Final Draft 4 Teacher - S Manual

4
TEACHER’S MANUAL
• Teaching suggestions
• Unit quizzes
• Answer keys
Series Editor:
Jeanne Lambert
Wendy Asplin
Monica F. Jacobe
Alan S. Kennedy
Copyright Material - Review

Copyright Material - Review
4
Teacher’s Manual
Series Editor: Jeanne Lambert
The New School
Wendy Asplin
University of Washington
Monica F. Jacobe
The College of New Jersey
Alan S. Kennedy
Columbia University
with
Lindsay Hansen, University of Arizona
and
Jane Stanley McGrath
32 Avenue of the Americas, New York ny 10013–2473, USA
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First published 2016
A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.
ISBN 978-1-107-49557-9 Student’s Book Level 4

ISBN 978-1-107-49558-6 Student’s Book with Writing Skills Interactive Level 4
ISBN 978-1-107-49559-3 Teacher’s Manual Level 4
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 4
STUDENT’S BOOK ANSWER KEY 12
Unit 1 Academic Essays 12
Psychology: Consumer Behavior
Unit 2 Narrative Essays 15

History: Immigration
Unit 3 Cause and Effect Essays 18

Sociology: Effects of Geographic Mobility
Unit 4 Comparison and Contrast Essays 22

Anthropology: Food and Culture
Unit 5 Problem-Solution Essays 25

Public Health: Media
Unit 6 Summary-Response Essays 28

Communications: The Information Age
Unit 7 Argumentative Essays 31

Sociology: Social Interaction
Unit 8 Test Taking 35

Timed Writing
UNIT QUIZZES 37
UNIT QUIZZES ANSWER KEY 68
UNIT QUIZZES WRITING RUBRIC 72
INTRODUCTION
Final Draft is a four-level academic writing series for high beginning / low intermediate- to
high advanced-level students of North American English. The series prepares students to write
in a college or university setting by focusing on the topics, rhetorical modes, skills, vocabulary,
and grammar necessary for students to develop their academic writing. Students are given the
tools to master academic writing. First, they learn and practice foundational academic writing
skills essential to writing paragraphs and essays. Then, following a process-based approach,
students move through the writing process, from brainstorming with graphic organizers to
organizing and developing their ideas with outlines, before completing the final draft of their
unit assignment.
Final Draft provides frequent and realistic writing models. Each unit features writing models
that reinforce the concept that writing is purposeful. The Writing in the Real World article
engages students and introduces them to the topic, ideas, language, and elements of structure
or rhetorical mode taught in the unit. The Student Model then demonstrates the conventions
of the target structure and mode. This progression from authentic text to traditional
academic writing helps students new to academic discourse first understand the purpose of
communicating with a given mode before turning their attention to mastering the form.
Final Draft focuses on key academic vocabulary. Students need to encounter high-frequency
academic vocabulary and learn how to use it naturally in preparation for college-level writing.
The academic phrases and collocations in the series were selected based on the findings of
research into the Cambridge English Corpus. Analysis of this multibillion-word collection of
real-life English indicates the language that is most relevant for academic writing, with a focus
here on longer lexical chunks. The academic vocabulary in the series is also corpus-informed,
the majority of words coming from Averil Coxhead’s Academic Word List (AWL) and the
remaining items taken from Michael West’s General Service List (GSL). AWL words are identified
as such in the index of the Student’s Book.
Vocabulary items are contextualized and recycled throughout the unit. Academic collocations
or academic phrases are introduced and practiced in alternating units. The writing models
recycle these words and phrases in academic contexts, and in the final section of each unit
students are prompted to find places where they can use these vocabulary items naturally when
writing their end-of-unit assignment.
The grammar presented in Final Draft is corpus-informed. Corpus research tells us the most
common grammar mistakes for specific grammar points in academic writing. Students study
the most common grammar mistakes drawn from the Cambridge Learner Corpus, a unique
collection of over 50 million examples of nonnative speakers’ writing. Students then work to
repair them in editing activities. At the end of the unit, students are reminded to correct these
mistakes as they write their assignment, which helps promote accuracy in their writing.
4 INTRODUCTION
Final Draft teaches students to understand and avoid plagiarism. The series provides a robust
presentation of techniques for understanding and avoiding plagiarism. Each unit (except
Unit 8) includes an overview of a common plagiarism-related issue, along with a skill-building
activity. This innovative approach is pedagogical, not punitive. Many ESL students struggle with
a range of issues related to plagiarism. By including realistic examples and practical activities in
each unit, Final Draft helps students avoid plagiarism and improve their academic writing.
Writing Skills Interactive provides extra practice in key writing skills. This online course,
which can be purchased with Final Draft, provides graduated instruction and practice in key
writing skills to help students build confidence and fluency. Each unit provides an animated
presentation of the target writing skill, along with automatically graded practice activities.
Each unit closes with a quiz so students can assess their progress.
Special Sections
YOUR TURN ACTIVITIES
Each unit includes a wide variety of regular writing practice activities, including Your Turn
activities which ask students to go beyond traditional practice to apply the skills, ideas, and
language they have learned to their selected writing prompt. As a result, by the time they
write their end-of-unit assignment, they are thoroughly prepared for the writing process
because they have already practiced relevant skills and generated useful ideas and language
to incorporate into their work. This makes the writing process less daunting than it would
otherwise be.
DO RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
In Section 5 of Final Draft 4 Units 1–7, students are given the opportunity to explore research
topics before they write their first drafts. Presentations cover common research issues, from
evaluating online sources to taking clear notes in order to avoid citation mistakes. Students then
work on an activity that helps them apply what they just learned to their own essays.
Series Levels
Level Description CEFR Levels
Final Draft 1 Low Intermediate A2
Final Draft 2 Intermediate B1
Final Draft 3 High Intermediate B2
Final Draft 4 Advanced C1
Additional teacher resources for each level are available online at cambridge.org/finaldraft.
INTRODUCTION 5
Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution
Final Draft 4
This book is designed for a semester-long writing course. There is enough material in the
Student’s Book for a course of 50 to 70 class hours. The number of class hours will vary,
depending on how much of a unit is assigned outside of class and how much time a teacher
decides to spend on specific elements in class. Because units are carefully designed to build
toward the final writing activity, teachers are encouraged to work through each unit in
chronological order. However, units can generally stand alone, so teachers can teach them in
the order that best suits their needs. Unit 1 reviews the essay structure. Units 2–7 are organized
by the rhetorical modes most commonly taught in an advanced writing class. Unit 8 is uniquely
designed to help students prepare for timed writing assignments, including standardized
writing exams.
Unit Overview and Teaching Suggestions
UNIT OPENER
Purpose
• To introduce the unit topic and academic discipline in an engaging way
• To elicit preliminary thinking about the unit theme and structure or rhetorical mode
Teaching Suggestion
Have students respond to the quote in writing by freewriting their ideas or by agreeing or
disagreeing with the central message of the quote.
1 PREPARE YOUR IDEAS
In Section 1, students begin to explore the unit structure or rhetorical mode and choose their
writing prompt for the unit.
A Connect to Academic Writing

Purpose
• To introduce the unit structure or rhetorical mode in an accessible way
• To connect academic writing to students’ lives and experience
Teaching Suggestion
To deepen the conversation, elicit additional examples from students of how the rhetorical
mode connects to thinking they already do in their lives.
B Reflect on the Topic

Purpose
• To show a writing prompt that elicits the rhetorical mode
• To introduce an appropriate graphic organizer for brainstorming and organizing ideas for
the mode
• To choose a prompt for the unit writing assignment and begin generating ideas for the topic
• To engage students with the writing process early in the unit
6 INTRODUCTION
Teaching Suggestion
Group students together who chose the same writing prompt and have them brainstorm ideas
for the topic. Groups can then share their ideas with the class and receive immediate feedback.
2 EXPAND YOUR KNOWLEDGE
In Section 2, students learn academic vocabulary and read a real-world text that contains
elements of the unit structure or rhetorical mode.
A Academic Vocabulary
Purpose
• To introduce high-frequency academic words from the Academic Word List and the General
Service List
• To focus on the meaning of the target vocabulary within a thematic context
Teaching Suggestion
Have students choose vocabulary words from the activity that they still have trouble
understanding or contextualizing and write sentences using them. They can share their
sentences in groups or with the class and receive immediate feedback.
B Academic Collocations / Academic Phrases

Purpose
• To teach academic collocations and phrases that frequently occur in academic reading
and writing
• To encourage the use of language chunks that will make student writing more natural and
academic
• To tie academic vocabulary to the unit theme
Teaching Suggestion
Have students use the Internet to find more authentic examples of the collocations in sentences
as a homework assignment. Students can then share their examples with the class or in groups.
C Writing in the Real World

Purpose
• To provide authentic content, ideas, and language in a context related to the unit theme
• To introduce elements of the unit rhetorical mode in an authentic reading
• To recycle new academic vocabulary and collocations or phrases
• To introduce features of the unit structure or mode
Teaching Suggestion
After students have read and understood the text, assign a paragraph or section to small
groups, and have students work together to explain the purpose of each sentence in the
section. Sample student responses: The first sentence introduces the topic, the second and third
sentences give background information on the topic, etc.
INTRODUCTION 7
3 STUDY ACADEMIC WRITING
In Section 3, students read and analyze a student model of a traditional academic essay.
A detailed examination of elements of the unit structure or rhetorical mode follows.
A Student Model
Purpose
• To provide an aspirational student model for the unit structure or rhetorical mode
• To deepen understanding of writing technique through real-time analysis
• To provide a context for writing skills that will be studied in Section 4
• To familiarize students with writing prompts that can be answered using the unit mode
• To recycle academic vocabulary and collocations or phrases
• To evaluate and generate more ideas on the unit theme
• To demonstrate the organization and development of ideas in traditional academic writing
Teaching Suggestion
In small groups, have students discuss their answers to the Analyze Writing Skills tasks.
Then have each group present to the class on something they noticed that they found
interesting or still have questions about. This offers an opportunity to deepen the discussion
on writing technique.
B Unit Structure or Rhetorical Mode

Purpose
• To deepen understanding of the unit structure or rhetorical mode
• To explain key elements of the unit structure or rhetorical mode
• To have students practice writing elements of a paragraph or essay
Teaching Suggestion
Following the activities in this section in chronological order will ensure that students have
covered all the key features of the unit structure or rhetorical mode. However, if students need
less work in some areas, you may want to skip those parts in class and assign the activities for
homework.
In general, practice activities, including Your Turn activities, can be completed in class and
immediate feedback can be given by peers or the instructor. Alternately, these sections can be
assigned as homework and brought to class for review.
8 INTRODUCTION
4 SHARPEN YOUR SKILLS
In Section 4, students review and practice key writing skills, specific applications of grammar for
writing, and ways to avoid plagiarism.
A Writing Skill
Purpose
• To provide practice with discrete writing skills that students can apply to their unit writing
assignments
• To deepen knowledge of rhetorical strategies
Teaching Suggestion
Collect writing samples from one or more of the Your Turn activities in this section. Reproduce
several for the class – on the board, as handouts, on a screen – to use as an editing activity.
B Grammar for Writing

Purpose
• To present specific applications of grammar for academic writing
• To draw attention to the most common grammar mistakes made by students
• To promote grammatical accuracy in academic writing
• To improve students’ editorial skills
Teaching Suggestion
After students complete the editing task at the end of the section, have students identify
elements of the unit mode (e.g., language, structure) and parts of an academic paragraph
(e.g., topic sentence, examples, other supporting details).
C Avoiding Plagiarism
Purpose
• To increase awareness of the issues surrounding plagiarism
• To build skills and strategies for avoiding plagiarism
• To provide regular practice of writing skills useful for avoiding plagiarism
Teaching Suggestion
Have one student read the student question in the Q & A aloud; all other students should listen
with their books closed. Elicit possible responses from the class and then compare them to the
professor’s answer in the book.
INTRODUCTION 9
5 WRITE YOUR PARAGRAPH OR ESSAY
In Section 5, students go through the steps of the writing process to a final draft of their unit
writing assignment.
STEP 1: BRAINSTORM
Purpose
• To brainstorm, evaluate, and organize ideas for the student paragraph or essay
Teaching Suggestion
After students brainstorm their own ideas on paper, survey the class and list the top three to
five ideas for each writing prompt on the board. Then have the students explain, evaluate,
and rank the ideas.
STEP 2: DO RESEARCH
Purpose
• To build basic research skills
Teaching Suggestion
If applicable, go back to the Student Model in Section 3. Have students review the research in
the Student Model and relate the Do Research presentation and practice to it.
STEP 3: MAKE AN OUTLINE

Purpose
• To help students organize their paragraphs or essays before writing
Teaching Suggestion
After students complete their outlines, have them work in pairs to explain how key ideas in
their outlines connect to the overall topic or thesis of their paper. This process helps confirm
that their ideas are directly relevant to the topic and allows students to consider their ideas
more fully.
STEP 4: WRITE YOUR FIRST DRAFT

Purpose
• To give students the opportunity to use the language, skills, and ideas from the unit to
answer their writing prompt
Teaching Suggestion
After students write their first drafts, have students work in pairs to give each other feedback
before turning in their writing to you. Ask partners to underline sections they think are
well-written and circle any words, sentences, or phrases that are unclear. Students can then
revise for clarity before submitting their first drafts.
10 INTRODUCTION
STEP 5: WRITE YOUR FINAL DRAFT
Purpose
• To evaluate and implement instructor/peer feedback
• To improve self-editing skills
• To write a final draft
Teaching Suggestion
Have students mark – highlight, underline, circle, number, etc. – sentences or parts of their
writing that they revised based on peer or instructor feedback. This ensures students will
incorporate some corrective feedback.
Assessment Program
The final section of the Teacher’s Manual consists of an assessment program for Final Draft.
It includes the following for each unit:
• Vocabulary quiz
• Grammar quiz
• Avoiding Plagiarism quiz
• Bank of additional writing prompts
Quizzes may be used individually or in combination with one or more of the others, depending
on teacher and student needs. They are photocopiable, with downloadable versions available at
cambridge.org/finaldraft. The Assessment Answer Key includes:
• General rubrics for academic writing (paragraphs / essays)
• Unit answer keys for vocabulary, grammar, and avoiding plagiarism quizzes
INTRODUCTION 11
1 ACADEMIC ESSAYS
2.3 page 19
Possible answers:
PSYCHOLOGY: CONSUMER BEHAVIOR 1 Buy Nothing Day is trying to change the
culture of consumerism and reduce excessive
consumption.
page 13
2 People have proposed changes that would
Possible answers: make Buy Nothing Day more appealing to
1 He was probably referring to consumable things average shoppers and more effective. The
that we buy and sell, for example, clothes, changes include changing the perception that
furniture, electronic devices. activists don’t want people to buy anything,
2 Answers will vary. encouraging shoppers not to buy something
3 Answers will vary. rather than preventing all purchases, and
encouraging shoppers not to buy anything for
the entire holiday season.
1 PREPARE YOUR IDEAS 3 Answers will vary.
B Reflect on the Topic page 14 2.4 page 19

Possible answers:
1.1 page 14 1 These three sentences draw the reader in:
Answers will vary. “They take out their credit cards and cut them
up. They wander through department stores
in single file, often walking and acting like
2 EXPAND YOUR KNOWLEDGE zombies. They push empty shopping carts and
buy nothing.” These sentences give details
A Academic Vocabulary page 16 about what people do on Buy Nothing Day and
help readers imagine it more vividly.
2 Paragraph 3: One of the event’s organizers
2.1 page 16 wants to change the event so it only exposes
1 b 3 b 5 a 7 a shoppers to an alternative way of thinking
about shopping.
2 a 4 a 6 b 8 a
Paragraph 4: Another activist used to prevent
people from buying anything, but now only
B Academic Collocations page 17
encourages people to think about buying
nothing.
2.2 page 17 Paragraph 5: Other activists think Buy Nothing
Day should encourage people not to buy
1 c 2 d 3 a 4 b 5 e
anything for the entire holiday season, not just
for one day.
C Writing in the Real World page 18
Possible answers:
Consuming responsibly means buying only the 3 STUDY ACADEMIC WRITING
things you need and not wasting things. It also
means buying things that are good for the A Student Model page 20
environment from companies that treat their 1 advantages, disadvantages, shopping online
workers fairly. 2 Possible answers: Advantages: faster and
If people bought fewer things, the environment cheaper; Disadvantages: can’t touch the
might improve but there could be negative effects products; your credit card information could be
on the economy. stolen
Analyze Writing Skills pages 20–22

1 “As of 2012, Americans were spending over
$1 trillion online. Economists predict that
e-commerce will increase another 62 percent
by 2016 and continue growing after that.”
12 STUDENT’S BOOK ANSWER KEY

2 a) advantages B Academic Essays: Essay Structure
b) convenient, wider range of products, saves
money
3.3 page 24
3 “Online shopping is clearly more convenient
than in-store shopping.” Yes, it matches one 1 c 2 b 3 a
point in 2b: convenient.
4 “key advantage” (para 2); “another advantage” 3.4 page 26
(para 3)
5 a) better product availability 1 a 2 b
b) Three supporting ideas: 1) online retailers
have more items in stock, 2) “shoppers can 3.5 page 26
buy items from anywhere in the world,”
3) customers can know what is in stock at 1 The topic is online shopping.
all times. 2 The writer wants to communicate that
6 Yes. shopping online has more advantages than
7 a) “Online shopping was once an alternative disadvantages.
approach to the retail experience, but today it is 3 Yes, it includes the three points the writer will
the most convenient, cost-effective way to shop discuss in the body paragraphs: convenience,
for a large variety of products.” product availability, and cost reduction.
b) “With these advantages, it seems very likely
that economists’ predictions about online 3.6 pages 26–27
shopping are correct: online shopping will
undoubtedly become even more convenient Possible answers:
and popular in the future.” Hook: A major clothing chain in the United States
recently announced an amazing sale: jeans for $5.
3.1 page 22 Thesis statement: Consumers should not buy
inexpensive clothing made in developing countries
1 Online shopping is convenient, has a wider because it is often poor quality, the workers who
range of products, and saves money. make it are not always treated well, and it takes
2 Answers will vary. jobs away from our own country.
3 Answers will vary.
3.7 page 27
3.2 pages 22–23
Possible answer:
I Introduction In the past, products were made to last. When you
Thesis statement: Online shopping is superior bought a refrigerator or a car, you could expect to
to shopping in stores because it’s convenient, enjoy it for decades. Now, however, many of the
it offers consumers a wider range of products, things we buy, especially electronic devices like
and it saves money. computers and cell phones, are useless after only
II Body Paragraph 1: Convenience a year or two. This is called planned obsolescence.
A Takes less time to shop
Companies design products that they know will
have to be replaced after a short period of time.
B Takes less time to receive goods
C Good for people with limited mobility
III Body Paragraph 2: Product availability
A More variety and items in stock
B Can buy things not available locally
C Consumers know what’s in stock
IV Body Paragraph 3: Cost reduction
A Fewer unplanned purchases
B Large stock = lower prices
C Saves money on transportation
V Conclusion

3 will encourage their friends and family to shop
3.9 pages 28–29 at the local business where they work
1 Online shopping is more convenient than 4 that hiring local residents is an excellent way for
in-store shopping. companies to appeal to customers
2 more convenient Body paragraph 3
3 “One example of this is the world’s first Internet 1 Finally, retailers can attract customers by selling
shopper, Jane Snowball, who ordered groceries products that appeal to the local market.
to be delivered when she broke her hip.” 2 a supermarket might sell bread, candy, and
4 “As of May 2014, Amazon.com had 108 other foods that are made by local businesses
distribution centers.” 3 businesses can sell specialty products that are
5 “The first reason why online shopping is particularly popular in their area
more convenient is that it takes less time than 4 selling products that appeal to the local market
traditional shopping.” is an excellent way to gain more customers
6 “As of May 2014, Amazon.com had 108
distribution centers.” 3.13 page 31
7 “easy to see”
Possible answer:
In the future, more and more companies around
3.10 page 29 the world will be doing business in an ethical way.
Possible answers:
Topic sentence: One reason that consumerism is 4 SHARPEN YOUR SKILLS
good for the economy is that it creates new jobs.
Supporting sentence 1: When people shop more, A Writing Skill: Thesis Statements
businesses grow.
Detail sentence: This means that businesses need page 32
to hire more people to make and sell the things
people buy. 4.1 pages 33–34
Supporting sentence 2: Other types of jobs also
benefit from consumerism. A
Detail sentence: For example, companies that 1 c 2 c
deliver purchases to consumers do very well, and B
hire more drivers, when people shop more. Possible answers:
Concluding sentence: Clearly, consumerism 1 a, b, and d don’t answer the prompt because
creates new jobs and that is obviously a good they don’t say whether the ads should be
thing for the economy. banned. c is the only option that actually says
whether the ads should be banned.
2 a and b don’t answer the prompt, which is
3.12 pages 30–31
asking why people buy impulsively. d answers
Possible answers: the prompt but does not give specific reasons,
Body paragraph 1 so it is not as good as c. c is the best choice
1 One of the ways retailers can attract local
because it not only answers the prompt but
customers is by giving back to the community. also gives three reasons.
2 gives money to support local schools and parks
3 ask their employees to volunteer their time for 4.2 page 34
local charity groups
Possible answers:
4 can appeal to customers by helping to improve
1b Internet ads should not be banned because
the local community
they are a good way for businesses to target
Body paragraph 2 new consumers, they allow popular websites
1 Another way retailers can appeal to customers to be free of charge, and many consumers
is by hiring local residents. appreciate them.
2 are much more likely to buy that company’s 2d There are three things that lead to impulse
products buying: where products are placed in the
stores, the way they are priced, and the
advertising campaigns behind them.

B Grammar for Writing: Gerunds and C Avoiding Plagiarism page 39
Infinitives page 35
4.7 page 40
4.4 page 36 1 a 2 b 3 a
1 buying 6 to purchase
2 to spend 7 going 4.8 page 40
3 teaching 8 buying
Levitt, Steven. Freakonomics. New York: Morrow,
4 to pay 9 to get
2006. Print.
5 telling 10 growing up
4.9 page 40
4.5 page 37
Yarrow, Kit. “Why Clearance Sales Are
1 being included 4 to be … informed Psychologically ‘Irresistable.’” Psychology Today.
2 to be interviewed 5 being exposed Psychology Today, 17 Jan. 2013. Web. 30 Mar.
3 to be evaluated 6 to be seen 2014.
Avoiding Common Mistakes page 38 5 WRITE YOUR ESSAY
4.6 page 38
STEP 1: BRAINSTORM PAGE 41
gives
Email advertising from retail stores give 1 Ideas not used: Fun!; Better for environment –
less pollution; Healthier – better for shoppers,
customers access to great deals, but is it effective?
less stress
Studies show that filling people’s inboxes with
forces
more and more advertising force them to think
about the company, but does not always convince
2 NARRATIVE ESSAYS
them to shop. Many companies think that HISTORY: IMMIGRATION

to buy
customers will want buying things when they
page 47
receive these messages, and that is good enough
Possible answers:
for them (Davidson 6). However, a Gallup poll
1 To say that you and your classmates are “in the
taken in 2011 showed that consumers choose same boat” means that you are in the same
to delete these messages 65 percent of the time. situation.
2 No matter what country they came from, all
The same study showed that people fail to take immigrants face the same challenges when they
advantage of the advertised deals 61 percent arrive in a new country.
3 For education, for better work or economic
of the time. Studies also show that consumers
to remove opportunities, to get away from problems
tend removing themselves from mailing lists in their home country, to be closer to family
after deleting advertising messages for more members, to have a better quality of life.
than three months. As a result, some companies

changing 1 PREPARE YOUR IDEAS
are considering to change the way they practice
email advertising. Many of these companies are B Reflect on the Topic page 48
using
discussing to use text messaging and social media
as alternatives to email marketing. Clearly, email 1.1 page 48
advertising may not be working well enough for 1 Yes. The beginning is when the writer learns he is
moving from Mexico and he arrives in the United
some companies to continue using it.
States. The middle is when things get worse at
school and at home. The ending is when his
grades finally improve and he makes friends.

2 Possible answer: The story will be interesting,
but the writer will need to tell more about how 3 STUDY ACADEMIC WRITING
he was able to make friends and improve his
grades, and what helped him change. Student Model page 54
A
1 The prompt is asking the writer to tell a story
2 EXPAND YOUR KNOWLEDGE that ends with him or her changing their view
of the world or learning an important lesson.
2 Possible answers: understanding the language,
A Academic Vocabulary page 50 making new friends, missing friends and family
from home, following the rules at a new school
2.1 page 50
A
1 a
1 b 2 c 3 d 4 a
2 a
B
3 negative feelings: lonely, excluded, different,
1 b 2 c 3 a 4 d ashamed, worried
4 a 4
B Academic Phrases page 51 b 3
5 No (The subjects are “I,” “I,” “they.”)
2.2 page 51 6 a
1 c 2 a 3 b
3.1 page 56
1 The writer gained a new perspective by
Possible answers:
realizing the sacrifices his grandparents had
Some common struggles immigrants often have made for him. This change was caused by
include difficulties adjusting to a new language, seeing his grandmother cry and talk about
culture, customs, and climate; problems finding how much she missed Mexico, and hearing
work; difficulties making new friends; and missing his grandfather say that they were making
friends and family from home. sacrifices for the grandchildren. The positive
“Silent struggle” might mean that the author consequences for the writer were a new
is having difficulties after immigrating but isn’t perspective, learning English fluently, and
able to talk to anyone about them or explain his feeling more comfortable in the United States.
problems and feelings clearly. 2 The party shows that the character is grateful
to his grandparents and that he is comfortable
2.3 page 53 with both the Mexican and American parts of
his life.
1 The writer considers the idea of returning to 3 Possible answers: missing friends and family
Ghana because he finds life in the United States from home, problems getting used to the
stressful and full of complexities. local weather or food, difficulties making new
2 The writer expected his trip to be relaxing, but friends, problems adjusting to local customs
instead he is full of conflict about whether to and rules
return to Ghana permanently or stay in the
United States.
3.2 page 56
I Introduction
2.4 page 53 Thesis Statement: Lacked perspective; couldn’t
see beyond self
1 b 2 a II Hard time adjusting
A Felt different
1 Felt lonely and left out
2 Felt different from the other students
B Ashamed
1 Ashamed of problems with English
2 Grandparents’ greeting at school; felt
embarrassing

IIIOne day came home early
A Heard grandparents talking about missing
3.10 page 64
Mexico 1 “I do not really like ice cream.”
1 Grandmother looking at old pictures and “The restaurant was on Smith Street.”
crying; she missed Mexico
2 “large, jolly sort of woman,” “finally lost her
2 Grandfather mentioned sacrifices for happy face,” “wrapped our arms around her
grandchildren knees”
B Felt ashamed 3 “I’m right here,” she said. [Punctuation Mistake
IV I gained new perspective 1: Punctuation after “said” should be a period,
A Understood complexity of their lives and not a comma.] “Do not worry. Your mother will
their sacrifice return.”
1 Grandparents never expressed anything “I told you I would not come home until I
but positive thoughts found a job,” she explained.
B Decided to work hard and make “Mama,” we shouted. “Where were you?”
grandparents happy [Punctuation Mistake 2: No comma after
1 Learned English and felt more “Where were you?”]
comfortable
V Conclusion 3.11 page 65
A Grandparents’ fortieth anniversary party
1 Traditional Mexican food and music “She started to yell as she pulled out the letter
approving our visa.”
2 A way of repaying grandparents
B Lesson learned: new opportunities and new
perspective were grandparents’ gifts 4 SHARPEN YOUR SKILLS
B Narrative Essays page 58 A Writing Skill 1: Parallel Structure

page 66
3.3 page 59
1 story 4.1 page 66
2 teach
1 got married
3 • thesis • details • climax
2 one of the youngest Supreme Court justices
3 served as editor of the Yale Law Journal.
3.4 page 60 4 skills, knowledge, confidence
Idea c would probably make the best story in 5 political views, judicial philosophy
response to the writing prompt. It has a clear 6 has many fans there, is often invited to speak
lesson that is communicated by the story, there is
a clear conflict (between the two drivers), it has B Writing Skill 2: Sentence Variety
interesting scenes with dialogue, and it can be told page 67
in one essay.
4.2 page 68
3.6 page 61
1 After the “Gold Rush” of 1849, Chinese workers
B is the better introductory paragraph because began immigrating to the United States in large
it has more details that draw in the reader. numbers.
For example, the writer talks about the weather,
2 Uncle Lee, my father’s great-great-granduncle,
feeling a sense of hope, and details about the
was one of tens of thousands of Chinese
background to the story. Similar details could be
immigrants who landed in San Francisco in the
added to improve paragraph A.
early 1850s and settled just north of the city.
3 Although some prospectors did find gold, it
3.8 pages 61–62 was not as easy to find as he had expected.
4 According to my father, life was hard for Uncle
b is the best thesis for the introduction because
Lee and other Chinese immigrants. They were
it answers the prompt and is a better fit with the
discriminated against and sometimes even
background information.
attacked by American prospectors.

been
5 For example, in the town of Weaverville, north Many Chinese-American men had fighting in the
of San Francisco, Chinese settlers established a ^
U.S. military against Japan and helping in the
Taoist temple that is still there today.
American war effort. The government decided
C Grammar for Writing: Past Tense that they had to change their attitude toward
Forms page 69 Chinese Americans and end the discriminatory
law. In 1943, the Exclusion Act was finally being
4.3 page 70
eliminated.
1 a 2 a 3 b 4 b 5 b 6 a
D Avoiding Plagiarism page 72
Avoiding Common Mistakes page 71
4.5 page 73
4.4 page 71
1, 3, 5
passed
In 1882, the U.S. Congress was passing a law
called the Chinese Exclusion Act. This law stated 4.6 page 73
that immigrant workers from China were no “Between 1870 and 1930, there were 30 million
new immigrants to the U.S.”
longer allowed to immigrate to the United States
been “In 2012, over 750,000 people became U.S.
and could not be citizens. Chinese laborers had citizens, mostly in California, New York, and
^ Florida.”
coming to the United States since the “Gold
3
Rush” more than 40 years before. Rumors of a
“mountain of gold” in California started in Hong CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAYS
Kong in 1849, and quickly spread throughout
SOCIOLOGY: EFFECTS OF GEOGRAPHIC
the provinces of China. This brought thousands MOBILITY
of Chinese immigrants to America’s west coast.
These immigrants added an Asian influence to a page 79
had 1 Huntington meant that history is the result
country that it has not had previously. Still, this
of “man’s migrations.” The sum total of the
influence remained limited because the Chinese evidence of these migrations is our history.
was
Exclusion Act is in effect. In fact, this act was a 2 Answers will vary.
form of discrimination, since the Chinese were the
only ethnic or national group that was not allowed
to immigrate. Although the law was supposed
made
to only be temporary, Congress was making B Reflect on the Topic page 80
it permanent in 1902. They also added new
restrictions by stating that each Chinese resident
1.1 page 80
had to register and obtain a certificate of Possible answers:

Causes for writing prompt 1: not enough
residence. By this time, because so many Chinese
houses or apartments in rural areas, gasoline too
Americans were excluded from the mainstream expensive to live in rural areas
had
of American life, they have formed “Chinatown” Effects for writing prompt 2: more older adults
learning Spanish, more Spanish signs in restaurants
communities where they supported each other. and public places, more interest in Latin American
However, things changed during World War II. holidays and festivals

2 EXPAND YOUR KNOWLEDGE 3 STUDY ACADEMIC WRITING
A Academic Vocabulary page 82 Student Model page 86

A
1 The writer will focus on a cause and effect
2.1 pages 82–83 relationship involving young people moving
out of rural communities.
1 a 3 b 5 b 7 a 2 The essay will be about causes. The writer
2 b 4 a 6 a 8 a will focus on things that have recently
caused young people to move out of rural
B Academic Collocations page 83 communities.
2.2 page 83
1 multiple causes
1 b 2 b 3 a 4 a 5 b 2 reason, key factor
3 McGranahan, Cromartie, and Wojan;
C Writing in the Real World page 84 “Population”
Possible answers: 4 a
Moving might be tough for kids because they
have to make new friends and get used to a new 3.1 page 87
school. Some things might be easier for kids than
for adults who move, such as learning a new 1 People are moving away from rural areas
language. because these places lack economic
opportunities, entertainment options, and
2.3 page 85 accessible health care.
2 Paragraphs 2, 3, and 4 deal with reasons people
1 According to the article, one of the effects of leave rural communities.
moving on children is disrupting important 3 Answers will vary.
friendships. Also, the article says that adults
who moved frequently as children do not
feel as satisfied with their lives and can have 3.2 pages 88–89
relationship troubles. I Introduction
2 The author’s son had trouble sleeping and
Thesis statement: Outmigration happens for
paying attention, and he was often sad. many reasons, but the most important are
This evidence is not very convincing because fewer job opportunities, lack of amenities, and
it only shows what happened to one person inaccessible health care.
and the author doesn’t say whether he reacted
II Limited number of decent employment
this way for just a short period or for several
opportunities
years. The results of a survey of many people
A Fewer good jobs and more competition
from different backgrounds would be better
evidence. 1 Young people want good careers

(McGranahan)
2 Accounting example
B Jobs in larger cities usually have a higher
2.4 page 85 salary
Possible answers: 1 Paralegal example
1 The first paragraph is mostly about the effects III Rural areas often do not have a lot of
of something. Words and phrases that show us conveniences
this: “are affected by,” “these effects” A Young people leave areas that are not
2 The second paragraph is mostly about the attractive and exciting (McGranahan)
causes of something. Words and phrases that 1 My opinion – young people want to learn
show us this: “because of” and experience new things
B When people retire, they leave for better
services and conveniences

IVLack of access to health care makes people
leave 3.8 page 94
A 90 percent of physicians work in cities Possible answer:
(NCSL)
One stressful effect of moving is that people
1 Families with children have to travel far encounter many unexpected expenses. This is
for health care because moving belongings to a new home can
2 Older adults do not get the medical often have hidden costs, such as the cost of boxes,
attention that they need tape, padding, gasoline, and tips for movers. If the
V Conclusion new home is rented, the landlord may require
extra money as a security deposit, so this is also
B Cause and Effect Essays: an unexpected expense. People who buy a home
may also have to pay more because of repairs they
Organization page 89
did not expect to have to make. For these reasons,
the hidden costs of moving can be significant.
3.3 page 90
Organization A 3.9 pages 94–95
1 F 2 F 3 T
1 a 2 b 3 a 4 a 5 b
Organization B
1 T 2 T 3 F
3.11 page 96
3.4 page 91 Possible answer:

With a positive, confident mindset, parents can
Circled words in Paragraph 1: help their children see moving as an exciting
struggling cities … steadily declining and adventure that will greatly enhance their lives.
struggling, too … a 2014 Census report showed
that as of July 2013 almost two thirds of rural
counties had become smaller 4 SHARPEN YOUR SKILLS
Thesis: “Outmigration happens for many reasons,
but some common factors are fewer good job A Writing Skill 1: Paraphrasing
opportunities, lack of amenities, and inaccessible page 97
health care.”
Words that show the focus is on causes: for many
reasons … some common factors are … 4.1 page 98
Possible answers:
3.5 page 91 1 In “Moving Is Tough for Kids,” Nancy Darling
states that middle-class children are less likely
Possible answers: to move than children in wealthy and poor
1 People immigrate for many reasons, but the families.
most important ones are for education, for 2 According to the Center for Rural Pennsylvania,
economic reasons, and to escape dangerous when people move out of rural Pennsylvania,
situations in their home countries. they relocate to counties where there are more
2 Although moving to a new home can have new businesses and more jobs that pay more
negative effects for some, the positive effects money.
are much greater, including opportunities to 3 The United Nations Population Fund states two
make new friends, learn about new places, and main reasons why people move within their
pursue job opportunities. own countries. People migrate in search of
more opportunities, resources, or services, or to
3.7 page 94 get away from problems such as violent crime
and natural disasters.
Possible answer: 4 According to Stephen Bochner, there are two
One important reason people immigrate is for main ways that cultures interact: when people
better job opportunities. from one culture travel to another place, and
when people interact in a society that already
has many different cultures.

B Writing Skill 2: Avoiding Fragments, New England for the last five years, gathering
Run-On Sentences, and Comma data on community and school integration and
Splices page 99 measuring mood. His completed study shows that
have
most of these 25 families has reported missing
4.2 page 100
favorite foods not available in local grocery stores.
described
Possible answers: Others have been describing the initial difficulty
1 Moving from one city to another can be
they experienced years ago getting to know
challenging but rewarding.
2 Tourism has helped the global economy, but it people in workplaces, schools, and community
has harmed the environment. groups. However, those families now report
3 Everyone who comes to the United States
must have a visa. People who work in the U.S. significant improvement in their local relationships
must get a special kind of visa and must be and increased satisfaction with the move to New
supported by a company in a particular field.
England. Other data shared from the study include
4 It has always been challenging for immigrant
job applicants to be treated equally; they are trouble with accented English. In one example
viewed as less important than citizens. response quoted by the researchers, a father of
5 Many believe moving to a warm location like been
Florida is easy for everyone, but recent research two said that he “has working with a man whose
^
shows that changing climates can cause accent [he] could not understand. Assuming
depression and anxiety.
the man was a new immigrant, [he] asked what
C Grammar for Writing: Present country he grew up in and was embarrassed to
Perfect and Present Perfect be told America – and Maine” (Abrams et al. 6).
Progressive page 100 The same man reported that he had never lived
outside Alabama and never traveled outside the
4.3 page 101
region until moving north for his new job (7).
1 have experienced / have been experiencing Dr. Abrams and his colleagues have already been
2 have developed spent
spending more than five years studying these
3 have increased / have been increasing
4 have been protesting subjects and will expand the research to other
5 has been families in the future. All said, this work so far has
6 have lived / have been living
presented concrete evidence for something that
been
Avoiding Common Mistakes page 102 has coming up in conversations about national
^
migration for a long time.
4.4 pages 102–103
Culture shock is common when moving to a
new country, but many people experience cultural 4.5 page 105
difficulties when moving between regions within 1 The paraphrase is not accurate. A householder
is a person who is in charge of their home.
large countries like the United States. A new study
The person moves, not the house.
released by Progress University examines how 2 The paraphrase is not accurate. The quote says
moving to New England (a group of states in the that 13.7% of householders who lived with
their children moved. This is not the same as
northeastern United States) from many other parts saying 13.7% of all children moved.
of America comes with challenges. Dr. Rudolph 3 The paraphrase is accurate, but the writer did
been not cite the source.
Abrams has studying 25 families that are new to
^

4.6 page 105
Possible answer:
Possible answer: The “cost” the title is referring to is not the
According to David Ihrke of the U.S. Census direct cost in money but the way the global food
Bureau, in 2012 about 14% of parents with system has negative effects (or “costs”) to the
children at home moved. environment, the economy, and people’s health.
4 COMPARISON AND CONTRAST 2.3 page 117
ESSAYS Possible answers:

1 The impact is negative because the ships take
on toxic fuel and the transportation system
ANTHROPOLOGY: FOOD AND CULTURE
causes pollution.
2 It has encouraged unhealthy eating habits.
page 111
1 The quotation means that we can learn a
lot about someone from the food they prefer
2.4 page 117
to eat.
2 Answers will vary. 1 The first two paragraphs compare garlic from
3 Answers will vary. China with garlic grown locally in California.
2 whereas
1 PREPARE YOUR IDEAS 3 Similarly
B Reflect on the Topic page 112 3 STUDY ACADEMIC WRITING
1.1 page 112 A Student Model page 118

1 The prompt is asking the writer to compare
Possible answers: natural foods and foods with artificial
Differences: Foods with artificial ingredients ingredients.
have different colors from foods with natural 2 Possible answer:
ingredients. The writer might mention differences in the
Similarities: Both are available in most supermarkets. way “artificial” and “natural” are defined, what
they cost, and the effect on the environment.
1 artificial foods, natural foods
A Academic Vocabulary page 114
2 “However, when comparing their definitions,
prices, and impact on the environment, it
2.1 page 114 soon becomes clear that artificial foods are not
always the inferior choice.”
A
Circled topics: definitions, prices, impact on the
1 c 2 d 3 a 4 b
environment
B
3 “One advantage of artificial foods is that they
1 b 2 d 3 a 4 c have a clearer definition than natural foods.”
The writer will discuss artificial foods first.
B Academic Phrases page 115 4 Underline: “foods with artificial ingredients
benefit consumers more.”
2.2 page 115 Double underline: “They usually have lower
prices”; “In contrast, natural ingredients must
1 c 2 a 3 b be grown on a farm, processed, and then
transported to the lab”; “Furthermore, natural
foods have become a valuable commodity in
the United States.”

5 In contrast Natural foods more demanding of
B
6 “For example, it is important to note that environment
putting real fruit in a product means that 1 Requires land
people must first develop the land to grow 2 Must cut down trees for land
it. They may have to cut down other trees to 3 Use a lot of water
make room for new crops. In addition, they V Conclusion
must water the crops regularly to keep them
A Restatement of thesis
alive.”
B Comment
7 Restate main ideas: “The ‘natural’ label can be
used by U.S. companies to charge more for
food that might not truly be healthier, whereas
B Comparison and Contrast Essays
“artificial” has a more transparent definition. page 122
Using artificial ingredients saves consumers
money and also reduces the amount of land
3.3 page 124
and water needed to grow natural ingredients.”
Comment by the writer: “I no longer believe The writer used point-by-point organization.
that natural is always better, and I have altered He probably chose this organization because the
my shopping habits as a result. Now when I go two subjects had many differences related to
grocery shopping in the United States, there are each point.
many artificial foods in my cart.”
3.4 page 124
3.1 page 120
1 F 2 T 3 F 4 T
1 The two subjects are contrasted in order to
show the reasons why one of them is a better
3.5 page 126
choice.
2 Answers will vary. Body Paragraph 1: Point 1: drinks
3 Answers will vary. Subject A: 100 years ago – tea
Detail: traditional
3.2 pages 120–122 Detail: cheap and available
Subject B: Today – coffee
I Introduction
Detail: very popular
Thesis statement: However, when comparing
Detail: readily available
their definitions, prices, and impact on the
Detail: status symbol
environment, it soon becomes clear artificial
foods are not always the inferior choice.
II Body paragraph 1: Definition 3.7 page 127
A Artificial foods have clearer definition
1 T 2 T 3 F
1 Restricted to one meaning
2 Refers to foods with man-made chemicals
3.9 page 128
B Natural foods no legal definition
1 FDA doesn’t want to define them Possible answers:
2 Can refer to whatever companies want it Fast food and slow food eaters have very different
to mean enjoyments and routines. Fast food eaters enjoy
III Body paragraph 2: Benefits to consumers being busy with work and other activities and do
A Artificial foods benefit consumers more not have time to sit down for a long meal. Slow
1 Lower prices – made in a lab food eaters, on the other hand, enjoy spending
B Natural foods more expensive
a long time preparing and eating food. They also
tend to have more free time in their daily routine
1 Expensive to grow
than fast food eaters.
2 High demand so price is higher
Another difference is how concerned they
IV Body paragraph 3: Impact on the environment
are about their health. Fast food eaters often
A Environmental advantage of artificial foods do not spend a lot of time worrying about
1 Manufacturing does not require farmland how the food they eat will affect their bodies.
or crops They want something cheap and filling so they

won’t feel hungry. Slow food eaters are different B Writing Skill 2: Coherence page 131
because they are very concerned about how food
affects their health, and they usually prefer to use
healthier ingredients and cooking styles. 4.3 page 132
Finally, they have entirely different tastes in food. 1 Furthermore / In addition
Fast food eaters usually prefer burgers, pizza, fries, 2 In addition
and other food that has meat and fat and is fried.
3 With regard to / Regarding / With respect to
Slow food eaters prefer vegetables, fruit, and other
foods that can be eaten fresh. They do not eat
meat often and prefer their meat to be cooked in a 5 First
slow, healthy way. 6 Next
3.11 page 129 8 in sum
In summary, artificial foods are superior to natural 4.4 page 133

foods in certain ways. The “natural” label can
be used by U.S. companies to charge more for 1 this study / this book
food that might not truly be healthier, whereas 2 This belief
“artificial” has a more transparent definition. 3 These
Using artificial ingredients saves consumers
4 This
money and also reduces the amount of land and
water needed to grow natural ingredients. The 5 The / This
differences between artificial and natural foods are 6 They
much more complex than I had first assumed. I no
longer believe that natural is always better, and I C Grammar for Writing: Appositives
have altered my shopping habits as a result. Now page 134
when I go grocery shopping in the United States,
there are many artificial foods in my cart.
4.5 pages 134–135
4 SHARPEN YOUR SKILLS 1 A division of PepsiCo, Frito-Lay sells potato

chips in China.
A Writing Skill 1: Words and Phrases 2 An example of a popular Lebanese dish is baba
ghanuj, a kind of eggplant salad.
That Show Similarities and 3 An Italian explorer, Christopher Columbus was
Differences page 130 sent by the king and queen of Spain to see if he
could reach Asia by sailing west.
4.1 pages 130–131 4 An early example of the globalization of food
was the trading of spices along the Silk Road, a
2 Similar to information, food is now exchanged group of routes that linked China with Central
very easily between countries because of Asia and Europe.
globalization. 5 One kind of cheese which can only be made
3 Even though rice actually originated in Asia, it is in Italy is Parmigiano-Reggiano, a kind of hard
a common ingredient in Mexican cuisine. cheese.
4 Fast food from big international chains
is considered cheap in the United States. Avoiding Common Mistakes page 135
However, in Russia, it is much less affordable.
5 Indian restaurants typically do not serve beef. 4.6 page 135
In contrast, Argentinian restaurants are known
for their many ways of preparing beef.
Because of the United States’ special history of
6 Both haggis, a traditional Scottish dish, and
drob, a Romanian dish served at Easter, are immigration, American food has been influenced
cooked in a sheep’s stomach.
by cuisines from all over the world. A melting
a
pot, large pot used to melt multiple ingredients
^

together over heat, has often been used as a
symbol of American society and culture. It’s true
that some food considered “American” did not A Academic Vocabulary page 146
originate here. Hamburgers and hot dogs, very
^ 2.1 pages 146–147
common American sandwiches, were brought by
^ A
German immigrants. Sometimes, food brought 1 b 2 d 3 a 4 c
by immigrants adapts to American life just as B
a 1 b 2 d 3 c 4 a
the immigrants do. Chop suey, dish of mixed
^
meat and vegetables in a thick sauce, is served B Academic Collocations page 147
at Chinese restaurants in the United States but
2.2 page 147
was not eaten in China. Mayonnaise, that a very
1 d 2 a 3 e 4 b 5 c
common American condiment, actually comes
from Europe. These are just a few examples of C Writing in the Real World page 148
Possible answers:
culinary adaptation in the United States.
People can solve this problem by avoiding health
websites or by speaking to their doctor before
D Avoiding Plagiarism page 136 checking online.
4.7 page 137 2.3 page 149

Best sources: 2, 5, 6
1 The author thinks cyberchondria might be a
problem because a poll showed that 61 percent
5 PROBLEM–SOLUTION ESSAYS of Americans use the Internet for medical
information, and other studies have shown
“wide levels of increased anxiety triggered by
PUBLIC HEALTH: MEDIA this habit.”
2 Kwan’s study found that people who saw
page 143 the most mild, common symptoms listed
together were more likely to believe they
1 Carlyle compared good health to having hope
had the disease. She thinks this is because
because he thinks people who have hope have
cyberchondriacs jump to the conclusion that if
the most important thing in life.
they have some symptoms they must have all
of them. She relates this to the way gamblers
3 Answers will vary. think that if they win a couple of times they are
on a “winning streak.”
1 PREPARE YOUR IDEAS 3 Answers will vary.
B Reflect on the Topic page 144

2.4 page 149
1.1 page 144 1 Problem: paragraph 1; keywords: It’s a familiar
Possible answers: Write to the drug companies story, now increasingly common
or hospitals and ask for a discount. Have the Solution: paragraph 5; keywords: help decrease
treatment done in another country where health anxiety, They could do this by
care costs are lower. 2 Evidence why cyberchondria is a problem: poll
results and studies in paragraph 1. Keywords:
According to a 2009 Pew poll, other recent studies
have shown

IIIBody paragraph 2: Crowdfunding is easy and
3 STUDY ACADEMIC WRITING effective.
A Fund-raising websites
Student Model page 150
A 1 Web page shared on social media
1 The central problem in the prompt is the debt 2 Contributors can donate as much as they
that some families have from medical bills. want
2 Yes, the writer will have to provide background B The Kennet family
on both the problem and the solution. 1 Needed financial support for cancer
3 Answers will vary. treatment
2 Raised $57,000 online
Analyze Writing Skills pages 150–152 3 Received emotional support as well
1 a IV Body paragraph 3: Fund-raising events not as
2 c effective
3 “Crowdfunding is a practical and effective way A High ticket prices
for Americans struggling with medical costs to 1 Fund-raising concert too expensive
get help.” B Too much time and effort required
4 b C Only attract local donors
5 “Crowdfunding is an excellent solution because V Conclusion
it is easy to get started, and the results are
usually good.” B Problem–Solution Essays page 154
6 b
7 a
3.3 page 155
8 “In short, it is a shame that medical costs are
unreasonably high and that seriously ill people 1 Introduction
need to ask others for help in a country as rich 2 Introduction / Body paragraph 1
as ours.” 3 Body paragraph 1
4 Body paragraph 2
3.1 page 152 5 Body paragraph 3
6 Conclusion
1 The writer thinks the problem is important
because medical bills are the number-one cause
of financial problems in the United States. 3.4 page 156
Explains what the problem is: 1, 3
3 The writer says that fund-raising events seem
like a good idea but are too expensive, take too Describes who the problem affects and how it
much time and effort, and only attract local affects them: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
donors. Explains why the problem still needs to be solved: 7
3.2 pages 152–154 3.5 page 156
I Introduction Possible answers:

Thesis statement: Crowdfunding is a practical 1 “Social media” refers to websites that allow
and effective way for Americans struggling with users to share information and connect with
medical costs to get help. each other.
II Body paragraph 1: Financial difficulty from 2 The problem with social media is that users
medical bills often exaggerate or lie about their activities.
A High medical costs 3 A secondary problem is that people
1 75% of Americans can’t find $2,000 in an

constantly check social media sites for updated
emergency information on their friends instead of
contacting them directly.
2 Average cancer patient pays $8,500 per year
4 While time wasting is one effect of social
B Loss of wages is another problem
media, the most urgent issue is the feeling of
1 Families can’t afford their bills anymore.
inadequacy some users have as a result of using
2 Over 62% of bankruptcies caused by social media.
medical expenses
C Anxiety also a related problem

5 Depression and anxiety have become a serious
problem because people tend to compare the 3.15 page 163
amount of input they provide on these sites
Possible answer: Sentence 2 is better at reminding
with the amount provided by other people.
readers about the problem and solution. It gives
more detail about the problem (risk worry and
3.7 page 158 anxiety for themselves and their doctors … deceptive
websites will always be out there) and the solution
Words or phrases that show the solution: is an (evaluate health information and its sources).
excellent solution because

3.8 page 158
Possible answers: A Writing Skill 1: Introduction to
2 Intensive addiction counseling can be a solution Summarizing page 164
because it helps people understand the reasons
for their behavior.
3 The problem of Internet addiction can be 4.1 page 164
solved by psychological treatment. 1 • give the author’s full name and explain who
4 One recent study demonstrates that in-patient he or she is: A = no; B = yes
addiction counseling would solve the problem. • say where and when the text was published:
A = no; B = yes
3.10 page 160 • include the important details from the
article: A = yes; B = yes
Describe the alternative solution and why some
• not include unimportant details: A = no
people think it would work: 1
(the details about the screenshot and the
Give disadvantages of the alternative solution: representative’s response are not important);
2, 5, 7 B = yes (all details included are important)
Give a fact, example, or statistic to show the 2 Summary B is better because it is more complete
weakness of the solution: 3 and does not include any unnecessary details.
Explain why the writer’s solution is better: 4, 6, 8
B Writing Skill 2: Acknowledging and
3.12 page 162 Refuting Opposing Solutions
The Internet has changed the world in so many page 165
positive ways. Who would have thought that an
addiction to it could harm people and do real 4.2 page 166
damage to their lives? The thousands of Americans
who have sought counseling for Internet addiction Possible answers:
have realized this. Their loved ones have as well 1 Although some doctors believe the only way
because they have seen family members lose jobs, to stop cyberchondria is to tell their patients
friends, and lives because they became addicted to never to research symptoms online, this is not
the Internet. As online life grows more important a realistic plan because it is too convenient for
to professional and academic lives each year, people to look things up online.
Internet addiction becomes a more important 2 It may be true that some caregivers prefer face-
problem to solve. By treating … to-face support groups; nevertheless, it is more
convenient for many people to find support
3.13 page 162 online.
3 It is true that cyberbullying can be stopped
Possible answers: by having parents prevent their children from
1 The thesis does not give a reason why the bullying, but this will not help when the bully’s
solution would work, e.g., It can be solved by parents are not available or able to help.
involving parents and school officials, who have 4 While some people argue that doctors save
the ability to identify and punish cyberbullies. time by connecting to patients on social media,
2 The thesis mentions all of the needed elements. some doctors find that it takes more time and
does not reduce patient anxiety.

C Grammar for Writing: It written by those with medical knowledge. It is
impossible to find
Constructions page 167 impossible find out everything about a website or
its content, but smart health consumers need to
4.4 page 167 understand what they are reading and why it was
It is
Possible answers: published. Is one key way to solve the growing
3 It is inappropriate for doctors to use social
problem of users finding and relying on inaccurate
media to reach out to patients. it is
4 It appears that too much time on the Internet health information online. Therefore, is necessary
can cause health problems like headaches and to educate consumers of online health information
eye strain.
to use the steps outlined here to research not just
5 It is likely that many people look up medical
information before they go to the doctor. health questions but who is providing the answers
6 It seems that people who are addicted to the
and why.
Internet need psychological treatment.
Avoiding Common Mistakes page 168
4.6 page 170
4.5 page 168
Answers will vary.
The high number of unreliable health websites
important
is a significant problem, and it is import to use
only reliable websites when searching the Internet
6 SUMMARY-RESPONSE ESSAYS
for health-related information. This simple COMMUNICATIONS: THE INFORMATION AGE

solution will solve this problem for many people.
page 177
One thing consumers can do is find out who
1 Possible answers: having to look through
owns or manages a health website, because multiple sources in order to write a research
this information can help users decide if a site paper, having too many emails in your inbox,
it is getting more magazines in the mail than you
is reliable. For example, is possible to provide are able to read
marketing information on a drug company’s 2 Possible answers: All of your friends have
Facebook or similar accounts, but it is hard to
website that seems like it is posted by doctors and
see everything they post; you follow so many
designed for education, when, in fact, the site was Twitter accounts that you cannot read them all.
created only to make money for the company. 3 In 1996, the World Wide Web had only existed
impossible to find for about two years and was not widely used.
Some people think it is impossible find out who This means that Shah experienced information
is behind a website and determine its reliability, overload from television media, radio,
newspapers, magazines, and books.
but it is actually very easy. At the bottom of most
sites, users will see a Terms of Use link or a privacy
policy. These legal statements usually list a contact
important
person or parent company. It is also import to read B Reflect on the Topic page 178
any “About” sections that describe the company,
1.1 page 178
website, or its goals. This information can help
users decide if the source of the information Possible answers:
1 Who curates for readers? Why can’t readers
is reliable. The most useful websites for health
curate content for themselves?
information are considered reliable because 2 Why does curation have to offer ways that
they are posted by medical organizations and are creative? Some wine shop employees are
probably creative curators.

3 That gives a lot of power to curators to decide
what people will know and learn about. 3 STUDY ACADEMIC WRITING
4 I’m actually surprised that the number of
photos uploaded each day to Facebook isn’t a A Student Model page 184
lot higher than 50 million!
2 EXPAND YOUR KNOWLEDGE 1 “Stop Knocking Curation” by Steven
Rosenbaum
“In his article ‘Stop Knocking Curation,’ Steven
A Academic Vocabulary page 180 Rosenbaum argues that…”
2 Some of his points were unclear; the author did
2.1 page 180 not consider the point of view of the reader.
3 b
A
4 “This example” refers to the example of a wine
1 b 2 a 3 d 4 c
store that is said to be curated.
B
5 b
1 c 2 d 3 b 4 a
6 a
7 a
B Academic Phrases page 181
8 As the amount of information we come across
will only increase in the future, I believe the
2.2 page 181 process of content curation will become even
more necessary in the future.
1 a 2 b 3 b
C Writing in the Real World page 182 3.1 page 188

Possible answers: 1 His two points are that content curation is
“Information overload” occurs when a person is misunderstood and that it is critical today.
exposed to more information than the brain can 2 The writer believes that wine can be organized
process at one time. by themes, and that this counts as curation
Some effects of access to too much information because it is similar to the curation of artworks
include indecisiveness, bad decisions, and stress. done in a museum.
2.3 page 183 3.2 pages 188–189

1 Information overload makes you feel I Introduction
overwhelmed by too many choices. Your brain Source text main idea: In his article “Stop
“mildly freezes” and you become paralyzed. Knocking Curation,” Steven Rosenbaum argues
2 Because you can’t tell the difference between that content curation is misunderstood and
vital facts and trivial facts. misused, and asserts that correct curation is
3 Answers will vary. invaluable for helping us process information
on the Internet.
2.4 page 183 Student’s thesis: While I agree with some of his
points to an extent, I feel that they could have
1 The ideas of others. been clearer, and included the point of view of
2 Tartakovsky only included ones that are related the reader who is the user of content curation.
to the main idea of her article. II Rosenbaum makes two points
3 Tartakovsky agrees with Palladino that A Label misunderstood and misused by stores
information overload is a problem and has used 1 Stores are collecting – not curating
technology to implement some of Palladino’s 2 Definition of true content curation
suggestions. She seems to agree with Burkeman
B Curation is critical today
that it is bad to feel you are not in control, but
1 So much content on the Internet
adds suggestions for using technology to regain
a feeling of control. 2 Readers need help sorting through it
3 New roles for journalists

IIIDisagree with author’s examples
A Wine store example of misuse –
3.9 page 195
unconvincing Paragraph B does a better job of using the
1 Museum curators – paintings on theme strategies.
2 Curators of wine stores are like museum
curators
3.10 page 196
3 Author should have given more
explanation a 3 b 2 c 4 d 1
IV Agree that curators necessary – to an extent
A Facts and figures are compelling
1 No time to read or look through data
2 curation could be “filtering”
A Writing Skill 1: Language for
B Curation is job of journalists – questionable
1 Readers must think for themselves
Summarizing page 198
2 Content curation is everyone’s job
V Conclusion 4.1 page 198
1 In the article “Overcoming Information
B Summary-Response Essays Overload,”
page 190 2 According to Margarita Tartakovsky,
3 The author states that
3.3 page 190 4 As Tartakovsky points out in her article,
5 In the article “Overcoming Information
1 1 Overload,”
2 2
6 The author further states that
3 3 and 4
4 5 B Writing Skill 2: Neutral and
Unbiased Language page 199
3.4 page 191
Possible answer: 4.3 page 200
In her article “Overcoming Information Overload,”
1 Professors at this university generally dislike/
author Margarita Tartakovsky explains that
have an issue with [not hate] Wikipedia and say
information overload can cause the brain to work
that students must never use it, but I think that
too hard and make people feel stressed, but can
is a problematic [not ridiculous] policy.
be controlled.
2 The chair [not chairman] of the new company is
illogical [not crazy].
3.5 page 192 3 Police officers [not policemen] in Chicago
arrested a student for illegal downloading. They
a 2 b 5 c 4 d 1 e 3
seem to think this will stop illegal downloading
throughout the city, which is naïve/ill-
3.6 page 193 considered [not stupid].
Possible answers:
C Writing Skill 3: Avoid Overuse of
1 Steven Rosenbaum writes in his article “Stop
Knocking Curation” that content curation is Key Words page 201
very necessary in today’s world.
2 In support of this idea, the author states that 4.4 page 202
over 50 million photos are posted to Facebook
every day, along with nearly a million hours Possible answers:
of YouTube videos and hundreds of billions of 1 Tim Berners-Lee’s creation of the World Wide
emails. Web is regarded as one of the most important
innovations of the twentieth century. His
innovation has changed the way most people
3.8 pages 194–195
in the world get their information.
1 B 2 B 3 B 4 B

what everyone is doing
2 Indries Shah felt that people today have access what is everyone doing all the time. In addition,
to too much information, and that they are in
what I see on Facebook about other people’s lives
danger of drowning in it. gives
3 There is an enormous amount of information give an inaccurate picture. My friends’ days are
on the web right now. The amount of time usually probably just as ordinary and unremarkable
required to read all of it exceeds the time any
of us have. Also, the supply of data exceeds the as my own. Baker says, “Sometimes, it’s as simple
demand. as taking a ‘Facebreak.’” That’s a good suggestion,
4 The invention of Transmission Control Protocol
well stated. I do think I need to reduce the amount
(TCP) allowed the movement of data on the
Internet. This development was the result of of time I spend looking at Facebook and comparing
research by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn. my life to the lives of others. The article has
D Grammar for Writing: Noun therefore provided me with some valuable advice.
Clauses page 202 E Avoiding Plagiarism page 205

4.5 page 203
4.7 page 206
1 what you want to find out
• Authors did survey. 8,353 people
2 how they felt about going online
3 what fits on the counter
• 8 of 10 respondents had a hard time starting
4 how long you scan for information their research project. paraphrase
5 what information I need to find; how I am
going to find it
• They had a hard time “determining the nature
6 how you decide to approach information and scope of what was expected of them.”
overload quote
Avoiding Common Mistakes page 203 • Half of students ➞ not sure how to finish or
evaluate their research. paraphrase
4.6 page 204 “Nagging uncertainty.” quote
Paul Baker’s article brought up many ideas • “Frustrating open-endedness.” quote

about social media sites that I had not considered Both for classes and in private lives. paraphrase
before. Whether or not a person can be addicted to
is • My opinion: I agree with the survey. I am
these sites are is something that I have wondered insecure about assignments too.
the author says
myself. What does the author say about Facebook
is especially relevant to me. I often find myself
checking Facebook several times per hour. The
7 ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYS
article is very persuasive about the dangers of SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL INTERACTION

overusing social media. It has forced me to consider
why I need page 213
why do I need to check Facebook so often.
What I have noticed 1 Answers will vary.
What have I noticed is that I often see comments 2 Answers will vary.
and photos which describe and show my friends
doing fun things. Very often, these plans and 1 PREPARE YOUR IDEAS
activities look more fun than what I am doing.
B Reflect on the Topic page 214
This causes me to wonder if knowing about other
people’s activities makes me dissatisfied with my
life. It’s not actually necessary for me to know

1.1 page 214 3 STUDY ACADEMIC WRITING
Possible answers:
Yes/Postive: girls participate in class more when
Student Model page 220
A
boys aren’t there; girls will be more encouraged to 1 The writer must give an opinion about
take classes in math and science; girls-only classes whether girls and boys should learn in separate
are easier than coed classes for teachers to manage classrooms.
2 Possible answers: In support: Girls learn
No/Negative: boys and girls can learn from each
other; without girls, boys-only classes would be better and gain more confidence in girls-only
too difficult to manage classrooms. Against: Girls-only classrooms do
not prepare girls for the real world.
2 EXPAND YOUR KNOWLEDGE Analyze Writing Skills pages 220–222

1 a “In contrast to coed classes, single-sex
A Academic Vocabulary page 216 education means that only students of one
gender will be in a class together. In some
countries, all schools are single-sex. In other
2.1 page 216
countries, such as the United States, students
A can choose a single-sex school only if there
1 d 2 a 3 b 4 c is one close by. The number of single-sex
schools is rising in the United States, but
B
educators disagree on the benefits of them.”
1 c 2 d 3 b 4 a
b “In my opinion, girls should learn in
girls-only classes because they become more
B Academic Collocations page 217 self-confident and perform better in math
and science.” The writer will take the side
2.2 page 217 that girls should learn in girls-only classes.
2 a, c
1 a 2 b 3 b 4 a 5 b
3 b
5 b
Answers will vary.
Paragraph 4 is different because it gives reasons
why some people disagree with the writer’s
2.3 page 219 point of view.
1 Dunbar’s Number is the maximum number 6 “Girls-only classes must be available everywhere
of real friends that a person can maintain. to make that possible.”
According to Dunbar this number is 150.
2 The central problem is whether social media 3.1 page 222
“friends” are actually real friends in the
traditional sense of the word. 1 The advantages of girls-only classes are that
girls experience greater success in school
and they gain increased confidence and
performance in math and science classes.
2.4 page 219 2 The writer believes that girls don’t do well in
coed math and science because they do not
1 Evidence:
get support. Girls tend to have more positive
All of paragraph 6 attitudes toward math and science in single-sex
Paragraph 7: “In 2009, The Economist found classrooms.
that the average number of Facebook friends 3 Answers will vary.
per user was 120.”
2 “Personally, I think… All of this brings me to
the conclusion that the term ‘friend’ on social 3.2 pages 222–224
media is not a very useful or appropriate one. I Introduction
Perhaps the term ‘followers’ as used on Twitter
Thesis statement: Girls should learn in girls-only
or ‘connections’ as used on LinkedIn are more
classes because girls become more self-confident
accurate than Facebook’s ‘friends’ when it comes
and perform better in math and science.
to defining our social media relationships.”

II More confidence
A Personal experience at a girls-only high
3.6 pages 227–228
school 1 W; just a statement of fact
1 Less shy 2 S; it contains the topic, the writer’s opinion, and
a Free to express ourselves and take risks the main reasons for it
b Participated more 3 W; it doesn’t contain the writer’s opinion
B HERI report 4 S; it contains the topic, the writer’s opinion, and
1 Compared freshman girls from mixed sex the main reasons for it
and girls-only schools 5 W; only introduces the topic in the first person
a Difference in confidence, public
speaking skills, computer skills
3.7 page 228
III Do better in math and science and more
positive attitudes Possible answer: 3. Teaching children at home is
A Shapka and Keating study an excellent way to make sure that a child learns
1 Compared effects of girls-only and coed in a safe environment and learns ideas that are
classes in math and science important to the family.
a Grades were 5 percent higher
B HERI report 3.8 page 230
1 Math and verbal skills – 40 points higher
1 b
2 More likely to plan for careers in
technology and engineering 2 a “All major companies today use various
types of social media to improve their
IV Critics – single-sex classes reinforce stereotypes
customer base, such as Facebook, Twitter,
A Emphasizes differences and Instagram.”
1 Girls – more passive, boys – more b “5.6 percent more revenue”
aggressive
d “A recent study found … customers who
B Park, Behrman, and Choi – does not never participate.”
reinforce stereotypes
1 Girls in single-sex and coed physics classes
3.9 page 231
2 physics – not only for boys
V Conclusion Body paragraph 1: b, d
Body paragraph 2: a, c
B Argumentative Essay with
Refutation page 224 3.10 page 231
1 a S; supports the opinion
3.3 page 225
b W; isn’t directly related to the opinion
a 4 b 2 c 5 d 1 e 3 2 a W; doesn’t show how businesses lose money
b S
3.4 page 226 3 a W; doesn’t show how it hurts the business
b S
Possible answers:
1 Unlike coed classes, in single-sex classes the
3.12 page 233
students are either all male or all female. Boys-
only classes are common in many countries Possible answers:
around the world, although they are less 2 Some critics say that coed classes prepare
common in the United States. children better for the real world. They learn
2 Supporters of boys-only schools believe that this how to interact appropriately with members of
way of education can help boys build character the opposite sex, which they will need to do in
and follow the rules. Opponents think that it the workplace when they are adults.
is better for boys to be used to being in coed 3 Some opponents state that online friends are not
environments when they are young so that “real” friends. Many online friends are people
they can get along with women as adults. you have never met or only know slightly.

4 Critics may argue that schools have a B Writing Skill 2: Language for
responsibility to stop cyberbullying.
Cyberbullying often starts with face-to-face
Introducing Counterarguments and
bullying in the school. Refutation page 238
5 Some people claim that competition is healthy
in the workplace. It allows different ideas to be 4.3 page 239
heard, with the best idea winning.
1 in favor of 4 According to
2 argument 5 critics
3.13 pages 234–235
3 This may be so
Possible answers:
2 Although it is true that some teens abuse this C Grammar for Writing: Complex
responsibility, the majority of them want to be Noun Phrases page 240
trusted and will use their phones responsibly to
earn that trust.
3 I agree that online communication is important 4.4 page 240
in the workplace. However, it is simply not true 1 Companies worry about employees wasting
that the only important thing to know for the time on Facebook.
workplace is how to use email. Many other skills
2 Cell phone abuse is a concern for parents with
are important, and some of them are not easily
teenagers.
taught online.
3 Today there are many popular websites used
4 That may be so, but if a person is applying for
for social networking. / Today there are many
a job with a high public profile, such as CEO,
popular websites that are used for social
they should not expect as much privacy, and
networking.
the company has a right to know what can be
seen about the applicant online. 4 The researchers compared girls in single-sex
and coed classes.
5 The report looked at boys who were competing
3.14 page 235 against girls.
Restated thesis: “In conclusion, social media 6 The students were taking online classes offered/
companies may have different policies, but that being offered by private universities. / The
does not mean that they cannot have one in students were taking online classes that were
common.” offered/being offered by private universities.
Recommendation/call to action: “…all social
media sites must agree to a shared policy that Avoiding Common Mistakes page 241
requires users to use real names and validate
identities when registering.” 4.5 page 241
Arguments: (1) “Requiring people to use real
names online makes children safer on social One reason cell phones make people worse at
media…” (2) “…prevents scammers from taking
advantage of people.” (3) It also allows people to maintaining relationships is because of texting.
people who prefer
find old friends and connections easily…” First, people prefer to text instead of call will try
to have whole conversations with someone in
very short messages, which can cause confusion.
A Writing Skill 1: Audience and Short texts cannot communicate what voices and
People talking
Appeal page 236 conversations can. People talked on the phone can
hear pauses and changes in tone, which results in
4.1 page 237 clearer communication. For example, for a parent
who
1 take action 4 values which wants to know if her child is safe, a phone
2 very little 5 open call is very important. Beyond this, texting teaches
3 expert
and reinforces poor writing skills, which can affect
those looking
those looked for jobs. For example,

high schoolers who text
high schoolers text often use abbreviations and
2 ANALYZE THE WRITING PROMPT
spell words incorrectly. This problem has recently
been identified by U.S. universities. Many students page 251
who
which need better grammar skills now must take
2.1 page 252
courses to improve their writing so they can make
a good impression on future employers. Texting 1 a 2 c 3 b 4 e 5 d
is just one way that cell phones have a negative

people who want 2.2 page 252
effect on people want to maintain relationships
1 Possible answer: 1. The topic is the preservation
and social skills.
of historic buildings. Key words are “historic
buildings,” “preserved,” and “torn down.”
Avoiding Plagiarism page 242 2. The question is asking whether historic
buildings should be preserved even if the
4.6 page 243 buildings require a lot of money to maintain.
3. There is one part to the question. 4. The essay
Three things to avoid plagiarism: is an argumentative essay because of the words
1 Title: Fig. 1 Positive technology experiences in “agree” and “disagree.”
relationships 2 Possible answer: 1. The topic is growing up
2 Source: Amanda Lenhart and Maeve Duggan, in the city versus in a small town. Key words
“Couples, the Internet, and Social Media: are “growing up,” “city,” and “small town.”
The Main Report.” Pew Research Center. Pew 2. The question is asking how growing up or
Research Center, 11 Feb. 2014. Web. 9 Aug. being raised in a city and a small town are
2014. different. 3. There is one part to the question.
3 Reference in text: As figure 1 shows, the longer 4. The essay is a comparison and contrast essay
a couple is together, the less they use the because of the word “differ.”
Internet and cell phone in their relationship.
If only the information in the chart were 2.3 page 253
included in the paper, you would need an
in-text citation and a citation in Works Cited. 1 Possible answer: 1. The topic is “learning from
mistakes.” 2. The question is asking you to
8
choose a mistake, describe it, and tell what was
TEST TAKING learned and how life changed. 3. There are two
parts. 4. The essay is mainly a cause and effect
TIMED WRITING essay because of the words “learned from” and
“impact,” but it will include narrative because
of the word “describe.”
page 249
2 Possible answer: 1. The topic is “how different
1 Possible answer: Being organized is an important generations communicate.” 2. The question
skill because you spend less time searching for is asking you to compare how someone born
things when you need them. You know where before 1970 and someone born after 1995
everything is. communicate differently. 3. There are two
2 Answers will vary. parts. 4. The essay is mainly a comparison and
3 Answers will vary. contrast because of the word “different”, but
it also includes cause and effect because of the
word “change.”
1 CHALLENGES OF TIMED WRITING
page 250
1.1 page 250

Answers will vary.

3 PLAN YOUR WRITING 4 WRITE YOUR ESSAY
page 254 page 257
3.1 page 256 4.1 page 258

Possible answers: Answers will vary.
1 I’d make a chart and list how I thought the two
were similar in one column and then how they 5 PROOFREAD
were different in another column.
2 I would use a cluster diagram and list things in page 259
circles and then add reasons for each one.
5.1 page 260

3.2 page 256
Answers will vary.
Possible answers:
Prompt 1.
Brainstorm method will vary.
5.2 page 260
Possible outline: Answers will vary.
I Introduction:
Thesis: Volunteering is necessary for the world.
6 APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED
II Good for society
– Makes us work together page 261
– Makes us care
– Doctors Without Borders organization A Student Model page 261
III Makes children become less selfish
– Stop thinking about themselves
6.1 page 263
– My example
IV Countries – disasters 1 She plans her time.
– Countries need supplies and help 2 She proofreads her essay and makes corrections.
– Example – tsunami 3 She spends one minute.
V Conclusion 4 She spends 30 minutes writing her essay.
Prompt 2.
Brainstorm method will vary.
Possible outline:
I Introduction:
Thesis: School is not the major part of a child’s
education
II Values make us good people
– Values must be taught at home
– School can’t teach
III Reading at home
– Read and learn by themselves
– My example
IV Social organizations
– Religious institutions and communities
– Museums, concerts, etc.
V Conclusion

UNIT 1 VOCABULARY QUIZ SCORE: / 13
NAME: DATE:
Part A: Academic Vocabulary
Circle the correct words to complete the sentences.
1 Many local businesses have made a commitment / an alternative / a coincidence to help their
communities.
2 There is ethical / widespread / exposed thought that the companies consumers buy from should try to
make the world a better place.
3 Some shoppers consider buying from locally owned businesses to be an ethical / a radical /
a widespread choice because they can see how shopping locally benefits their community.
4 Small farmers’ markets offer widespread / excessive / alternative choices for shoppers who prefer locally
grown produce.
5 Small business owners can offer unique services such as painting or cooking classes that
expose / coincide / commit shoppers to experiences not available in large chain stores.
6 Many large stores take advantage of Black Friday, the Friday after Thanksgiving, which alternates /
exposes / coincides with a day that most Americans do not have to go to work – an ideal shopping day.
7 When the first stores began opening at midnight on Thanksgiving for Black Friday shoppers, it seemed like
a really radical / alternative / ethical idea.
8 Many Black Friday deals are very unfair and lead to ethical / excessive / committed purchasing of
unnecessary items, which wastes consumers’ money.
Part B: Academic Collocations

Complete the sentences with the academic collocations in the box.
an alternative approach excessive consumption a widespread belief

coincides with make a commitment
1 Increased social media use the increased use of smartphones.

2 Smartphone applications for retail chains’ discount cards and coupons offer to
carrying discount cards and coupons.
3 Cell phone providers are asking whole families to to them and to their products for
two years.
4 Instead of labeling teens’ heavy texting as , cell phone companies are offering an
inexpensive unlimited text message package to the whole family.
5 There is among teenagers that their parents do not use their cell phones as much
as they do.
© Cambridge University Press 2016 Photocopiable 37

UNIT 1 GRAMMAR QUIZ SCORE: / 16
NAME: DATE:
Part A
Complete the sentences with a gerund or infinitive form of the verbs in parentheses.
1 One of the disadvantages of (order) online is high shipping costs.

2 Many online retailers tend (offer) free shipping if customers spend a minimum amount
of money.
3 Some retailers offer “free” gifts with a minimum purchase, encouraging consumers (spend)
more than they normally would.
4 Advertisers might want (think) about whether or not a decrease in live television viewing
affects sales.
5 Bad weather can be responsible for (delay) the shipment of goods, which disappoints many
online consumers.
6 The benefits of (send) electronic invitations include saving money on print cards and stamps
and helping party planners track responses.
7 Popular online review websites help customers choose (eat) in the best-rated restaurants.
8 Consumers can avoid (support) bad businesses by consulting consumer websites.
Part B
Complete the sentences with a passive gerund or infinitive form of the verbs in parentheses.
1 The successful entrepreneur agreed (interview) by the marketing students.

2 Many customers at expensive shops expect (serve) by experienced, knowledgeable staff.
3 One benefit of goods (sell) online is that company employees don’t need to meet their
customers face to face.
4 The older chef needed (expose) to new cooking trends to remain successful.
5 Consumers who are interested in (offer) discounted prices at the local home goods store
must sign up online.
6 The new business owner wanted (invite) to join the local business group where she could
meet other business owners.
7 The children’s bookstore manager enjoyed (be / know) as a positive influence in his
community.
8 The retail employees proposed (pay) overtime for working during holidays.
38 © Cambridge University Press 2016 Photocopiable

UNIT 1 AVOIDING PLAGIARISM QUIZ SCORE: / 10
NAME: DATE:
Part A
Match the words with their meanings.
1 plagiarism a the punctuation you place around the original author’s exact
words in your essay
2 academic integrity pledge b restating the original author’s ideas in your own words
3 citing sources c copying other people’s exact words or ideas without
identifying who said or wrote them
4 quotation marks d a contract with your school that says you will be honest in
your studies
5 paraphrasing e identifying the places where you got information in your essay
Part B
Circle the correct MLA citation form.
1 Author:
a Solomon, Richard R.
b Richard R. Solomon.
2 Magazine article title:
a The Future of Shopping Trends.
b “The Future of Shopping Trends.”
3 Printed book title:
a Consumer Behavior: Buying, Having, and Being.
b “Consumer Behavior: Buying, Having, and Being.”
4 Dates in online information:
a Sept. 14, 2013. Retrieved Dec. 3, 2014.
b 14 Sept 2013. Web. 3 Dec. 2014.
5 Online government report:
a Environmental Protection Agency, United States.
b United States. Environmental Protection Agency.
© Cambridge University Press 2016 Photocopiable INTRODUCTION 39

UNIT 1 WRITING PROMPTS
Instructors: This is a list of possible prompts to assign as a unit writing quiz.

1 In many street markets, it is common for buyers and sellers to negotiate prices. In retail establishments,
however, there is usually a set (or firm) price. Should consumers be able to negotiate prices in retail stores?
Why or why not?
2 Many small local stores close because they can’t compete with the low prices and convenient shopping of
large chain stores. Whose responsibility is it to keep small local stores open – the business owners or the
customers? Explain.
3 Bartering – the exchange of one service for another without spending money – has been around for
thousands of years. For example, a baker might have exchanged a loaf of bread for a basket of fruit from a
farmer. In today’s economy, do you think there are benefits to bartering? Explain.
4 These days, more and more people are shopping online. Do you think online shopping will be the only
way to shop in the future? Why or why not?
5 Some children and teens try to earn money by offering services to neighbors such as yard work,
babysitting, or selling lemonade. Should they be required to purchase a business license or permit? Why or
why not?

NAME: DATE:
Circle the correct words to complete the paragraph.
In 2014, I prepared to move from my home in India to join my aunt, uncle, and cousins in Toronto,
Canada. I was glad to have the security / complexity / initially of family and a place to live in
(1)
my new country. At the same time, I adjusted / anticipated / imaged that I would have certain
(2)
difficulties once I arrived in Canada related to language, customs, and other issues. When I first arrived,
I was securely / initially / stressfully so busy that I didn’t find the time to become anxious. Soon,
(3)
however, the experience became quite stressful / initial / secure because many aspects of life were
(4)
so new. The ambitions / complexities / securities of this new world – understanding Canadian
(5)
English, learning the streets, and finding simple things like grocery stores and dry cleaners – added
to the stress. What helped me was that I always maintained an ambition / adjustment / image of
(6)
myself as a Canadian – living and working in this wonderful culture. After a year in Canada, I was
able to realize my ambition / complexity / adjustment of assimilating into Canadian society with a
(7)
good job, a nice apartment, and many new friends. I had never realized how difficult it would be to
anticipate / stress / adjust to the Canadian lifestyle, but I am truly glad I did it.
(8)
Part B: Academic Phrases

Complete the paragraph with the academic phrases in the box.
for the sake of in the case of over the course of
the writer from India in Part A, it took time to adjust to life in Canada.
(1)
She endured the hardships of being an immigrant her lifelong dream of becoming
(2)
Canadian. a year, she became more used to life in Canada.
(3)

NAME: DATE:
Part A
Complete the sentences with the correct past tense form.
1 During the 1840s, Boston a large increase of Irish immigrants due to the potato famine in Ireland.
a had been experiencing b experienced
2 The international student population at the community college by the time the ESL department
was established.
a had doubled b was doubling
3 Immigration records readily available by the time I began researching my family history last year.
a had been becoming b had become
4 A large number of immigrants through Ellis Island in the early 20th century.
a were passing b passed
5 Mario became interested in immigrating to Australia while he about the country.
a was reading b read
6 Many foreign residents of Paris French before they arrived in the city.
a were learning b had learned
7 The English professor had been living in Beijing for two years before she Mandarin.
a had studied b studied
8 Some Saudi Arabian companies their employees to study English in the U.S. before they could
continue working at the company.
a required b were requiring
Part B
Complete the paragraph with the correct past tense form of the verbs in parentheses.
In the early twentieth century, many young women from Canada moved to Massachusetts to work in
the textile mills. One young woman, Emilie Meuse, (hear) of opportunities to earn reasonable
(1)
wages in the mills. Though her family had no desire or need to leave Canada, Emilie was different. Not only
did she want to earn money, she also wanted to fulfill her dream of living in the United States. Since she
(sew) her own clothes since she was a young girl, Emilie (know) she could get a
(2) (3)
job at a mill easily. By the time she (be) ready to leave for the United States, Emilie
(4) (5)
(become) a young woman of 15. On the boat to Massachusetts, Emilie (search) the newspapers
(6)
for job vacancies when she (meet) another girl, Sarah. The two girls (become)
(7) (8)
good friends, and much to their joy, both (find) jobs in the same mill. By the time the
(9)
girls (return) home ten years later, they realized how difficult their life (be) in
(10) (11)
Massachusetts. With Sarah’s encouragement, Emilie (write) about this important piece of
(12)
American history in a memoir.

UNIT 2 AVOIDING PLAGIARISM QUIZ SCORE: /8
NAME: DATE:
Part A
Check (✓) the information that is common knowledge.
1 Facts common to your major or field
2 Studies or research by other people
3 Common myths, legends, or holidays
4 Scientific theories or philosophical ideas
5 Statistics and data
6 Common scientific or historical facts
7 Original opinions or ideas
8 Common current topics of discussion
Part B
The sentences below are from an essay. Check (✓) the sentences that should be cited.
1 Ellis Island received 12 million immigrants between the years 1892 to 1954.
2 People have been emigrating to other countries throughout history.
3 July 4 marks the day that Americans celebrate their independence from Britain.
4 Many Chinese left China for Taiwan during the early part of the twentieth century.
5 Over 125,000 Cubans arrived in Florida during the Mariel Boatlift of 1980.
6 Dr. Mark O’Neill contends that most Irish left Ireland because of British mistreatment.
7 Genealogy research can help find the paths immigrants took.
8 In 2010, immigrants made up 35 percent of the population of Los Angeles.


1 Think of the reasons that you or someone you know immigrated to a new land. Describe the physical and
emotional journey.
2 Have you or someone you know ever regretted moving to a new house, town, or country? Tell the story.
3 Tell the story of someone who moved to a place that was culturally very different. How did he or she deal
with life in the new culture?
4 Some people are married to spouses from cultures different than their own. Think of someone you know
who married someone from another culture and tell his or her story.
5 Tell a story about you or someone you know who moved to a new country temporarily. How did the trip
change his or her life after returning home?

NAME: DATE:
In China, earning a degree from an American or British institution can enhance / exhibit / summarize
(1)
one’s employability. Young Chinese people often choose to earn those degrees,
mutually / subsequently / sustainedly returning home to China to have families and care for their
(2)
parents. Parents are willing to have their children spend years studying overseas because it brings
exhibited / subsequent / mutual benefits to both generations: children will have good jobs and parents
(3)
will have better care as they age. The success of these professionals with degrees earned outside of China
sustains / reacts / summarizes the continued trend of students studying overseas. If employers in China
(4)
had a different document / reaction / exhibit to applicants with foreign degrees, this trend would
(5)
certainly not continue. Some parents, however, worry that their children will not return to China, as
reacted / sustained / documented in a recent study. A report that summarized / enhanced / sustained
(6) (7)
the results of the study showed that the majority of students do return to China. In addition, these young
professionals reacted / documented / exhibited the ability to work in growing international industries such
(8)
as trade and education, which further strengthens their connections to their communities.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the academic collocations in the box.
exhibit behavior greatly enhance mutual benefit mutual support negative reaction
1 The trade agreement provided to both countries: one received needed raw materials
and the other received needed manufactured goods.
2 According to a study, business travelers may have a to companies that are new to
them; on the other hand, they are comforted when they find familiar things in unfamiliar places.
3 Study participants said they felt that their relationship with these companies was based on
, as if they shared a common goal and wanted to help each other.
4 Satisfied business travelers that indicates familiarity and happiness, such as smiling and
thanking employees.
5 Studies show that increased migration has people’s understanding of different
cultures.

NAME: DATE:
Part A
Complete the sentences with the present perfect or the present perfect progressive form of the verb
in parentheses.
1 Once the land of opportunity, California (experience) a reverse immigration trend

recently: many native Californians are moving to other states for better work and housing opportunities.
2 Social media (make) it easier for people to stay connected to loved ones and friends,
regardless of where they live.
3 Many young professionals (choose) to live in smaller cities as opposed to large cities.
4 Smaller cities (attract) younger people with an increased variety of international
foods lately.
5 Urban centers (offer) international foods as well, perhaps to keep young professionals
in big cities.
6 The population of my college town (decrease) more this summer than in previous
summers.
7 Snowbirds – northerners from the northeastern United States and Canada – (escape) the
cold northern winters for warm, sunny South Florida for decades.
Part B
Complete the paragraph with the present perfect or the present perfect progressive form of the verb
in parentheses.
Hawaiian surfers (ride) the gentle waves of Oahu’s south shore for centuries. Visitors to the
(1)
islands quickly discovered the joys of the sport, and since the 1940s people (surf) in oceans
all over the world. Due perhaps to its tropical origins, surfing (be) seen as a warm water
(3)
sport. However, since those early days, wetsuit technology (improve). Wetsuits, rubber-like
(4)
suits that swimmers and surfers wear to keep warm, used to be awkward, uncomfortable, and unreliable.
Recently, they (get) lighter, warmer, and more comfortable. These improvements
(5) (6)
(allow) wave riders to discover new surfing locations in colder places such as Alaska, Scotland, and Norway.
Surfing (become) a truly global sport. Surfers now migrate from coast to coast in search of the
(7)
perfect waves.

NAME: DATE:
Part A
Check (✓) the things you should do to write a good paraphrase.
1 Read the material carefully for meaning.
2 Memorize the material.
3 Take notes on all main and supporting ideas.
4 Include the source in your notes.
5 Write the paraphrase from memory, or use your notes to help you.
6 Use the same language as the original author.
7 Use varied sentence structure.
Part B
Read the quotations and paraphrases. There is a problem with each paraphrase. Circle the letter of
the problem.
1 Quotation: “The Canadian Employment Ministry in June 2014 announced that fast-food, retail and hotel
industries could not obtain new low-wage, low-skilled temporary foreign workers if the jobless rate in their
region exceeds six percent. Canadian employers can have a maximum of 30 percent temporary foreign
workers in 2014, 20 percent in 2015, and 10 percent in 2016.”
Source: Migration News. UC Davis. October 2014, Volume 21, Number 4. Web. 27 March 2015.
Paraphrase: According to the Canadian Employment Ministry, fast-food, retail, and hotel industries
couldn’t get low-wage workers in 2014 if the Canadian jobless rate exceeds six percent. During that year,
Canada could employ a maximum of 30 percent foreign workers.
Problem:
a The writer did not include the source.
b The writer used the original writer’s exact words.
c The writer changed the meaning of the original writer’s words.
2 Quotation: “By the late 1990s, the US was taking in about 1m immigrants a year: 730,000 legal
immigrants, 200,000 illegal aliens and about 100,000 refugees. About 70% of legal immigrants are
admitted for the purposes of family reunification.”
Source: Hall, Ben. “Immigration in the European Union: problem or solution?” OECD Observer ©Prospect
Magazine, June 2000 / OECD Observer No 221–222, Summer 2000.
Paraphrase: Of the approximately one million immigrants to the United States in the late 1990s, most
were legal, numbering 730,000. Seventy percent of those came to the U.S. to be reunited with family
members. At that same time, refugees to the U.S. numbered roughly 100,000 while 200,000 immigrants
were considered illegal.
Problem:
b The writer used the original author’s exact words.
c The writer changed the meaning of the original author’s words.

3 Quotation: “Rapid growth in the black immigrant population is expected to continue. The Census Bureau
projects that by 2060, 16.5% of U.S. blacks will be immigrants.”
Source: Anderson, Monica. “A Rising Share of the U.S. Black Population Is Foreign Born.” Pew Research Center.
9 April 2015. Web. 1 April 2015.
Paraphrase: The Census Bureau says that 16.5% of the U.S. population will be black by 2060 because it’s
growing so rapidly, according to the Pew Research Center.
Problem:
b The writer used the original author’s exact words.
c The writer changed the meaning of the original author’s words.


1 Some cities are home to a lot of new residents who have moved there for work or school. What effects
does this new population have on those who are permanent residents?
2 Many young people move from rural communities to cities to get better jobs. How has this affected both
cities and rural communities? Are the effects positive, negative, or both? Discuss.
3 “Gentrification” is the purchase and repair of homes in poorer urban areas by those with better finances.
How has gentrification affected those who have lived in these areas for generations, the neighborhood,
and local businesses?
4 Some parents send their children overseas to study. How does this affect the relationship between these
parents and their children?
5 It has become somewhat popular for American retirees to sell their homes and move into retirement
communities. What effects does this change have on retirees’ lifestyles?

UNIT 4
1 VOCABULARY
GRAMMAR QUIZ
QUIZ SCORE: / 11
NAME: DATE:
One difference between life 100 years ago and life today is the availability of food. In the past, the
availability of certain fruits was altered / conditioned / restricted to the seasons in which they grew.
(1)
For example, consumers in North America could only expect to have peaches in the summer and apples
in the autumn. This situation is different today because advances in technology, such as refrigeration
and transportation, have concentrated / altered / restricted the way fruit is stored and sold. Oranges
(2)
can travel thousands of miles and arrive in good condition / commodity / consequence in distant
(3)
places. This year-round availability of food has contributed to an increase in the availability of fast food.
To fight against this increase in fast food, Carlo Petrini began the Slow Food movement in Italy in 1986.
The movement emphasizes that food should be from local sources and cooked slowly. Since then, it has
spread to other countries. The Slow Food movement is conditioned / concentrated / altered mostly in
(4)
developed countries. Supporters of this movement dislike how virtually / conditionally / dramatically
(5)
people’s attitudes toward food have changed in the past century. They feel that people should be more
aware of where their food comes from and value their local food traditions. They also feel strongly that a
consequence / restriction / concentration of certain aspects of the modern food industry is that our planet
(6)
is being conditionally / alternatively / virtually destroyed. Supporters of the Slow Food movement do not
(7)
see food simply as an alteration / a commodity / a consequence, but as a feature of life that should be
(8)
enjoyed slowly with others.

are likely to in the same way it is important to note
Nutritionists say that when we think about what to eat, that fresh fruit and
(1)
vegetables play an essential role in healthy eating. Fruits be sold in the same form
(2)
that they were on a tree, bush, or vine – in other words, in their natural state. ,
(3)
fresh vegetables that are sold in their natural state are preferable to canned vegetables that may include
harmful additives such as salt. Nutritionists emphasize we should eat plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables to
avoid illness and weight gain.

NAME: DATE:
Part A
Identify the noun or noun phrase and its appositive phrase in each sentence. Circle the noun and
underline its appositive phrase.
1 Indian food, a typically spicy cuisine, can be ordered with little or no spice in the United States.
2 Tourists in the Bahamas like to order peas and rice, a staple food of the island country.
3 Saffron, a favorite local Thai restaurant, offers both vegetarian and gluten-free dishes.
4 A traditional Spanish dish, paella, is made with rice, chicken, shellfish, and vegetables.
5 Escargot, the French word for “snail,” is delicious despite its unappetizing look and texture.
6 It is easy to order Chinese food without MSG – monosodium glutamate – nowadays.
7 A necessary element for bone health, calcium, can now be found in food and drinks such as orange juice
as well as in dairy foods.
Part B
Correct the mistake in the appositive in each sentence.
1 Food trucks, which trucks equipped to cook and serve food, are becoming a popular dining option for
food enthusiasts.
2 Both amateur and professional chefs can be seen in food competition shows TV programs in which people
compete to make the best food in front of judges.
3 San Diego has a lot of farm-to-table restaurants, are restaurants that source and serve food from local farms.
4 Trout a kind of freshwater fish is a common menu item in the Blue Ridge Mountain region of North
Carolina.
5 Shopping at a farmers’ market, street market featuring local produce, meat, and homemade baked goods,
is a great way to support local food producers.
6 The U.S. FDA – which the United States Food and Drug Administration – requires that all food sold in
supermarkets list ingredients and nutritional information.

NAME: DATE:
Part A
Check (✓) the credible sources for use in a research paper about sustainable farming.
1 a friend who writes novels about farming life
2 a professor of agriculture at your university
3 a gossip magazine about celebrities who now farm
4 a scholarly journal on recent large-scale farm practices in the midwestern U.S.
5 a BBC website article on small farm protests in the UK
Part B
Check (✓) the three best sources for a research paper about the organic food movement.
1 an article about organic food in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Press magazine
published in 2011
2 a Wikipedia entry on the organic food movement
3 a Washington Post article on a study of organic crops and pesticides, written in 2014
4 a daily blog about eating an organic diet
5 a New York Times article comparing supermarkets and health food stores, published in 1979
6 an article about the safety of organic ingredients from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s website


1 The proverb “Eat to live; don’t live to eat” means that eating should be something you should do to
maintain health, not a fun activity. Compare and contrast people who live to eat and people who eat
to live.
2 Think of two distinct regions in your country. Compare and contrast the food culture in both regions.
3 Do men and women eat differently? Compare and contrast them.
4 Compare and contrast fresh and frozen fruits and vegetables.
5 Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of making home-cooked foods and eating
fast food.

NAME: DATE:
1 Doctors need to be able to communicate quickly with patients who experience anxiety / probability /
tendencies between appointments.
2 There is an irrational / apparent / anxious connection between patients’ stress levels and wait time for
doctors to provide them with test results.
3 The patients’ appointments, phone calls, and stress are all probable / demonstrated / triggered by new
symptoms or increased pain.
4 Patients’ fears can seem irrational / logical / probable because there may not be a good reason to think
they need immediate medical attention.
5 From the patient’s point of view, the logical / triggered / demonstrated thing to do might be to contact
the doctor and make sure everything is fine.
6 Since many patients have a probability / tendency / trigger to worry about medical issues, doctors have
begun to use social media such as blogging to help patients outside of office hours.
7 Some doctors send mass email notifications of new blog posts to reduce the probability / anxiety / logic
that patients will seek time-consuming answers to general questions.
8 To help patients with anxiety, some doctors provide triggers / logic / demonstrations of the anxiety-
reducing techniques described in their posts and messages.

Complete the paragraph with the correct forms of the academic phrases in the box.
basic logic clearly demonstrate high probability irrational tendency logical conclusion
There are several ways that parents can help children who are victims of cyberbullying. While
would say that staying connected to bullies online is unhealthy, children might
(1)
not realize this without their parents’ help. They can also monitor their children’s Internet use and try to stop
their to stay connected to bullies on social media. While some parents can help
(2)
their children, research that many teenagers need outside help, perhaps from a
(3)
school counselor or psychologist. Without this help, there is a that cyberbullying
(4)
will continue. The is that the problem of cyberbullying needs to be prevented
(5)
because it is doing so much harm to these young people.

UNIT 5 VOCABULARY QUIZ
NAME: DATE:
Part A
Complete the sentences with the correct it construction.
1 at reviews of doctors on the Internet before contacting one.
a It is common to look b It is common for look c It common to look
2 Some doctors say with them after certain medical procedures.
a it is necessary check b it necessary that check c it is necessary to check
3 a second opinion before undergoing surgery.
a It is recommend you to get b It is recommended that you get c Is recommended you get
4 your medical history online through your doctor’s office’s website.
a Is easy to check b It is easy you check c It is easy to check
5 Nowadays, during patient visits a patient’s notes by hand; many doctors type
notes directly into a patient’s electronic medical file.
a it seem unusual to record b it seems unusual record c it seems unusual to record
6 strangers’ unreliable stories of their medical problems on some websites.
a It is not advisable to believe b It is not advisable for believe c Is not advisable believe
Part B
Correct the mistake in each sentence.
1 It is important for people use reliable websites to research cures for medical problems.
2 It might harmful for children to have smartphones.
3 Instead of asking family or friends, it is better seeking medical advice from doctors.
4 Is necessary for high schools to offer classes to students about the dangers of cyberbullying.
5 It might be better people to use different email addresses for their work and personal correspondence.
6 When visiting places with high occurrences of infectious diseases, is crucial to check government websites
for health warnings.
7 Instead of consulting a doctor, it seems for many people are more likely to read about illnesses on the
Internet.
8 It appears that children to have more access to the Internet nowadays than ever before.

UNIT 5 AVOIDING PLAGIARISM QUIZ SCORE: / 10
NAME: DATE:
Part A
Check (✓) the good time management strategies when writing an essay.
1 Make a list of tasks you need to do.
2 Write down a start and finish date or time for each task.
3 Don’t worry about revising if you are a good writer.
4 Wait until the day before it is due to start writing.
5 Plan how much time to spend on each task in advance.
6 Get help from an instructor, classmate, or friend if needed.
7 Spend as much time as possible conducting Internet research.
Part B
Read each scenario. Circle the letter of the time management strategy each student should use.
1 Carlos has to write a problem-solution essay about students texting in class. He feels overwhelmed because
he has so much to organize before he even starts writing. What should he do?
a Divide the project into a list of smaller tasks.
b Cross off each task when it is completed to see progress.
c Leave time at the end to review and revise the essay.
2 Marcia tends to spend too much time on the Internet researching her topic. Then she doesn’t have
enough time to write her essay. What should she do?
a Avoid procrastination.
b Look at the due date and decide when she needs to start.
c Decide how much time is needed to spend on each task.
3 Frank has written the first draft of his essay, but he hasn’t had a chance to rewrite it before tomorrow’s
due date. What should he do?
a Look at the due date and decide when you need to start.
b Leave time at the end to review and revise the essay.
c Divide the project into a list of smaller tasks.
4 Justin made a list of things to do for his essay. Since he has been really busy with his other classes and
work, he isn’t sure which tasks he has completed. What should he do?
a Leave time at the end to review and revise the essay.
b Look at the due date and decide when he needs to start.
c Cross off each task when it is completed to see progress.


1 Some people are addicted to social media and feel they have to constantly let others know everything that
is going on in their lives. What are some of the problems this might cause on both a personal level and to
society as a whole?
2 How can middle-aged businesspeople with limited knowledge of social media gain needed skills to use it
in their businesses?
3 Today high school clubs often communicate with members through social media alone. However, some
younger high school students are not allowed to have social media accounts. What are some problems
with requiring these students to join social media sites?
4 What can schools do to make students use electronic devices such as smartphones and tablets for
educational purposes only while in school?
5 Some people go to online discussion boards and forums for information about prescription medicine.
What problems can using these sites cause?

NAME: DATE:
The main idea of Andrew Baum’s article “Obtaining and Using Information on the Job” is that there are
negative aspects of information overload that we need to understand. Baum contends that when we receive
increasingly larger amounts of information, it is constant / inevitable / minimized that we will experience a
(1)
decrease in concentration and focus. Baum points to studies showing that if the amount of information that
needs to be processed exceeds / attributes / deviates someone’s processing abilities, his or her ability to
(2)
think clearly can be established / inevitable / minimized or even reduced to zero. He concludes that people
(3)
should attribute / establish / dismiss a list of clear questions that need to be answered before searching for
(4)
information, and that these be used as a guide throughout the research process. I agree with Baum’s article,
and I think too many workers dismiss / deviate / exceed the dangers of information overload. Most people
(5)
in the workplace understand very well that the Internet can be a waste of time. Most of them have dealt
with the deviate / constant / minimal temptation to play a game or message a friend rather than work.
(6)
In addition, many students have sometimes dismissed / established / attributed an inability to complete
(7)
their homework to distractions on their computers. I agree with one of Baum’s points quite strongly: workers
and students should establish a practice of making a list of clear questions that need to be answered before
conducting research. I think if they follow this practice and try not to dismiss / attribute / deviate from it,
(8)
they can ignore distractions and get their work done.

at the same time part of the the idea of
Zhang really makes it clear how collaboration was key to the two
(1)
computer scientists’ early achievements. He points out that while they worked closely together
over the years, , Bosworth and Sanchez did not always agree on things.
(2)
reason that this article is so well written is that Zhang is able to take complex ideas
(3)
about technology and explain them to a non-expert reader in a clear way.

NAME: DATE:
Part A
1 I’m not sure how / where bloggers can think of so many topics to write about on a daily basis.
2 Students conducting research on the Internet must determine whether / which a source is trustworthy
or not.
3 Employers have the right to give a warning to employees how / when they spend time on social media
sites during work hours.
4 If / Which political advertisements appear on a website, most readers who have a different viewpoint will
seek other sources for news.
5 With so many options of communication available today, it is hard to decide whether / which method
is best.
6 Nowadays, no matter when / where people live, they can stay connected to the rest of the world easily.
Part B
Correct the mistake in each sentence.
1 I will stop reading those newspapers which they continue to charge fees for online access to articles.
2 Whether or not people are smarter today with access to a large amount of information on the Internet,
it is debatable.
3 Whether or not students post to classroom discussion boards are still an option in my classes.
4 It helps me stay on top of my assignments when does my professor use our class website to post
homework.
5 How students can determine which ideas to annotate in a text are a skill they will learn in this class.
6 News websites that offers unbiased news stories are generally more reliable.

NAME: DATE:
Part A
Match the students’ scenarios with the letter of the best note-taking strategy.
Scenario Note-Taking Strategy

1 For her essay on Steve Jobs, Rosaria did Internet a Write all the source
research using her notebook computer in a coffee information at the top:
shop. She doesn’t type well, so she takes notes on authors, titles, dates,
paper. She forgot her notebook, so she wrote her mediums, and pages.
notes on coffee napkins.
2 Thomas read a lot of interesting data from experts b Take notes in a notebook,
in the information technology field for his essay. on index cards, or in a
He took a lot of notes, but now he forgets if he document on the computer.
copied the ideas from the texts or if he changed
the language.
3 Simon took ten pages of notes on his topic c Use big quotation marks
of expanding access to technology to Third and write the word quote
World countries. He needs to incorporate for exact words, and write
this information in his paper, but he doesn’t paraphrase when you restate
remember where he got all of the information. someone’s words.
Part B
Read the excerpt from an original source and Jonah’s notes. Check (✓) the problems with his notes.
Text from Original Source

“Teens are increasingly sharing personal information on social media sites, a trend that is likely driven
by the evolution of the platforms teens use as well as changing norms around sharing. A typical teen’s
MySpace profile from 2006 was quite different in form and function from the 2006 version of Facebook as
well as the Facebook profiles that have become a hallmark of teenage life today. For the five different types
of personal information that we measured in both 2006 and 2012, each is significantly more likely to be
shared by teen social media users on the profile they use most often.
• 91% post a photo of themselves, up from 79% in 2006.
• 71% post their school name, up from 49%.
• 71% post the city or town where they live, up from 61%.
• 53% post their email address, up from 29%.
• 20% post their cell phone number, up from 2%.
“Generally speaking, older teen social media users (ages 14–17), are more likely to share certain types of
information on the profile they use most often when compared with younger teens (ages 12–13).”
Source: Madden, Mary, et al. “Teens, Social Media, and Privacy.” Pew Research Center. 21 May 2013. Web. 13 April 2015.
http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/05/21/teens-social-media-and-privacy/

UNIT 6 PLAGIARISM QUIZ
Jonah’s Notes 4/1/15 – pg. 1

• Teens share personal info on social media changes in sharing norms
• MySpace and Facebook profiles different in 2006 than in ’12
• 5 different types surveyed in ’06 and ’12:
QUOTE:
“91% post a photo of themselves, up from 79% in 2006.
71% post their school name, up from 49%.
71% post the city or town where they live, up from 61%.
53% post their email address, up from 29%.
20% post their cell phone number, up from 2%”
• Older teens share on the profile most used – more than younger kids
1 no source listed
2 content of original text changed
3 no quotations around quoted material
4 missing information at top of note page: date, page number, author, medium
5 no indication of paraphrased material

UNIT 6 WRITING PROMPT
Instructors: This is a copy of “Stop knocking curation (adapted)” from page 184 of the Student’s Book
(without the annotations). The students have already read it in class. You can assign it as a unit writing quiz
with the following directions:
1 Read the article again and annotate it.
2 Write a summary and response. Use your own ideas.
Curation is the act of finding and organizing information on a topic online, while also providing links to
the original content. Companies that benefit from using content curation include the Huffington Post,
an insightful online news aggregator and blog, and Reddit, a popular website where contributions from
its community members provide for amusing discussions and tales from the world of entertainment, news,
and social networking.
Stop knocking curation Steven Rosenbaum (adapted)
Curation is a growing concept as the enormous volume of mostly identical content has made it nearly
impossible for mere mortals to find useful, thoughtful, contextual content on the Web. But its practice is
undervalued. In just one example, a 2012 writing in The Atlantic called “curate” one of the “words we’d
just as soon never write or see or hear spoken again.”
I disagree. Information overload inevitably drives content consumers to look for human-filtered,
journalist-vetted, intellectually related material. This demand for coherence isn’t unreasonable; it’s
essential. And for those who think and write every day, gathering bits of ideas here and there that can
be turned into a thoughtful narrative “on a topic” isn’t cheating, or being lazy. Far from it. For those
who would dismiss or minimize curating, it is in many ways harder than writing (at least good curating
is). It’s far easier for me to write 500 words from my head than to find themes and sources and tie them
into a broader narrative.
Now, my issue with the current state of curation is that there are many people who wrongly attribute
misguided meanings to the word. In so doing, they deviate from the core concepts that make curation so
appealing and relevant.
Curation started as a term for a practice that was emerging over the past few years to filter the
overabundance of data and create quality, thoughtful, human-organized collections. The most urgent
need for curation was in Web content. This is because there is far too much data being produced by
digital devices, video-enabled mobile phones, auto-tweeting devices, and overzealous Facebook friends.
Curators create entirely new editorial works by finding, filtering, and contextualizing. Meaning is
produced from within massive amounts of data.

Curation, in its purest form, helps to establish a solution to a problem that meets a growing need.
But then a bunch of random marketers and sign makers got in the act. Today, things are curated that
shouldn’t be. For example, a wine store can be known as a “social wine store” (whatever that means)
if it claims to provide “curated” craft beer and spirits. As if another wine shop isn’t “curated” (heck,
they just stock whatever boxed wine they can get their hands on).
If the word curation is allowed to be diluted to simply mean “selected” or “quality collection,” then
it no longer solves the problem we need it to solve. Content needs curation. The constant overflow of
unfiltered content would overwhelm us if there was no one to objectively organize and watch over it.
Wine doesn’t pose this problem.
Here are a few scary stats: Everyday, 50 million photos are uploaded to Facebook, 864,000 hours of
video are uploaded to YouTube, and 294 BILLION emails are sent. That’s why you can’t read all the
mail you get anymore.
This all makes curation an important, even essential, part of journalism. The world is full of
meaningless data. Readers are hungry for clarity and understanding. And journalists are trained to find
meaning and assemble facts into something that can be rationally and logically understood. They’re
rewarded with enlightened readers, engaged audiences, and a revitalized role in the new world. In this
new world, anyone can be a creator of information. Quality curation is a wonderful thing.
Adapted from “Stop Knocking Curation” by Steven Rosenbaum, www.cjr.org/the_kicker/leave_curation_alone.php.

Reproduced with permission of Columbia Journalism Review.

NAME: DATE:
It is important for young people to have complete freedom in choosing their friends. The main
reason is they need to be able to make their own constraints / conclusions / evidence about who
(1)
is a good friend and who is not. Perception / Capacity / Evidence from various studies shows that it
(2)
is healthy for children to make their own choices in friendships, as long as parents are aware of these
friendships. Young people are more honest with each other without adults around, which means that
children have a better conclusion / constraint / perception of who their peers are than any adult.
(3)
Parents may equate / select / constrain their children’s choices in friends to an inability of becoming
(4)
successfully independent. However, children have the evidence / stability / capacity to choose friends
(5)
that may lead to long-lasting and stable / selective / constraining friendships. They are naturally
(6)
capable / stable / selective about the friendships they make. Parents choosing friends for their children is
(7)
an unfair conclusion / constraint / selection on young people who must learn, grow, and make mistakes
(8)
in relationships. If young people cannot make these mistakes, they cannot learn how to choose friends.

draw conclusions popular perception strong evidence

have the capacity stable relationship
There is a among many parents that children should learn how to

(1)
communicate online from a very young age. However, this is not necessarily true. While younger children
may to use a computer or smartphone, it does not mean that they are old
(2)
enough to understand the online world. Parents need to protect their children until they can understand
and about the content they are reading. Until there is

(3) (4)
showing that it is safe for young children to communicate online, it is better not to allow them to do so until
they are older. If parents can establish a with their children by offering support
(5)
and modeling good Internet behavior, it is the first step in educating kids about how to use the Internet
responsibly.

NAME: DATE:
Part A
1 Single-gender classes at / which / what some schools use different activities to teach the same concepts
to both boys and girls.
2 Teachers who / which / for teach in single-gender schools may receive special training on the ways boys
and girls learn differently.
3 Boys what / who / from prefer hands-on activities enjoy spatial and experiential learning.
4 Girls typically like to participate in verbal activities which / in / who class, including discussions and
debates.
5 Some studies show that older boys and girls who / which / about are in single-gender classrooms are
more comfortable because there is less pressure.
6 Single-gender classes which / what / in lower grades offer more chances for gender-specific play.
7 Schools that offer single-gender education appeal to some parents who / at / what want their children
to focus more on academic study.
Part B
Correct the mistake in reduced relative clauses in each sentence below.
1 Many people live in Miami, Florida come from all over Latin America, the Caribbean, and the northern
United States.
2 It is impossible to go anywhere in Miami without hearing a variety of languages included English, Spanish,
Creole, and Portuguese.
3 Those looked for better living conditions moved to the cities in the last half of the twentieth century.
4 There is a lot of delicious Latin American food waits in every part of Miami.
5 Lively social customs represent the many different cultures can be found all over the city.
6 People move to this city today have the opportunity to learn about and understand different cultures.

NAME: DATE:
Part A
If you include a graph or chart in your essay:
1 Set the graph or chart close to the text / source / Work Cited page that refers to it.
2 Include the word summary / reference / figure and its number, and a short caption above the graph
or chart.
3 Include a summary / information / a citation about the source below the graph or chart.
4 Refer to the figure in your essay and write a reference / text / summary of the information in the graph
or chart.
5 Do not include a citation / figure / text in Works Cited if you write the source below the chart or graph.
6 If you refer to a graph or chart, but do not include it in your essay: Include an in-text summary /
reference / information like all other citations, and include a citation in Works Cited.
Part B
A student wants to use this graph in an essay. What needs to be added to avoid plagiarism?
Label the graph with the phrases from the box. You will not use all of the phrases.
a graph label a short explanation of the information in the graph today’s date
recent statistics the source
Internet has Most Positive Influence on Education,

Least Positive on Morality
Meridian saying increasing use of internet has had a on...
Good influence Bad influence No influence 2
Education 64% 18% 8%
Personal
53 25 10
relationships
Economy 52 19 15
3
Politics 36 30 16
Morality 28 42 12
* Asked in 32 emerging and developing developing nations.

Source: Spring 2014 Global Attitudes surver. Q75a–e.
PEW RESEARCH CENTER


1 Do you agree or disagree with some companies’ policy of checking applicants’ credit history in addition to
professional and personal references?
2 Do you think that mental health is as important as physical health? Should society support both equally?
Why or why not?
3 Some people believe that birth order determines people’s personalities: first-born children are achievers
and controlling; middle children are peacemakers and popular; last-born children like attention and are
out-going; and only children (children without siblings) are more adult and good leaders. Do you agree or
disagree that birth order makes a difference in personality? Explain.
4 In his poem Mending Wall, the American poet Robert Frost wrote, “Good fences make good neighbors.”
This means that it is easier to get along with your neighbor if you both respect each other’s privacy.
Do you agree or disagree with this idea? Explain.
5 Politics, religion, and money are three topics Americans generally avoid during social gatherings. Do you
think that these topics should be avoided at social gatherings? Why or why not?
6 Today, many primary and secondary schools in the United States – both public and private – require school
uniforms. Some believe it allows students to focus on learning, while others think it prevents students from
expressing themselves as individuals. Do you think schools should require uniforms? Explain.

UNIT QUIZZES Unit 2 Grammar
Part A
ANSWER KEY 1 b 3 b 5 a 7 b
2 a 4 b 6 b 8 a
UNIT 1 Part B
1 had heard 7 met
Unit 1 Vocabulary 2 had been sewing 8 became
Part A 3 knew 9 found
1 a commitment 5 expose 4 was 10 returned
2 widespread 6 coincides 5 had become 11 had been
3 an ethical 7 radical 6 was searching 12 wrote
4 alternative 8 excessive
Unit 2 Avoiding Plagiarism
Part B
Part A
1 coincides with 4 excessive
Check: 1, 3, 6, 8
2 an alternative consumption
approach 5 a widespread belief Part B
3 make a commitment Check: 1, 5, 6, 8
Unit 1 Grammar
UNIT 3
Part A
1 ordering 5 delaying Unit 3 Vocabulary
2 to offer 6 sending
3 to spend 7 to eat
Part A
4 to think 8 supporting
1 enhance 5 reaction
2 subsequently 6 documented
Part B 3 mutual 7 summarized
1 to be interviewed 5 being offered 4 sustains 8 exhibited
2 to be served 6 to be invited
3 being sold 7 being known
Part B
4 to be exposed 8 being paid
1 mutual benefits 4 exhibit behavior
2 negative reaction 5 greatly enhanced
Unit 1 Avoiding Plagiarism 3 mutual support
Part A Unit 3 Grammar

1 c 2 d 3 e 4 a 5 b
Part A
Part B 1 has been 4 have been attracting
1 a 2 b 3 a 4 b 5 b experiencing 5 have been offering
2 has made 6 has decreased
3 have chosen 7 have been escaping
UNIT 2
Part B
Unit 2 Vocabulary 1 have been riding 5 have gotten
Part A 2 have been surfing 6 have allowed
1 security 5 complexities 3 has been 7 has become
2 anticipated 6 image 4 has improved
3 initially 7 ambition
4 stressful 8 adjust Unit 3 Avoiding Plagiarism
Part A
Part B
Check: 1, 4, 5, 7
1 In the case of 3 Over the course of
2 for the sake of
68 UNIT QUIZZES ANSWER KEY

a
Part B 5 Shopping at a farmers’ market, street market
^
1 b 2 a 3 c featuring local produce, meat, and homemade
baked goods, is a great way to support local
UNIT 4 food producers.
6 The U.S. FDA – which the United States Food
Unit 4 Vocabulary and Drug Administration – requires that all
Part A food sold in supermarkets list ingredients and
1 restricted 5 dramatically nutritional information.
2 altered 6 consequence
3 condition 7 virtually
4 concentrated 8 a commodity Part A
Check: 2, 4, 5
Part B
1 it is important to 2 are likely to Part B
note 3 In the same way Check: 1, 3, 6
Unit 4 Grammar
UNIT 5
Part A
1 Noun: Indian food Unit 5 Vocabulary
Appositive Phrase: a typically spicy cuisine
Part A
2 N: peas and rice
1 anxiety 5 logical
AP: a staple food of the island country
2 apparent 6 tendency
3 N: Saffron
3 triggered 7 probability
AP: a favorite local Thai restaurant
4 irrational 8 demonstrations
4 N: paella
AP: A traditional Spanish dish Part B
5 N: Escargot 1 basic logic 4 high probability
AP: the French word for “snail” 2 irrational tendency 5 logical conclusion
6 N: MSG 3 clearly demonstrates
AP: monosodium glutamate
7 N: calcium Unit 5 Grammar
AP: A necessary element for bone health Part A
Part B 1 a 2 c 3 b 4 c 5 c 6 a
1 Food trucks, which trucks equipped to cook Part B
and serve food, are becoming a popular dining to
option for food enthusiasts. 1 It is important for people use reliable websites
^
2 Both amateur and professional chefs alike to research cures for medical problems.
be
can be seen in food competition shows, TV 2 It might harmful for children to have
^ ^
programs in which people compete to make smartphones.
the best food in front of judges. 3 Instead of asking family or friends, it is better
to seek
3 San Diego has a lot of farm-to-table restaurants, seeking medical advice from doctors.
It is
are restaurants that source and serve food from 4 Is necessary for high schools to offer classes to
local farms.
students about the dangers of cyberbullying.
4 Trout , a kind of freshwater fish , is a common for
^ ^ 5 It might be better people to use different
menu item in the Blue Ridge Mountain region ^
email addresses for their work and personal
of North Carolina.
correspondence.

6 When visiting places with high occurrences 4 It helps me stay on top of my assignments
it uses
of infectious diseases, is crucial to check when does my professor use our class website
^
government websites for health warnings. to post homework.
that
7 Instead of consulting a doctor, it seems for 5 How students can determine which ideas to
is
many people are more likely to read about annotate in a text are a skill they will learn in
illnesses on the Internet. this class.
offer
8 It appears that children to have more access to 6 News websites that offers unbiased news stories
the Internet nowadays than ever before. are generally more reliable.
Unit 5 Avoiding Plagiarism Unit 6 Avoiding Plagiarism

Part A Part A
Check: 1, 2, 5, 6 1 b 2 c 3 a
Part B Part B
1 a 2 c 3 b 4 c Check: 1, 4, 5
UNIT 6 UNIT 7
Unit 6 Vocabulary Unit 7 Vocabulary
Part A Part A
1 inevitable 5 dismiss 1 conclusions 5 capacity
2 exceeds 6 constant 2 Evidence 6 stable
3 minimized 7 attributed 3 perception 7 selective
4 establish 8 deviate 4 equate 8 constraint
Part B Part B
1 the idea of 3 Part of the 1 popular perception 4 strong evidence
2 at the same time 2 have the capacity 5 stable relationship
3 draw conclusions
Unit 6 Grammar
Part A Unit 7 Grammar
1 how 4 If Part A
2 whether 5 which 1 at 3 who 5 who 7 who
3 when 6 where 2 who 4 in 6 in
Part B Part B
if living
1 I will stop reading those newspapers which they 1 Many people live in Miami, Florida come from
continue to charge fees for online access to all over Latin America, the Caribbean, and the
articles. northern United States.
2 Whether or not people are smarter today with
access to a large amount of information on the
Internet, it is debatable.
3 Whether or not students post to classroom
is
discussion boards are still an option in my
classes.
70 UNIT QUIZZES ANSWER KEY

2 It is impossible to go anywhere in Miami
including
without hearing a variety of languages included
English, Spanish, Creole, and Portuguese.
looking
3 Those looked for better living conditions moved
to the cities in the last half of the twentieth
century.
4 There is a lot of delicious Latin American food
waiting
waits in every part of Miami.
representing
5 Lively social customs represent the many
different cultures can be found all over the city.
moving
6 People move to this city today have the
opportunity to learn about and understand
different cultures.

Part A
1 text 4 summary
2 figure 5 citation
3 information 6 reference
Part B
1 a graph label
2 a short explanation of the information
in the graph
3 the source

UNIT QUIZZES WRITING RUBRIC
Final Draft Writing Assignment Rubric
CATEGORY CRITERIA SCORE

Language Use Grammar and vocabulary are accurate, appropriate, and varied.
Sentence types are varied and used appropriately.
Level of formality (register) shows a good understanding of audience and
purpose.
Mechanics (capitalization, punctuation, indentation, and spelling) are
strong.
Organization Writing is well-organized and follows the conventions of academic
& Mode writing:
(structure) • Paragraph – topic sentence, supporting details, concluding sentence
• Essay – introduction with thesis, body paragraphs, conclusion
Rhetorical mode is used correctly and appropriately.
Research is clearly and correctly integrated into student writing
(if applicable).
Coherence, Sentences within a paragraph flow logically with appropriate transitions;
Clarity, & Unity paragraphs within an essay flow logically with appropriate transitions.
Sentences and ideas are clear and make sense to the reader.
All sentences in a paragraph relate to the topic sentence; all paragraphs in
an essay relate to the thesis.
Content & Writing completes the task and fully answers the prompt.
Development Content is meaningful and interesting.
(meaning) Main points and ideas are fully developed with good support and logic.
How well does the response meet the criteria? Recommended Score
At least 90% 25
At least 80% 20
At least 70% 15
At least 60% 10
At least 50% 5
Less than 50% 0
Total Score Possible per Section 25
Total Score Possible 100
Feedback:
72 UNIT QUIZZES WRITING RUBRIC © Cambridge University Press 2016 Photocopiable


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4

Copyright Material - Review

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of

Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107495593

© Cambridge University Press 2016

First published 2016

ISBN 978-1-107-49557-9 Student’s Book Level 4

Additional resources for this publication at www.cambridge.org/finaldraft

Unit 2 Narrative Essays 15

Unit 3 Cause and Effect Essays 18

Unit 4 Comparison and Contrast Essays 22

Unit 5 Problem-Solution Essays 25

Unit 6 Summary-Response Essays 28

Unit 7 Argumentative Essays 31

Unit 8 Test Taking 35

Unit Overview and Teaching Suggestions

1 PREPARE YOUR IDEAS

A Connect to Academic Writing

B Reflect on the Topic

2 EXPAND YOUR KNOWLEDGE

B Academic Collocations / Academic Phrases

C Writing in the Real World

B Unit Structure or Rhetorical Mode

B Grammar for Writing

STEP 3: MAKE AN OUTLINE

STEP 4: WRITE YOUR FIRST DRAFT

B Reflect on the Topic page 14 2.4 page 19

Analyze Writing Skills pages 20–22

12 STUDENT’S BOOK ANSWER KEY

STUDENT’S BOOK ANSWER KEY 13

14 STUDENT’S BOOK ANSWER KEY

Avoiding Common Mistakes page 38 5 WRITE YOUR ESSAY

them to shop. Many companies think that HISTORY: IMMIGRATION

than three months. As a result, some companies

STUDENT’S BOOK ANSWER KEY 15

16 STUDENT’S BOOK ANSWER KEY

B Narrative Essays page 58 A Writing Skill 1: Parallel Structure

STUDENT’S BOOK ANSWER KEY 17

had to register and obtain a certificate of Possible answers:

18 STUDENT’S BOOK ANSWER KEY

A Academic Vocabulary page 82 Student Model page 86

3 Answers will vary.

STUDENT’S BOOK ANSWER KEY 19

3.4 page 91 Possible answer:

20 STUDENT’S BOOK ANSWER KEY

STUDENT’S BOOK ANSWER KEY 21

4 COMPARISON AND CONTRAST 2.3 page 117

ESSAYS Possible answers:

1 PREPARE YOUR IDEAS 3 Similarly

B Reflect on the Topic page 112 3 STUDY ACADEMIC WRITING

1.1 page 112 A Student Model page 118

22 STUDENT’S BOOK ANSWER KEY

STUDENT’S BOOK ANSWER KEY 23

In summary, artificial foods are superior to natural 4.4 page 133

4 SHARPEN YOUR SKILLS 1 A division of PepsiCo, Frito-Lay sells potato

24 STUDENT’S BOOK ANSWER KEY

4.7 page 137 2.3 page 149

B Reflect on the Topic page 144