May-June May-June partial shade to shade sun to partial shade partial shade to shade sun to partial shade sun to partial shade sun sun to partial shade sun sun sun to partial shade sun sun to partial shade sun sun sun sun wet to moist moist moist moist to dry, well-drained moist moist to dry, well-drained moist moist to dry moist to dry moist to dry moist wet to moist moist to dry, well-drained moist to dry, well-drained moist to dry, well-drained moist to dry, well-drained bees bees hummingbirds, bees bees, wasps, butterflies bees, wasps, butterflies bees, wasps, butterflies, hummingbirds bees, butterflies bees bees bees, beetles, flies, hawkmoths bees bees, beetles, flies, butterflies bees bees bees, butterflies bees, butterflies

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S e l e c t i n g P l a n t s f or P ol l i n ator s

Botanical Name
Echinacea purpurea Eupatoriadelphus fistulosus Gaura longiflora Gentiana saponaria Glandularia canadensis Helianthus angustifolius Helenium autumnale Hepatica nobilis Hibiscus laevis Ipomoea pandurata Iris cristata Iris virginica Lespedeza hirta Lespedeza virginica Liatris aspera Liatris squarrosa Lobelia cardinalis Lobelia siphilitica Monarda fistulosa Monarda punctata Opuntia humifusa Oxalis stricta Oxalis violacea Penstemon arkansanus Penstemon digitalis Rubus occidentalis Rubus trivialis Rudbeckia hirta Rudbeckia triloba Salvia azurea Silene virginica Silphium integrifolium Solidago caesia Solidago odora Solidago rugosa Solidago ulmifolia Spigelia marilandica Symphyotrichum lateriflorum Symphyotrichum novae-angliae Symphyotrichum oblongifolium Symphyotrichum patens Symphyotrichum pilosum Tephrosia virginiana Tradescantia ohiensis Verbena stricta Verbesina helianthoides Vernonia missurica Viola pedata

Common Name
eastern purple coneflower joe-pye-weed longflower beeblossum soapwort gentian rose mock vervain swamp sunflower sneezeweed hepatica smooth rose-mallow white morning-glory dwarfed crested iris Virginia iris hairy lespedeza slender lespedeza tall blazing star scaly blazing star cardinal flower great blue lobelia wild bergamot spotted beebalm devils tongue common yellow oxalis violet woodsorrel Arkansas penstemon beard-tongue black raspberry southern dewberry black-eyed susan brown-eyed susan azure blue sage fire pink rosinweed wreath goldenrod anisescented goldenrod wrinkleleaf goldenrod elmleaf goldenrod indian pink calico aster New England aster aromatic aster late blue aster common white aster goats rue bluejacket hoary verbena yellow crownbeard Missouri ironweed birds-foot violet

Color
purple pinkish-purple pink, white blue pink yellow yellow white, pink, pale blue white, red white, red blue, yellow blue pink, white pink, white pinkish-purple pinkish-purple red blue violet pink yellow yellow violet white white white white yellow brown yellow, brown blue red yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow red white purple pale blue blue white yellow, pink pink, blue purple yellow purple violet

Ht.
20-30 6-10 6-8 24-36 20-24 5-6 20-30 2-4 5-6 5-10 3-5 2-3 3-4 18-24 3-5 2-3 2-5 2-5 3-6 30-36 4-12 6-12 3-4 24-30 24-36 36-40 arching 3-5 trailing 18-24 3-5 4-6 12-16 4-6 24-36 24-36 4-6 24-36 16-24 30-36 30-40 30-36 24-36 36-48 24-30 16-20 18-24 36-48 4-6 2-4

Flower Season
May-June Aug-Oct May-July Oct-Nov April-July Aug-Oct Aug-Oct March May-Sept May-Sept April-May May-June May-July May-July July-Sept July-Oct Sept-Oct Sept-Oct May-Aug May-Aug May-June April-June April July May-July May-July March-April March-April May-Sept June-Sept June-Oct May June-August Sept-Oct Sept-Oct Sept-Oct Sept-Oct April-May Sept-Oct Sept-Oct Sept-Oct Sept-Oct Sept-Oct May-June April-May May-Sept August-Oct August-Oct April-May

Sun
sun sun to partial shade sun sun to partial shade sun to partial shade sun sun partial shade to shade sun to partial shade sun shade sun to partial shade sun sun sun sun sun to partial shade sun to partial shade sun to partial shade sun to partial shade sun to partial shade partial shade to shade partial shade to shade sun to partial shade sun to partial shade sun to partial shade sun to partial shade sun to partial shade sun to partial shade sun partial shade to shade sun to partial shade partial shade to shade sun to partial shade sun to partial shade partial shade to shade sun to shade sun to partial shade sun to partial shade partial shade to shade partial shade to shade sun to partial shade sun to partial shade sun to partial shade sun to partial shade partial shade to shade sun to partial shade sun to partial shade

Soil
moist to dry, well-drained wet to moist moist to dry, well-drained moist moist to dry, well-drained moist to dry, well-drained moist to dry, well-drained moist wet to moist moist moist, well-drained wet moist to dry, well-drained moist to dry, well-drained moist to dry, well-drained moist to dry, well-drained wet to moist wet to moist moist to dry, well-drained moist to dry, well-drained moist to dry, well-drained moist moist moist moist moist moist moist to dry moist to dry moist to dry, well-drained moist to dry, well-drained moist to dry, well-drained moist to dry, well-drained moist to dry, well-drained moist to dry, well-drained moist to dry, well-drained moist, well-drained moist, well-drained moist, well-drained moist, well-drained moist, well-drained moist, well-drained dry, well-drained moist, well-drained moist to dry, well-drained moist moist to dry dry, well-drained

Visitation by Pollinator
bees, butterflies bees, beetles, flies, butterflies bees, moths, hummingbirds bees bees, wasps, hawkmoths bees, beetles, butterflies bees, beetles, butterflies bees bees, hummingbirds bees bees bees bees bees bees. butterflies, flies bees, butterflies, flies bees, butterflies, hummingbirds bees, butterflies, hummingbirds bees, butterflies, hawkmoths bees, butterflies bees bees bees bees, butterflies, moths, hummingbirds bees, butterflies, moths, hummingbirds bees bees bees, flies, butterflies, beetles bees, flies bees butterflies, hummingbirds bees bees, beetles, butterflies bees, beetles, butterflies bees, beetles, butterflies bees, beetles, butterflies hummingbirds bees, wasps, flies, butterflies, beetles bees, butterflies, flies bees, butterflies, flies bees, butterflies, flies bees, wasps, flies, butterflies, beetles bees bees, flies bees, wasps, flies, butterflies bees, wasps bees, butterflies bees, butterflies

Vines
Bignonia capreolata Gelsemium sempervirens Lonicera sempervirens Parthenocissus quinquefolia Passiflora incarnata Wisteria frutescens cross vine yellow jasmine red trumpet honeysuckle Virginia creeper passion flower American wisteria orange, yellow yellow red greenish yellow white, purple purple, white to 50 to 8 to 12 to 50 to 20 to 30 April-June March-May April-Oct June-July June-Oct April-June partial shade to shade sun to partial shade partial shade to shade sun to partial shade sun to partial shade sun to shade moist moist moist moist moist moist hummingbirds bees hummingbirds beetles bees, flies, beetles bees

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H a b i tat H i n t s
F OR T H E

Oz a r k B r oa d l e a f F or e s t
Squash/ Gourd YellowAndrenid faced

HABITAT REQUIREMENTS FOR BEE-POLLINATED GARDEN FLOWERS AND CROPS

Bumble Digger Lg Sm Carpenter Carpenter Leafcutter Mason Sweat Plasterer

FLOWERS Catalpa Catnip Clover Columbine Cow parsley Goldenrod Impatiens Irises Lavender Milkwort Morning glory Penstemon Passion flowers Phacelia Potentilla Rose Salvia Saxifrages Sorrel Sunflowers Violet Wild Mustard Willow catkins CROPS Almond Apple Blueberry Cherry Eggplant Gooseberry Legumes Water melon Squash/ Pumpkins/ Gourds Tomatoes Thyme x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

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S e l e c t i n g P l a n t s f or P ol l i n ator s

H a b i tat a n d N e s t i n g r e qu i r e me n t s :

Bumble Bees: Abandoned mouse nests, other rodent burrows, upside down flower pots, under boards, and other human-made cavities. Colonies are founded by a queen in the spring and dont die out in the fall. New queens mate then and overwinter in a sort of hibernation. Bumble bees are usually active during the morning hours and forage at colder temperatures than honey bees, even flying in light rain. Large carpenter bees: Soft dead wood, poplar, cottonwood or willow trunks and limbs, structural timbers including redwood. Depending on the species, there may be one or two brood cycles per year. These bees can be active all day even in the hottest weather. Digger bees: Sandy soil, compacted soils, bank sides. Anthophorid bees (now in the Apidae) are usually active in the morning hours, but can be seen at other times. Small carpenter bees: Pithy stems including roses and blackberry canes. These bees are more active in the morning but can be found at other times. Squash and Gourd bees: Sandy soil, may nest in gardens (where pumpkins, squash and gourds are grown) or pathways. These bees are early risers and can be found in pumpkin patches before dawn. Males often sleep in the wilted flowers. Leafcutter bees: Pre-existing circular tunnels of various diameters in dead but sound wood created by emerging beetles, some nest in the ground. Leave dead limbs and trees to support not just pollinators but other wildlife. Leafcutter bees can be seen foraging throughout the day even in hot weather. Mason bees: Pre-existing tunnels, various diameters in dead wood made by emerging beetles, or human-made nesting substrates, drilled wood boards, paper soda straws inserted into cans attached to buildings. Mason bees are generally more active in the morning hours. Sweat bees: Bare ground, compacted soil, sunny areas not covered by vegetation. Like most bees, sweat bees forage for pollen earlier in the morning and then for nectar later. Plasterer or cellophane bees: Bare ground, banks or cliffs. Colletid bees can be active in the morning or later in the day. Yellow-faced bees: In dead stems. These bees are more active during morning hours. Andrenid bees: Sunny, bare ground, sand soil, under leaf litter or in soil in banksides and cliffs. These generally spring-active bees are most commonly seen on flowers during the morning when pollen and nectar resources are abundant.

MONAR CH
BUTTE R FLI E S NE VE R FAI L TO CATCH TH E VI SI TORS E Y E AND ALWAY S LE AD TO A TE ACH ABLE MOME NT.

-- LOGAN LEE, PRAIRIE SUPERVISOR MIDEWIN NATIONAL TALLGRASS PRAIRIE

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A B a si c Ch e ck l i st
B e come fa mi l i ar wi th p ol l i nator s i n you r l and scape .
n Watch for activity throughout the day and the seasons. n Keep a simple notebook of when and what comes to your garden. NOTE: It is not necessary to identify each species when you first get started. Simply note if it is a bee that likes the yellow flower that blooms in the fall. n Consult a local field guide or web site when you are ready to learn more details.

Add nati ve pl ants to at tr act mor e nati ve p ol l i nator s.

n List the plants you currently have in your landscape. n Determine when you need additional flowers to provide nectar and pollen throughout the growing season. n Add plants that provide additional seasons of bloom, create variable heights for shelter, and attract the types of pollinators you want. n Dont forget to include host plants that provide food and shelter for larval development. n Contact your local native plant society or extension agent for more help.

U se p ol l i nator f r i e ndly l and scape pr acti ce s to su pp or t th e p ol l i nator s you at tr act.

n Use Integrated Pest Management Practices to address pest concerns. n Tolerate a little mess leave dead snags and leaf litter, keep areas bare for ground nesting insects, and leave some weeds that provide food for pollinators. n Provide safe access to clean water.

Noti ce th e ch ange s th at you h ave h e l pe d to cr e ate !

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S e l e c t i n g P l a n t s f or P ol l i n ator s

R e s ou r c e s
Many books, websites, and people were consulted to gather information for this guide. Use this list as a starting point to learn more about pollinators and plants in your area. Committee on the Status of Pollinators in North America. 2007. Status of Pollinators in North America The National Academies Press: Washington, DC.
Nati ve Pl ants Bai le y s E cor e gion Maps Butte r fl i e s and Moth s

USDA Forest Service http://www.fs.fed.us/land/ ecosysmgmt/ecoreg1_home.html

Plant Conservation Alliance www.nps.gov/plants Seeds of Success www.nps.gov/plants/sos Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center www.wildflower.org/plants/ USDA Hardiness Zone Map www.usna.usda/Hardzone/ U.S. National Arboretum www.usna.usda.gov/Hardzone/ ushzmap.html USDA, NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database www.plants.usda.gov, 19 July, 2007 National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA
Nati ve Be e s

Opler, Paul A., Harry Pavulaan, Ray E. Stanford, Michael Pogue, coordinators. 2006. Butterflies and Moths of North America. Bozeman, MT: NBII Mountain Prairie Information Node. www.butterfliesandmoths.org/ (Version 07192007)

Polli nation/Polli nator s

Jim Brock and Kenn Kaufman. 2003. Butterflies of North America. Houghton Mifflin. New York, NY. North American Buterfly Association www.naba.org

Pollinator Partnership www.pollinator.org Coevolution Institute www.coevolution.org Natural Resources Conservation Service www.nrcs.usda.gov North American Pollinator Protection Campaign www.nappc.org USDA Forest Service www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/ Wild Farm Alliance www.wildfarmalliance.org Xerces Society Pollinator Program www.xerces.org Shepherd, MD, S. Buchmann, M. Vaughan, and S. Black. 2003. Pollinator Conservation Handbook. Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. Portland, OR. Illinois Natural History Survey www.inhs.uiuc.edu Buchmann, S.L. and G.P. Nabhan. 1997. The Forgotten Pollinators Island Press: Washington, DC.

F e e db ack
We need your help to create better guides for other parts of North America. Please e-mail your input to

National Sustainable Information Service Alternative Pollinators: Native Bees by Lane Greer, NCAT Agriculture Specialist, Published 1999, ATTRA Publication #IP126 www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/ nativebee.html Agriculture Research Service Plants Attractive to Native Bees table www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs. htm?docid=12052 Christopher OToole and Anthony Raw. 1999. Bees of the World. Blandford. London, UK.

[email protected] or fax to 415-362-3070.

n How will you use this guide? n Do you find the directions clear? If not, please tell us what is unclear. n Is there any information you feel is missing from the guide? n Any other comments?

Th ank you f or tak i ng th e ti me to h e l p !

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Research and Writing:

NAPPC

E li zabe th L . Le y Spe ph e n Buch mann, PH .D. L ar ry Str i tch , PH .D. Gi l Soltz

Editorial:

L aur i e Davi e s Ada ms and L ar ry Str i tch , Ph .D.

Production Supervision:

Gi l Soltz

Design:
Plant Conservation Alliance

Mar gue r i te Me y e r

Concept review:

American Farm Bureau Federation, Ron Gaskell Bureau of Land Management, Peggy Olwell, Carol Spurrier, Mary Byrne, Mary Tisdale, Elizabeth Wooster National Garden Association, Susanne DeJohn Plant Conservation Alliance Edward Fletcher, Jean Giblette, Mary Ann Lawler, Ron Smith Smithsonian Institute, Department of Botany, Gary Krupnick, Ph.D. USDA - CSREES, Greg Crosby, Ph.D., Leslie Gilbert, Ph.D. USDA - Forest Service, David Pivorunas, Larry Stritch, Ph.D. USDA - Natural Resource Conservation Service, Doug Holy, Hilda Diaz-Soltero USDOI - US Fish and Wildlife Service, Karen Anderson, Don MacLean, Patricia DeAngelis, Ph.D. USGS - Steve Hilburger, Elizabeth Sellers
Photo Contributors:

Lew Scharpf; www.pbase.com/lejun

Illustrations:

Carolyn Vibbert

For a copy of this brochure, or for another region, visit www.pollinator.org

The Pollinator Partnership/North American Pollinator Protection Campaign

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423 Washington St., 5th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94111 415-362-1137 www.pollinator.org d www.nappc.org S e l e c t i n g P l a n t s f or P ol l i n ator s