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    2b Losses in Pipes

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    JAIRAM Jai

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    2b Losses in Pipes

    Uploaded by

    JAIRAM Jai
    2 views3 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

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    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    2 views3 pages

    2b Losses in Pipes

    Uploaded by

    JAIRAM Jai

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    LOSSES IN PIPES

    Objectives:
    1. To find the value of the friction factor f for a straight pipe line of various diameter and
    different material of construction and then draw a graph of f vs. NRe on logarithmic co-
    ordinates.

    Equipment / Apparatus:
    Pipe- losses set up
    Manometer :1
    Collecting tank :1
    Stopwatch :1

    Theory:
    Whenever the velocity of a fluid is changed, either in magnitude or direction by a change in
    the size of a conduit or flow direction, friction additional to the skin friction from flow
    through straight pipe is generated. Such friction includes form friction resulting from
    vortices, which develop when boundary layer separation occurs. In most situations, these
    effects cannot be calculated precisely, and it is necessary to rely on empirical data. Often it is
    possible to estimate friction of this kind in specific cases from knowledge of the losses in
    known arrangements.
    ⮚ Straight Pipes:

    Loss of head due to friction in a straight pipe line is given by, ,


    where
    hf = loss of head (Δp/ρ)
    f = Fanning's friction factor,
    L = length of pipe,
    = average velocity of fluid through the pipe, and
    D = diameter of the pipe.
    Average velocity can be calculated from the volumetric flow rate and the cross sectional area
    of the pipe. hf is calculated from the pressure drop, which is measured using the manometer.
    Thus, the Fanning’s friction factor is calculated from the above equation for different flow

    rates. Reynolds number is given by, NRe = , where ρ and μ are the fluid properties.
    A graph of f vs. NRe can now be drawn.

    Procedure:
    Slowly open the supply valve and allow the water to flow through the pipe. Read the
    difference of pressure between the two points in the pipe from the manometer attached.
    (Make sure that there is no trapped air in the manometer leads before it is connected in the
    experimental set up). This gives the loss of head due to skin or wall friction in the pipe length
    for the particular velocity.
    Find the velocity of flow, by noting the time taken for the water level to rise by 5 or 10 cm. in
    the collecting tank. Note the dimensions of the tank. Calculate the discharge. The average
    velocity, is equal to the flow rate divided by the cross sectional area of the pipe.
    Repeat the experiment for various flow rates and tabulate the values. Draw a graph of log f
    vs. log NRe.

    Observation:
    Area of the collecting tank, A (cm2) =2500cm2
    Density of the manometric fluid, ρ (g/cc) =13.6
    Viscosity of water, μ (cp) =1
    of

    of

    Time or 10 cm.
    Length of Pipe
    Construction

    Manometer
    reading (h)

    hf= h(ρ-1)

    Q= 10A/t
    Diameter
    Material

    rise(t) s

    V= Q/a

    log NRe
    cm3/s

    cm/s

    log f
    Pipe

    cm2

    NRe
    f

    D hm t hf q v f Nre l
    100
    100
    100
    100
    100
    GI 100
    50
    50
    50
    50
    50
    GI 50
    Al 100
    100
    100
    100
    100
    100
    100
    100
    100
    100
    100
    PVC 100

    (If possible plot all in same graph)

    Sample Calculations:

    Conclusions:
    1. The Plot of friction factor, f vs. log NRe for cm diameter, G.I. pipe is made.
    2. The graph of friction factor, f vs. log NRe is plotted for cm diameter, G.I. pipe.
    3. The graph of friction factor, f vs. log NRe is plotted for cm diameter, Al pipe.
    4. The graph of friction factor, f vs. log NRe is plotted for cm diameter, PVC pipe.

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