UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In-house Review Module - Plane and Solid Geometry

CIRCLES
PLANE GEOMETRY (Key Points)
Circumference (or perimeter),
𝑪 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓 = 𝝅𝒅
GENERAL POLYGON (N-SIDES)
Sum of the interior angles S = 180(n-2) degrees
𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟑)⁄ Area,
Number of Diagonals 𝒅 = 𝟐 𝑨 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 = 𝟏⁄𝟒 𝝅𝑫𝟐
Regular Polygons (equal sides and equal interior angles)

Theorems on Circles
TRIANGLES (n=3) Central Angle Theorem Thales’ Theorem
Perimeter, P = a + b + c
Semi perimeter, s = P/2

Given all sides: Heron’s Formula ϴ

𝑨 = √𝒔 (𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄); 𝒔 = 𝑷⁄𝟐

Given two sides and an included angle:

𝑨 = 𝟏⁄𝟐 𝒂𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝜃 = 2𝛼
Given a side and a perpendicular distance from the opposite vertex:
𝑨 = 𝟏⁄𝟐 𝒃𝒉
Power Theorem
Cross-Chord Theorem

Lines Of The Triangle

D
Medians: Centroid B
𝐴𝐵 𝑥 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐷 𝑥 𝐴𝐸
Angle Bisector: Incenter A
A
Altitude: Orthocenter
Perpendicular Bisectors: Circumcenter C
E
Radius of an inscribed circle, Secant-Secant Theorem
𝒓𝒊 = 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂⁄𝒔

Radius of a circumscribing circle:

𝒂𝒃𝒄 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
𝒓𝒄 = = = = 𝐴𝐵 𝑥 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐷 𝑥 𝐴𝐸
𝟒𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
Radius of an escribed circle: 𝒓 =
(𝒔−𝒂)

Secant-Tangent: 𝐴𝐵2 = 𝐴𝐸 𝑥 𝐴𝐷
QUADRILATERALS (n=4)

General Quadrilaterals
𝑷 = 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 + 𝒅
(𝐴𝐵)2 = 𝐴𝐷 𝑥 𝐴𝐸
Given the lengths of diagonals and the angle between them:
𝟏
𝑨 = 𝑫𝟏 𝑫𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝟐
SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
Given all sides and sum of opposite angles(E):
𝑬 𝟐 General Polygons
𝑨 = √(𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄)(𝒔 − 𝒅) − 𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒅 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 )
𝟐
Situation:
A circle is inscribed in a regular polygon whose sum of its interior angles equal
Cyclic Quadrilaterals to 540 degrees. If the radius of the circle is 5m,
(a) find the area between the circle and the polygon.
Sum of opposite angles, E = 180 degrees (b) Find the area of the circle that circumscribes the polygon
Area,
𝑨 = √(𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄)(𝒔 − 𝒅) Triangles

Ptolemy’s Theorem, A triangle has its two sides 6 m and 20 m. The perimeter may be
𝒂𝒄 + 𝒃𝒅 = 𝑫𝟏 𝑫𝟐 a.) 54 c.) 51
b.) 53 d.) 52
Radius of the circumscribing circle:
√(𝒂𝒃 + 𝒄𝒅)(𝒂𝒄 + 𝒃𝒅)(𝒂𝒅 + 𝒃𝒄) Situation:
𝒓𝒄 = Given a triangle ABC with sides AB= 25 cm, BC=30cm and AC=42 cm. Find the
𝟒 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
following:
a. Distance of the point of intersection of the angle bisector from the vertex C
b. Distance of the point of intersection of perpendicular bisectors to side BC.
c. Area of the excircle to side AB.
 UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In-house Review Module - Plane and Solid Geometry

Quadrilaterals

1. The sides of a quadrilateral are 10m, 8m, 16m and 20m, respectively. Two
opposite interior angles have a sum of 225degrees. Find the area of the
quadrilateral in sq.m.

2. A quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in a semicircle with side AD coinciding with

the diameter of the circle. Side AB=8cm, BC=10cm, and CD=12cm. Determine
the diameter of the circle, length of the diagonal BD and area of the quadrilateral.

Regular polyhedrons are those which have identical faces. There are only five
Circles known regular polyhedrons, namely tetrahedron, hexahedron, octahedron,
dodecahedron, icosahedron. These solids are known as Platonic Solids.
1. A goat is tied outside a triangular fenced garden at point A. Sides of the
fence are AB=7m, BC = 11m and CA = 13 m. The length of the rope which the
goat is tied is 15m, find the area over which the goat can graze outside the
fence.

2. A road is tangent to a circular lake. Along the road and 12miles from the point
of tangency, another road opens towards the lake. From the intersection of the
two roads to the periphery of the lake, the length of the new road is 11miles. If
the new road will be prolonged across the lake, find the length of the bridge to be TYPE OF
constructed. POLYHEDRA FACES VOLUME
FACES(SIDES)
Tetrahedron 4 Triangle √2 3
3. In the figure shown, EA = 20 cm, AC = 15 cm, BD = 18 cm, and Angle CED = 𝑎
20 degrees. 12
Hexahedron (Cube) 6 Square 𝑎 3
Determine the following:
a. The length of segment ED Octahedron 8 Triangle √2 3
𝑎
b. Find the area of quadrilateral ACBD. 3
c. Radius of the circumscribing circle Dodecahedron 12 Pentagon 7.66𝑎3
Icosahedron 20 Triangle 2.18𝑎3

C SOLIDS WITH CONSTANT CROSS SECTION

Volume: Cross Sectional Area x Average Longitudinal Length
A Polygonal Prism
Right and Inclined Prism
Truncated Prism

E SOLIDS WITH SIMILAR CROSS SECTION

General Prismoidal Formula:
𝑳
𝑽 = (𝑨𝟏 + 𝟒𝑨𝑴 + 𝑨𝟐 )
B 𝟔
D Cone, Frustum of a Cone
Pyramid, Frustum of a Pyramid
Sphere, Frustum of a Sphere

SOLID GEOMETRY — Notes SOLID GEOMETRY — Problems

SIMILAR SOLIDS Similar Solids

SITUATION. For a given solid, given the surface area increases by 25
𝟏 𝟏 percent. Solve the following:
𝑺𝟏 𝑷𝟏 𝑨 𝑽 1. The percentage change in the diameter
= = ( 𝟏 )𝟐 = ( 𝟏 )𝟑 2. The percentage change in the volume.
𝑺𝟐 𝑷𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝑽𝟐
S-side
P-perimeter 3. A prototype of a machine weighing 50N is to be designed by an
A-area engineering student at a scale of 1:50. Assuming the same type of material
V-volume is being used, determine the weight of the real machine.

POLYHEDRONS Polyhedrons (Platonic Solids and Euler’s Characteristic Formula)

Polyhedrons are solids whose faces are plane polygons. 4. The faces of a solid figure are all triangles. The figure has nine vertices.
Let At each of six of these vertices, four faces meet, and each of the other three
m= number of polygons meeting at a vertex vertices, six faces meet. How many faces does the figure have?
n= number of vertices of each polygon
f= number of faces of the polyhedron
e= number of edges of polyhedron, and Solids with Constant Cross-section
v= number of vertices of the polyhedron SITUATION. A prism has a base in the shape of an octagon with each side
For any polyhedron: measuring 5 cm. The bases are 10 cm apart.
Number of edges, e=nf/2 5. What is the volume of the right prism?
Number of vertices, v=nf/m 6. What is the lateral surface area of the prism?
Euler’s Polyhedron Theorem for all Convex Polyehedra: f=2+e-v
7. A truncated prism has a triangular base with sides 10 cm, 12, cm and 15
cm. The vertical edges of the two corners are 20 cm and 25 cm,
respectively. If the volume of the solid is 1495.292 cm3, determine the
length of the third vertical edge.
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In-house Review Module - Plane and Solid Geometry

Solids with Similar Cross-section

8. A solid has a circular base of diameter 20cm. Find the volume of the
solid if every cutting plane perpendicular to the base along a given diameter
is an equilateral triangle.

9. A right circular cone is to be made from a circular sector of radius 18 cm

and central angle of 100 degrees. Find the volume of the cone formed.

SITUATION. A sphere whose surface area is 64π cm2

10. Calculate the volume of the sphere.
11. Calculate the volume and the total surface area of the spherical
wedge if it has a subtended angle of 50°.
12. Calculate the volume of the smaller solid formed if a cutting plane is
passed 2 cm from the center.
13. If two parallel cutting planes are passed through the sphere (within
the same hemisphere), such that they are 1 cm and 2 cm from the center
of the circle, determine the volume between the two planes.
14. Determine the area of the zone for the previous item.