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    Geography

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    pmulet

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    Geography

    Uploaded by

    pmulet
    13 views3 pages

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    geography

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    13 views3 pages

    Geography

    Uploaded by

    pmulet

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    Basic Concepts

    1. Geography: The study of places and the relationships between people and
    their environments. It explores both the physical properties of the Earth's
    surface and the human societies spread across it.

    Branches of Geography
    1. Physical Geography: Focuses on the natural environment, including the study
    of climate, landforms, vegetation, hydrology, and ecosystems.
    ● Geomorphology: Study of landforms and the processes that shape
    them.
    ● Climatology: Study of climate and weather patterns.
    ● Biogeography: Study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in
    geographic space and through geological time.
    2. Human Geography: Examines human societies and how they develop, interact,
    and are influenced by their environment.
    ● Cultural Geography: Study of cultural products and norms and their
    variations across and relations to spaces and places.
    ● Economic Geography: Study of the location, distribution, and spatial
    organization of economic activities.
    ● Urban Geography: Study of cities and urban processes.
    3. Environmental Geography: Integrates physical and human geography to study
    the interactions between the environment and humans.

    Key Themes in Geography


    1. Location: Refers to the specific place on the Earth's surface. It can be absolute
    (using coordinates) or relative (describing a place in relation to other places).
    2. Place: Involves the physical and human characteristics that uniquely define a
    location and give it meaning and character.
    3. Human-Environment Interaction: Examines how humans adapt to and modify
    their environment.
    4. Movement: Studies the mobility of people, goods, and ideas across the
    surface of the planet.
    5. Region: An area defined by one or more distinctive characteristics or features.

    Tools and Techniques


    1. Maps: Visual representations of an area, showing physical features, political
    boundaries, etc.
    2. GIS (Geographic Information Systems): Computer systems for capturing,
    storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface.
    3. Remote Sensing: The acquisition of information about an object or
    phenomenon without making physical contact with it, often via satellites.

    Major Geographical Features


    1. Continents: Large landmasses (e.g., Africa, Asia, Europe, North America,
    South America, Antarctica, Australia).
    2. Oceans: Major bodies of saltwater (e.g., Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern,
    Arctic).
    3. Mountains: High, steeply inclined areas of land, usually rising more than 600
    meters above the surrounding land (e.g., Himalayas, Andes, Rockies).
    4. Rivers: Large natural streams of water flowing in channels to the sea, a lake,
    or another river (e.g., Nile, Amazon, Yangtze).
    5. Deserts: Dry, barren areas of land with little precipitation (e.g., Sahara, Gobi,
    Mojave).
    6. Plains: Large areas of flat or gently rolling land (e.g., Great Plains, Pampas,
    Eurasian Steppe).

    Human Impact on Geography


    1. Urbanization: The process of making an area more urban, leading to the
    growth of cities.
    2. Deforestation: The clearing of trees, transforming a forest into cleared land.
    3. Climate Change: Long-term changes in temperature and weather patterns,
    primarily due to human activities like burning fossil fuels.
    4. Pollution: The introduction of harmful substances or products into the
    environment.

    Important Geographical Concepts


    1. Scale: The relationship between the distance on a map and the actual
    distance on Earth.
    2. Latitude and Longitude: The system of lines used to describe the location of
    any place on Earth.
    3. Topography: The arrangement of natural and artificial physical features of an
    area.
    These notes provide a general overview of geography and its components. Each

    topic can be expanded with more detailed information depending on the area of

    interest.

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