Module No.

and Title : Module 7: Policing the Internet

Lesson No. and Title : Lesson 1: Privacy and Surveillance
Lesson 2: Online Ethics

Learning Outcomes:

In this chapter you will learn about:

 Determine if you are using the internet safely
 Know various kinds of information threats in the internet
 Understand the different terminologies about privacy and surveillance and
online ethics
 Apply the guidelines of proper etiquettes online

Time Frame: 3 Hours

Introduction:
Hello my dear students! Welcome to this chapter, data breach is a cybercrime
in which a cybercriminal extracts data from a certain source, usual data breach is done
through remote network or through a physical access to a computer or a network. The
internet police on the other hand, is an organization led by the government agencies in
countries that are in charge with policing internet. Keep Fighting! And Enjoy Learning!

Activity: (ANSWER THIS)

Answer the following questions:
1. Have you ever been experience your personal data was stolen through the
internet? How did you handle it?
2. How safe is your internet privacy?

Analysis: (ANSWER THIS)

Answer the following questions:
1. In your own way, how to stay safe online? Discuss your answer

Abstraction:
A. Privacy and Surveillance

Data Breach

Data breach is a cybercrime in

which a cybercriminal extracts data from
a source. Usually, data breach is done
through remote network or through a
physical access to a computer or
network. Cybercriminals have a
systematic way of implementing a
breach. At first, they are doing a research
with regards to the weaknesses of the
source's security. Once they knew the weakness, they will take advantage of it to
attack to initiate a contact with a network. Then, if the cybercriminal has connection
with the source, he/she can now successfully extract the data.

Cybercriminals are using data breach to get a way to perform an information

fraud, credit card duplication, theft, identity theft, and other crimes that will be needing
a person's personal data. Name, birthdate, identification number, email address,
mailing address, credit card and bank account numbers and many other kind of
information are being stolen from a source to be used for other crimes.

With this, companies - like banks, hospitals, email providers, that are holding
personal data - are keeping on reminding their clients to be careful with their data
because with the technology today, all data are vulnerable to be leaked and used by
other person.

Cybercrime Police

Internet police is an organization led by government agencies in countries that

are in charge with policing internet. With the vast connectivity of the world, the internet
police have a great responsibility to keep the internet space a safe space where
cybercrime is prevalent. The purpose of the internet police will depend on the country
or state which can be fighting a cybercrime, propaganda and censorship.
In the Philippines, the government has its
AntiCybercrime Group that is led by the Philippine
National Police. It is responsible to enforce laws on
cybercrime to attain effective cybercrime
campaign. The PNP ACG have a vision of a safer
cyber environment by 2025. PNP ACG are capable
of conducting cybercrime investigations and
arresting of cybercriminals. Also, they can do other
things like to recover data and forensic analysis on
all devices involved in doing the crime. All these
are implemented so that internet users can observe
a safer space and environment in the internet.

Usage of security applications

Application security is protection for software, hardware and another
procedural method for external threats. The security application is progressively
important due to the development of applications which is accessible over the
networks. Security is designed to protect important files from unauthorized code and
reaching, stealing and removing of data. Application users do not know what these
apps do to their phones, PC and other digital gadgets. Some applications require
permission to get access through your settings and ask some requirements to be
accessed. Some will ask permission about your location, contact, and accounts (email).

Spyware is a program or software that will steal information and changing user
data. It is usually taken by unauthorized installation of software, downloading
applications and a random pop up advertisement. Spyware can usually get into the
computer or phone through shareware and freeware. From these, the spyware can
successfully install and start transferring data or collecting it.

Types of security application:

1. Auditing - Recording and tracking the execution of the application. In

tracking the execution of the application, you will notice if there are any
suspicious on the application. Also you should able to trail the events.
2. Authentication - It should be only the user who can log in and run the
application. Only the valid information can reach this software.
3. Authorization - It should be only the authorized user who can change,
edit, and read all the information inside the application. If there's any
suspicious activity, the user or the owner should be verified through email,
personal phone number or any that can reach that will notify the user.
4. Cryptography - assurance of privacy to the user, unauthorized user should
not be able to edit, change, copy, or read the information inside the
application. The security must be strong enough to secure the application.

State of Privacy in the Internet

How safe is your internet privacy?

Privacy is probably the most important thing that we need to take care of when
it comes to the internet. According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, privacy is the
quality or state of being apart from company or observation. If we're going to. apply it
to our information, our personal information should not be out in public, it should be
personal; for your eyes only.

In this world, there are already loads of cybercriminals (hackers, crackers, etc.)
who can get your information in a snap. Just in United States of America, there are
over ten (10) million cases a year of identity theft. There are countless cases that credit
card information and email details gets stolen, security nuinbers and identifying data
obtained, and addresses known. All happened with the help of the internet.

Even when connecting to a public Wi-Fi, your personal data could be at risk.
Whether you're at a coffee shop, in a library, in the mall, or even hundred and thousands
of feet off the ground, these public Wi-Fi can help risk of information leakage. But
how is this done? Open Wi-Fi networks or public networks allow channels to
communicate. Since there are a lot of people connected to one internet connection, or
Wt-Fi, this allows hackers to transverse through each channel or device and spy on
what those other networks are doing. What is making these public networks that
dangerous? It's their lack of encryption.

Encryption is the process of encoding information wherein only the authorized

people can access those information. With most of the public networks not encrypting
their communication between WiFi and the user or the device connected to it, this
allows the hackers to get into the unprotected channel and easily view your data and
information.

A simple person could do this, you do not even need the technical knowledge
and education to try and attempt it. You're lucky if these hackers do not discover your
IP or MAC address. If that did happen, a hacker can open a connection to your device
and snatch your data.

To prevent this type of danger, you can use a Virtual Private Network. VPN or
a Virtual Private Network extends a private network across a public network. With
that, it will enable users to receive and send data across public networks as if their
computer are directly connected to a private network. This will mask your device's
legitimate IP address.

Public networks aren't the only ones that can risk your personal data. Here are
some ways hackers can get into your device:

1. Malware or viruses attached to email

Attaching malwares or viruses to emails is probably one of the most
popular methods of malware spread. Once you open the attachment, the
software downloads into your computer.

2. Links to malicious websites attached to emails

Once you click on the attached link, it will lead you to a fake website
which will trick you, the user; to enter private information which can be
emails, passwords or even banking details.

3. Social Networking Pages

Fake profiles can entice users into following a link to websites
wherein they can, again, get your information.

4 Hijacking advertisements

Hackers or cybercriminals place ads containing malicious codes on

real websites.

5. Malicious Mobile applications

 If you think every application on Google Playstore and Apple store is
safe and legit then you might want to think again. Some applications may
contain malicious codes that help cyber criminals get your data.

6. Smishing
This is phishing but via phone call or SMS messages. It is when
someone tricks you into giving them your information.

Privacy Issues

A privacy of an individual is essential because it is the key to all of your social

liberty and freedom. It is a right that most of the public and private people value the
most. All of the person's freedom depends on privacy and at the present time, privacy
is not secured anymore because of social media. Today, it is normal to share
confidential information online on social networking sites that users believe that it is
safe to have this kind of habit. An American entrepreneur and philanthropist, Mark
Zuckerberg once said in 2010 that the users of today's social networking sites have
developed more into being open because of numerous and countless people sharing
personal information online and is continuously becoming expansive every year. Users
must know that data can be stolen and may be utilized in harmful ways like for fraud
or stalking.

Philippines might have suffered its most terrible government knowledge breach
for just about a month before its elections. Personal data, as well as fingerprint
knowledge and passport information that belongs in a span of seventy million
individuals are alleged to have been compromised by hackers. A terrifying assemblage
of smart hackers used their chance to attack the openness of the system together with
the automated voting machines. The group Anonymous Philippines has asserted their
responsibility for the damage.

Philippine banks are always targets of foreign hackers. It has always been a
problem in regards to international cybersecurity due to its weak spots. The attacks are
somehow considered as examples to determine the weaknesses of the banks. According
to Philippine Daily Inquirer, there was a discovery in the Central Bank of Bangladesh,
where $81 million were stolen. The massive amount of robbery was verified that it
started in the month of November 2015 up to March 2016 and took them on at least
five (5) months to fully steal the said cash.

According to Suparna Goswami, another attack has occurred on February 28,

2019 where an unauthorized third party uncovered the database of Dow Jones with a
record of more than 2.4 million that contains private and secured information in their
business. The attackers exposed the passwords leaving it unprotected and visible to
public servers.
B. Online Ethics
Ethics, Etiquette, and Netiquettes

We first identify what is ethics. Ethics is defined as what deals with moral
principles, it is the understanding and knowing the difference of what is good and bad.
While etiquette is the way people behave in an orderly manner in a social setting, and
it refers to your polite behavior and good manners.

Everyone can gain access to the internet and everyone too can post and interact
with almost everything that is posted publically in the internet. With this kind of
freedom, there should be proper manner/behavior to be observed. Social etiquettes do
not only exist in the real interacting environment but also online. There are dos and
don'ts in the online world and users must know and apply them to create a good
interaction with everyone.

Netiquette is the combination of the two words network and etiquette. It refers
to the distinguished set of rules for what is considered to be acceptable as good online
behavior. It also emphasizes on what are tolerable usage of online resources.

8 Guides for Proper Online Etiquettes

As an online user, you should be responsible for the actions you are doing in
the web by the means of interacting with other personal businesses. That being said,
here are 8 guidelines to follow for achieving netiquette.

1. Internet should not be used as a platform to harm fellow users. Online

websites should be a safe place wherein each and every person is
comfortable in trusting sharing data with one another without getting
abuse in terms of certain processes.
2. Always respect someone's privacy. Interfering with other user's business
should be avoided, and keep in mind that there are certain laws that are
imposed when invading someone's privacy comes into the application.
3. An Online platform is not a place for stealing. Copyrights and plagiarism
are something that every user should be familiar with when you are
searching for information online in order to avoid major and minor crimes
of act. Paraphrasing and proper crediting of online sources shall be applied.
The concept also applies for the e-commerce industry since there are many
fraudulent acts that are happening in online transaction and businesses.
Other subjects such as unofficial. installment of software or applications
and illegal access on movies, series and music shall be avoided as well,
when online etiquette is considered.
4. Always be aware of fake news and avoid making it. Fake news continues
to invade our timeline in any given network, and it is relevant to talk about
it. Users should always identify the credibility of the source and avoid
sharing it as much as possible.
 5. Apply the good manners and values you have learned in general. Proper
behavior online is a must when using online networks. In simple ways
such as valuing respects and kindness, you can help out on creating a
better environment in the online community.
6. Political correctness should be observed as a standard for social norms.
Keep in mind that online users are composed of diverse people who are
raised by different races, cultures and traditions. Be sensitive enough when
you act online and avoid certain unethical acts such as racism, sexism,
homophobia and others.
7. Use proper avatar, as well as proper name, when creating an account.
Billions of account can be found in the internet alone that is why creating a
proper picture in your account and accurate name should be used in order
to avoid confusion. This process shall be applied to avoid stalking account,
fake accounts, catfishing, phishing and others.
8. Think before you click. Choice of words is important when it comes to
posting online and sending private messages and should be awa re on
every single word that is about to be seen by an individual or any group.
This shall be used as a golden rule in order to avoid any immoral act done
online.

Ethical Dilemmas on the Web

Dilemma

To be able to complete any decision from the two results in a predictable rate
to a certain condition is called dilemma. The usefulness and influences on the
performance of the website is included on the down sides of a development dilemma
on the web.

From the experience of the past years, the professionals for web have
established and settled upon overall moral values and a lot of professions inherited
from the other. Below are the following examples of right conduct for web specialists:

1. Sending spam or unwanted e-mail is not allowed.

2. Spreading malicious code of program by means of worms or viruses is
strictly prohibited.
3. Passing messages along chain e-mail, particularly to those people that
indicate extortions.

Spam

It is a message thru email that the receiver did not want or ask to receive a
message from the sender. It is unwanted e-mail that whether you are aware of whether
you like it or not you will be receiving this kind of message if someone sent it to you.
Everyday millions of spam messages or unwanted mail are sent to the users of Web
regardless to their location.
 Some of the people are using this kind of unwanted mail to cause harm to other
people, to fool other people and to make money to other people. As a web user,
sometimes we didn't notice or recognize that we are already encountering or reading a
spam message. Below are the some examples of unwanted mails that we didn't know
that we have encountered it.

Social Media Expert Spam

This type of spam is trying
to persuade you to put your money
into their account. They are the
social media scammers. They will
convince you to negotiate in them
and then you will never know that
they will be going to take your
money and they will pretend like
they are doing their work at the
same time they will cash your
checks if you are convince to them

Lucky Winner Spam

In this message, the sender is trying to fool you that you are so lucky that you
have won on something that even you yourself didn't know how this thing happened to
you, and where this thing came from.
Online Safety and Security

Online Safety

Online Safety may be considered to be one of the biggest worries of parents for
their children. Parents always want their children to be safe, may it be outside their
homes or in the online world. Since there have been great innovations in the technology
realm from the creation of computer, online safety became much easier to achieve and
Onlineimproves
it continually Safety, orinInternet safety, is the
the future.
knowledge of cultivating and maximizing the
user's private personal safety and security risks
on their private information that is in the
internet. Users of the internet continually grow
every day and they are concerned with the
information they put up. These concerns are
commonly heard as any type of offensive or
malicious websites, users, and software.
Crimes can also be committed online like
stealing someone's identity, stalking, and more.

These are the reasons that some pages put up safety measures and chat sites just
to promote online safety. The government has also taken action on this matter,
producing organizations and groups to enforce online safety.

Online Security

Or Internet Security is a branch of security that takes on the internet field. Their
purpose and objective is to establish guidelines, dealings, and measures to use against
the occurrences that attack over the internet. Different ways and methods have been
used to counter and protect the transferring of private data, this includes encryption.
Internet security involves browsing security but it can be generally applied in
applications and operating systems.

10 Advice to Stay Safe Online

1. Create complex and unpredictable passwords. Unique and strong

passwords can be critical to the safety of your accounts. Some sites ask
for an upper letter, numbers, or symbols in your password to avoid any,
risks of people getting access to your account. Regularly changing your
passwords can help maintain safety.
2. Network Security. Boosting your network security assures a secured
connection. Whenever you are accessing a public Wi-Fi, it can be a concern
because they are often left unsecured thus with the risk of letting hackers
 getting access to your information. Investing to Virtual Private Network
(VPN) can secure your connection so you can connect anywhere safely.
3. Using a Firewall. It is still a need. Firewall acts like a barrier to any
unauthorized access t o yo u r d e v i c e s like computers, webcams, and
s mart t her mo st at s since t he y ar e not equipped wit h any security
measures.

6. Protecting your
Mobile Life. Devices
are vulnerable to any
attacks you may
encounter online.
7. Safe Shopping and
Surfing. Check the site
you visit if the URL
section contains a
padlock icon and if the
address starts with
"https" or "http. These
indicate that the site is
secured and the
information being
transferred are
encrypted.
8. Update. Keep up to
date . with your software
and latest security
patches.
9. Keep a lookout.
Threats also
,continually evolve so
make sure you know what their latest scams are. Stay safe by being
informed.
10. Guard up. Be always cautious on what you are doing online, what you
are sharing, and which you visit. Backup you data regularly and take
preventive measures.

Researches and Organization of Online Etiquettes

Online Etiquette is considered one of the most important things that online
users are supposed to have when having full access to the internet. Because of its
relevance, organizations found in the world-wide-web and researches related
to it are provided for the people to have guides on proper behavior, discipline
and responsibility for computer and communication ethics.
 Here are some of the following:

1. Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility

A research institute found in De Montfort University in Leicester UK
that specializes the importance of ethics and the continuous emergence
of technologies. The goal of the institute is to give assistance to teaching,
consulting and advising to people in need, as well as improving the impacts
to citizens who are influenced by computing and everyday technologies
in the society.

2. Communication and Technology (Emily Post Institute)

Netizens are provided a variety collection of online article with regards
to proper etiquette related to the behavior done online. This website
conceptualizes how one should interact with the community when using
mobile devices in order to remain polite while using technology.

3. Computer and Information Ethics (Stanford Encyclopedia of

Philosophy)
An encyclopedic section that provides link regarding computer ethics
online and contains several information that would benefit the online
reader. Wit h the applicat ion of the information and communicat ion
technology in any field such as the industry of entertainment, e-commerce,
medical careers, online security and such, the encyclopedia provides
relation of information and computer ethics that the online citizen can use.

4. CONTU (National Commission on New Technology Uses of Copyrighted

Works)
An article provided by the congress in order to highlight the importance
of copyrights law from everyday users of the online media. The study had
been created in order to raise awareness on the database protection and
other sources of information that can be found online such as the concept
of photocopiers.

5. Technology and Ethics (Computer Professionals for Social

Responsibility)
Several links are provided in the website wherein the act of ethics for
the professional computer users are given specific guidelines to follow
with the benefit of one's responsibility with updates news and timely
technological issues.

Application: (ANSWER THIS)

I. FILL IN THE BLANK

__________________ 1. A cybercrime in which a cybercriminal extracts data
from a source and usually it is done through remote
network or through a physical access to a computer or
network
__________________ 2. It’s defined as what deals with moral principles, it is the
understanding and knowing the difference of what is
good and bad
__________________ 3. To be able to complete any decision from the two
results in a predictable rate to a certain condition
__________________ 4. It should be only the user who can log in and run the
application. Only the valid information can reach
this software
__________________ 5. The knowledge of cultivating and maximizing the
user's private personal safety and security risks on their
private information that is in the internet
__________________ 6. In the Philippine government, it is responsible to
enforce laws on cybercrime to attain effective
cybercrime campaign
__________________ 7. A branch of security that takes on the internet field.
Their purpose and objective is to establish guidelines,
dealings, and measures to use against the occurrences
that attack over the internet
__________________ 8. It’s the way people behave in an orderly manner in a
social setting, and it refers to your polite behavior and
good manners
__________________ 9. Assurance of privacy to the user, unauthorized user
should not be able to edit, change, copy, or read the
information inside the application. The security must
be strong enough to secure the application
__________________ 10. It is a program or software that will steal information
and changing user data
__________________ 11. It is a message thru email that the receiver did not want
or ask to receive a message from the sender
__________________ 12. Recording and tracking the execution of the
application. In tracking the execution of the
application, you will notice if there are any
suspicious on the application. Also you should able
to trail the events
__________________ 13. It is the process of encoding information wherein only
the authorized people can access those information
__________________ 14. It should be only the authorized user who can
change, edit, and read all the information inside
the application. If there's any suspicious activity, the
user or the owner should be verified through email,
personal phone number or any that can reach that
will notify the user
__________________ 15. The combination of the two words network and
etiquette. It refers to the distinguished set of rules for
what is considered to be acceptable as good online
 behaviour and it also emphasizes on what are tolerable
usage of online resources

References:

Living In The Information Technology Era

Teodero F. Revano Jr.
MINDSHAPERS CO., INC.

Congratulations! You did a great job for this lesson! You can now proceed to the next
lesson.