States of Matter

1. A covalent bond is a bond between 2 non-metals that gain a full outer shell by sharing electrons

2. Methane has a low boiling point

3. How are samples of nitrogen and oxygen obtained from the air?
Liquefy air by cooling. Using fractional distillation, trap air in fractionating column. Heat column.
As nitrogen has a lower boiling point, it will turn into a gas and can be obtained from the top. As
oxygen has a higher boiling point, it will remain a liquid and can be obtained from the bottom.

4. Structure of graphite?
Made up of carbon atoms that have 3 covalent bonds each. Arranged in layers with weak forces
between them. This means the layers can slide easily over each other, making it a lubricant. As each
carbon atom only bonds 3 out of 4 times, there are delocalised electrons that can move around and
carry charge, which is why it is a conductor.

5. Use of graphite that utilises its conductibility?

Electrode

Methods of Purifying and Separating Substances

1. If the line was drawn in ink, the dyes would separate along with the spot.

2. 14.5/15.3=0.95

3. Q

4. Change that could be made to the experiment to obtain an Rf value for the insoluble colouring?
Use different solvent

5. Mixture S has the greatest amount of soluble food colouring as it each dot above the pencil line
symbolises a different dye.

6. A mixture of two immiscible liquids can be separated by using? A separating funnel

7.

8. Oxygen has a low boiling point due to its simple molecular structure. The weak intermolecular
forces can easily be overcome with a minimal amount of heat, thus its boiling point is very low.

10. Aluminium nitrate and lead sulfate

11. Barium chloride has a high melting point due to its strong electrostatic forces of attraction
between oppositely charged ions. These bonds need to be overcome using a lot of heat and energy,
therefore the compound has a high melting point

12. White solid

13. BaCl2 + K2 SO4= BaSO4+2KCl

14. K+

15. Describe how a pure, dry sample of solid lead carbonate can be obtained from sodium carbonate
solution and lead nitrate solution.
Add sodium carbonate solution and lead nitrate solution. Filter off precipitate and wash with
distilled water

16. 2.53/2.85=89%

17. Add an excess of sodium sulfate to ensure all of the lead nitrate is used up, this will increase the
amount of lead sulfate. Wash the lead sulfate so all impurities are removed

18. Give two reasons why this laboratory method (evaporating water off solution) is not suitable for
use on a large scale in industry.
Volumes of solution too large for titration method. Large volumes of liquid need to be heated and
then allowed to crystallise

19. Copper sulfate and sodium chloride

20. Give the name of one of these compounds and the colour it produces in the flame test.
Sodium chloride- yellow

21. Hexane has simple molecular structure and weak covalent bonds. This mean that it is easy to
break down these weak intermolecular forces using minimal heat.

22. Describe how separate samples of hexane and water can be obtained from a mixture of hexane
and water.
Use separating funnel to run off lower layer

23.

Cl

Methods of Purifying and Separating Substances 2

1. Molecular formula of ethyl ethanoate

C4H8O2

2. The vapour is not in the sweets, it is solid. It is given in small amounts that will not affect the
consumer

3. C- Fat
D- Soap

4. Filter the mixture and wash the white solid with distilled water
5. What happens in hydrogenation?
Unsaturated molecules in the liquid oil become saturated

6. D- Electrons

7. Transition metals

8. Hydrogen chloride gas + water=?

Hydrochloric acid

9. The solution turns orange because a displacement reaction has occurred. Displacement is when a
more reactive element replaces a less reactive element within its contact. As chlorine is more
reactive than bromine, it displaces potassium bromide and the products become potassium chloride
and bromine. This chemical reaction is shown through the colour change of the solution.

10. Barium chloride and sodium sulfate solution is added. The solution is filtered. Washed with
distilled water and dried in warm place

Groups in the Periodic Table

1. B- Effervescence

2. Halogens
Noble Gases

3. 2Na(s)+2H20(l)----2NaOH(aq)+H2(g)

4. The teacher would fill a container with an amount of water and place the metal in it. They would
use goggles. Record the results. Repeat experiment with different metals and the same amount of
water.

5. In Group 1, metals become more reactive the further down you go. This is because as you go
down, another outer shell is added to the element. This means the forces of attraction between the
nucleus (in the centre) and the electron in the outermost shell are weak. This means it is easier for
the element to lose its last electron and react. In Group 7, metals become less reactive the further
down you go. This is because as the elements get bigger, the forces of attraction between the
nucleus and an electron are weaker. This makes it more difficult for the nucleus to attract the last
electron needed to gain a full outer shell and react.

6. Test tube

7. Put in a smaller amount of sodium so the reaction is less violent as there is less sodium reacting.
Add less water so there will be a smaller reaction

8. Rb

9. 3

10. As you go further down, the melting point decreases as there are weaker bonds, so it is easier to
break them down with less heat

Group 1

1. D- Alkali Metal
2. Sodium floats when reacting with cold water as it becomes sodium hydroxide, which has a lower
density than water. Sodium + water is sodium hydroxide + hydrogen. Sodium has a low melting point

3. 2Na + 2H2O—2NaOH+H2

4. Sodium and potassium are next to each other in group 1 and have similar electronic configuration.
Both sodium and potassium react with water by floating, bubbling, giving off hydrogen gas and
setting alight. A difference is that sodium produces an orange flame whereas potassium produces a
lilac flame. Another difference is that potassium’s reaction is significantly more violent than
sodium’s. This is due to the differences in their electronic configuration. As potassium has one more
outer shell, there are weaker intermolecular bonds between its outer shell electron and the nucleus.
This means it is easier for potassium to lose its last electron, gain a full outer shell and react in
comparison to elements such as sodium with less shells and therefore stronger bonds and more
difficulty in losing an electron and reacting.

5. Malleable

6. These elements are in group 1 as they all have a single electron in the outermost shell. This means
they are quite reactive and react similarly and have similar properties

7. Lots of fizzing and bubbling, hydrogen gas, floating, molten ball, lilac flame

8. D

9. D- Inert

10. Metals are made up of layers of sheets of atoms. It is easy to slip and slide over the layers,
making it malleable

11. 3.1/31= 0.1

24/80=0.3

0.1/0.1=1
0.3/0.1=3

=PBr3

10. Lithium+ water—lithium hydroxide and hydrogen. Effervescence and floating, colourless solution

Sodium+water—sodium hydroxide+hydrogen. More intense effervescence, floating, molten ball,

orange flame
Potassium+water—potassium hydroxide+hydrogen. Most intense effervescence, sparks, floating,
lilac flame

Reactivity increases as you go down as more outer shells so weaker intermolecular bonds between
nucleus and last electron in outermost shell. Easier to lose last electron, gain full outer shell and
react.

11. B

12. Metals conduct electricity as there are delocalised electrons that are able to move around in the
structure and carry charge
13. Orange flame
Effervescence
Floating molten ball

Acids

1. Form of energy in electrolysis?

Electricity

2. Test for hydrogen is that it will extinguish a flame/ splint with a squeaky pop sound

3. Hydrochloric acid

4. D- Salt and Water

5. Effervescence, colour change

Hydrocarbons

1. Hydrogen+oxygen—water

2. B and D

3. x=6
y=14

4. 25g

5. 0.45*850000=382500
380000

6. A- Trend in chemical properties

Alkane homologous series viscosity increases as molecules get larger

7. C- C4H10

8. 2C2H13

9. N2+2O2=2NO2

10. Carbone monoxide

11. Methane + oxygen--- Water + Carbon dioxide

12. As there is a limited supply of oxygen in the air, only some carbon atoms fully oxidise to become
carbon dioxide. Some partially oxidise and become carbon monoxide. Some don’t oxidise at all and
are carbon.

13. Fuel oil

14.
15. C6H14

16. Fuel oil

17. x=6

18.

19. When you burn hydrocarbons, the impurities of sulphur react with the oxygen to produce
sulphur dioxide. The sulphur dioxide then reacts with the water in the clouds to produce sulphurous
acid. Sulfurous acid then reacts with oxygen in the air to produce sulphuric acid, a form of acid rain.
Acid rain is harmful as if soil is too acidic, crops will fail to grow, acid rain in rivers can prevent fish
eggs from hatching and kill fish and insects. Weather limestone buildings

20. Complete combustion produces carbon dioxide and water. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas,
which means it reflects the sun’s heat onto the surface of the earth. However, too much of it will
cause the Earth to heat up to dangerous levels

21. Separate the co2 from the water?

22. Hydrocarbon is completely combusted, producing co2 and water. The colourless liquid is water.
As the hydrocarbon contained impurities, the sulphur in it reacted with the oxygen whilst burning to
produce sulphur dioxide.

23. Incomplete combustion occurs when there is a limited supply of oxygen in the air. This produces
water and carbon monoxide. It produces carbon monoxide because the carbon can only partially
oxidise.

24. Carbon monoxide is toxic as it combines with haemoglobin in the red cells, instead of oxygen.
This reduces the oxygen in the bloodstream, causing people to feel sleepy, fall unconscious or even
die.

25. As the methane is burning, this is complete combustion. This produces water and co2, explaining
the droplets (Condensation)

26. A- Crude oil is a finite resource

27. SO2

28. Heated
Condensed

29. Has more carbon atoms per molecule

30. D- CnHn+2
31. Alkanes are hydrocarbons as they are solely made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms

32. Diesel lets out more nitrogen oxides

33. Diesel engines let out less sulphur dioxide than petrol engines, which damages the environment
as it is a form of acid rain.

34. Hydrogen
Carbon

35. Ring molecule

36. C- 44

37. Bitumen

38. Gases

39. As number of carbon atoms increases, so does boiling point. Directly proportional
*This is because there are stronger intermolecular forces as molecules get bigger

40. Fractional distillation

41. 82.8g

42. Butane+oxygen—Carbon dioxide+water

43. Kerosene- Fuel for aircrafts

Diesel oil- Fuel for cars and trains

44. Boiling point. Diesel oil has higher boiling point

45. Propane+oxygen---carbon dioxide+water

46. When fuels are burned they release large amounts of energy

Earth and its Atmosphere

1. 3ppm

2. Increase in factories, increase in burning fossil fuels

3.

4. When oxygen is present, a glowing splint will relight

6. When oxygen is present, a glowing splint will relight

7. Explain one change the student would see after a few days.
Iron wool will have changed colour to a reddish-brown as it has oxidised
8. Explain one change that can be made to the apparatus in Figure 10 to allow the student to
calculate the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere.
Replace test tube with measuring cylinder

9. Carbon dioxide and water vapour were the most prevalent gases in the Earth’s early atmosphere.
This is because of the large amount of volcanic activity in those times, which released those gases.
Oxygen was not release through volcanic emissions which is why there was a small amount. We can
prove this as iron pyrite, which cannot exist with oxygen, is found in ancient rocks. Later, 4 billion
years ago, the Earth cooled down and the water vapour condensed into a liquid, leading to today’s
lower levels in the atmosphere. This then formed the oceans. The oceans then began to dissolve the
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Sea creatures also used the dissolved CO2 to make shells of
CaCO3, which took in more CO2. Primitive organisms then photosynthesised and took in carbon
dioxide and let out oxygen, leading to the decrease of CO2 and the increase of oxygen.
Burning fossil fuels leads to increase of CO2

10. As the atmosphere cooled, water vapour condensed and became liquid, which are our oceans

11. As primitive organisms and plants in the early days began to photosynthesis, they took in CO2
and let out oxygen, leading to its increased levels

12. Q as the test for CO2 was successful, limewater turned milky/cloudy in a quicker time, showing
that there was an abundance of CO2. And the oxygen test failed as the splint did not relight, as there
is little to no oxygen in the early atmosphere.

13. Carbon dioxide

14. 20%

15. The apparatus and its contents must be allowed to cool because gas has expanded whilst heated

16. As primitive plants began to photosynthesise, they let out oxygen, increasing the levels of oxygen
and allowing iron to react with it and form iron oxide

15. The water vapour has decreased as the Earth cooled, causing it to condense and become liquid,
forming our oceans

16. Describe how the amount of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere varies within each year.

17. The amount of CO2 emitted has increased

18. 15ppm

19. D- 95, decreased

20. Explain two factors that cause the percentage of carbon dioxide in today's atmosphere to vary.
Burning fossil fuels increases carbon dioxide
Photosynthesis decreases carbon dioxide

Electrolytic processes

1. Electrolysis is the process of using electricity, connected to a direct power source, to decompose
electrolytes

2. If chlorine is present, damp blue litmus paper will turn red then bleach white
3. D- AgCl(s)

4. It will be the same

5. AgNO3 + HCl----AgCl + HNO3

6. B- H+ and Na+ ions only

7. 2Cl- loses 2 electrons to have a neutral charge and become Cl2

8. The solution left would contain sodium and hydroxide ions, hydroxide ions cause an alkaline
solution

9. Do not dissolve it in water

Melt it

10. Both hydroxide and sulfate ions are attracted to the anode as they are negatively charged.
However, the anode can only discharge one of the ions. Hydroxide is always discharged unless there
is a halide ion present. There is no halide ion present at the anode, so the hydroxide will be
discharged, becoming hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Lose elctrons

11. 0.02mol

12. C- Positive, oxidation

13. C- Ag+ +e---Ag

14. Give a reason why this voltage of the cell decreases when the cell is left connected in a circuit.
Reactants are being used up

15. Explain why copper added to aluminium to form the alloy makes the alloy stronger than pure
aluminium

16. J and K as they conduct electricity

17. Graphite

18. In a solution of sodium sulfate, there are sodium, sulfate, hydrogen and hydroxide ions present.
The sodium and hydrogen ions will move to the cathode whilst the sulfate and hydroxide ions go to
the anode. At the cathode, only one ion can be discharged: the least reactive one. Hydrogen is less
reactive than sodium therefore the hydrogen ions discharge to form hydrogen gas atoms. At the
anode, the only ion that will be discharged is the hydroxide ion unless there is a halide ion present.
As sulfate is not a halide ion, the hydroxide ion will discharge to produce hydrogen and oxygen
atoms.
Accept/lose electrons

19. Cu----Cu2+2e-

20. 2H20----H2+2OH

21. If hydrogen is present, gas burns with a squeaky pop sound

22. If oxygen is present, it will relight a glowing splint

23. Chlorine
24. Wear a face covering to prevent breathing the gas in
25. Hydrochloric acid

Chemistry Paper 1- 2019

1. H2+O2---2OH
2H2 + O2--- 2H2O

2. If iron was the material of an electrode, then it would rust and corrode as it came into contact
with the air and water. Platinum is much less reactive than iron, so it will not react with water and
air.

3. Platinum is a transition metal

4. Electroplating

5. G + X

6. A + E

7. A

8. An isotope is 2 atoms of the same element. The atoms will have the same atomic number (same
number of protons and electrons) but will have different mass numbers (number of protons and
neutrons.) This means that both isotopes of element E will have 5 protons and electrons however
one isotope will have 5 neutrons and one will have 6 neutrons.

9. A- 5 protons

10. 2.8.8

11. Mol= mass/Mr

MolA=3.5/7
MolA=0.5
MolG=4/16
MolG=0.25

0.5/0.25=2
0.25/0.25=1

A2G

12. Gas burns with squeaky pop sound

13. The hydrogen being produced is increasing at double the rate of oxygen levels increasing

14. C- Lead and bromine

15. Calcium nitrate is soluble therefore when it is dissolved, the ions are free to move around and so
the electrolyte can conduct electricity. Calcium carbonate is insoluble therefor when it is in water, it
remains a solid and so the ions are not free to move and conduct electrivity, therefore do not
behave like an electrolyte.

16. Zn2+ + 2e---Zn

17. 8-6.213= 1.787g

18. 97%

19. A- some solid was lost from the crucible

20. The longer it is heated, the more mass is lost

Because CO2 is lost

21. When there is no mass lost for roughly 6 minutes in a row, the reaction is complete. The mass is
still changing

22. 100

23. Atom economy

24. 142/1000= 14.2%

25. Causes less damage to the landscape

Decontaminates ground

26. 2NiS + 3O2--- 2NiO + 2SO2

27. D- Electrolysis is the only method of extracting unreactive metals

B- The metal is purest

28. Distillation, heat solution until element with lower boiling point evaporates

29. Experiment for reversible reaction

30. Equilibrium

31. 3* (6.02 x 1023)

1.806*1024

32. D- The metal is oxidised

33. Iron is more reactive than steel and is more prone to rusting
Steel has slower corrosion rate than iron. So neither rod would rust after a few days, regardless of
whether the magnesium was there or not

34. You do not need any more accuracy

35. The magnesium on rod A has dissolved in the water, leaving the iron rod untouched by rust from
the water
Magnesium has corroded because it is more reactive than iron

36. How does hydrazine slow corrosion?

Oxygen is removed by hydrazine so oxidation cannot occur

37.-39. Equilibrium

40. Effervescence and colour change to reddish-brown

Red-brown solid and blue solution turns colourless

41. The zinc particle have been oxidised from zinc atoms to zinc ions. Zn-----Zn2+ +2e
The copper particles have been reduced to copper atoms by gaining 2 electrons. Cu2+ +2e---- Cu

42. 50cm = 0.05 dm

C=m*v
m=c/v
m=15.95/0.05
m= 319g
mol = mass/mr

Mol=319/159.5
Mol=2

43. Mass= mol*mr

Mass= 0.043*65
Mass= 2.795g

44. Litmus paper

ph meter

45. D- 10x higher

46. Give exact measurement of dilute hydrochloric acid Use measuring cylinder
Add set amount of base each time Weigh base

47. Colourless
Pink

48. At the start, the hydrochloric acid has a low Ph therefore there are hydrogen ions present. As the
base is added, the Ph increases as there are now hydroxide ions present as well and the hydrogen
ions are neutralised

49. D is copper carbonate as when it is mixed with water, the solid remains and copper carbonate is
insoluble. Copper carbonate is also green in colour, like D is. Sodium hydroxide is C as it is an alkali
and when added to water it will be an alkaline solution, which has a Ph of above 7. C has the highest
ph therefore it is the most alklaline solution. A is copper oxide as the solid is insoluble in water and
cannot be D as the colour does not match. Finally magnesium is B as it is silver in colour and reacts
with both water and sulfuric acid.

50. Neutralisation

51. D- Ammonium nitrate

52. Minimum volume of air

53. Equilibrium

Chemistry Paper 2- 2019

1. Doesn’t conduct electricity

2. 4+

3. C- 1x10-7

4. Reason for nanoparticles

5. Risk of nanoparticles

6. B- Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons

7. Kerosene- fuel for aircrafts and large ships
Fuel oil- fuel for cars and trains

8. Property- boiling point

Comparison- Lower boiling point

9. Neighbours in alkane homologous series go up by CH2. They will also have similar chemical
properties Same general formulae

10. Butane mol

mol= mass/mr
mol=100/58
mol= 1.72 (1)

RAM/RFM

11. A
B- ION

12. mol=mass/mr
mol=1.35/48
mol=0.028
mol= 1:1
mass= mr*mol
mass=64*0.028
mass=1.79g

13. Cl2 + H2--- 2HCl

14. 2.8
2.8.8

15. Fermentation of yeast contains enzyme. If the reaction takes place at too high of a temperature,
the enzyme will denature, the active site will take place and the reaction will stop

16. Polymerisation

17.

18. Determine the mass of ethanol required to raise the temperature of the water by 30°C.

19. Draw a graph of the mass of each alcohol required to raise the temperature of 100cm3 of water
by 10°C against the number of carbon atoms in one molecule of that alcohol.

20. D- 95, decreased

21. Burning of fossil fuels means that co2 has increased

Photosynthesis of plants has led to decrease

22. Carbon has a low boiling point as the weak intermolecular forces are easy to overcome with little
heat
23. mol=0.11*44
mol=4.84

24. D

25. Rubidium will have a violent reaction with lots of fizzing, a flame igniting and a molten ball
forming and dissolving

26. Lithium is less reactive than potassium due to its electronic configuration. Lithium has 2 electron
shells whereas potassium has 4. This means the forces of attraction between the nucleus and the
outermost shell in potassium are weaker than in lithium. This makes it much easier for potassium to
lose its last electron, gain a full outer shell and react. Lithium will lose its last electron slower as the
forces of attraction are stronger.

27. (6*7.59)+(7*92.41)/100= 6.92

28. Ethene is an unsaturated carbon as they carbons form double bonds (1)
Only made up of hydrogen and carbon

29. C2H4 + 3O2--- 2CO2 + 2H2O

30. Polymerisation

31. Molar mass= 14

84/14= 6
CH2*6=
C6H12

32. Drawing of gas syringe

33. In an exothermic reaction, the energy of the reactants is more than the energy of the products.
This is because during the reaction, energy is given out to the surrounding. Bonds are made in
exothermic reactions. Making bonds releases energy, breaking bonds needs energy

34. A more concentrated solution will increase the rate of reaction. This is because if there is a
higher concentration of a reactant, there are more particle within the reaction. This will increase the
frequency of collisions of particle, thus increasing the frequency of successful collisions in the
reaction, so the rate of reaction will increase. A larger surface area (smaller lumps) will also increase
rate of reaction. This is because smaller reactants will have more surface area available. This means
there are more particles available, increasing the frequency of collisions of particles and the
frequency of successful collisions. Therefore, if a reaction has a higher concentration (1.0dm) and a
larger surface area (smaller lumps) the rate of reaction will be much faster than reactions that only
fulfil one of these conditions, or none.

35. Damp blue litmus paper will turn red before bleaching white

36. Hydrobromic acid

37. Black
Solid

38. When bromine and chlorine react with potassium iodide, there is a colour change in the solution
as they have displaced the iodine. This is shown in the final colour change (brown) which is the
iodine. Bromine and chlorine both displace the iodine as they are more reactive, forming potassium
bromide and potassium chloride and leaving iodine. When potassium iodide is added to iodine,
there is no colour change as iodine cannot displace itself.

Bromine + potassium iodide---- Potassium bromide + iodine

Chlorine + potassium iodide-----Potassium chloride+ iodine
Iodine + potassium iodide---- potassium iodide + iodine

39. 3F2 + 2Fe---- 2FeF3

40. Describe how you could show that potassium and sodium ions are present in this sample.

41. Write the ionic equation for this reaction.