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Name: Class: Date:
2. One of the advantages of WPAN technologies is their conservative use of battery power.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
3. The first step in the Bluetooth pairing process is the paging procedure.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
4. On a ZigBee network, a reduced-function device can only connect to one full-function device on the network.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
8. Which of the following is true about the OSI model and IEEE 802?
a. the PMD is part of the Data Link layer
b. the PLCP formats data received from the MAC
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10. Which of the following is true about the Bluetooth protocol stack?
a. the L2CAP sits between Baseband and RF
b. the Baseband layer lies on top of the RF layer
c. Link Manager communicates directly with the Physical Radio
d. The RF layer communicates between the Link Manager and L2CAP
ANSWER: b
11. What feature available in some Bluetooth devices increases data rates to 2.1 or 3 Mbps?
a. Link Manager
b. radio module
c. L2CAP
d. EDR
ANSWER: d
12. Which Bluetooth power class allows transmission ranges up to 330 feet?
a. Power Class 1
b. Power Class 2
c. Power Class 3
d. Power Class 4
ANSWER: a
14. What feature of Bluetooth version 3.0 uses a separate radio module that transmits using similar methods to
Wi-Fi?
a. BLE
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16. Which feature of Bluetooth version 1.2 allows Bluetooth networks to coexist with 802.11 networks with a
minimum of interference?
a. adaptive frequency hopping
b. frequency hopping spread spectrum
c. alternate MAC/PHY
d. Bluetooth low energy
ANSWER: a
17. What is created when a Bluetooth network has one master and at least one slave using the same channel?
a. scatternet
b. wi-fi net
c. piconet
d. bluenet
ANSWER: c
18. What type of physical Bluetooth link carries voice transmissions up to 64 Kbs and is used for a full-duplex
connection such as when using a headset to make a phone call?
a. FEC
b. ACL
c. eSCO
d. SCO
ANSWER: d
21. In which Bluetooth power mode is only the slave device's internal timer running?
a. active mode
b. sniff mode
c. hold mode
d. park mode
ANSWER: c
23. Which layer in a ZigBee device is responsible for detecting the presence of an RF signal in the currently
selected channel?
a. LLC
b. PHY
c. MAC
d. Upper
ANSWER: b
24. Which task is the MAC layer responsible for in an 802.15.4 device?
a. turning the radio transceiver on and off
b. analyzing link quality
c. association and disassociation
d. selecting a frequency channel for operation
ANSWER: c
25. Which type of ZigBee device controls the network in a star topology?
a. all end-node devices
b. reduced function device
c. full-function device
d. PAN coordinator
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26. Which of the following is an 802.15.4-based technology that implements IPv6 on WPANs and supports
mesh networking?
a. WiGig
b. UWB
c. 6LoWPAN
d. WirelessHART
ANSWER: c
27. Which 802.15.4 technology is designed for industrial-automation applications such as process control,
equipment and process monitoring, and advanced diagnostics in wired networks?
a. WiGig
b. UWB
c. 6LoWPAN
d. WirelessHART
ANSWER: d
28. Which of the following is a private company that verifies the authenticity of each user in order to discourage
fraud?
a. PKI
b. certificate authority
c. message integrity organization
d. LLC
ANSWER: b
31. What are the three types of addresses used in a Bluetooth piconet? Describe each.
ANSWER: Bluetooth device address - Unique 48-bit number (IEEE 802 hardware or MAC address), which is
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32. Describe the two types of physical links between Bluetooth devices.
ANSWER: A synchronous connection-oriented (SCO) link is a symmetric point-to-point link between a master and a
single slave. This link functions like a circuit-switched link by using reserved time slots at fixed intervals. A
master and slave can each support up to three simultaneous SCO links. A SCO link carries mainly voice
transmissions at a speed of 64 Kbps. These transmissions occur in both directions.
An extended synchronous connection-oriented link (eSCO) link is similar to a SCO link. It is also
bidirectional, but can be symmetric or asymmetric (different data rates for master to slave and slave to master),
and is used for point-to-point, constant rate data, but with limited retransmissions in case errors should happen.
An asynchronous connectionless (ACL) link is a packet-switched link used for data transmissions. Sometimes
called a point-to-multipoint link, the ACL link is from one master to all the slaves participating on the piconet.
A piconet can support only a single ACL link between one master and up to seven slaves. In the time slots not
reserved for the SCO links, the master can establish an ACL and transfer data to any slave. A slave already
engaged in an SCO link can also have an ACL link.
33. What are the two types of network access used in IEEE 802.15.4 networks? Describe them.
ANSWER: There are two types of network access used in IEEE 802.15.4: Beacon-enabled networks in which the frames
contain contention-based periods for network access and may contain contention-free periods called
guaranteed time slots (GTSs), which are used for data transfer to specific devices. Beacons are a special type
of frame transmitted by the coordinator only in star topology networks, or transmitted by routers to other
devices, on request from a child device.
In contention-based communications, all devices that want to transmit in a particular frequency use CSMA/CA
to determine if the channel is busy. In beacon-enabled networks, the PAN coordinator can transmit control
information about which devices are allowed to transmit and when, and it will also inform devices about
timing periods in which all devices can contend for access to the medium. Beacons can be transmitted at fixed
intervals, during which devices will normally wake-up and turn on their receivers so they can find out if any
messages are being held for them at the coordinator or a parent device.
34. List three of the seven tasks the 802.15.4 MAC layer is responsible for.
ANSWER: Generating time synchronization frames if the device is a PAN coordinator
Synchronizing to the time synchronization frames
Association and disassociation
Device security and support of security mechanisms implemented by the upper layers
Managing channel access
Giving priority for certain devices to transmit at specific times
Maintaining a reliable link (error detection); 802.15.4 uses a 16-bit ITU cyclic redundancy check for
validating the data
35. What are the four levels of addresses for identifying devices within a ZigBee PAN?
ANSWER: The ZigBee specification defines four levels of addresses for identifying devices within a PAN: IEEE address,
network (PAN) address, node address, and endpoint address.
36. What is a cluster tree topology and how do they compare to mesh networks?
ANSWER: Cluster tree topologies are made up of two or more tree topology networks that are interconnected by FFDs.
Cluster tree networks have a slight advantage over mesh networks. In a mesh network, performance is
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40. What is the process that ZigBee WPANs use for authentication and encryption? Describe how it works.
ANSWER: ZigBee WPANs use a process called symmetric key for both authentication and encryption. A symmetric key
is a sequence of numbers and letters, much like a password, that must be entered by the authorized user on all
devices. No automatic key distribution or key rotation is included in the standard, although these options can
be implemented at the higher protocol layers. The length of the key can be 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, or 16 octets, with
longer keys providing more security than shorter ones.
42. makes it possible for Bluetooth radio manufacturers to add a second radio that uses 802.11
ANSWER: b
46. process that enables a Bluetooth device to discover which other Bluetooth devices are in range
ANSWER: f
47. a code composed of a subset of the data, the length of the data, and the symmetric key
ANSWER: g
FOOTNOTES:
[236] Bolisdastain. Q. In the former account of this embassy, the
archbishop of Cologne and bishop of Passau, according to M. du
Cange, are mentioned.
CHAP. LXXII.
THE DEATH OF LANCELOT KING OF HUNGARY,
WHICH CAUSES GREAT MOURNING AT THE COURT
OF FRANCE.—THE DEATHS OF JOHN OF COIMBRA,
KING OF CYPRUS, AND OF THE DUKE OF BRITTANY,
—WHICH LAST IS SUCCEEDED BY HIS BROTHER
ARTHUR COUNT DE RICHEMONT.
On Christmas-eve, in the year 1457, news arrived at Tours of the
death of Lancelot king of Hungary, while his ambassadors were
feasting, as has been said. This sad event changed their feastings
into sorrow, and their grief moved the compassion of all; for they well
knew the ardent desire their king had to marry the daughter of the
king of France, not through any wish of obtaining lands or money
with her, but through a strong passion to connect himself by
marriage with the king of France, as he was then but eighteen years
old. They also perceived, from the great respect and attentions that
had been shown them in France, that the king was equally desirous
of this match: you may therefore suppose that their grief was very
great.
This event was concealed six days from king Charles, lest it might
increase his disorder, and in order to afford time for its being broken
gently to him. Funeral obsequies were performed in the church of St
Martin at Tours, before the king was made acquainted with it; but on
that day it was told him, and he much lamented it. On the morrow,
the ambassadors set out on their return, very sorrowful at the
unfortunate issue of their embassy.
Intelligence of the king of Hungary's death was carried to the duke of
Burgundy on Christmas-day, for which he testified his grief; for king
Lancelot and he were nearly related; although he well knew that the
projected alliance between the two kings was meant for his
disadvantage, and particularly to deprive him of the duchy of
Luxembourg, which he had gained, as well by arms as by purchase.
King Lancelot, it was said, claimed this duchy; and it was reported,
that he had bequeathed it to the lady Magdalen of France, and had
ordered his executor, king Charles, to put her in the possession of it.
Notwithstanding that duke Philip had heard all this, he cared very
little about it. Soon after Christmas, the duke ordered a grand funeral
service to be performed in the cathedral church of Bruges for the
soul of the king of Hungary. It was rumoured, that he had died of
poison given him by some of his ministers, who feared, that should
he marry the princess of France, they would be dismissed from the
government; and it was said, that from the time he had swallowed
the poison, he only lived three hours.
In this year, died also John of Coimbra, a Portuguese, nephew to the
duchess of Burgundy. He had married the widowed queen of Cyprus,
and in her right became king of that island. It was a great loss, for he
had given great hopes of his being a good and virtuous prince.
The duke of Brittany departed this life without leaving any male heirs,
so that the duchy fell to his brother Arthur count de Richemont,
constable of France, who reigned as duke in his stead.
CHAP. LXXIII.
KING CHARLES IS DANGEROUSLY ILL.—ON HIS
RECOVERY, HE SENDS TO INFORM THE DUKE OF
BURGUNDY THAT HE SHALL TAKE UNDER HIS WARD
THE ESTATES OF THE YOUTH OF RODEMAC[237].—
THE DUKE'S ANSWER.—OF THE STORMS OF WIND,
FROST, AND SNOW IN THIS SEASON.
At this period, king Charles of France was so grievously ill at Tours
that it was thought he could never recover, and processions and
public prayers were made and offered up in several parts of the
kingdom for the restoration of his health. He shortly after this
recovered, and then sent a gentleman of his household with
credential letters to the duke of Burgundy; and, having laid them
before the duke, he said, that the king of France signified to him by
his mouth, that he had taken under his wardship all the lands of the
youth of Rodemac, as well those in France as elsewhere.
The duke instantly replied, that the lands of that youth were not in
France but in the duchy of Luxembourg, and that, as he was his
subject, the king had nothing to do with it. 'I would wish to know,'
added he, 'whether the king means to keep the peace of Arras,
which I shall not on my part infringe: tell him, I beg of you, to make
me acquainted with his will, and recommend me to him; for I know
that he has some in his council who are no friends of mine.' When
the duke had given this answer, he sent off on the morrow a secret
embassy to the king.
This youth of Rodemac, whose estates lay in the duchy of
Luxembourg, had always been of the party of king Lancelot, in
opposition to the duke of Burgundy, and was still against him. On the
other hand, the count de St Pol, in the expectation of being
constable of France, had attached himself to king Charles,—so that,
from these circumstances, war rather than peace was looked for
between the king of France and the duke of Burgundy.
In this year, the winter was so severe and long that the frost lasted
from Michaelmas-day until the 18th of February, and the large rivers
were so hard frozen that carriages passed over them. At length, the
frost broke up with such falls of snow and rain that the country was
greatly damaged by the inundations. These miseries were increased
by storms of wind that blew down many houses and steeples, and
chimnies without number: great damage was done to the vessels all
along the coast.
Toward the end of this year, there were such numerous pilgrimages
of Germans and Brabanters, men, women and children, to St
Michael's Mount, that the like was never seen before; nor could any
one divine the reason of their being so numerous at this time, but
from a sudden fit of devotion that had seized them.
FOOTNOTES:
[237] Rodemac. Rodemacheron, or Rodemark,—a town in
Luxembourg.
[a.d. 1458.]
CHAP. LXXIV.
THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY, AT THE REQUEST OF THE
TOWN OF GHENT, GOES THITHER.—A GREAT FEAST
IS MADE THERE.
On the 23d day of April, after Easter, in the year 1458, duke Philip of
Burgundy made his entry into the town of Ghent, at the request of
the inhabitants,—but not on their first soliciting it, for they had
frequently made this request through the dauphin and other great
lords. He would not, however, agree to go thither until that day, when
he made his entry with the dauphin; for he would not, for particular
reasons, take thither the count de Charolois, nor the lord de Croy his
first chamberlain. He was there received with greater honours than
any prince had ever obtained, for the whole town came out to meet
him,—the churchmen, in their robes and copes, as far as a quarter of
a league, followed by the officers of justice, as well those of the town
as of the prince,—then the deacons of the different trades, to the
number of seventy, each attended by ten of his trade, all variously
and appropriately dressed: after them came the knights, esquires,
and burghers of the town, to the amount of more than four hundred.
When they approached the duke, the bailiff of Ghent advanced and
addressed him, saying, that the inhabitants of the town of Ghent
were come out to meet him,—and he entreated that he would hear
what they had to say. The chief magistrate of the town then stept
forth, and made the following harangue: 'My most redoubted lord,
behold your subjects of Ghent, who request and supplicate (here
they all fell on their knees, with uplifted hands,) that you would be
pleased to forget and forgive all their former outrages and ill conduct,
for they are ready and willing to obey you in all things, to remain your
faithful servants, and, should need be, to die for you.' He added
other words nearly to the same purport.
With the duke were the count d'Estampes, the lord de Ravenstein,
and others, to the number of three hundred knights. When this
harangue was finished, the duke advanced to the town, the
procession that had come out to meet him taking the lead, and the
duke following, preceded by his heralds and trumpets in their tabards
of arms. He was surrounded by fifty archers of his body-guard,
clothed in their jackets, each having a hunting spear in his hand.
When the duke approached the gates, he found them open, for they
had been thrown into the fields; and as he passed, a virgin
descended by machinery, who saluted him, and said, 'Inveni quem
diligit anima mea.'
From this gate to the ducal palace, all the streets were hung with rich
cloths; and at the windows of the houses were numberless lighted
torches, and the people crying for joy at seeing their lord, and
conducting themselves with the utmost humility.
At each of the squares on his way were temporary stages erected,
whereon very magnificent historical pantomimes were acted, and
great bonfires were made in every street. So many fine shows were
exhibited that the whole seemed like a dream; and the duke was two
hours before he arrived at his palace, from the pleasure he took in
looking at such beautiful pageants.
At the entrance of his palace was a man dressed in skins to
represent a lion, who took his horse by the bridle and led him into the
court-yard. On the morrow, the town repeated these rejoicings, and
placed tables covered with all sorts of refreshments in the streets, for
all to partake of who would, showing the greatest joy and humility on
the occasion.
CHAP. LXXV.
THE DEATH OF THE KING OF ARRAGON.—HIS
BASTARD FERNANDO SUCCEEDS TO THE THRONE
OF NAPLES.—OF POPE PIUS, AND THE EVENTS
THAT HAPPENED ABOUT THAT TIME; SUCH AS THE
DEATH OF THE DUKE OF BRITTANY, AND THE
EMBASSY FROM ENGLAND TO THE DUKE OF
BURGUNDY.
About St John Baptist's day, in this year, Alphonso king of Arragon,
Naples and Sicily, departed this life in the city of Naples. He had
been in his time very powerful, redoubted, and rich, as was apparent
after his death; for it was commonly reported that he had left to his
bastard son Fernando, besides the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily,
six millions of florins in coin, and his chapel, which was marvellously
rich, together with all his jewels, estimated at more than a million of
gold. He had formed the largest ship that had ever been seen at sea,
which returned to the port of Naples the very day of his decease. It
happened that in so doing she struck on a bank of gravel with such
force that she was dismasted, and the mainmast falling on the deck
split it into a thousand pieces, and the vessel sunk. The mast was so
thick that five men could not encircle it with their united arms,—and
the noise of its fall was horrible to hear.
Eight days after his death, a very richly gilt and painted tabernacle,
that was placed over the seat he usually sat on in his hall, fell down
just at the same hour that the king deceased.
King Alphonso had been brother in arms to the duke of Burgundy;
and although they had never seen each other, they were so strongly
attached that they wore their different orders.
Pope Calixtus, then on the papal throne, hearing that the kingdom of
Naples had escheated to him from the late king's dying without legal
heirs, claimed that kingdom from Fernando the bastard, and,
because he would not give it up, excommunicated him and all his
adherents. However, on the death of Calixtus, which happened soon
after, his successor, pope Pius, restored the kingdom to Fernando. It
was currently said, that Fernando had given to Pius a very large sum
of money for his absolution, and to remain peaceably king of Naples.
When pope Calixtus had held the papacy about four years, he
departed this life: the cardinal of Sienna, called Æneas[238], was
elected in his room. He had been secretary to the emperor Frederic,
was an eloquent man, and took the name of Pius II.
The summer of this year was so dry that it scarcely rained at all from
the month of April to the middle of October,—and never, in the
memory of man, was seen so dry a season. The wines of this year
were very good, and corn at a low price; yet, notwithstanding this, a
fatal pestilence reigned in many places, such as Paris, Abbeville,
and in other great towns.
About Martinmas of this year, an embassy from England to the duke
of Burgundy came to him at Mons in Hainault. It was reported, that
the object was to propose a treaty of alliance by a marriage, and that
the duke had replied, he could not agree to it, according to the
articles of the treaty of Arras, without the knowledge and consent of
the king of France, who was equally debarred from making any
treaty with England without the consent of the duke. After this
answer, they went to the king of France.
FOOTNOTES:
[238] Æneas. Æneas Silvius Piccolomini.
CHAP. LXXVI.
THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY MAKES HIS ENTRY INTO
GHENT, AND IS MAGNIFICENTLY ENTERTAINED BY
THE TOWN.—THE KING OF FRANCE SENDS TO
SUMMON THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY TO ATTEND THE
TRIAL OF THE DUKE D'ALENÇON.
The most excellent and potent prince the duke of Burgundy made
his public entry into Ghent on Sunday after Easter, the 23d day of
April, in the year 1458, about four or five o'clock in the afternoon. It
was grandly conducted, and in the following order.
First, the churchmen led a procession out of the town, after paying
each their devotions in their respective churches. Then the bailiff and
sheriffs, with some of the burghers on horseback, clothed in black,
went out to meet their lord, and received him with the greatest
humility,—the other sheriffs remaining at the gate of the town. At
each place they paid him every reverence by kneeling on the
ground, offering him at the same time their persons and effects.
Then the deans of the guilds came forth in handsome array, each
with a torch in his hand, and a deputation from the different trades,
amounting to upwards of two hundred, clad in sky-coloured mantles,
and as many in white mantles, sweeping the ground. Without the
gate, and on both sides of the street on the other side of the river,
were figures representing the prophets: the one that looked toward
the duke displayed a roll, on which was written in large letters, Ecce
nomen Domini venit de longinquo, Isaiah xxx. The other figure
pointed to the trumpets over the gate, and on his roll was written,
Canite turba pariter omnes, &c. Near to the gate was a sort of
orchard or garden, in which was a young girl about ten years old,
with her hair hanging down, and simply dressed in a damask mantle:
on the duke's approach, she flung herself on her knees, and
displayed a roll with uplifted hands, on which was written, Inveni
quem diligit anima mea, Cantic. iii. The portal and inside of the gate
were hung with black, grey, and crimson cloths: on the cloth over the
portal at the barrier, the following was written in letters of gold, Venit
nobis pacificus Dominus, utere servitio nostro sicut placuerit tibi,
Judic. iii. On the cloth over the great gateway were the arms of the
duke, emblazoned with helmet and crest. The streets, from the gate
to the palace of the duke, were hung on each side with cloths of the
before-mentioned colours, namely, black, grey, and crimson. On the
black was written, in letters of silver, Venit nobis pacificus Dominus:
on the grey, Utere servitio nostro,—and on the crimson, Sicut
placuerit tibi. Above these cloths were five or six hundred torches,
including those in the front of the houses, so that, comprehending all
that were illuminated in the streets and in the boats on the river,
there were from fifteen to sixteen thousand torches.
Near the gate of entrance, and within the city, was a pageant
representing the prodigal son after he had been forgiven by his
father; and on a roll over it was written, Pater peccavi in cœlum et
coram te, Luc. xv. Not far distant was the figure of a prophet holding
a roll, on which was written, Lex clementiæ in lingua ejus, Proverb.
xxxi. A little farther was a scaffold, on which was acted a
representation of the emperor Caius in the midst of twelve senators,
—and before him stood Marcus Tullius, who harangued the emperor
on his clemency, in liberating many prisoners on his capture of
Rome, beginning, Diuturni silentii, &c. In this oration is the following
expression, among others, Nulla de virtutibus tuis major clementia
est. These words were written on the folds of the robes of the figure.
The next pageant represented a black lion holding in his paw the
banner of the arms of the duke: before him was a white lioness
humbly couched on the ground, and between them lay three young
lion cubs half dead; but on the roaring of the lion, they recovered
strength, life, and activity. There was a roll over them, with these
words, Quasi leo rugiens, et formidabunt filii ejus, Hosea xi. Further
on was another prophet, displaying a roll with these words written
thereon, Ecce venit desideratus cunctis gentibus et replebitur gloria
ejus domus Domini, Haggai ii.
Near to this last pageant was a representation of David's indignation
against Nabal, which was appeased by Nabal's wife,—and over it
was written, Benedictus Dominus Deus Israel quoniam te misit, Sam.
xx.
The second gate was hung with black and grey cloth, on which were
the arms of the duke properly emblazoned, with the arms of all the
knights-companions of the Golden Fleece. A scaffold was erected
close to this gate, having in the center a fountain, and surrounded by
a representation of the triumphant state of the church, with the figure
of a shepherd having recovered his lost sheep: he displayed a roll,
which had written on it, Congratulamini mihi quia inveni ovem quam
perdideram, Luc. xv.
Near the bridge was the figure of Pompey, governor of Rome, after
having made the king of Armenia prisoner for his rebellions against
the Romans; but, seeing his great submission and humility, he had
restored him to liberty, which showed that he thought he gained as
much glory by pardoning as by conquest. Over him was written,
Æque pulchrum est vincere reges, &c. Valerius, v. c. There was the
representation of another prophet near the bridge, pointing with one
hand to the water, and holding a roll in the other, whereon was
written, Respice Domine in servos tuos, Psalm. lxxxix.
In the river were the figures of six apostles, among whom was St
John, who addressed St Peter in writing, Dominus est, Matt. xiv. St
Peter, seeing our Lord walking to him on the water, and fearing to be
drowned, said also in the roll which he extended, Domine salvum me
fac, Matt. xiv. Our Saviour held out to him a roll, whereon was
written, Modice fidei quare dubitasti? Matt. xiv. On this same river
was a very large boat full of burning torches, and adjoining it another
figure as a prophet, with a roll in his hand, pointing also to a large
figure: it was written on the roll, Exultabunt omnia ligna silvarum a
facie Domini quoniam venit, Psalm. xv.
Facing this last prophet was a large platform, on which was erected
a fortress with two small towers, on the battlements of which were
suspended shields, having emblazoned on them the arms of all the
countries under the dependance of the duke of Burgundy. At the
gate of this castle was the personage of a giant, called Mars, and
surnamed the Victorious, having a lion by his side. In front of this
castle was a wood, in which were dragons, wolves, foxes, and all
sorts of wild beasts, that attempted to enter the gate and gain the
castle, but were always repulsed. In the center of the gate was a
man who represented the three conditions of men in the states of the
duke, and was dressed, as to his head, like a priest: his right side
was clothed with a long robe of cloth of silk for the gentry, and the
left side was attired as the labourers in the field: there was written
above him, Diligam te Domine fortitudo mea. Et nisi custodieris
civitatem frustra vigilat qui custodit eam, Psalm. xxv. On each side
were the figures of king Solomon and the queen of Sheba, over
whom was written, Major est gloria tua quam rumor quem audivi,
Reg. l. c. x.
On another part of the platform was a representation of Gideon after
he had obtained the victory, and the Israelites humbly addressing
him with these words, Dominare nostri tu, hic est filius tuus et filii tui
quia liberasti nos, Judic. viii. Not far off was an elephant bearing a
castle, in which were two men and four children who sang
melodiously a new song, the words of which were as follows.
'Long live the valiant Burgundy!
With heart and voice we loudly cry.
Henceforth no other lord we own;
But place our trust in him alone.
FOOTNOTES:
[239] Patart,—a low-country coin, worth about one penny English.
——Cotgrave.