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C H A P T E R 6
Additional Topics in Trigonometry
Section 6.1 Law of Sines .......................................................................................474
Section 6.2 Law of Cosines ...................................................................................480
Section 6.3 Vectors in the Plane ............................................................................490
Section 6.4 Vectors and Dot Products...................................................................504
Section 6.5 The Complex Plane ............................................................................511
Section 6.6 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number .....................................513
Review Exercises ........................................................................................................532
Problem Solving .........................................................................................................550
Practice Test .............................................................................................................554
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
C H A P T E R 6
Additional Topics in Trigonometry
Section 6.1 Law of Sines
C
1. oblique 8.
b = 5.5 a
123°
b 16°
2. A B
sin B c
3. angles; side Given: A = 16°, C = 123°, b = 5.5
4. 1
ac sin B B = 180° − A − C = 41°
2
b 5.5
a = (sin A) = (sin 16°) ≈ 2.31
5. C sin B sin 41°
b = 20 105° a b 5.5
c = (sin C ) = (sin 123°) ≈ 7.03
45° sin B sin 41°
A c B
9. Given: A = 102.4°, C = 16.7°, a = 21.6

Given: B = 45°, C = 105°, b = 20
B = 180° − A − C = 60.9°
A = 180° − B − C = 30°
a 21.6
b 20 sin 30° b = (sin B ) = (sin 60.9°) ≈ 19.32
a = (sin A) = = 10 2 ≈ 14.14 sin A sin 102.4°
sin B sin 45°
a 21.6
b 20 sin 105° c = (sin C ) = (sin 16.7°) ≈ 6.36
C = (sin C ) = ≈ 27.32 sin A sin 102.4°
sin B sin 45°
C 10. Given: A = 24.3°, C = 54.6°, c = 2.68

6. a
b
135° B = 180° − A − C = 101.1°
10°
A B c 2.68 sin 24.3°
c = 45
a = (sin A) = ≈ 1.35
sin C sin 56.4°
Given: B = 10°, C = 135°, c = 45 c 2.68 sin 101.1°
b = (sin B ) = ≈ 3.23
A = 180° − B − C = 35° sin C sin 54.6°
c 45 sin 35°
a = (sin A) = ≈ 36.50 11. Given: A = 83° 20′, C = 54.6°, c = 18.1
sin C sin 135°
c 45 sin 10° B = 180° − A − C = 180° − 83° 20′ − 54° 36′ = 42° 4′
b = (sin B ) = ≈ 11.05
sin C sin 135° c 18.1
a = (sin A) = (sin 83° 20′) ≈ 22.05
sin C sin 54.6°
7. C
c 18.1
b = (sin B) = (sin 42° 4′) ≈ 14.88
b a sin C sin 54.6°
35° 40°
A c = 10 B 12. Given: A = 5° 40′, B = 8°15′, b = 4.8
Given: A = 35°, B = 40°, c = 10 C = 180° − A − B = 166° 5′

b 4.8 sin 5° 40′
C = 180° − A − B = 105° a = (sin A) = ≈ 3.30
sin B sin 8°15'
c 10 sin 35°
a = (sin A) = ≈ 5.94 b 4.8 sin 166° 5′
sin C sin 105° c = (sin C ) = ≈ 8.05
sin B sin 8°15′
c 10 sin 40°
b = (sin B ) = ≈ 6.65
sin C sin 105°
474 © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 6.1 Law of Sines 475
13. Given: A = 35°, B = 65°, c = 10 3

15. Given: A = 55°, B = 42°, c =
C = 180° − A − B = 80° 4
c 10 sin 35° C = 180° − A − B = 83°

a = (sin A) = ≈ 5.82
c 0.75
sin C sin 80° a = (sin A) = (sin 55°) ≈ 0.62
c 10 sin 65° sin C sin 83°
b = (sin B) = ≈ 9.20
c 0.75
sin C sin 80° b = (sin B) = (sin 42°) ≈ 0.51
sin C sin 83°
14. Given: A = 120°, B = 45°, c = 16
5
C = 180° − A − B = 15° 16. Given: B = 28°, C = 104°, a = 3
8
c 16 sin 120°
a = (sin A) = ≈ 53.54 A = 180° − B − C = 48°
sin C sin 15°
5
c 16 sin 45° 3 sin 28°
b = (sin B) = ≈ 43.71
b =
a sin B
= 8 ≈ 2.29
sin C sin 15°
sin A sin 48°
5
3 sin 104°
a sin C 8
c = = ≈ 4.73
sin A sin 48°
17. Given: A = 36°, a = 8, b = 5

b sin A 5 sin 36°
sin B = = ≈ 0.36737  B ≈ 21.55°
a 8
C = 180° − A − B ≈ 180° − 36° − 21.55 = 122.45°
a 8
c = (sin C ) = (sin 122.45°) ≈ 11.49
sin A sin 36°
18. Given: A = 60°, a = 9, c = 7

c sin A 7 sin 60°
sin C = = ≈ 0.6738  C ≈ 42.34°
a 9
B = 180° − A − C ≈ 77.66°
a 9 sin 77.66°
b = (sin B) ≈ ≈ 10.15
sin A sin 60°
19. Given: A = 145°, a = 14, b = 4

b sin A 4 sin 145°
sin B = = ≈ 0.1639  B ≈ 9.43°
a 14
C = 180° − A − B ≈ 25.57°
a 14 sin 25.57°
c = (sin C ) ≈ ≈ 10.53
sin A sin 145°
20. Given: A = 100°, a = 125, c = 10

c sin A 10 sin 100°
sin C = = ≈ 0.07878  C ≈ 4.52°
a 125
B = 180° − A − C ≈ 75.48°
a 125 sin 75.48°
b = (sin B) ≈ ≈ 122.87
sin A sin 100°
476 Chapter 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry
21. Given: B = 15° 30′, a = 4.5, b = 6.8

a sin B 4.5 sin 15° 30′
sin A = = ≈ 0.17685  A ≈ 10°11′
b 6.8
C = 180° − A − B ≈ 180° − 10°11′ − 15° 30′ = 154°19′
b 6.8
c = (sin C ) = (sin 154°19′) ≈ 11.03
sin B sin 15° 30′
22. Given: B = 2° 45′, b = 6.2, c = 5.8

c sin B 5.8 sin 2° 45′
sin C = = ≈ 0.04488  C ≈ 2.57° or 2° 34′
b 6.2
A = 180 − B − C ≈ 174.68°, or 174° 41′
b 6.2 sin 174.68°
a = (sin A) ≈ ≈ 11.99
sin B sin 2° 45′
23. Given: A = 110°, a = 125, b = 100

b sin A 100 sin 110°
sin B = = ≈ 0.75175  B ≈ 48.74°
a 125
C = 180° − A − B ≈ 21.26°
a sin C 125 sin 21.26°
c = ≈ ≈ 48.23
sin A sin 110°
24. Given: a = 125, b = 200, A = 110° 25. Given: a = 18, b = 20, A = 76°
No triangle is formed because A is obtuse and a < b. h = 20 sin 76° ≈ 19.41
Because a < h, no triangle is formed..
26. Given: A = 76°, a = 34, b = 21

b sin A 21 sin 76°
sin B = = ≈ 0.5993  B ≈ 36.82°
a 34
C = 180° − A − B ≈ 67.18°
a sin C 34 sin 67.18°
c = ≈ ≈ 32.30
sin A sin 76°
27. Given: A = 58°, a = 11.4, c = 12.8

b sin A 12.8 sin 58°
sin B = = ≈ 0.9522  B ≈ 72.21° or B ≈ 107.79°
a 11.4
Case 1 Case 2
B ≈ 72.21° B ≈ 107.79°
C = 180° − A − B ≈ 49.79° C = 180° − A − B ≈ 14.21°
a 11.4 sin 49.79° a 11.4 sin 14.21°
c = (sin C ) ≈ ≈ 10.27 c = (sin C ) ≈ ≈ 3.30
sin A sin 58° sin A sin 58°
28. Given: a = 4.5, b = 12.8, A = 58° 29. Given: A = 120°, a = b = 25

h = 12.8 sin 58° ≈ 10.86 No triangle is formed because A is obtuse and a = b.
Because a < h, no triangle is formed.
30. Given: A = 120°, a = 25, b = 24
b sin A 24 sin 120° 12 3

sin B = = = ≈ 0.8314  B ≈ 56.24°
a 25 25
C = 180° − A − B ≈ 3.76°
a 25 sin 3.76°
c = (sin C ) ≈ ≈ 1.89
sin A sin 120°
31. Given: A = 45°, a = b = 1

Because a = b = 1, B = 45°.
C = 180° − A − B = 90°
a 1 sin 90°
c = (sin C ) = = 2 ≈ 1.41
sin A sin 45°
32. Given: A = 25° 4′, a = 9.5, b = 22

b sin A 22 sin 25° 4′
sin B = = ≈ 0.981  B ≈ 78.85° or B ≈ 101.15°
a 9.5
Case 1 Case 2
B ≈ 78.85° B ≈ 101.15°
C = 180° − A − B ≈ 76.08° C = 180° − A − B ≈ 53.78°
a 9.5 sin 76.08′ a 9.5 sin 53.78°
c = (sin C ) ≈ ≈ 21.76 c = (sin C ) ≈ ≈ 18.09
sin A sin 25° 4′ sin A sin 25° 4′
33. Given: A = 36°, a = 5 36. Given: A = 132°, a = 215

5 (a) One solution if b < 215.
(a) One solution if b ≤ 5 or b = .
sin 36° (b) Not possible for two solutions.
5 (c) No solutions if b ≥ 215.
(b) Two solutions if 5 < b < .
sin 36°
37. A = 125°, b = 9, c = 6
5
(c) No solution if b > . 1
sin 36° Area = bc sin A
2
34. Given: A = 60°, a = 10 1
= (9)(6) sin 125° ≈ 22.1
2
10
(a) One solution if b ≤ 10 or b = .
sin 60° 38. C = 150°, a = 17, b = 10
10 1
(b) Two solutions if 10 < b < . Area = ab sin C
sin 60° 2
1
(c) No solutions if b >
10
. = (17)(10) sin 150° = 42.5
sin 60° 2
39. B = 39°, a = 25, c = 12

35. Given: A = 105°, a = 80
1
(a) One solution if b < 80. Area = ac sin B
2
(b) Not possible for two solutions.
1
(c) No solution if b ≥ 80. = ( 25)(12) sin 39° = 94.4
2
40. A = 72°, b = 31, c = 44 46. 10

4
mi
27°
1 70° 63°
Area = bc sin A 20° y
2 d
1 θ
= (31)( 44) sin 72° ≈ 648.6
2
In 15 minutes the boat has traveled
41. C = 103° 15′, a = 16, b = 28
(10 mph ) hr  = miles.
1 10
1 4  4
Area = ab sin C
2 θ = 180° − 20° − (90° + 63°)
1
= (16)( 28) sin 103° 15′ ≈ 218.0 θ = 7°
2
10 4 y
=
1 sin 7° sin 20°
42. Area = ac sin B
2 y ≈ 7.0161
1
= (62)(35) sin 54° 30′ sin 27° =
d
2 7.0161
1 d ≈ 3.2 miles
= (62)(35) sin 54.5°
2
≈ 883.3 47. Given: A = 15°, B = 135°, c = 30
43. A = 67°, B = 43°, a = 8 C = 180° − A − B = 30°

From Pine Knob:
a 8 sin 43°
b = (sin B) = ≈ 5.927 c sin B 30 sin 135°
sin A sin 67° b = = ≈ 42.4 kilometers
sin C sin 30°
C = 180° − A − B = 70°
From Colt Station:
1
Area = ab sin C c sin A 30 sin 15°
2 a = = ≈ 15.5 kilometers
1 sin C sin 30°
= (8)(5.927) sin 70° ≈ 22.3
2
B a
44. B = 118°, C = 29°, a = 52
30 70° C
80° c = 65°
A = 180° − B − C = 33° 15°
65° b
a 52 sin 118°
b = (sin B) = ≈ 84.3004 A
sin A sin 33°
1
Area = ab sin C
2
1 48. Given: c = 100
= (52)(84.3004) sin 29° ≈ 1062.6
2 A = 74° − 28° = 46°,
B = 180° − 41° − 74° = 65°,
45. (a) C = 180° − 94° − 30° = 56°
C = 180° − 46° − 65° = 69°
h 40
= c 100
sin 30° sin 56° a = (sin A) = (sin 46°) ≈ 77 meters
sin C sin 69°
40
h = (sin 30°) A
sin 56° 100
46°
B
40 65°
(b) h = (sin 30°) ≈ 24.1 meters
sin 56° 69°
sin ( 42° − θ ) sin 48° (c) h = a sin 72° ≈ 6.16 sin 72° ≈ 5.86 miles
49. =
10 17 (d) The plane must travel a horizontal distance d to be
sin ( 42° − θ ) ≈ 0.43714 directly above point A.
42° − θ ≈ 25.9° ∠ ACD = ∠ ACB + ∠ BCD
θ ≈ 16.1° = 17° + (180° − 72° − 90°)
50. N = 17° + 18° = 35°

C
W E
S 35°
Elgin 5.86
C
a = 720 km b = 500 km A d D
44°
46° d
B A tan 35° =
Canton Naples 5.86
d = 5.86 tan 35° ≈ 4.10 miles
Given: A = 46°, a = 720, b = 500
52. (a)
b sin A 500 sin 46°
sin B = = ≈ 0.50  B ≈ 30° 20°
a 720
70°
The bearing from C to B is 240°. h 32°
16
12°
51. Given: A = 55°, c = 2.2
(a) C h 16
(b) =
sin 32° sin 70°
a h 16 sin 32°
(c) h = ≈ 9.0 meters
55° 72° sin 70°
A 2.2 B D
(b) B = 180° − 72° = 108° 53. α = 180 − θ − (180 − φ ) = φ − θ

C = 180° − 55° − 108° = 17° d 2 α
=
a c sin θ sin α
= d
sin A sin c 2 sin θ
d = θ φ
c 2.2 sin 55° sin (φ − θ ) 2
a = (sin A) = ≈ 6.16
sin c sin 17°
sin α sin β
54. (a) = (b) 1
9 18
sin α = 0.5 sin β Domain: 0 < β < π
α = arcsin (0.5 sin β ) π

Range: 0 < α ≤
0 π
6
0
(c) γ = π − α − β = π − β − arcsin (0.5 sin β ) (d)

27
c 18 Domain: 0 < β < π

=
sin γ sin β
Range: 9 < c < 27
18 sin γ 18 sin π − β − arcsin (0.5 sin β ) π
c = = 0
0
sin β sin β
(e)
β 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8
α 0.1960 0.3669 0.4848 0.5234 0.4720 0.3445 0.1683
c 25.95 23.07 19.19 15.33 12.29 10.31 9.27
As β increases from 0 to π , α increases and then decreases, and c decreases from 27 to 9.
55. True. If one angle of a triangle is obtuse, then there is 60. Distance from (0, 0) to
less than 90° left for the other two angles, so it cannot
contain a right angle. It must be oblique. (4, 3): (4 − 0)2 + (3 − 0) = 5
2
56. False. Two sides and one opposite angle do not A is acute.
necessarily determine a unique triangle. (a) a ≥ 5, a = 3
57. False. To solve an oblique triangle using the Law of (b) 3 < a < 5
Sines, you need to know two angles and any side, (c) a < 3
or two sides and an angle opposite one of them.
61. Yes.
a b
58. True. Using the Law of Sines, = . Dividing A = 180° − B − C = 40°
sin A sin B
a c B
each side of the equation by b and multiply each side of =
sin A sin C
a sin A 50°
the equation by sin A, you have = . a
b sin B c = sin C c
10
sin A
59. To find the area using angle C, the formula should be ≈ 15.6
1 1 b c
A = ab sin C and not A = bc sin C . So first find = C A
2 2 sin B sin C
b
angle B, to find side a. Then the area can be calculated.

c
b = sin B
sin C
≈ 11.9
An alternative method is to use the trigonometric ratios
of a right triangle.
opp a opp a
That is sin A = = and tan A = = .
hyp c hyp b
θ θ
(30)(20) sinθ +  − (8)(20) sin − (8)(30) sin θ
1 1 1
62. (a) A =
2  2 2 2 2
3θ θ 20 cm
= 300 sin − 80 sin − 120 sin θ
2 2
θ
 3θ θ  2 8 cm
= 20 15 sin − 4 sin − 6 sin θ  θ
 2 2  30 cm
(b) 170
(c) Domain: 0 ≤ θ ≤ 1.6690
The domain would increase in length and the area would have
a greater maximum value if the 8-centimeter line segment were
decreased.
0 1. 7
0
Section 6.2 Law of Cosines

1. b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B 3. standard
4. Heron’s Area
2. alternative
5. Given: a = 10, b = 12, c = 16
a 2 + b2 − c2 100 + 144 − 256

cos C = = = −0.05  C ≈ 92.87°
2ab 2(10)(12)
b sin C 12 sin 92.87°
sin B = ≈ ≈ 0.749059  B ≈ 48.51°
c 16
A ≈ 180° − 48.51° − 92.87° = 38.62°
Section 6.2 Law of Cosines 481
6. Given: a = 7, b = 3, c = 8
a 2 + b2 − c2 49 + 9 − 64
cos C = = ≈ −0.142857  C ≈ 98.21°
2ab 2(7)(3)
b sin C 3 sin 98.21°
sin B = ≈ ≈ 0.371157  B ≈ 21.79°
c 8
A ≈ 180° − 21.79° − 98.21° = 60°
7. Given: a = 6, b = 8, c = 12
a2 + b2 + c2 62 + 82 − 122
cos C = = ≈ − 0.458333  C ≈ 117.28°
2ab 2(6)(8)
 sin C   sin 117.28° 
sin B = b  = 8  ≈ 0.592518  B ≈ 36.34°
 c   12 
A = 180° − B − C ≈ 180° − 36.34° − 117.28° = 26.38°
8. Given: a = 9, b = 3, c = 11
a 2 + b2 − c2 92 + 32 − 112
cos C = = ≈ − 0.574074  C ≈ 125.03°
2ab 2(9)(3)
 sin C   sin 125.04° 
sin A = a  ≈ 9  ≈ 0.669930  A ≈ 42.06°
 c   11 
B = 180° − A − C ≈ 180° − 42.06° − 125.03° = 12.91°
9. Given: A = 30°, b = 15, c = 30
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
= 225 + 900 − 2(15)(30) cos 30° ≈ 345.5771
a ≈ 18.59
(345.5771) + 152 − 302 ≈ −0.590681  C ≈ 126.21°
2
a 2 + b2 − c2
cos C = ≈
2ab 2(18.59)(15)
B ≈ 180° − 30° − 126.21° = 23.79°
10. Given: C = 105°, a = 9, b = 4.5
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C = 81 + 20.25 − 2(9)( 4.5) cos 105° ≈ 122.2143  c ≈ 11.06

a 2 + c 2 − b2 81 + 122.324 − 20.25
cos B = ≈ ≈ 0.919598  B ≈ 23.13°
2ac 2(9)(11.06)
A ≈ 180° − 23.13° − 105° = 51.87°
11. Given: A = 50°, b = 15, c = 30

a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A = 152 + 302 − 2(15)(30) cos 50°
≈ 546.4912  a ≈ 23.38
 sin A   sin 50° 

sin C = c  ≈ 30  ≈ 0.983066
 a   23.3772 
There are two angles between 0° and 180° whose sine is 0.983066, C1 ≈ 79.4408° and C2 ≈ 180° − 79.4408° ≈ 100.56°.
Because side c is the longest side of the triangle, C must be the largest angle of the triangle. So, C ≈ 100.56° and
B = 180° − A − C ≈ 180° − 50° − 100.56° = 29.44°.
12. Given: C = 108°, a = 10, b = 7
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C = 102 + 7 2 − 2(10)(7) cos 108°

≈ 192.2624  c ≈ 13.87
 sin C   sin 108° 

sin A = a  ≈ 10  ≈ 0.685896
 c   13.8659 
There are two angles between 0° and 180° whose sine is 0.685896, A1 ≈ 43.31° and A 2 ≈ 180° − 43.31° ≈ 136.69°.
Because side c is the longest side of the triangle, C is the largest angle of triangle. So, A ≈ 43.31° and
B = 180° − A − C ≈ 180° − 43.31° − 108° ≈ 28.69°.
13. Given: a = 11, b = 15, c = 21
a 2 + b2 − c 2 121 + 225 − 441

cos C = = ≈ −0.287879  C ≈ 106.73°
2ab 2(11)(15)
b sin C 15 sin 106.73°
sin B = = ≈ 0.684051  B ≈ 43.16°
c 21
A ≈ 180° − 43.16° − 106.73° = 30.11°
14. Given: a = 55, b = 25, c = 72
a 2 + b2 − c2 552 + 252 − 722

cos C = = ≈ −0.557818  C ≈ 123.90°
2ab 2(55)( 25)
b2 + c2 − a 2 252 + 722 − 552
cos A = = ≈ 0.773333  A ≈ 39.35°
2bc 2( 25)(72)
B = 180° − 123.91° − 39.35° = 16.75°
15. Given: a = 2.5, b = 1.8, c = 0.9
(1.8) + (0.9) − ( 2.5)

2 2 2
b2 + c2 − a 2
cos A = = = − 0.679012  A ≈ 132.77°
2bc 2(1.8)(0.9)
(2.5) + (0.9) − (1.8)

2 2 2
a 2 + c2 − b2
cos B = = ≈ 0.848889  B ≈ 31.91°
2ac 2( 2.5)(0.9)
C = 180° − 132.77° − 31.91° = 15.32°
16. Given: a = 75.4, b = 52.5, c = 52.5
b2 + c2 − a2 52.52 + 52.52 − 75.4 2

cos A = = = − 0.031322  A ≈ 91.79°
2bc 2(52.5)(52.5)
b sin A 52.5 sin (91.79°)
sin B = ≈ ≈ 0.695947  B ≈ 44.10°.
a 75.4
C = B ≈ 44.10°
17. Given: A = 120°, b = 6, c = 7
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A = 36 + 49 − 2(6)(7) cos 120° = 127  a ≈ 11.27

b sin A 6 sin 120°
sin B = ≈ ≈ 0.461061  B ≈ 27.46°
a 11.27
C ≈ 180° − 120° − 27.46° = 32.54°
18. Given: A = 48°, b = 3, c = 14
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A = 9 + 196 − 2(3)(14) cos 48° ≈ 148.7930  a ≈ 12.20

b sin A 3 sin 48°
sin B = ≈ ≈ 0.182741  B ≈ 10.53°
a 12.20
C ≈ 180° − 48° − 10.53° = 121.47°
19. Given: B = 10° 35′, a = 40, c = 30
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B = 1600 + 900 − 2( 40)(30) cos 10° 35′ ≈ 140.8268  b ≈ 11.87
c sin B 30 sin 10° 35′
sin C = = ≈ 0.464192  C ≈ 27.66° ≈ 27° 40′
b 11.87
A ≈ 180° − 10° 35′ − 27° 40′ = 141° 45′
20. Given: B = 75° 20′, a = 9, c = 6
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B = (9) + (6) − 2(9)(6) cos 75° 20′ ≈ 89.6549  b ≈ 9.47
2 2
a sin B 9 sin 75° 20′

sin A = ≈ ≈ 0.919402  A ≈ 66.84°, or 66° 51′
b 9.47
C ≈ 180° − 75° 20′ − 66° 51′ = 37° 49′
21. Given: B = 125° 40′, a = 37, c = 37
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B = 1369 + 1369 − 2(37)(37) cos 125° 40′ ≈ 4334.4420  b ≈ 65.84
A = C  2 A = 180 − 125° 40′ = 54° 20′  A = C = 27° 10′
22. Given: C = 15° 15′, a = 7.45, b = 2.15
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C = (7.45) + ( 2.15) − 2(7.45)( 2.15) cos 15° 15′ ≈ 29.2180  c ≈ 5.41
2 2
(2.15) + (5.41) − (7.45)

2 2 2
b2 + c2 − a 2
cos A = ≈ ≈ −0.929025  A ≈ 158° 17′
2bc 2( 2.15)(5.41)
B ≈ 180° − 158° 17′ − 15° 15′ = 6° 28′
4 7
23. C = 43°, a = ,b =
9 9
2 2
4 7  4  7 
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C =   +   − 2   cos 43° ≈ 0.296842  c ≈ 0.54
9 9  9  9 
sin A =
a sin C
=
(4 9) sin 43° ≈ 0.556337  A ≈ 33.80°
c 0.544832
B ≈ 180° − 43° − 33.8° = 103.20°
3 3
24. Given: C = 101°, a = ,b =
8 4
2 2
 3  3  3  3 
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C =   +   − 2   cos 101° ≈ 0.8105  c ≈ 0.90
8  4  8  4 
2 2
3  3
  + (0.90) −  
2
b2 + c2 − a 2  4 8
cos A = ≈ ≈ 0.9125  A ≈ 24.15°
2bc  3
2 (0.90)
 4
B ≈ 180° − 24.15° − 101° = 54.85°
25. d 2 = 52 + 82 − 2(5)(8) cos 45° ≈ 32.4315  d ≈ 5.69 8

ϕ c
2φ = 360° − 2( 45°) = 270°  φ = 135° 5
5
d
c = 5 + 8 − 2(5)(8) cos 135° ≈ 145.5685  c ≈ 12.07
2 2 2 45°
8
26. 35 402 + 602 − 802 1

120° c 28. cos θ = = −  θ ≈ 104.5°
2( 40)(60) 4
25
25 1
φ ≈ 360° − 2(104.5°) ≈ 75.5°
2
d
θ 35 c 2 ≈ 402 + 602 − 2( 40)(60) cos 75.5° = 3998

c ≈ 63.23
c 2 = 252 + 352 − 2( 25)(35) cos 120° 60
= 2725  c ≈ 52.20 ϕ
c
40
θ = 1 360°
2
− 2(120°) = 60° 40 80
d 2 = 252 + 352 − 2( 25)(35) cos 60° θ

60
= 975  d ≈ 31.22
14
27.
ϕ 20
10
10
d
θ
14
102 + 142 − 202

cos φ =
2(10)(14)
φ ≈ 111.8°
2θ ≈ 360° − 2(111.8°)
θ = 68.2°
d 2 = 102 + 142 − 2(10)(14) cos 68.2°
d ≈ 13.86
(12.5) + (15) − 102

2 2 b
29. cos α = = 0.75  α ≈ 41.41°
2(12.5)(15) β ϕ
.5 α
12
10
10 + 15 − (12.5)
2 2 2 15
z 15
cos β = = 0.5625  β ≈ 55.77° 12
.5 u
2(10)(15) θ
10
β
α
δ x
z = 180° − α − β = 82.82°
b
u = 180° − z = 97.18°
b 2 = 12.52 + 102 − 2(12.5)(10) cos 97.18° ≈ 287.4967  b ≈ 16.96
12.52 + 16.962 − 102
cos δ = ≈ 0.8111  δ ≈ 35.80°
2(12.5)(16.96)
θ = α + δ = 41.41° + 35.80° = 77.2°
360° − 2(77.21°)
2φ = 360° − 2θ  φ = = 102.8°
2
25
252 + 17.52 − 252 α
30. cos α =
2( 25)(17.5) ω
17.5
α ≈ 69.512° 25
α
a
β ≈ 180 − α ≈ 110.488° β a
α
a 2 = 17.52 + 252 − 2(17.5)( 25) cos 110.488° 25
17.5
a ≈ 35.18 μ
z α
z = 180 − 2α ≈ 40.975° 25
252 + 35.182 − 17.52
cos μ =
2( 25)(35.18)
μ ≈ 27.775°
θ = μ + z ≈ 68.7°
ω = 180° − μ − β ≈ 41.738°
φ = ω + α ≈ 111.3°
31. Given: a = 8, c = 5, B = 40°

Given two sides and included angle, use the Law of Cosines.
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B = 64 + 25 − 2(8)(5) cos 40° ≈ 27.7164  b ≈ 5.26
(5.26) + 25 − 64 ≈ −0.2154  A ≈ 102.44°
2
b2 + c2 − a 2
cos A = ≈
2bc 2(5.26)(5)
C ≈ 180° − 102.44° − 40° = 37.56°
32. Given: a = 10, b = 12, C = 70°

Given two sides and included angle, use the Law of Cosines.
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C = 100 + 144 − 2(10)(12) cos 70° ≈ 161.9152  c ≈ 12.72
b sin C 12 sin 70°
sin B = ≈ ≈ 0.8865  B ≈ 62.44°
c 12.72
A ≈ 180° − 62.44° − 70° = 47.56°
33. Given: A = 24°, a = 4, b = 18

Given two sides and an angle opposite one of them, use the Law of Sines.
h = b sin A = 18 sin 24° ≈ 7.32
Because a < h, no triangle is formed.
34. Given: a = 11, b = 13, c = 7

Given three sides, use the Law of Cosines.
a2 + c2 − b2 121 + 49 − 169
cos B = = ≈ 0.0065  B ≈ 89.63°
2ac 2(11)(7)
a sin B 11 sin 89.63°
sin A = ≈ ≈ 0.8461  A ≈ 57.79°
b 13
C ≈ 180° − 57.79° − 89.63° = 32.58°
35. Given: A = 42°, B = 35°, c = 1.2

Given two angles and a side, use the Law of Sines.
C = 180° − 42° − 35° = 103°
c sin A 1.2 sin 42°
a = = ≈ 0.82
sin C sin 103°
c sin B 1.2 sin 35°
b = = ≈ 0.71
sin C sin 103°
36. Given: B = 12°, a = 160, b = 63

Given two sides and the included angle, use the Law of Sines.
Two Solutions:
Solution #1
a b
=
sin A sin B
a sin B 160 sin 12°
sin A = = ≈ 0.5280  A ≈ 31.87°
b 63
C = 180° − A − B
= 136.13°
c b
=
sin C sin B
b sin c 63 sin 136.13°
c = = ≈ 210.00
sin B sin 12°
Solution #2
a b
=
sin A sin B
sin A = = ≈ 0.5280  A ≈ 180° − 31.87° = 148.13°
b 63
C = 180° − A − B
= 19.87°
c b
=
sin C sin B
b sin c 63 sin 19.8724
c = = ≈ 103.00
sin B sin 12°
37. a = 6, b = 12, c = 17
a +b + c 6 + 12 + 17
s = = = 17.5
2 2
Area = s( s − a )( s − b)( s − c) = 17.5(11.5)(5.5)(0.5) ≈ 23.53
38. a = 33, b = 36, c = 21

a +b + c 33 + 36 + 21
s = = = 45
2 2
Area = s( s − a )( s − b)( s − c ) = 45(12)(9)( 24) ≈ 341.53
39. a = 2.5, b = 10.2, c = 8

a +b + c 2.5 + 10.2 + 8
s = = = 10.35
2 2
Area = s( s − a )( s − b)( s − c ) = 10.35(7.85)(0.15)( 2.35) ≈ 5.35
40. Given: a = 12.32, b = 8.46, c = 15.9

a + b + c 12.32 + 8.46 + 15.9
s = = = 18.34
2 2
Area = s( s − a )( s − b)( s − c ) = 18.34(6.02)(9.88)( 2.44) ≈ 51.59
1 5
41. Given: a = 1, b = ,c =
2 4
1 5
1+ +
a +b + c 2 4 = 11
s = =
2 2 8
11 3  7  1 
Area = s( s − a )( s − b)( s − c) =     ≈ 0.24
8  8  8  8 
3 4 7
42. Given: a = ,b = ,c =
5 3 8
3 4 7
+ +
a +b + c 8 = 337
s = = 5 3
2 2 240
337  193  17  127 

Area = s( s − a )( s − b)( s − c) =     ≈ 0.21
240  240  240  240 
1 1
43. Area = bc sin A 44. Area = ab sin C
2 2
1 1
= (75)( 41) sin 80° = (16)(3.5) sin 109°
2 2
≈ 1514.14 ≈ 26.47
45. b 2 = 2202 + 2502 − 2( 220)( 250) cos 105°  b ≈ 373.3 meters

B
75°
220 m 250 m
105°
C b A
2 2 + 32 − ( 4.5)
2
46. cos θ = ≈ −0.60417
2( 2)(3)
θ ≈ 127.2°
47. d = 330 2 + 420 2 − 2(330)( 420) cos 8° ≈ 103.9 feet
48. d 2 = 60.52 + 902 − 2(60.5)(90) cos 45° ≈ 4059.8572  d ≈ 63.7 ft

S
T d P F
90 60.5
45°
49. The angles at the base of the tower are 96° and 84°.
The longer guy wire g1 is given by:

g12 = 752 + 1002 − 2(75)(100) cos 96° ≈ 17,192.9  g1 ≈ 131.1 feet
The shorter guy wire g 2 is given by:

g 2 2 = 752 + 1002 − 2(75)(100) cos 84 ≈ 14,057.1  g 2 ≈ 118.6 feet
N
50. a = 165, b = 216, c = 368
W E
1652 + 3682 − 2162
S cos B = ≈ 0.9551
216 miles
2(165)(368)
72.8°
C 165 miles B ≈ 17.2°
17.2° B
2162 + 3682 − 1652
59.7°
368 miles cos A = ≈ 0.9741
2( 216)(368)
A 13.1°
A ≈ 13.1°
(a) Bearing of Minneapolis (C) from Phoenix (A) (b) Bearing of Albany (B) from Phoenix (A)
N (90° − 17.2° − 13.1°) E N (90° − 17.2°) E
N 59.7° E N 72.8° E
17002 + 37002 − 30002 52. Distance from Franklin to Rosemount:

51. cos B =  B ≈ 52.9°
2(1700)(3700) d = 8102 + 6482 − 2(810)(648) cos(137°)
Bearing: 90° − 52.9° = N 37.1° E ≈ 1357.8 miles
2 2 2 Bearing from Franklin to Rosemount:
1700 + 3000 − 3700
cos C =  C ≈ 100.2°
2(1700)(3000) N (75° − θ ) E
Bearing: 90° − 26.9° = S 63.1° E
cos θ ≈
(1357.8)2 + 8102 − 6482 ≈ 0.9456
N
2(1357.8)(810)
W E
C
θ ≈ 19.0°
S
300 Bearing from Franklin to Rosemount: N 56.0° E
0m
m
00
N
17
W E Rosemount
B A
3700 m
S
32° 648 miles
75°
Centerville
810 miles
Franklin
53. B
55. (a) C = 180° − 53° − 67° = 60°
d 2 = a 2 + (3s ) − 2ab cos C
2
76 92
= 362 + 9s 2 − 2(36)(3s )(0.5)

A 115 C
d = 9 s 2 − 108s + 1296
N
1152 + 762 − 922

cos A = ≈ 0.6028  A ≈ 52.9°
2(115)(76) 36 mi
53°
1152 + 922 − 762 d 60°
cos C = ≈ 0.75203  c ≈ 41.2° W E
2(115)(92) 67°
3s mi
C
54.
S
650 575
(b) 43 = 9s 2 − 108s + 1296
B A 9s 2 − 108s − 553 = 0
725
Using the quadratic formula, s ≈ 15.87 mph.
The largest angle is across from the largest side.
6502 + 5752 − 7252
cos C =
2(650)(575)
C ≈ 72.3°
56. (a) 7 2 = 1.52 + x 2 − 2(1.5) x cos θ (c) 10

(d) Maximum: 8.5 inches
49 = 2.25 + x 2 − 3 x cos θ Minimum: 5.5 inches
x 2 − 3 x cos θ − 46.75 = 0 In one revolution, the
piston is pulled 3 inches
0 2π
3 cos θ ± ( −3 cos θ )2 − 4(1)( −46.75) 0 and pushed 3 inches.
(b) x = The total distance the
2(1)
piston moves is 6 inches.
x =
1
2
(
3 cos θ + 9 cos 2 θ + 187 )
57. a = 200 60. Area = s( s − a )( s − b)( s − c)
b = 500
200 + 500 + 600
s =
(a + b + c)
=
( 2490 + 1860 + 1350)
= 2850
c = 600  s = = 650
2 2 2
Area = 650( 450)(150)(50) ≈ 46,837.5 square feet Area = ( 2850)(360)(990)(1500) ≈ 1,234,346.0 ft 2
1,234,346.0 ft 2
58. Area = 2  12 (70)(100) sin 70° ≈ 28.33669 acre
(43,560 ft 2 acre)
≈ 6577.8 square meters
(28.33669 acre)($2200 acre) ≈ $62,340.71
(The area of the parallelogram is the sum of the areas of
two triangles.)
61. False. The average of the three sides of a triangle is
510 + 840 + 1120 a + b + c a + b + c
59. s = = 1235 , not = s.
2 3 2
Area = 1235(1235 − 510)(1235 − 840)(1235 − 1120)
62. False. To solve an AAS triangle, the Law of Sines is
≈ 201,674 square yards needed.
 201,674.02 
Cost ≈  ( 2000) ≈ $83,336.37
 4840 
63. c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C 66. (a) Because SSS is given, use the Law of Cosines.
= a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos 90° (b) Because AAS is given, use the Law of Sines.
= a 2 + b 2 − 2ab(0) 1 1  b2 + c2 − a 2 
67. (a) bc(1 + cos A) = bc 1 + 
= a 2 + b2 2 2  2bc 
When C = 90°, you obtain the Pythagorean Theorem. 1  2bc + b 2 + c 2 − a 2 
= bc  
The Pythagorean Theorem is a special case of the Law 2  2bc 
of Cosines.
1 2
= (b + c ) − a 
2
64. To solve the triangle using the Law of Cosines, substitute 4

values into a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A. Simplify the 1
= (b + c) + a
(b + c) − a
equation so that you have a quadratic equation in terms 4
of c. Then, find the two values of c, and find the two b + c + a b + c − a
= ⋅
triangles that model the given information. 2 2
Using the Law of Sines will give the same result as using a + b + c −a + b + c
= ⋅
the Law of Cosines. 2 2
Sample answer: An advantage for using the Law of
1 1  a 2 − (b 2 + c 2 ) 
Cosines is that it is easier to choose the correct value to (b) bc(1 − cos A) = bc 1 + 
avoid the ambiguous case, but its disadvantage is that 2 2  2bc 

there are more computations. The opposite is true for the
1  2bc + a 2 − b 2 − c 2 
Law of Sines. = bc  
2  2bc 
65. There is no method that can be used to solve the no- a 2 − (b 2 − 2bc + c 2 )
solution case of SSA. =
4
The Law of Cosines can be used to solve the single-
a − (b − c )
2 2
solution case of SSA. You can substitute values into
=
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A. The simplified quadratic 4
equation in terms of c can be solved, with one positive  a − (b − c)  a + (b − c) 
=   
solution and one negative solution. The negative solution  2  2 
can be discarded because length is positive. You can use
a −b + c a +b −c
the positive solution to solve the triangle. = ⋅
2 2
Section 6.3 Vectors in the Plane

1. directed line segment
(6 − 2) + ( 5 − 4)
2 2
9. u = = 17
2. initial; terminal
(4 − 0) + (1 − 0)
2 2
v = = 17
3. vector
5− 4 1
slopeu = =
4. magnitude; direction 6 − 2 4
5. standard position 1− 0 1
slope v = =
4 − 0 4
6. unit vector u and v have the same magnitude and direction so they
7. multiplication; addition are equivalent.
8. linear combination; horizontal; vertical
Section 6.3 Vectors in the Plane 491
10. u = (−3 − 0)
2
+ ( −4 − 4)
2
= 73 15. Initial point: (0, 0)
Terminal point: (1, 3)

(0 − 3) + ( −4 − 3)
2 2
v = = 58
v = 1 − 0, 3 − 0 = 1, 3
−4 − 4 8
slopeu = =
−3 − 0 3 v = 12 + 32 = 10
−4 − 3 7
slope v = =
0 −3 3 16. Initial point: (0, 0)
u and v do not have the same magnitude and direction, Terminal point: ( −4, − 2)
so they are not equivalent.
v = −4 − 0, − 2 − 0 = −4, − 2
11. u = ( − 1 − 2) 2 + ( 4 − 2)
2
= 13
v = (−4)2 + ( −2) =
2
20 = 2 5
(− 5 − (− 3)) + ( 2 − ( −1))
2 2
v = = 13
17. Initial point: (3, − 2)
4− 2 2
slopeu = = −
−1 − 2 3 Terminal point: (3, 3)
2 − ( −1) 3 v = 3 − 3, 3 − ( −2) = 0, 5
slope v = = −
− 5 − ( − 3) 2
v = 0 2 + 52 = 25 = 5
u and v have the same magnitude but not the same
direction so they are not equivalent. 18. Initial point: ( −4, −1)
Terminal point: (3, −1)
12. u = (7 − 2) + ( 4 − 0)
2 2
= 41
v = 3 − ( −4), −1 − ( −1) = 7, 0
(2 − (− 8))
2
+ (9 − 1)
2
v = = 164 = 2 41
v = 7 2 + 02 = 7
4−0 4
slopeu = =
7 − 2 5 19. Initial point: ( − 3, − 5)
9 −1 4
slope v = = Terminal point: ( −11, 1)
2 − ( − 8) 5
v = −11 − ( − 3), 1 − ( − 5) = − 8, 6
u and v have the same direction but not the same
magnitude, so they are not equivalent.
(− 8)
2
v = + 62 = 100 = 10
+ ( −10 − ( −1))
2
( 5 − 2)
2
13. u = = 90 = 3 10 20. Initial point: ( −2, 7)
v = (9 − 6) + ( − 8 − 1)
2 2
= 90 = 3 10 Terminal point: (5, −17)
−10 − ( −1) v = 5 − ( −2), −17 − 7 = 7, − 24

slopeu = = −3
5− 2
72 + ( −24) = 25
2
−8 − 1 v =
slope v = = −3
9 −6
21. Initial point: (1, 3)
u and v have the same magnitude and direction so they
are equivalent. Terminal point: ( −8, − 9)
v = −8 − 1, − 9 − 3 = −9, −12
14. u = (13 − 8)2 + ( −1 − 1)
2
= 29
(−9) + ( −12) =
2 2
v = 225 = 15
( − 7 − ( − 2) )
2
+ ( 6 − 4)
2
v = = 29
−1 − 1 2 22. Initial point: (17, − 5)

slopeu = = −
13 − 8 5 Terminal point: (9, 3)
6 − 4 2
slope v = = −
− 7 − ( − 2) 5 v = 9 − 17, 3 − ( − 5) = − 8, 8
(− 8)
2
u and v have the same magnitude and direction so they v = + 82 = 8 2
are equivalent.
23. Initial point: ( −1, 5) 29. u − v

y
Terminal point: (15, − 21) u
v = 15 − ( −1), − 21 − 5 = 16, − 26 −v
x
v = (16)2 + ( − 26)
2
= 932 = 2 233 u−v
24. Initial point: ( −3, 11)
v = 9 − ( −3), 40 − 11 = 12, 29 30. v − 12 u

y
v = 122 + 29 2 = 985
− 12 u
v
v − 12 u
25. −v
y
−v
31. u = 2, 1 , v = 1, 3
(a) u + v = 3, 4
26. 5 v y
y
5
5v 4 u+v
3
2 v
1
u
x
v −1 1 2 3 4 5
x −1
27. u + v (b) u − v = 1, − 2
y y
u+v 2
1 u
v
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 −v
u −2 u − v
x
−3
28. u + 2 v
y
(c) 2u − 3v = 4, 2 − 3, 9 = 1, − 7
y
2 2u
u + 2v x
2v −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2
− 3v
−4
−6
−8
2u − 3v
u
x
− 10
32. u = 2, 3 , v = 4, 0 (b) u − v = −5, 3 = u

y
(a) u + v = 6, 3
7
y
6
5
8
4
u=u−v
6 3
2
4 1
v v
x
u
2 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
u+v
x
2 4 6 8 (c) 2u − 3v = −10, 6 = 2u
y
(b) u − v = −2, 3 12
y 10
8
6 2u = 2u − 3v
6
5
4
4
u−v −v 2
− 3v
x
2 − 12 − 10 − 8 − 6 − 4 − 2 2
u −2
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2
34. u = 0, 0 , v = 2, 1
(a) u + v = 2, 1
(c) 2u − 3v = 4, 6 − 12, 0 y
= −8, 6
3
y
2
10
8 v=u+v
−3v 1
2u − 3v
4 u
2u x
2 −1 1 2 3
x
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 −1
−4
−6
−8 (b) u − v = −2, −1
y
33. u = −5, 3 , v = 0, 0 1
u x
(a) u + v = −5, 3 = u −3 −2 1
y −1
−v = u − v
7
−2
6
5 −3
4
u=u+v
3
2 (c) 2u − 3v = 0, 0 − 6, 3
1
v
x = −6, − 3
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
y
1
2u
x
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 1
−1
−2
−3
−3v = 2u − 3v
−4
−5
−6
−7
35. u = − 7 j, v = i − 2 j (b) u − v = − 5i + 6 j
(a) u + v = i − 9 j − 5, 6
1, − 9 y
y 7
6
1
x 5
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 u−v 4
u −v 3
−4 u+v 2
−5 u
−6 x
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
v −1
−9
− 10
(c) 2u − 3v = ( − 6i + 2 j) − (6i − 15 j)
(b) u − v = − i − 5 j = −12i + 17 j
−1, − 5 −12, 17
y y
2
20
1
x 16
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 − 2 −1 1 2 3 2u − 3v
12
u−v
u − 3v 8
−v x
−7 − 20 − 16 − 12 − 8 2u 4
−8 −4
(c) 2u − 3v = ( −14 j) − (3i − 6 j) 37. u = 2, 0

= − 3i − 8 j 5u = 10, 0
− 3, − 8 5u = (10)2 + 02 = 10
y
2 38. v = − 3, 6
x
− 10 − 8 − 6 − 4 − 2 2 4 6 8
4 v = −12, 24
2u − 3v
−8
2u 4v = ( −12)4 + 242 = 720 = 12 5
− 3v
39. v = − 3, 6
− 14
− 16 − 3v = 9, −18
9 2 + ( −18)
2
36. u = − 3i + j, v = 2i − 5 j 4v = = 405 = 9 5
(a) u + v = − i − 4 j
40. u = 2, 0
−1, − 4
y 3 3
− u = − ,0
2 4 2
u 1 2
3  3 2 3
x − u = −  + 0 =
−5 −4 −3 −1 1 2 4 2
  2
v u+v
41. v = 3, 0
−4
1 1 1
−5 u = v = 3, 0 = 3, 0 = 1, 0
v 2
3 + 0 2 3
2 2
u = 1 + 0 =1
42. v = 0, − 2
1 1 1
u = v = 0, − 2 = 0, − 2 = 0, −1
v 0 + ( − 2)
2 2 2
02 + ( −1)
2
u = =1
43. v = − 2, 2 45. v = 1, − 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
u = v = − 2, 2 = − 2, 2 u = v = 1, − 6 = 1, − 6
v ( − 2) 2
+ 22 2 2 v 12 + ( − 6)
2 37
1 1 1 37 6 37
= − , = 1, − 6 = ,−
2 2 37 37 37
2 2
= − ,  37 
2
 − 6 37 
2
2 2 u =   +   = 1
 37   37 
2 2
− 2  2
u =   +   = 1
 2   2 
44. v = − 5, 12
1 1
u = v = − 5, 12
v (− 5)
2
+ 122
1
= − 5, 12
13
5 12
= − ,
13 13
2 2
 5  12 
u = −  +   =1
 13   13 
46. v = − 8, − 4
1 1 1 1
u = v = − 8, − 4 = − 8, − 4 = − 8, − 4
v ( − 8)
2
+ ( − 4)
2 80 4 5
5 2 5 5
= − 8, − 4 = − ,−
20 5 5
2 2
 2 5  5
u =  −  +  −  = 1
 4   5 
 1     1   
1 1
47. v = 10 u  = 10 −3, 4  48. v = 3 u  = 3 −12, − 5 
u     
(−3) u 
2
 ( −12) + ( −5)
2 2
   + 42  
= 2 −3, 4 3
= −12, − 5
= −6, 8 13
36 15
= − ,−
13 13
 1   1  9 56. v = 3
4
w = 3
4
(i + 2 j)
49. 9 u  = 9 2, 5  = 2, 5
u  2
2 +5 2 29
    = 3
i + 3
j = 3 3
,
4 2 4 2
18 45 18 29 45 29 y
= , = ,
29 29 29 29 w
2
 1   1  1 3
50. v = 8 u  = 8 3, 3  w
u  2 2
4
   3 +3 
x
8 −1 1 2
= 3, 3
3 2 −1
8 8
= ,
2 2
57. v = u + 2w
= 4 2, 4 2
= ( 2i − j) + 2(i + 2 j)
51. u = 3 − ( −2), − 2 − 1 = 4i + 3j = 4, 3
y
= 5, − 3
4
= 5i − 3 j
3
u + 2w
52. u = 3 − 0, 6 − ( −2) 2
1 2w
u = 3, 8
x
u = 3i + 8 j 3 4 5
−1 u
53. u = − 6 − 0, 4 − 1
u = − 6, 3 58. v = −u + w
u = − 6i + 3 j = −( 2i − j) + (i + 2 j)
= −i + 3 j = −1, 3
54. u = −1 − 2, − 5 − 3 y
= − 3, − 8 −u + w3
= − 3i − 8 j
w 2
55. v = 3
2
u
= 3
2 ( 2i − j) −u
x
3
= 3i − 2
j = 3, − 32 −2 −1 1
59. v = u − 2w
1
= ( 2i − j) − 2(i + 2 j)
1 2 3
x
= −5 j = 0, − 5
y
−1 u
3u x
2 −2 −1 2 3
−2 u
u − 2w
−2
−3
−2w
−4
60. v = 1
2 (3u + w) 66. v = 4 3 cos 90°, 4 3 sin 90°
= 1
2 ( 6i − 3 j + i + 2 j) = 0, 4 3
7 1j 7
= 2
i − 2
= 2
, − 12 y
y 10
8
2
6
1 4
1
2
(3u + w) 2 90°
x
4 x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−1 3u 1 −2
2 2
w
−2
7 7
67. v = cos 150°, sin 150°
2 2
61. v = 6i − 6 j
7 3 7
= − ,
62 + ( −6) =
2
v = 72 = 6 2 4 4
y
−6
tan θ = = −1
6 4
Since v lies in Quadrant IV, θ = 315°. 3
2
62. v = −5i + 4 j
150°
(−5)
2
v = + 42 = 41 x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1
tan θ = − 54 −1
Since v lies in Quadrant II, θ = 141.3°.

68. v = 2 3 cos 45°, 2 3 sin 45°
63. v = 3(cos 60°i + sin 60° j) = 6, 6
v = 3, θ = 60° y
64. v = 8(cos 135° i + sin 135° j) 3
v = 8, θ = 135° 2
65. v = 3 cos 0°, 3 sin 0° 1
= 3, 0 45°
x
y 1 2 3
2  1 
69. v = 3 (3i + 4 j)
1  32 + 42 
3
= (3i + 4 j)
1 2 3
x 5
9 12 9 12
−1 = i + j = ,
5 5 5 5
y
x
−1 1 2 3
−1
 1  72. u = 20 cos 45°, 20 sin 45° = 10 2, 10 2

70. v = 2
2 2
(i + 3 j)
 1 + 3  v = 50 cos 180°, 50 sin 180° = −50, 0
2
= (i + 3j) u + v = 10 2 − 50, 10 2
10
10 3 10 10 3 10
= i + j = , 73. v = i + j
y
5 5 5 5
y w = 2i − 2 j 1
v
u = v − w = −i + 3 j u
α x
3
−1 1 2
v = 2
2 −1 w
w = 2 2
1 −2
v −w = 10
x
2 2 2
−1 1 2 v + w − v − w 2 + 8 − 10
cos α = = = 0
2v w 2 2 ⋅2 2
71. u = 4 cos 60°, 4 sin 60° = 2, 2 3 α = 90°
v = 4 cos 90°, 4 sin 90° = 0, 4
u + v = 2, 4 + 2 3
y
74. v = i + 2 j
w = 2i − j 2
u = v − w = −i + 3 j 1 v
u
2 2 2 θ
v + w − v − w 5 + 5 − 10 x
cos θ = = = 0 −2 −1
w
2
2v w 2 5 5 −1
θ = 90° −2
75. Force One: u = 45i

Force Two: v = 60 cos θ i + 60 sin θ j
Resultant Force: u + v = ( 45 + 60 cos θ )i + 60 sin θ j
u + v = (45 + 60 cos θ ) + (60 sin θ )

2 2
= 90
2025 + 5400 cos θ + 3600 = 8100
5400 cos θ = 2475
2475
cos θ = 5400
≈ 0.4583
θ ≈ 62.7°
76. Force One: u = 3000i

Force Two: v = 1000 cos θ i + 1000 sin θ j
Resultant Force: u + v = (3000 + 1000 cos θ )i + 1000 sin θ j
(3000 + 1000 cos θ ) + (1000 sin θ )

2 2
u + v = = 3750
9,000,000 + 6,000,000 cos θ + 1,000,000 = 14,062,500
6,000,000 cos θ = 4,062,500
4,062,500
cos θ = ≈ 0.6771
6,000,000
θ ≈ 47.4°
77. Horizontal component of velocity: 1200 cos 6° ≈ 1193.4 ft/sec

Vertical component of velocity: 1200 sin 6° ≈ 125.4 ft/sec
78. Vertical component of velocity: 105 sin ( − 3.5°) ≈ − 6.41 mph
Horizontal component of velocity: 105 cos( − 3.5°) ≈ 104.80 mph
79. u = 300i
125 125
v = (125 cos 45°)i + (125 sin 45°) j = i + j
2 2
 125  125
u + v =  300 + i + j
 2 2
2 2
 125   125 
u + v =  300 +  +  ≈ 398.32 newtons
 2  2
125
tan θ = 2  θ ≈ 12.8°
 125 
300 +  
 2
y
80. u = ( 2000 cos 30°)i + ( 2000 sin 30°) j
≈ 1732.05i + 1000 j
v = (900 cos( −45°))i + (900 sin ( −45°)) j
2000
≈ 636.4i + −636.4 j u+v
x
u + v ≈ 2368.4i + 363.6 j
900
u + v ≈ (2368.4)2 + (363.6)
2
≈ 2396.2 newtons
363.6
tan θ = ≈ 0.1535  θ ≈ 8.7°
2368.4
81. u = (75 cos 30°)i + (75 sin 30°) j ≈ 64.95i + 37.5 j

v = (100 cos 45°)i + (100 sin 45°) j ≈ 70.71i + 70.71j
w = (125 cos 120°)i + (125 sin 120°) j ≈ −62.5i + 108.3 j
u + v + w ≈ 73.16i + 216.5 j
u + v + w ≈ 228.5 pounds
216.5
tan θ ≈ ≈ 2.9593
73.16
θ ≈ 71.3°
82. u = (70 cos 30°)i − (70 sin 30°) j ≈ 60.62i − 35 j

v = ( 40 cos 45°)i + ( 40 sin 45°) j ≈ 28.28i + 28.28 j
w = (60 cos 135°)i + (60 sin 135°) j ≈ −42.43i + 42.43 j
u + v + w = 46.48i + 35.71j
u + v + w ≈ 58.6 pounds
35.71
tan θ ≈ ≈ 0.7683
46.47
θ ≈ 37.5°
83. Left crane: u = u (cos 155.7°i + sin 155.7° j) 85. Horizontal force: u = u i
Right crane: v = v (cos 44.5°i + sin 44.5° j) Weight: w = − j
Resultant: u + v = −20,240 j Rope: t = t (cos 135°i + sin 135° j)
System of equations: u + w + t = 0  u + t cos 135° = 0
u cos 155.7° + v cos 44.5° = 0 −1 + t sin 135° = 0
u sin 155.7° + v sin 44.5° = 20,240
t ≈ 2 pounds
Solving this system of equations yields the following:
u ≈ 1 pound
Left crane = u ≈ 15,484 pounds
Right crane = v ≈ 19,786 pounds
84. Left crane: u = u (cos 144.4°i + sin 144.4° j)

Right crane: v = v (cos 40.4°i + sin 40.4° j)
Resultant: u + v = −20,240 j
System of equations:
u cos 144.4° + v cos 40.4° = 0
u sin 144.4° + v sin 40.4° = −20,240
Solving this system of equations yields the following:
Left crane = u ≈ 15,885 pounds
Right crane = v ≈ 16,961 pounds
86. Cable AC : u = 10i − 24 j
 12 
The vector lies in Quadrant IV and its reference angle is arctan  .
5
  12   12  
u = u cos arctan i − sin  arctan  j
  5   5
Cable BC : v = − 20i − 24 j
6
The vector lies in Quadrant III and its reference angle is arctan  .
5
  6  6 
v = v − cos arctan i − sin  arctan  j
  5  5 
Resultant: u + v = − 5000 j
 12   6
u cos  arctan  − v cos arctan  = 0
 5   5
 12   6
− u sin  arctan  − v sin  arctan  = − 5000
 5   5
Solving this system of equations yields:
TAC = u ≈ 3611.1 pounds
TBC = v ≈ 2169.5 pounds
87. Towline 1: u = u (cos 18°i + sin 18° j) 89. W = 100, θ = 12°
Towline 2: v = u (cos 18°i − sin 18° j) F

sin θ =
W
Resultant: u + v = 6000i F = W sin θ = 100 sin 12° ≈ 20.8 pounds
u cos 18° + u cos 18° = 6000
90. F = 600, θ = 14°
u ≈ 3154.4
F
So, the tension on each towline is u ≈ 3154.4 pounds. sin θ =
W
F 600
88. Rope 1: u = u (cos 70°i − sin 70° j) W = = ≈ 2480.1 pounds
70° 70° sin θ sin 14°
Rope 2: v = u ( −cos 70°i − sin 70° j) 20° 20°
91. F = 5000, W = 15,000
Resultant: u + v = −100 j
F
sin θ =
− u sin 70° − u sin 70° = −100 W
100 lb 5000
u ≈ 53.2
sin θ =
15,000
So, the tension of each rope is
u ≈ 53.2 pounds. 1
θ = sin −1 ≈ 19.5°
3
92. W = 5000, θ = 26°

F
sin θ =
W
F = W sin θ = 5000 sin 26° ≈ 2191.9 pounds
93. Airspeed: u = (875 cos 58°)i − (875 sin 58°) j y N
140° W E
Groundspeed: v = (800 cos 50°)i − (800 sin 50°) j
148° S
Wind: w = v − u = (800 cos 50° − 875 cos 58°)i + ( −800 sin 50° + 875 sin 58°) j x
32°
≈ 50.5507i + 129.2065 j
40° v
u
Wind speed: w ≈ (50.5507) 2
+ (129.2065) ≈ 138.7 kilometers per hour
2
w
129.2065
Wind direction: tan θ ≈
50.5507
θ ≈ 68.6°; 90° − θ = 21.4°
Bearing: N 21.4° E
94. (a)
y
(b) The velocity vector v w of the wind has a magnitude of 60
N
and a magnitude of 60 and a direction angle of 45°.
W E
v w = v w (cos θ )i + v w (sin θ ) j
S
28°
= 60(cos 45°)i + 60(sin 45°) j
580 mph 45°
= 60 (cos 45°)i + (sin 45°) j
x
60 mph
= 60 cos 45°, sin 45° , or 30 2, 30 2
(c) The velocity vector v j of the jet has a magnitude of 580 and a direction angle of 118°.
v j = v j (cos θ )i + v j (sin θ ) j
= 580(cos 118°)i + 580(sin 118°) j
= 580 (cos 118°)i + (sin 118°) j
= 580 cos 118°, sin 118°
(d) The velocity of the jet (in the wind) is

v = vw + v j
= 60 cos 45°, sin 45° + 580 cos 118°, sin 118°
= 60 cos 45° + 580 cos 118°, 60 sin 45° + 580 sin 118°
≈ −229.87, 554.54 .
The resultant speed of the jet is
( −229.87) + (554.54)
2 2
v = ≈ 600.3 miles per hour.
(e) If θ is the direction of the flight path, then
554.54
tan θ = ≈ −2.4124.
−229.87
Because θ lies in the Quadrant II, θ = 180° + arctan( −2.4124) ≈ 180° − 67.5° = 112.5°.
The true bearing of the jet is 112.5° − 90° = 22.5° west of north, or 360° − 22.5° = 337.5°.
95. True. Two directed line segments that have the same 100. v = − 8, 5 and the i component is negative, so v lies in
magnitude and direction are equivalent (see Example 1).
Quadrant II not Quadrant IV,
v
96. True. Given that u = , then v = u v .
v  8
θ ′ = arctan  −  ≈ − 57.99° = 57.99°
 5
97. True. If v = a i + bj = 0 is the zero vector, then
θ = 180° − 57.99° = 122.01°
a = b = 0. So, a = − b.
101. Let v = (cos θ )i + (sin θ ) j.
98. True. If u = a i + bj is a unit vector, then
u = a 2 + b 2 = 1 by the definition of the unit v = cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ = 1 =1
vector. So, a 2 + b 2 = 1. So, v is a unit vector for any value of θ .
99. The order of subtraction should be switched.

u = 6 − ( − 3), −1 − 4 = 9, − 5
102. The following program is written for a T1-82, T1-83, T1-83 Plus or TI-84 Plus graphing calculator.
The program sketches two vectors u = ai + bj and v = ci + dj in standard position,
and then sketches the vector difference u − v using the parallelogram law.
PROGRAM: SUBVECT
:Input “ENTER A”, A
:Input “ENTER B”, B
:Input “ENTER C”, C
:Input “ENTER D”, D
:Line (0, 0, A, B)
:Line (0, 0, C, D)
:Pause
:A − C → E
:B − D → F
:Line (A, B, C, D)
:Line (A, B, E, F)
:Line (0, 0, E, F)
:Pause
:ClrDraw
:Stop
103. u = 5 − 1, 2 − 6 = 4, − 4 104. u = 80 − 10, 80 − 60 = 70, 20

v = 9 − 4, 4 − 5 = 5, −1 v = −20 − ( −100), 70 − 0 = 80, 70
u − v = −1, − 3 or v − u = 1, 3 u − v = 70 − 80, 20 − 70 = −10, − 50
v − u = 80 − 70, 70 − 20 = 10, 50
105. F1 = 10, 0 , F2 = 5 cos θ , sin θ

15
(a) F1 + F2 = 10 + 5 cos θ , 5 sin θ (b)
F1 + F2 = (10 + 5 cos θ ) + (5 sin θ )

2 2
= 100 + 100 cos θ + 25 cos 2 θ + 25 sin 2 θ

0 2π
0
= 5 4 + 4 cos θ + cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
= 5 4 + 4 cos θ + 1
= 5 5 + 4 cos θ
(c) Range: [5, 15] (d) The magnitude of the resultant is

Maximum is 15 when θ = 0. never 0 because the magnitudes of
F1 and F2 are not the same.
Minimum is 5 when θ = π .
106. (a) True. a and d have the same magnitude, are parallel, 107. (a) Answers will vary. Sample answer: To add two
and are pointing in opposite directions. vectors u and v geometrically, first position them
(b) True. c and s have the same magnitude, are parallel, (without changing their lengths or directions)
and are pointing in the same direction. so that the initial point of the second vector v
coincides with the terminal point of the first
(c) True. By definition of vector addition.
vector u. The sum u + v is the vector formed by
(d) False. v − w = −s joining the initial point of the first vector u with
(e) True. the terminal point of the second vector v.
a = −d, w = −d, a + w = −d + ( −d) = −2d
(f ) True. a = −d, a + d = −d + d = 0 v
(g) False. u u+v
u − v = 2u and −2(b + t ) = −2( −2u) = 4u
(h) True. a = w , b = t, t − w = b − a
(b) Answers will vary. Sample Answer: Geometrically,

the product of a vector v and a scalar k is the vector
that is k times as long as v. When k is positive, kv
has the same direction as v, and when k is negative,
kv has the direction opposite that of v.
(ku1, ku2)
ku
ku2
(u1, u2)
u u2
u1
ku1
108. (a) Vector. The velocity has both magnitude and direction.
(b) Scalar. The price has only magnitude.
(c) Scalar. The temperature has only magnitude.
(d) Vector. The weight has magnitude and direction
Section 6.4 Vectors and Dot Products

1. dot product 16. u = 3, 3 , v = −4, 2 , w = 3, −1
2. u1v1 + u 2v2 2 v = 2 −4, 2 = −8, 4
u⋅v (u ⋅ 2 v ) w = 3( −8) + 3( 4) 3, −1

3.
u v = −12 3, −1
4. orthogonal = −36, 12
The result is a vector.
u ⋅ v
5.  v
17. u = 3, 3 , v = − 4, 2 , w = 3, −1
 v2 
 
  (v ⋅ 0)w = 0 3, −1 = 0, 0 = 0
 F PQ ; F ⋅ PQ
6. proj
PQ The result is a vector.
7. u = 7, 1 , v = −3, 2 18. u = 3, 3 , v = − 4, 2 , w = 3, −1
u ⋅ v = 7( −3) + 1( 2) = −19
(u + v ) ⋅ 0 = 3 + ( − 4), 3 + 2 ⋅ 0, 0
8. u = 6, 10 , v = −2, 3 = −1, 5 ⋅ 0, 0
u ⋅ v = 6( −2) + 10(3) = 18 = −1(0) + 5(0)
= 0
9. u = − 6, 2 , v = 1, 3
The result is a scalar.
u ⋅ v = − 6(1) + 2(3) = 0
19. w = 3, −1
10. u = −2, 5 , v = −1, − 8
32 + ( −1) − 1 =
2
w −1 = 10 − 1
u ⋅ v = −2( −1) + 5( −8) = −38
11. u = 4i − 2 j, v = i − j
20. u = 3, 3
u ⋅ v = 4(1) + ( −2)( −1) = 6
2− u = 2− 32 + 32 = 2 − 18 = 2 − 3 2
12. u = i − 2 j, v = − 2i − j The result is a scalar.
u ⋅ v = 1( − 2) + ( − 2)( −1) = 0
21. u = 3, 3 , v = −4, 2 , w = 3, −1
13. u = 3, 3
(u ⋅ v ) − (u ⋅ w ) = 3( −4) + 3( 2) − 3(3) + 3( −1)
u ⋅ u = 3(3) + 3(3) = 18
= −6 − 6
The result is a scalar. = −12
14. u = 3, 3 , v = −4, 2 The result is a scalar.
3u ⋅ v = 33( −4) + 3( 2) = 3( −6) = −18 22. u = 3, 3 , v = −4, 2 , w = 3, −1

( v ⋅ u) − ( w ⋅ v )  4(3) + 2(3) − 3( −4) + ( −1)( 2)
= −
15. u = 3, 3 , v = −4, 2 = −6 − ( −14)
(u ⋅ v ) v = 3( −4) + 3( 2) −4, 2 = 8
= −6 −4, 2 The result is a scalar.
= 24, − 12 23. u = −8, 15

u = u⋅u = (−8)(−8) + 15(15) = 289 = 17
Section 6.4 Vectors and Dot Products 505
24. u = 4, − 6 32. u = 2i − 3 j, v = i − 2 j
u = u⋅u = 4( 4) + ( −6)( −6) = 52 = 2 13 cos θ =

u⋅v
u v
25. u = 20i + 25 j 2(1) + ( −3)( −2)
=
(20) + ( 25)
2 2
u = u⋅u = = 1025 = 5 41 22 + 32 12 + 22
8
= ≈ 0.992278
26. u = 12i − 16 j 65
u = u⋅u = 12(12) + ( −16)( −16) θ ≈ 0.12 radian
= 400 = 20 33. u = 2i − j, v = 6i − 3j
u⋅v
27. u = 6 j cos θ =
u v
u = u⋅u = (0)2 + (6)
2
= 36 = 6 2(6) + ( −1)( − 3)
=
2 + ( −1) 62 + ( − 3)
2 2 2
28. u = −21i
15
u = u⋅u = (−21)(−21) + 0(0) = =1
225
= 212 = 21 θ = 0
29. u = 1, 0 , v = 0, − 2 34. u = 5i + 5 j, v = −6i + 6 j
u⋅v 0 u⋅v
cos θ = = = 0 cos θ = = 0
u v (1)(2) u v
π π
θ = radians θ =
2 2
30. u = 3, 2 , v = 4, 0 35. u = −6i − 3j, v = −8i + 4 j
u⋅v 3( 4) + 2(0) u⋅v −6( −8) + ( −3)( 4) 36

cos θ = = cos u = = = = 0.6
u v 13 ( 4) u v 45 80 60
3 θ ≈ 0.93 radian
= ≈ 0.83205
13 36. u = 2i − 3 j, v = 4i + 3 j
θ ≈ 0.59 radian
u⋅v 2( 4) + ( −3)(3)
cos θ = = ≈ −0.0555
31. u = 3i + 4 j, v = −2 j u v 13 25
u⋅v 8 θ ≈ 1.63 radians
cos θ = = −
u v (5)(2)
 π  π 1 3
 4 37. u =  cos i +  sin  j = i + j
θ = arccos −   3  3 2 2
 5
 3π   3π  2 2
θ ≈ 2.50 radians v =  cos i +  sin j = − i + j
 4   4  2 2
u = v =1
u⋅v
cos θ = = u⋅v
u v
 1  2   3  2  − 2 + 6
=   −  +   =
 2  2   2 
 2  4
− 2 + 6 5π
θ = arccos  =
 4  12
π  π  2 2
38. u = cos  i + sin   j = i + j
4 4 2 2
 5π   5π  2 2
v = cos i + sin   j = − i − j
 4   4  2 2
2 2 2 2
− + − 
u⋅v 2  2  2  2  −1
cos θ = = = = −1
u v 1.1 1
θ =π
39. u = 3i + 4 j y
42. u = 2i − 3 j
v = −7i + 5 j 8 v = 8i + 3 j
6
u⋅v u⋅v
cos θ = v 4 cos θ =
u v u u v
2
3( −7) + 4(5) x 2(8) + ( −3)(3)
= −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 =
3 74 −2 13 73
−1 −4 7
= ≈ −0.0232 =
5 74 13 73
θ ≈ 91.33°  7 
cos −1   = 0  θ ≈ 76.87°
40. u = 6i − 3j  13 73 
v = − 4i − 4 j y
6
u⋅v
cos θ = 4
u v v
2
6( − 4) + ( − 3)( − 4)
= −2 2 4 6 8 10
x
12 10 −2
u
−12 1 −4
= = −
12 10 10 −6
 −1 
cos −1   = θ  θ ≈ 108.43°
 10 
41. u = − 5i − 5 j
v = − 8i + 8 j
u⋅v
cos θ =
u v
− 5( − 8) + ( − 5)(8)
=
50 128
= 0
θ = 90°
43. P = (1, 2), Q = (3, 4), R = ( 2, 5)

  
PQ = 2, 2 , PR = 1, 3 , QR = −1, 1
 
PQ ⋅ PR 8 2
cos α =   =  α = arccos ≈ 26.57°
PQ PR 2 2 ( 10 )( )
5
 
PQ ⋅ QR
cos β =   = 0  β = 90°
PQ QR
γ = 180° − 26.57° − 90° = 63.43°
44. P = ( −3, − 4), Q = (1, 7), R = (8, 2)

 
PQ = 4, 11 , QR = 7, − 5 ,
 
PR = 11, 6 , QP = −4, −11
 
PQ ⋅ PR 110
cos α =   =  α ≈ 41.41°
PQ PR 137( 157)( )
 
QR ⋅ QP 27
cos β =   =  β ≈ 74.45°
QR QP 74( 137)( )
γ ≈ 180° − 41.41° − 74.45° = 64.14°
45. P = ( −3, 0), Q = ( 2, 2), R = (0, 6) π
    49. u = 100, v = 250, θ =
QP = −5, − 2 , PR = 3, 6 , QR = −2, 4 , PQ = 5, 2 6
  u ⋅ v = u v cos θ
PQ ⋅ PR 27
cos α =   =  α ≈ 41.63° π
PQ PR 29 45 = (100)( 250) cos
6
 
QP ⋅ QR 2 3
cos β =   =  β ≈ 85.24° = 25,000 ⋅
QP PR 29 20 2
δ = 180° − 41.63° − 85.24° = 53.13° = 12,500 3
46. P = ( −3, 5), Q = ( −1, 9), R = (7, 9) 3π

50. u = 9, v = 36, θ =
  4
PQ = 2, 4 , QR = 8, 0 ,
  u ⋅ v = u v cos θ
PR = 10, 4 , QP = −2, − 4
3π
  = (9)(36) cos
PQ ⋅ PR 36 4
cos α =   =  α ≈ 41.63°
PQ PR 20( 116 )( ) 
= 324 −
2
  2 
QR ⋅ QP −16  
cos β =   =  β ≈ 116.57°
QR QP 8 20 ( ) = −162 2 ≈ −229.1
γ ≈ 180° − 41.6° − 116.6° = 21.80° 51. u = 3, 15 , v = −1, 5
2π u ≠ kv  Not parallel
47. u = 4, v = 10, θ =
3 u ⋅ v ≠ 0  Not orthogonal
u ⋅ v = u v cos θ Neither
2π
= ( 4)(10) cos 1 5
3 52. u = 30, 12 , v = ,−
2 4
 1
= 40 −  1  5
 2 u ⋅ v = 30  + 12 − 
2  4
= −20
= 15 − 15 = 0
48. u = 4 u ⋅ v = 0  u and v are orthogonal.
v = 12
53. u = 2i − 2 j, v = − i − j
π
θ = u ⋅ v = 0  u and v are orthogonal.
3
u ⋅ v = u v cos θ 1
54. u = (3i − j), v = 5i + 6 j
π 4
= ( 4)(12) cos
3 u ≠ kv  Not parallel
 
1 u ⋅ v ≠ 0  Not orthogonal
= ( 4)(12)  = 24
 2 Neither
55. u = 1, v = −2i + 2 j 56. u = cos θ , sin θ

u ≠ kv  Not parallel v = sin θ , − cos θ
u ⋅ v ≠ 0  Not orthogonal u ⋅ v = 0  u and v are orthogonal.
Neither
57. u = 2, 2 , v = 6, 1
u ⋅ v 14 1
w1 = projvu =  v = 6, 1 = 84, 14
 v2  37 37
 
14 10 60 10 1
w 2 = u − w1 = 2, 2 − 6, 1 = − , = −1, 6 = −10, 60
37 37 37 37 37
1 1
u = 84, 14 + −10, 60 = 2, 2
37 37
58. u = 0, 3 , v = 2, 15 59. u = 4, 2 , v = 1, − 2
u ⋅ v 45 u ⋅ v
w1 = projvu =  v = 2, 15 w1 = projvu =   v = 0 1, − 2 = 0, 0
 v2  229  v2 
   
45 90 12 w 2 = u − w1 = 4, 2 − 0, 0 = 4, 2
w 2 = u − w1 = 0, 3 − 2, 15 = − ,
229 229 229
u = 4, 2 + 0, 0 = 4, 2
6
= −15, 2
229 60. u = −3, − 2 , v = −4, −1
45 6
u = 2, 15 + −15, 2 = 0, 3 u ⋅ v
 v =   −4, −1
14
229 229 w1 = projvu = 
 v2   17 
 
14 5
w 2 = u − w1 = −3, − 2 − −4, −1 = 1, − 4
17 17
14 5
u = −4, −1 + −1, − 4 = −3, − 2
17 17
61. projvu = u because u and v are parallel.

u⋅v 3(6) + 2( 4) 1
projvu = v = 6, 4 = 6, 4 = 3, 2 = u
( )
2 2
v 2
62 + 42
62. projvu = u because u and v are parallel.

u⋅v −3(6) + ( −2)( 4) 1
projvu = v = 6, 4 = − 6, 4 = −3, − 2 = u
( )
2 2
v 2
62 + 42
63. Because u and v are orthogonal, 65. u = 3, 5

u ⋅ v = 0 and projvu = 0.
For v to be orthogonal to u, u ⋅ v must equal 0.
u⋅v Two possibilities: −5, 3 and 5, − 3
projvu = 2
v = 0, because u ⋅ v = 0.
v
64. Because u and v are orthogonal, the projection of u onto

v is 0.
u⋅v
projvu = 2
v = 0, because u ⋅ v = 0.
v
66. u = −8, 3 70. P = (1, 3), Q = ( −3, 5), v = −2i + 3j


For v to be orthogonal to u, u ⋅ v must equal 0. Work = v ⋅ PQ
Two possibilities: 3, 8 , −3, − 8 = ( −2i + 3 j) ⋅ ( −4i + 2 j)
= ( −2)( −4) + 3( 2) = 14
67. u = 1i − 2j
2 3
71. (a) u ⋅ v = 1225(12.20) + 2445(8.50)
For u and v to be orthogonal, u ⋅ v must equal 0.
= 35,727.5
Two possibilities: v = 2i + 1j and v = − 23 i − 1j
3 2 2
The total amount paid to the employees is
68. u = − 52 i − 3j $35,727.50.
For v to be orthogonal to u, u ⋅ v must equal 0. (b) To increase wages by 2%, use scalar multiplication
to multiply 1.02 by v.
5 5
Two possibilities: v = 3i − 2
j and v = −3i + 2
j
72. u = 3140, 2750 , v = 2.25, 1.75
 
 v PQ where PQ = 4, 7 and
69. Work = proj
PQ
(a) u ⋅ v = 3140( 2.25) + 2750(1.75) = 11,877.5
v = 1, 4 . The total revenue earned by selling the hot dogs and
hamburgers is $11,877.50.
  
v = 
v ⋅ PQ    32  (b) Increase prices by 2.5%: 1.025v
proj
PQ   2  PQ =  65  4, 7
 PQ  The operation is scalar multiplication.
 
  32 65 
Work = proj
PQ
 v PQ = 
 65  ( )
65 = 32
 
73. (a) Force due to gravity:

F = −30,000 j
Unit vector along hill:
v = (cos d )i + (sin d ) j
Projection of F onto v:
F ⋅ v
w1 = projv F =   v = (F ⋅ v ) v = −30,000 sin dv
 v2 
 
The magnitude of the force is 30,000 sin d .
(b)
d 0° 1° 2° 3° 4° 5° 6° 7° 8° 9° 10°
Force 0 523.6 1047.0 1570.1 2092.7 2614.7 3135.9 3656.1 4175.2 4693.0 5209.4
(c) Force perpendicular to the hill when d = 5°:
Force = (30,000)2 − ( 2614.7)

2
≈ 29,885.8 pounds
74. Force due to gravity: F = −5400 j

Unit vector along hill: v = (cos 10°)i + (sin 10°) j
Projection of F onto v: w1 = projv F
F ⋅ v
=  v
 v2 
 
= (F ⋅ v ) v because v is a unit vector, v = 1
= (0)(cos 10°) + ( −5400)(sin 10°) v
= −5400(sin 10°) v = −937.7 v
The magnitude of the force is 937.7, so a force of 937.7 pounds is required to keep the vehicle from rolling down the hill.
Force perpendicular to the hill: Force = (5400)2 − (937)

2
≈ 5318.0 pounds
75. Work = ( 245)(3) = 735 newton-meters
76. Work = ( 2400)(5) = 12,000 foot-pounds 87. u ⋅ v = 8, 4 ⋅ 2, − k = 16 − 4k = 0

16 − 4k = 0
77. Work = (cos 30°)( 45)( 20) ≈ 779.4 foot-pounds
− 4k = −16
k = 4
78. Work = (cos 25°)(50)(15) ≈ 679.7 foot-pounds
88. u ⋅ v = − 3k , 5 ⋅ 2, − 4 = − 6k − 20 = 0
79. Work = (cos 35°)(15,691)(800)
− 6k − 20 = 0
≈ 10,282,651.78 newton-meters
− 6k = 20
80. Work = (cos 30°)( 250)(100) ≈ 21,650.64 foot-pounds k = −
10
3

81. Work = (cos θ ) F PQ 2
89. u ⋅ u = u
= (cos 20°)( 25 pounds)(50 feet )
= 12 = 1
≈ 1174.62 foot-pounds
π
90. (a) u ⋅ v = 0  u and v are orthogonal and θ = .
82. Work = (cos 22°)(35)( 200) ≈ 6490.3 foot-pounds 2
π
83. False. Work is represented by a scalar. (b) u ⋅ v > 0  cos θ > 0  0 ≤ θ <
2
84. True. π
  (c) u ⋅ v < 0  cos θ < 0  <θ ≤ π
W = F ⋅ PQ = 0 when F and PQ are orthogonal 2
(cos 90° = 0). 91. (a) projvu = u  u and v are parallel.

(b) projvu = 0  u and v are orthogonal.
85. A dot product is a scalar, not a vector.
v ⋅ 0 = − 3, 5 ⋅ 0, 0 = ( − 3)(0) + (5)(0) = 0 92. In a rhombus, u = v . The diagonals are u + v and
u − v.
86. The dot product is the sum of the two products, not the
difference. (u + v ) ⋅ (u − v ) = (u + v ) ⋅ u − (u + v ) ⋅ v
u ⋅ 2 v = 2, −1 ⋅ 2 − 3, 5 = u⋅u+ v⋅u−u⋅v−v⋅v
2 2
= 2, −1 ⋅ − 6, 10 = u − v = 0
= ( 2)( − 6) + ( −1)(10) So, the diagonals are orthogonal.
= −12 − 10 = − 22 u−v
u
u+v
v
Section 6.5 The Complex Plane 511
93. Let u = u1 , u2 and v = v1 , v2 .
u − v = u1 − v1 , u2 − v2
= (u1 − v1 ) + (u2 − v2 )
2 2 2
u − v
= u12 − 2u1v1 + v12 + u2 2 − 2u2v2 + v2 2
= u12 + u2 2 + v12 + v2 2 − 2u1v1 − 2u2v2
− 2(u1v1 + u2v2 )
2 2
= u + v
2 2
= u + v − 2u ⋅ v
Section 6.5 The Complex Plane

1. real Imaginary
(−6)
2
17. −6 + 8i = + 82 axis
2. imaginary = 100 = 10 (− 6, 8) 8
6
3. absolute value
4
4. vectors 2
Real
axis
5. reflections −8 −6 −4 −2 2
−2
6. modulus
7. 2 = 2 + 0i matches (c) Imaginary

52 + ( −12)
2 axis
18. 5 − 12i =
Real
8. 3i = 0 + 3i matches (f) axis
= 169 = 13 −6 −4 −2
−2
2 4 6
9. 1 + 2i matches (h) −4
−6
10. 2 + i matches (a) −8
−10
11. 3 − i matches (b)
−12 (5, − 12)
12. − 3 + i matches (g)
42 + ( −6)
2
13. − 2 − i matches (e) 19. 4 − 6i =
= 52 = 2 13
14. −1 − 3i matches (d)
Imaginary
axis
Imaginary
Real
02 + ( −7)
2
15. −7i = axis
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6
axis
−1
Real
= 49 = 7 −4 −2 2 4 axis −2
−2 −3
−4
−4 −5
−6
−6 (4, − 6)
(0, −7) −7
−8
(−8) + (3)
2 2 Imaginary
Imaginary
20. −8 + 3i = axis
axis
16. −7 = (−7)2 + 02 = 73 6
8 (−8, 3) 4
= 49 = 7
6 2
4 Real
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 axis
2 −2
(−7, 0)
Real −4
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 axis
−2
Imaginary
21. (3 + i ) + ( 2 + 5i ) = 5 + 6i 39. axis
22. (5 + 2i ) + (3 + 4i ) = 8 + 6i (−1, 2) 2
1
Real
23. (8 − 2i ) + ( 2 + 6i ) = 10 + 4i −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 axis
−1
(−1, −2)
24. (3 − i ) + ( −1 + 2i ) = 2 + i −3
25. (5 + 6i ) + (1 − i ) = 6 + 5i The complex conjugate of −1 − 2i is −1 + 2i.
Imaginary
26. ( −1 + 3i ) + ( 2 + 4i ) = 1 + 7i 40. axis
4
(−7, 3)
27. ( − 3 + 4i ) + ( − 2 + 3i ) = − 5 + 7i 3
2
1
Real
28. ( − 2 + 3i ) + (3 + i ) = 1 + 4i −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
−1
axis
−2
29. ( 4 + 2i ) − (6 + 4i ) = − 2 − 2i (−7, −3) −3

−4
30. ( − 3 + i ) − (3 + i ) = − 6 The complex conjugate of − 7 + 3i is − 7 − 3i.
31. (5 − i ) − ( − 5 + 2i ) = 10 − 3i 41. d = (−1 − 1)2 + ( 4 − 2)

2
= 8 = 2 2 ≈ 2.83
32. ( 2 − 3i ) − (3 + 2i) = −1 − 5i
(− 2 − (− 5))
2
33. 2 − ( 2 + 6i ) = − 6i + (5 − 1)
2
42. d =
= 25 = 5
34. − 3 − ( 2 + 2i ) = − 5 − 2i
35. − 2i − (3 − 5i ) = − 3 + 3i 43. d = ( 3 − 0) 2 + ( − 4 − 6)
2
= 109 ≈ 10.44
36. 3i − ( − 3 + 7i ) = 3 − 4i
(3 − (− 7)) + (5 − ( − 3))
2 2
Imaginary
44. d =
37. axis
4
= 164 = 2 41 ≈ 12.81
3 (2, 3)
2
 2 + 6 1 + 5
1 45. Midpoint =  , 
Real
axis
 2 2 
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
−2
= 4 + 3i = ( 4, 3)
−3 (2, −3)
−4
 −3 + 1 4 − 2 
The complex conjugate of 2 + 3i is 2 − 3i. 46. Midpoint =  , 
 2 2 
Imaginary
38. axis = −1 + i
5 = ( −1, 1)
4 (5, 4)
3
2
1  0 + 9 7 − 10 
Real 47. Midpoint =  , 
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 axis
 2 2 
−2
−3 9 3
−4 (5, − 4) = − i
−5 2 2
9 3
The complex conjugate of 5 − 4i is 5 + 4i. =  ,− 
 2 2
Section 6.6 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number 513
 1 3 1 50. (a) Imaginary
 −1 + 2 − 4 + 4 
axis
48. Midpoint =  ,  6
 2 2  5
  4 (5, 3)
3
1 1  1 1
= − − i = − , −  2 (4, 2)
4 4  4 4 1
Real
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 axis
49. (a) Ship A: 3 + 4i −1
Ship B: − 5 + 2i (b) (5 + 3i) + ( 4 + 2i ) = 9 + 5i

(b) To find the distance between the two ships using Horizontal component: 9 N
complex numbers, you can find the modulus of the
difference of the two complex numbers. Vertical component: 5 N
51. False. The modulus of a complex number is always real.
(− 5 − 3) + ( 2 − 4)
2 2
d =
= 68 52. True. The modulus of a complex number is always real,
so the distance between two complex numbers is always
≈ 8.25 miles. real.
53. False. The modulus of the sum of two complex numbers is not equal to the sum of their moduli.
1+i + 1−i = 2 + 2 = 2 2 ≠ (1 + i) + (1 − i) = 2 = 2
54. False. The modulus of the difference of two complex numbers is not equal to the difference of their moduli.
For example, 1 + i − 1 − i = 2 − 2 = 0 ≠ (1 + i) − (1 − i) = 2i = 2.
55. The set of all points with the same modulus represent a 57. If two complex conjugates are plotted in the complex
circle in the complex plane. The modulus represents the plane, they will form an isosceles triangle because their
distance from the origin, that is the radius of the circle. moduli are equal.
Imaginary
56. (a) (a + bi ) + ( a − bi) = 2a, a ≠ 0

axis
a + bi
a2 + b2
The expression represents graph (ii)
(b) (a + bi ) − ( a − bi) = 2bi, b ≠ 0 Real
axis
The expression represents graph (i)
a2 + b2 a − bi
Section 6.6 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number

1. trigonometric form; modulus; argument 5. z = 1 + i
2. DeMoivre’s r = 12 + 12 = 2
π
3. nth root tan θ = 1, θ is in Quadrant I  θ = .
4
2π  π π
4. z = 2  cos + i sin 
n  4 4
Imaginary
axis
1 1+i
Real
axis
1 2
6. z = 5 − 5i 9. z = −2 1 + ( 3i )
5 + ( −5)
2 2
r = = 50 = 5 2
( )
2
(−2)
2
r = + −2 3 = 16 = 4
−5 7π
tan θ = = −1, θ is in Quadrant IV  θ = .
5 4 3 4π
tan θ = = 3, θ is in Quadrant III  θ = .
 7π 7π  1 3
z = 5 2  cos + i sin 
 4 4   4π 4π 
z = 4 cos + i sin 
Imaginary  3 3 
axis
Imaginary
1 axis
Real
axis Real
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1 axis
−4 −3 −2 −1
−2
−3
−4 −2
−5 5 − 5i
−3
−6
−2(1 + 3i) −4
5
7. z = 1 − 3i 10. z =
2
( 3 −i )
( )
2
r = 12 + − 3 = 4 = 2 5  5
2

2
100
r =  3  +  ( −1)  = = 25 = 5
2  2  4
5π
tan θ = − 3, θ is in Quadrant IV  θ = .
3 −1 − 3 11π
tan θ = = θ =
 5π 5π  3 3 6
 3 3   11π 11π 
Imaginary  6 6 
axis
Imaginary
axis
Real
axis
1 2 2
1
−1 Real
−1 2 3 4 5 axis
−1
1− 3i
−2 −2
−3 5
2
( 3 − i)
−4
8. z = 4 − 4 3i
11. z = −5i
( )
2
r = 42 + −4 3 = 8
02 + ( −5)
2
r = = 25 = 5
−4 3 5π
tan θ = = − 3 θ = −5 3π
4 3 tan θ = , undefined  θ =
0 2
 5π 5π 
z = 8 cos + i sin   3π 3π 
 3 3  z = 5 cos + i sin 
 2 2 
Imaginary
axis Imaginary
axis
2
Real
Real −4 −2 2 4 axis
−2 2 4 6 8 axis
−2
−2
−4 −4
−5i
−6 −6
−8 4−4 3i
−8
12. z = 12i 15. z = −7 + 4i

r = 02 + 122 = 144 = 12 r = (−7)2 + ( 4)
2
= 65
12 π 4
tan θ = , undefined  θ = tan θ = , θ is in Quadrant II  θ ≈ 2.62.
0 2 −7
 π π
z = 12 cos + i sin  z ≈ 65 (cos 2.62 + i sin 2.62)
 2 2
Imaginary
Imaginary axis
axis
−7 + 4i
4
12 12i
2
9
Real
6 −8 −6 −4 −2 axis
−2
3
Real −4
axis
−3 3 6 9
13. z = 2 16. z = 3 − i
r = 2 2 + 02 = 4 = 2
r = (3)2 + ( −1)
2
= 10
tan θ = 0  θ = 0
−1
z = 2(cos 0 + i sin 0) tan θ = = θ ≈ 5.96 radians
3
Imaginary
axis
z = 10 (cos 5.96 + i sin 5.96)
1 Imaginary
axis
2 Real 1
axis
1 2
Real
2 3 axis
−1
−1 3−i
−2
14. z = 4
r = 4 2 + 02 = 162 = 4
0 17. z = 2 2 − i
tan θ = 4
= 0 θ = 0
(2 2 )
2
+ ( −1)
2
z = 4(cos 0 + i sin 0) r = = 9 = 3
Imaginary
axis −1 2
tan θ = = −  θ ≈ 5.94 radians
2 2 4
2
1
z = 3(cos 5.94 + i sin 5.94)
4 Real Imaginary
axis axis
1 2 3 4
−1
1
−2
Real
2 3 axis
−1
2 2−i
−2
18. z = −3 − i 21. z = 3 + 3i
r = (−3) 2
+ ( −1)
2
= 10 r = (3)
2
+ ( 3)
2
= 12 = 2 3
−1 1
tan θ = = , θ is in Quadrant III  θ ≈ 3.46. 3 π
−3 3 tan θ = θ =
3 6
z ≈ 10 (cos 3.46 + i sin 3.46)
 π π
Imaginary
z = 2 3  cos + i sin 
axis  6 6
Real Imaginary
axis axis
−4 −3 −2
−1 5
−3 − i
4
−2
3
−3 2 3+ 3i
1
−4
Real
axis
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
19. z = 5 + 2i
r = 52 + 2 2 = 29 22. z = 3 2 − 7i
tan θ = 2
(3 2 )
2
+ ( − 7)
5 2
r = = 67
θ ≈ 0.38
z ≈ 29 (cos 0.38 + i sin 0.38) −7  7 
tan θ =  θ = 2π − arctan  −  ≈ 5.26
3 2  3 2 
Imaginary
axis
5
z ≈ 67 (cos 5.26 + i sin 5.26)
4 Imaginary
axis
3
5 + 2i
2 2
1 Real
−2 2 4 6 8 axis
Real
axis −2
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
−4
−6
3 2 − 7i
20. z = 8 + 3i −8
r = 82 + 32 = 73
3 23. z = −8 − 5 3i
tan θ = 8
θ = 0.36
( )
2
(−8)
2
r = + −5 3 = 139
z ≈ 73(cos 0.36 + i sin 0.36)
5 3
Imaginary tan θ =
axis 8
6
θ ≈ 3.97
4 8 + 3i z ≈ 139 (cos 3.97 + i sin 3.97)
2 Imaginary
axis
Real
−2 2 4 6 8 axis
Real
−2 − 10 − 8 −6 −4 −2 axis
−2
−4
−4
−6
−8
−8 − 5 3i − 10
24. z = −9 − 2 10i  3 1 
27. 48 cos( −30°) + i sin ( −30°) = 4 3  − i 
 2 2 
( )
2
(9)
2
r = + −2 10 = 121
= 6 − 2 3i
r = 11 Imaginary
axis
−2 10
tan θ = 3
9 2
1
θ = 3.75 Real
axis
2 3 4 5 6 7
z ≈ 11(cos 3.75 + i sin 3.75) −1
−2
Imaginary −3
axis
−4 6 − 2 3i
Real −5
− 10 − 8 −6 −4 −2 axis
−2
 2 2 
−4
28. 8 (cos 225° + i sin 225°) = 2 2  − − i
−6  2 2 
− 9 − 2 10 i
−8 = −2 − 2i
− 10 Imaginary
axis
1 3 
25. 2(cos 60° + i sin 60°) = 2 + i 1
2 2  Real
axis
−3 −2 −1 1
=1+ 3i −1
Imaginary
axis
−2
− 2 − 2i
2 −3
1+ 3i
1
9 3π 3π  9 2 2 
29.  cos + i sin  =  − + i
Real
4 4 4 4 2 2 
axis
1 2
9 2 9 2
= − + i
8 8
 2  2  Imaginary
26. 5(cos 135° + i sin 135°) = 5− + i  axis
 2  2 
3
5 2 5 2
= − + i −
9 2
+
9 2
2 2 8 8
i 2
Imaginary
axis
1
5 2 5 2
− + i 4
2 2 Real
axis
−3 −2 −1
3
2
 5π 5π 
1 30. 6 cos + i sin  ≈ 1.5529 + 5.7956i
 12 12 
Real
−4 −3 −2 −1 axis Imaginary
axis
6 1.5529 + 5.7956i
4
Real
−2 2 4 6 axis
−2
31. 5cos(198° 45′) + i sin(198° 45′) ≈ −4.7347 − 1.6072i

Imaginary
axis
1
Real
axis
−5 −4 −3 1
−1
− 4.7347 − 1.6072i − 2
−3
32. 9.75cos( 280° 30′) + i sin( 280° 30′) ≈ 1.7768 − 9.5867i

Imaginary
axis
Real
axis
−2 2 4 6 8
−2
−4
−6
−8
− 10 1.7768 − 9.5867i
 π π 35. 2(cos 155° + i sin 155°) ≈ −1.8126 + 0.8452i

33. 5 cos + i sin  ≈ 4.6985 + 1.7101i
 9 9
36. 9(cos 58° + i sin 58°) ≈ 4.7693 + 7.6324i
 2π 2π 
34. 10 cos + i sin  ≈ 3.0902 + 9.5106i
 5 5
  π π   π π   π π π π 
37. 2 cos + i sin 6 cos + i sin  = ( 2)(6) cos +  + i sin  + 
  4 4   12 12    4 12   4 12 
 π π
= 12 cos + i sin 
 3 3
3 π π   3π 3π   3   π 3π  π 3π 
38.   cos + i sin 4 cos + i sin  =  ( 4) cos +  + i sin  + 
4 3 3   4 4   4   3 4 3 4 
 13π 13π 
= 3 cos + i sin 
 12 12 
39.  53 (cos 120° + i sin120°)

 2 (cos 30° + i sin 30°) =
3  ( )cos(120° + 30°) + i sin(120° + 30°)
5 2
3 3
= 10
9
(cos 150° + i sin 150°)
40.  12 (cos 100° + i sin100°) 54 (cos 300° + i sin 300°) = ( 12 )( 54 )cos(100° + 300°) + i sin(100° + 300°)
= 2
5 (cos 400° + i sin 400°)
= 2
5 (cos 40° + i sin 40°)
3(cos 50° + i sin 50°) 1 1

41. = cos(50° − 20°) + i sin (50° − 20°) = (cos 30° + i sin 30°)
9(cos 20° + i sin 20°) 3 3
42.
(cos 120° + i sin 120°) =
1 1
cos(120° − 40°) + i sin (120° − 40°) = (cos 80° + i sin 80°)
2(cos 40° + i sin 40°) 2 2
cos π + i sin π  π  π 2π 2π
43. = cos π −  + i sin  π −  = cos + i sin
cos(π 3) + i sin (π 3)  3  3 3 3
5cos( 4.3) + i sin ( 4.3) 5 5

44. = cos( 4.3 − 2.1) + i sin ( 4.3 − 2.1) = (cos 2.2 + i sin 2.2)
4 cos( 2.1) + i sin ( 2.1) 4 4
 π π
45. (a) 2 + 2i = 2 2  cos + i sin 
 4 4
  π  π   7π 7π 
1 − i = 2 cos −  + i sin  −  = 2  cos + i sin 
  4   4   4 4 
  π π     7π   7π  
(b) (2 + 2i )(1 − i ) = 2 2  cos + i sin   2  cos  + i sin    = 4(cos 2π + i sin 2π )
  4 4     4  4  
= 4(cos 0 + i sin 0) = 4
(c) (2 + 2i)(1 − i) = 2 − 2i + 2i − 2i 2 = 2 + 2 = 4
 π π
46. (a) 3 + i = 2 cos + i sin 
 6 6
 π π
1 + i = 2  cos + i sin 
 4 4
  π π   π π 
(b) ( )
3 + i (1 + i ) = 2 cos + i sin  2  cos + i sin 
  6 6   4 4 
 5π 5π 
= 2 2  cos + i sin 
 12 12 
 6 − 2   6 + 2  
= 2 2   +  i
 4   4  
= ( 3 −1 +) ( )
3 + 1 i ≈ 0.732 + 2.732i
(c) ( )
3 + i (1 + i ) = 3 + ( )
3 + 1 i + i2 = ( ) (
3 −1 + )
3 + 1 i ≈ 0.732 + 2.732i
  π  π   3π 3π 
47. (a) −2i = 2 cos −  + i sin  −  = 2 cos + i sin 
  2   2   2 2 
 π π
1+ i = 2  cos + i sin 
 4 4
  3π   3π   π π 
(b) −2i(1 + i ) = 2 cos  + i sin   2  cos + i sin 
  2  2   4 4 
  7π   7π 
= 2 2 cos  + i sin  
  4  4 
 1 1 
= 2 2 − i = 2 − 2i
 2 2 
(c) −2i(1 + i) = −2i − 2i 2 = −2i + 2 = 2 − 2i
 π π
48. (a) 3i = 3 cos + i sin 
 2 2
1− 2i = 3 (cos 5.33 + i sin 5.33)
  π π 
(
(b) 3i 1 − )
2i = 3 cos + i sin   3 (cos 5.33 + i sin 5.33)
  2 2 
 π  π 
= 3 3 cos + 5.33 + i sin + 5.33
  2   2 
≈ 3 3 (cos 6.90 + i sin 6.90)
= 3 3 (cos 0.62 + i sin 0.62)
≈ 4.24 + 3i
(
(c) 3i 1 − )
2i = 3i − 3 2i 2 = 3 2 + 3i ≈ 4.24 + 3i
49. (a) 3 + 4i ≈ 5(cos 0.93 + i sin 0.93)

 5π 5π 
1− 3i = 2 cos + i sin 
 3 3 
3 + 4i 5(cos 0.93 + i sin 0.93) 5
(b) ≈ ≈ 2.5cos( −4.31) + i sin ( −4.31) = (cos 1.97 + i sin 1.97) ≈ −0.982 + 2.299i
1 − 3i  5π 5π  2
2 cos + i sin 
 3 3 
(c)
3 + 4i
=
3 + 4i 1 +
⋅
3i
=
( )
3 + 4 + 3 3 i + 4 3i 2
=
3− 4 3
+
4 + 3 3
i ≈ −0.982 + 2.299i
1 − 3i 1 − 3i 1 + 3i 1+ 3 4 4
 π π
50. (a) 1 + 3i = 2 cos + i sin 
 3 3
6 − 3i ≈ 3 5 cos( −0.464) + i sin ( −0.464)
 π π
1 + 3i  3 3
(b) ≈
6 − 3i 3 5 cos( − 0.464) + i sin( − 0.464)
2  π  π 
≈ cos 3 + 0.464  + i sin  3 + 0.464 
3 5    
2 5
≈ [cos 1.51 + i sin 1.51]
15
≈ 0.018 + 0.298i
(c)
1 + 3i 6 + 3i
⋅ =
(
6−3 3 +i3+ 6 3 ) ( )
6 − 3i 6 + 3i 45
2− 3 1+ 2 3
= +i
15 15
≈ 0.018 + 0.298i
  2π 2π  1  π π   1    2π π  2π π 
51. 2 cos + i sin   cos + i sin  = ( 2)  cos +  + i sin  + 
  3 3  
2 3 3    
2 3 3   3 3 
= (cos π + i sin π )
= −1 + 0i
= −1
  π π   π π   π π π π 
52. 2 cos + i sin 3 cos + i sin  = ( 2)(3) cos +  + i sin  + 
  4 4   4 4   4 4 4 4 
 π π
= (6) cos + i sin 
 2 2
= 6 (0) + (1)i
= 6i
3 5
53. 5(cos 20° + i sin 20°) = 53 (cos 60° + i sin 60°)   π π 
61. (1 + i ) =  2  cos + i sin 
5
125 125 3   4 4 
= + i
( 2 )  cos 54π 5π 
5
2 2 = + i sin 
4 
4
54. 3(cos 60° + i sin 60°) = 34 (cos 240° + i sin 240°)  2 2 
= 4 2  − − i
 1 3   2 2 
= 81 − − i
 2 2  = −4 − 4i
81 81 3 6
= − − i   π π 
62. ( 2 + 2i ) = 2 2  cos + i sin 
6
2 2
  4 4 
12
π π 12π 12π 6 6π 6π 

55.  cos + i sin 
 4 4
= cos
4
+ i sin
4
(
= 2 2  cos

)4
+ i sin 
4 
= cos 3π + i sin 3π  3π 3π 
= 512 cos + i sin 
= −1  2 2 
= −512i
8
  π π 
56. 2 cos + i sin  = 28 (cos 4π + i sin 4π ) 6
  2 2    3π 3π 
63. ( −1 + i) =  2  cos
6
+ i sin 
= 256(cos 0 + i sin 0)   4 4 
( 2 )  cos 184π 18π 

6
= 256 = + i sin 
4 
4
57. 5(cos 3.2 + i sin 3.2) = 54 (cos 12.8 + i sin 12.8)  9π 9π 
= 8 cos + i sin 
≈ 608.0 + 144.7i  2 2 
= 8(0 + i )
58. (cos 0 + i sin 0)
20
= cos 0 + i sin 0 = 1 = 8i
4
59. 3(cos 15° + i sin 15°) = 81(cos 60° + i sin 60°)
81 81 3
= + i
2 2
6
  π π   3π 3π 
60. 2 cos + i sin  = 64 cos + i sin 
  8 8   4 4 
= −32 2 + 32 2i
( ( ( 23 )) + i sin(−arctan( 23 ))
8
64. (3 − 2i ) =  13 cos −arctan
8

( ) ( ( 23 )) + i sin(−8 arctan( 23 ))

8
= 13 cos −8 arctan

= −239 + 28,560i
16 3
  π π    5π 5π 
( ) ( )
10 3
65. 2 3 +i = 2 2 cos + i sin  66. 4 1 − 3i = 4 2 cos + i sin 
  6 6    3 3 
  10π 10π  = 4 23 (cos 5π + i sin 5π )
= 2 210  cos + i sin 
  6 6 
= 32( −1)
 5π 5π 
= 2048 cos + i sin  = −32
 3 3 
5
1 3  67. (3 − 2i ) ≈ 3.6056 cos( −0.588) + i sin ( −0.588)
5
= 2048 − i 
 2 2 
≈ (3.6056) cos( −2.94) + i sin ( −2.94)
5
= 1024 − 1024 3i
≈ −597 − 122i
( )
3 3
68. 5 − 4i ≈  21(cos( −1.06106) + i sin ( −1.06106))
( ) (cos(3)(−1.06106) + i sin (3)(−1.06106))

3
≈ 21
≈ −43 5 + 4i
Imaginary
2
(1 + i) = cos 45° + i sin 45°
axis
69. z =
2
2
z2 = i
z 2 = cos 90° + i sin 90° = i
2 2
z3 = (− 1 + i) z= (1 + i)
2 2
2
z 3 = cos 135° + i sin 135° = (−1 + i)
2 Real
axis
−2 z4 = −1 1
4
z = cos 180° + i sin 180° = −1
−1
The absolute value of each is 1, and consecutive powers of z are each 45° apart.
1
( )
Imaginary
70. z = 1+ 3i axis
2
z2 =
1
2
(−1 + 3i(
z n = r n (cos nθ + i sin nθ ) z= (
1
2
1+ 3i (
z3 = −1 Real
axis
−2 −1 1
2 2
1  3
r =   +   z4 =
1
(−1 − 3i(
 2  2 
2
−2
=1
tan θ = 3
π
θ =
3
 π π 1 3
z = 1 cos + i sin  = + i
 3 3 2 2
 2π 2π  1 3
z 2 = 12  cos + i sin  = − + i
 3 3  2 2
z 3 = 13 (cos π + i sin π ) = −1
 4π 4π  1 3
z 4 = 14  cos + i sin  = − − i
 3 3  2 2
The absolute value of each is 1 and consecutive powers of z are each π 3 radians apart.
71. (a) Square roots of 5(cos 120° + i sin 120°): (c) Imaginary
axis
  120° + 360°k   120° + 360°k  3

5 cos  + i sin  , k = 0, 1
  2   2 
1
k = 0: 5 (cos 60° + i sin 60°) Real

axis
−3 −1 1 3
k = 1: 5 (cos 240° + i sin 240°)

−3
5 15 5 15
(b) + i, − − i
2 2 2 2
72. (a) Square roots of 16(cos 60° + i sin 60°): (c) Imaginary
axis
  60° + k 360°   60° + k 360°  6

16 cos  + i sin  , k = 0, 1
  2   2 
2
k = 0: 4(cos 30° + i sin 30°) Real
axis
−6 2 6
−2
k = 1: 4(cos 210° + i sin 210°)
−6
(b) 2 3 + 2i, − 2 3 − 2i
 2π 2π  Imaginary
73. (a) Cube roots of 8 cos + i sin : (c) axis
 3 3 
3
3
  ( 2π 3) + 2π k   ( 2π 3) + 2π k 
8 cos  + i sin  , k = 0, 1, 2
  3   3  1
Real
axis
 2π 2π  −3 −1
−1
1 3
k = 0: 2 cos + i sin 
 9 9 
−3
 8π 8π 
k = 1: 2 cos + i sin 
 9 9 
 14π 14π 
k = 2: 2 cos + i sin 
 9 9 
(b) 1.5321 + 1.2856i, −1.8794 + 0.6840i, 0.3473 − 1.9696i
 5π 5π 
74. (a) Fifth roots of 32 cos + i sin : (c) Imaginary
axis
 6 6 
3
5
  (5π 6) + 2kπ   (5π 6) + 2kπ 
32 cos  + i sin  , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
  5   5 
Real
axis
 π π −3 3
k = 0: 2 cos + i sin 
 6 6
 17 π 17π  −3
k = 1: 2 cos + i sin 
 30 30 
 29π 29π 
k = 2: 2 cos + i sin 
 30 30 
 41π 41π 
k = 3: 2 cos + i sin 
 30 30 
 53π 53π 
k = 4: 2 cos + i sin 
 30 30 
(b) 3 + i, − 0.4158 + 1.9563i, −1.9890 + 0.2091i, − 0.8135 − 1.8271i, 1.4863 − 1.3383i
125  4π 4π 
75. (a) Cube roots of −
2
(
1+ )
3i = 125 cos
 3
+ i sin :
3 
(c) Imaginary
axis
6
  4π   4π 
3
  3 + 2kπ   3 + 2kπ 
125 cos  + i sin  , k = 0, 1, 2 2
  3 3
  
Real
axis
     −6
−2
4 6
 4π 4π  −4
k = 0: 5 cos + i sin  −6
 9 9 
 10π 10π 
k = 1: 5 cos + i sin 
 9 9 
 16π 16π 
k = 2: 5 cos + i sin 
 9 9 
(b) 0.8682 + 4.9240i , − 4.6985 − 1.7101i, 3.8302 − 3.2140i
 7π 7π 
76. (a) Cube roots of −4 2 ( −1 + i ) = 8 cos + i sin : (c) Imaginary
axis
 4 4 
3
  7π   7π 
3
  4 + 2π k   4 + 2π k 
8 cos  + i sin  , k = 0, 1, 2
  3   3  Real
axis
     −3 −1 3
−1
 7π 7π 
k = 0: 2 cos + i sin  −3
 12 12 
 5π 5π 
k = 1: 2 cos + i sin 
 4 4 
 23π 23π 
k = 2: 2 cos + i sin 
 12 12 
(b) −0.5176 + 1.9319i, − 2 − 2i, 1.9319 − 0.5176i
 3π 3π  Imaginary
77. (a) Square roots of −25i = 25 cos + i sin : (c) axis
 2 2 
6
  3π   3π 
  2 + 2kπ   2 + 2kπ 
4
25 cos  + i sin  , k = 0, 1 2
  2 2

Real
  axis
   −6 −2 2 4 6
  −2
−4
 3π 3π 
k = 0: 5 cos + i sin  −6
 4 4 
 7π 7π 
k = 1: 5 cos + i sin 
 4 4 
5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2
(b) − + i, − i
2 2 2 2
 π π Imaginary
78. (a) Fourth roots of 625i = 625 cos + i sin  : (c) axis
 2 2
6
 π  π 
4
  2 + 2kπ   2 + 2kπ 
625 cos  + i sin  
  4 2

Real
  axis
   −6 2 4 6
  −2
k = 0, 1, 2, 3 −4
−6
 π π
k = 0: 5 cos + i sin 
 8 8
 5π 5π 
k = 1: 5 cos + i sin 
 8 8 
 9π 9π 
k = 2: 5 cos + i sin 
 8 8 
 13π 13π 
k = 3: 5 cos + i sin 
 8 8 
(b) 4.6194 + 1.9134i, −1.9134 + 4.6194i, − 4.6194 − 1.9134i, 1.9134 − 4.6194i
79. (a) Fourth roots of 16 = 16(cos 0 + i sin 0): (c) Imaginary

axis
4  0 + 2π k 0 + 2π k  3
16 cos + i sin , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
 4 4 
1
k = 0: 2(cos 0 + i sin 0) Real
−3 −1 1 3 axis
 π π −1
k = 1: 2 cos + i sin 
 2 2
−3
k = 2: 2(cos π + i sin π )
 3π 3π 
k = 3: 2 cos + i sin 
 2 2 
(b) 2, 2i, − 2, − 2i
π π Imaginary
80. (a) Fourth roots of i = cos + i sin : (c) axis
2 2
2
 π  π 
4
  2 + 2kπ   2 + 2kπ 
1 cos  + i sin  , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
  4   4  Real
axis
     −2 2
π π
k = 0: cos + i sin −2
8 8
5π 5π
k = 1: cos + i sin
8 8
9π 9π
k = 2: cos + i sin
8 8
13π 13π
k = 3: cos + i sin
8 8
(b) 0.9239 + 0.3827i, − 0.3827 + 0.9239i, − 0.9239 − 0.3827i, 0.3827 − 0.9239i
81. (a) Fifth roots of 1 = cos 0 + i sin 0: (c) Imaginary

axis
 2kπ   2kπ 
cos  + i sin  , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 2
 5   5 
k = 0: cos 0 + i sin 0
Real
axis
2π 2π −2 2
k = 1: cos + i sin
5 5
4π 4π −2
k = 2: cos + i sin
5 5
6π 6π
k = 3: cos + i sin
5 5
8π 8π
k = 4: cos + i sin
5 5
(b) 1, 0.3090 + 0.9511i, − 0.8090 + 0.5878i, − 0.8090 − 0.5878i, 0.3090 − 0.9511i
82. (a) Cube roots of 1000 = 1000(cos 0 + i sin 0): (c) Imaginary
axis
3  2kπ 2kπ  8
1000  cos + i sin  6
 3 3  4
k = 0, 1, 2 Real
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 axis
k = 0: 10(cos 0 + i sin 0)
−6
 2π 2π  −8
k = 1: 10 cos + i sin 
 3 3 
 4π 4π 
k = 2: 10 cos + i sin 
 3 3 
(b) 10, − 5 + 5 3i, − 5 − 5 3i
83. (a) Cube roots of −125 = 125(cos π + i sin π ): (c) Imaginary

axis
6
3   π + 2π k   π + 2π k 
125 cos  + i sin   , k = 0, 1, 2 4
  3   3  2
Real
 π π axis
k = 0: 5 cos + i sin  −6 −2 2 4 6
 3 3
−4
k = 1: 5(cos π + i sin π ) −6
 5π 5π 
k = 2: 5 cos + i sin 
 3 3 
5 5 3 5 5 3
(b) + i, − 5, − i
2 2 2 2
84. (a) Fourth roots of −4 = 4(cos π + i sin π ): (c) Imaginary

axis
4   π + 2kπ   π + 2kπ 
4 cos  + i sin   2
  4   4 
1
k = 0, 1, 2, 3
Real
axis
 π π −2 −1 1 2
k = 0: 2  cos + i sin  −1
 4 4
 3π 3π  −2
k = 1: 2  cos + i sin 
 4 4 
 5π 5π 
k = 2: 2  cos + i sin 
 4 4 
 7π 7π 
k = 3: 2  cos + i sin 
 4 4 
(b) 1 + i, −1 + i, −1 − i, 1 − i
Imaginary
 7π 7π  axis
85. (a) Fifth roots of 4(1 − i ) = 4 2  cos + i sin : (c)
 4 4  2
  7π   7π  1
5
  4 + 2π k   4 + 2π k 
4 2 cos  + i sin  , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 Real
axis
  5 5
  
−2 1 2
     −1
 7π 7π  −2
k = 0: 2  cos + i sin 
 20 20 
 3π 3π 
k = 1: 2  cos + i sin 
 4 4 
 23π 23π 
k = 2: 2  cos + i sin 
 20 20 
 31π 31π 
k = 3: 2  cos + i sin 
 20 20 
 39π 39π 
k = 4: 2  cos + i sin 
 20 20 
(b) 0.6420 + 1.2601i , −1 + 1i , −1.2601 − 0.6420i, 0.2212 − 1.3968i, 1.3968 − 0.2212i
 π π
86. (a) Sixth roots of 64i = 64 cos + i sin  : (c) Imaginary
axis
 2 2
3
6
  (π 2) + 2kπ   (π 2) + 2kπ 
64 cos  + i sin  
  6   6  1
Real
k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 −3 1 3 axis
 π π
k = 0: 2 cos + i sin 
 12 12 
−3
 5π 5π 
k = 1: 2 cos + i sin 
 12 12 
 3π 3π 
k = 2: 2 cos + i sin 
 4 4 
 13π 13π 
k = 3: 2 cos + i sin 
 12 12 
 17π 17π 
k = 4: 2 cos + i sin 
 12 12 
 7π 7π 
k = 5: 2 cos + i sin 
 4 4 
(b) 1.9319 + 0.5176i, 0.5176 + 1.9319i, − 2 + 2i, −1.9319 − 0.5176i, − 0.5176 − 1.9319i, 2 − 2i
87. x 4 + i = 0
x 4 = −i
3π 3π
The solutions are the fourth roots of i = cos + i sin :
2 2
  3π   3π 
4
  2 + 2kπ   2 + 2kπ 
1 cos  + i sin  , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
  4   4 
     Imaginary
axis
3π 3π
k = 0: cos + i sin ≈ 0.3827 + 0.9239i
8 8 1
7π 7π 2
k = 1: cos + i sin ≈ −0.9239 + 0.3827i Real
8 8 axis
1
−2
11π 11π
k = 2: cos + i sin ≈ −0.3827 − 0.9239i
8 8
15π 15π
k = 3: cos + i sin ≈ 0.9239 − 0.3827i
8 8
88. x3 + 1 = 0
x3 = −1
The solutions are the cube roots of −1 = cos π + i sin π :
 π + 2kπ   π + 2kπ  Imaginary

cos  + i sin   axis
 3   3 
2
k = 0, 1, 2
π 1 π 3
k = 0: cos + i sin + =
i Real
3 3 2 2 −2 2 axis
k = 1: cos π + i sin π = −1
5π 5π 1 3
k = 2: cos + i sin = − i −2
3 3 2 2
89. x 5 + 243 = 0
x 5 = −243
The solutions are the fifth roots of −243 = 243(cos π + i sin π ):
5   π + 2kπ   π + 2kπ 
243 cos  + i sin   , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
  5   5 
 π π Imaginary
k = 0: 3 cos + i sin  ≈ 2.4271 + 1.7634i axis
 5 5
4
 3π 3π 
k = 1: 3 cos + i sin  ≈ −0.9271 + 2.8532i
 5 5 
k = 2: 3(cos π + i sin π ) = −3 Real
axis
−4 −2 2 4
 7π 7π 
k = 3: 3 cos + i sin  ≈ −0.9271 − 2.8532i
 5 5 
−4
 9π 9π 
k = 4: 3 cos + i sin  ≈ 2.4271 − 1.7634i
 5 5 
90. x3 − 27 = 0
x3 = 27
The solutions are the cube roots of 27 = 27(cos 0 + i sin 0): Imaginary
axis
3   2kπ   2kπ  4
27 cos  + i sin   , k = 0, 1, 2
  3   3 
2
k = 0: 3(cos 0 + i sin 0) = 3
Real
 2π 2π  3 3 3 −4 −2 −1 1 2 4 axis
k = 1: 3 cos + i sin  = − + i
 3 3  2 2 −2
 4π 4π  3 3 3
k = 2: 3 cos + i sin  = − − i −4
 3 3  2 2
91. x 4 + 16i = 0
x 4 = −16i
 3π 3π 
The solutions are the fourth roots of −16i = 16 cos + i sin :
 2 2 
 3π 3π 
 + 2π k + 2π k 
4 2 + i sin 2
16 cos , k = 0, 1, 2, 3 Imaginary
axis
 4 4 
  3
 3π 3π 
k = 0: 2 cos + i sin  ≈ 0.7654 + 1.8478i
 8 8  1
Real
 7π 7π  −3 −1 3 axis
k = 1: 2 cos + i sin  ≈ −1.8478 + 0.7654i
 8 8 
 11π 11π 
k = 2: 2 cos + i sin  ≈ −0.7654 − 1.8478i −3
 8 8 
 15π 15π 
k = 3: 2 cos + i sin  ≈ 1.8478 − 0.7654i
 8 8 
92. x 6 + 64i = 0
x 6 = −64i
 3π 3π 
The solutions are the sixth roots of −64i = 64 cos + i sin :
 2 2 
6
  (3π 2) + 2π k   (3π 2) + 2π k 
64 cos  + i sin  , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Imaginary
axis
  6   6 
3
 π π
k = 0: 2 cos + i sin  = 2 + 2i
 4 4
1
 7π 7π  Real
k = 1: 2 cos + i sin  ≈ −0.5176 + 1.9319i −3 −1 1 3
axis
 12 12  −1
 11π 11π 
k = 2: 2 cos + i sin  ≈ −1.9319 + 0.5176i −3
 12 12 
 5π 5π 
k = 3: 2 cos + i sin  = − 2 − 2i
 4 4 
 19π 19π 
k = 4: 2 cos + i sin  = 0.5176 − 1.9319i
 12 12 
 23π 23π 
k = 5: 2 cos + i sin  = 1.9319 − 0.5176i
 12 12 
93. x3 − (1 − i) = 0
 7π 7π 
x3 = 1 − i = 2  cos + i sin 
 4 4 
The solutions are the cube roots of 1 − i :
3
  (7π 4) + 2π k   (7π 4) + 2π k  Imaginary
2 cos  + i sin  , k = 0, 1, 2 axis
  3   3  2
6  7π 7π 
k = 0: 2  cos + i sin  ≈ −0.2905 + 1.0842i
 12 12  Real
axis
6  5π 5π  −2 2
k = 1: 2  cos + i sin  ≈ −0.7937 − 0.7937i
 4 4 
−2
6  23π 23π 
k = 2: 2  cos + i sin  ≈ 1.0842 − 0.2905i
 12 12 
94. x 4 + (1 + i ) = 0
x 4 = −1 − i = 2 (cos 225° + i sin 225°)
The solutions are the fourth roots of −1 − i :
4   225° + 360°k   225° + 360°k  Imaginary

2 cos  + i sin  , k = 0, 1, 2, 3 axis
  4   4 
2
8  5π 5π 
k = 0: 2  cos + i sin  ≈ 0.6059 + 0.9067i
 16 16 
Real
8  13π 13π  −2 2
axis
k = 1: 2  cos + i sin  ≈ −0.9067 + 0.6059i
 16 16 
8  21π 21π  −2
k = 2: 2  cos + i sin  ≈ −0.6059 − 0.9067i
 16 16 
8  29π 29π 
k = 3: 2  cos + i sin  ≈ 0.9067 − 0.6059i
 16 16 
95. (a) E = IZ
(
= 6(cos 41° + i sin 41°) 4 cos( −11°) + i sin ( −11°) )
= 24(cos 30° + i sin 30°) volts
 3 1 
(b) E = 24 + i  = 12 3 + 12i volts
 2 2 
(12 3)
2
+ (12)
2
(c) E = = 576 = 24 volts
Imaginary
96. axis
97. False. They are equally spaced along the circle centered
at the origin with radius n r .
z1
1
z0 98. z1 = r1 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 ), z2 = r2 (cos θ 2 + i sin θ 2 )
30°
Real
−1 1 axis z1z2 = r1r2 cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 ) and
−1
z2 z3 z1 z2 = 0 if and only if r1 = 0 and/or r2 = 0.
True.
(a) Because one of the fourth roots is shown, there are
three roots not shown.
(b) The other three roots also lie on the circle, with
arguments of θ = 120°, 210°, and 300°.
z1 r1 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 ) cos θ 2 − i sin θ 2

99. = ⋅
z2 r2 (cos θ 2 + i sin θ 2 ) cos θ 2 − i sin θ 2
r1
= cos θ1 cos θ 2 + sin θ1 sin θ 2 + i(sin θ1 cos θ 2 − sin θ 2 cos θ1 )
r2 (cos θ 2 + sin 2 θ 2 )
2
r1
= cos(θ1 − θ 2 ) + i sin (θ1 − θ 2 )
r2 
100. z = r (cos θ + i sin θ )

− z = − r (cos θ + i sin θ )
= r ( −cos θ + −i sin θ )
= r (cos(θ + π ) + i sin (θ + π ))
101. z = r cos(−θ ) + i sin (−θ ) z r (cos θ + i sin θ )

(b) =
z r cos( −θ ) + i sin ( −θ )
= r[cos θ + −i sin θ ]
r
= r cos θ − ir sin θ = cos(θ − ( −θ )) + i sin (θ − ( −θ ))
r
which is the complex conjugate of
= cos 2θ + i sin 2θ
r (cos θ + i sin θ ) = r cos θ + ir sin θ .
(a) zz = r (cos θ + i sin θ ) r (cos( −θ ) + i sin ( −θ ))
= r 2 cos(θ − θ ) + i sin (θ − θ )

= r 2 [cos 0 + i sin 0]
= r2
Review Exercises for Chapter 6

1. Given: A = 38°, B = 70°, a = 8 5. Given: A = 16°, B = 98°, c = 8.4
C = 180° − 38° − 70° = 72° C = 180° − 16° − 98° = 66°
a sin B 8 sin 70° c sin A 8.4 sin 16°
b = = ≈ 12.21 a = = ≈ 2.53
sin A sin 38° sin C sin 66°
a sin C 8 sin 72° c sin B 8.4 sin 98°
c = = ≈ 12.36 b = = ≈ 9.11
2. Given: A = 22°, B = 121°, a = 19 6. Given: A = 95°, B = 45°, c = 104.8

C = 180° − 22° − 121° = 37° C = 180° − A − B = 40°
a sin B 19 sin 121° c sin A 104.8 sin 95°
b = = ≈ 43.48 a = = ≈ 162.42
a sin C 19 sin 37° c sin B 104.8 sin 45°
c = = ≈ 30.52 b = = ≈ 115.29
3. Given: B = 72°, C = 82°, b = 54 7. Given: A = 24°, C = 48°, b = 27.5

A = 180° − 72° − 82° = 26° B = 180° − 24° − 48° = 108°
b sin A 54 sin 26° b sin A 27.5 sin 24°
a = = ≈ 24.89 a = = ≈ 11.76
sin B sin 72° sin B sin 108°
b sin C 54 sin 82° b sin C 27.5 sin 48°
c = = ≈ 56.23 c = = ≈ 21.49
sin B sin 72° sin B sin 108°
4. Given: B = 10°, C = 20°, c = 33 8. Given: B = 64°, C = 36°, a = 367

A = 180° − B − C = 150° A = 180° − B − C = 80°
c sin A 33 sin 150° a sin B 367 sin 64°
a = = ≈ 48.24 b = = ≈ 334.95
sin C sin 20° sin A sin 80°
c sin B 33 sin 10° a sin C 367 sin 36°
b = = ≈ 16.75 c = = ≈ 219.04
sin C sin 20° sin A sin 80°
9. Given: B = 150°, b = 30, c = 10

c sin B 10 sin 150°
sin C = = ≈ 0.1667  C ≈ 9.59°
b 30
A ≈ 180° − 150° − 9.59° = 20.41°
b sin A 30 sin 20.41°
a = = ≈ 20.92
sin B sin 150°
10. Given: B = 150°, a = 10, b = 3

sin A = = ≈ 1.67 > 1
b 3
No solution
11. A = 75°, a = 51.2, b = 33.7

b sin A 33.7 sin 75°
sin B = = ≈ 0.6358  B ≈ 39.48°
a 51.2
C ≈ 180° − 75° − 39.48° = 65.52°
a sin C 51.2 sin 65.52°
c = = ≈ 48.24
sin A sin 75°
Review Exercises for Chapter 6 533
12. Given: B = 25°, a = 6.2, b = 4

a sin B
sin A = ≈ 0.65506  A ≈ 40.92° or 139.08°
b
Case 1: A ≈ 40.92° Case 2: A ≈ 139.08°
C ≈ 180° − 25° − 40.92° = 114.08° C ≈ 180° − 25° − 139.08° = 15.92°
c ≈ 8.64 c ≈ 2.60
13. A = 33°, b = 7, c = 10 15. C = 119°, a = 18, b = 6
Area = 1
2
bc sin A = 1
2 (7)(10) sin 33° ≈ 19.1 Area = 1
2
ab sin C = 1
2 (18)(6) sin 119° ≈ 47.2
14. B = 80°, a = 4, c = 8 16. A = 11°, b = 22, c = 21
Area = 1
2
ac sin B = 1
2
(4)(8)(0.9848) ≈ 15.8 Area = 1
2
bc sin A ≈ 1
2
(22)( 21)(0.1908) ≈ 44.1
h
17. tan 17° =  h = ( x + 50) tan 17°
x + 50
h = x tan 17° + 50 tan 17°
h
tan 31° =  h = x tan 31°
x h
31° 17°
x tan 17° + 50 tan 17° = x tan 31° x 50
50 tan 17° = x( tan 31° − tan 17°)
50 tan 17°
= x
tan 31° − tan 17°
x ≈ 51.7959
h = x tan 31° ≈ 51.7959 tan 31° ≈ 31.1 meters
The height of the building is approximately 31.1 meters.
18. The triangle of base 400 feet formed by the two angles of sight to the tree has base angles of 90° − 22° 30′ = 67° 30′,
or 67.5°, and 90° − 15° = 75°. The angle at the tree measures 180° − 67.5° − 75° = 37.5°.
400 sin 75° Tree
b = ≈ 634.683 A
sin 37.5° N
h = 634.683 sin 67.5° W E
h ≈ 586.4 S
h
15°
The width of the river is about 586.4 feet. 22° 30′
C 400 ft B
19. Given: a = 6, b = 9, c = 14
a 2 + b2 − c2 36 + 81 − 196
cos C = = ≈ −0.7315  C ≈ 137.01°
2ab 2(6)(9)
b sin C 9 sin 137.01°
sin B = ≈ ≈ 0.4383  B ≈ 26.00°
c 14
A ≈ 180° − 26.00° − 137.01° = 16.99°
20. Given: a = 75, b = 50, c = 110
a 2 + b2 − c2 752 + 502 − 1102

cos C = = = −0.53  C ≈ 122.01°
2ab 2(75)(50)
b sin C 50 sin 122.01°
sin B = ≈ ≈ 0.3854  B ≈ 22.67°
c 110
A ≈ 180° − 22.67° − 122.01° = 35.32°
21. Given: a = 2.5, b = 5.0, c = 4.5
a2 + c2 − b2
cos B = = 0.0667  B ≈ 86.18°
2ac
a 2 + b2 − c2
cos C = = 0.44  C ≈ 63.90°
2ab
A = 180° − B − C ≈ 29.92°
22. Given: a = 16.4, b = 8.8, c = 12.2
b2 + c2 − a 2 8.82 + 12.22 − 16.42

cos A = = ≈ − 0.1988  A ≈ 101.47°
2bc 2(8.8)(12.2)
b sin A 8.8 sin 101.47°
sin B = ≈ ≈ 0.5259  B ≈ 31.73°
a 16.4
C ≈ 180° − 101.47° − 31.73° = 46.80°
23. Given: B = 108°, a = 11, c = 11
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B = 112 + 112 − 2(11)(11) cos 108°  b ≈ 17.80

A = C = 1
2
(180° − 108°) = 36°
24. Given: B = 150°, a = 10, c = 20 25. Given: C = 43°, a = 22.5, b = 31.4
b 2 = 102 + 202 − 2(10)( 20) cos 150°  b ≈ 29.09 c = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C ≈ 21.42
a sin B 10 sin 150° a 2 + c2 − b2
sin A = ≈  A ≈ 9.90° cos B = ≈ −0.02169  B ≈ 91.24°
b 29.09 2ac
C ≈ 180° − 150° − 9.90° = 20.10° A = 180° − B − C ≈ 45.76°
26. Given: A = 62°, b = 11.34, c = 19.52
a 2 = 11.342 + 19.522 − 2(11.34)(19.52) cos 62°  a ≈ 17.37

b sin A 11.34 sin 62°
sin B = ≈  B ≈ 35.20°
a 17.37
C ≈ 180° − 62° − 35.20° = 82.80°
27. Given: C = 64°, b = 9, c = 13.

Given two sides and an angle opposite one of them, the Law of Cosines cannot be used, so use the Law of Sines.
b sin C 9 sin 64°
sin B = = ≈ 0.62224  B ≈ 38.48°
c 13
A ≈ 180° − 38.48° − 64° = 77.52°
c sin A 13 sin 77.52°
a = ≈ ≈ 14.12
sin C sin 64°
28. Given: a = 4, c = 5, B = 52°

Given two sides and the included angle, the Law of Cosines can be used.
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B = 16 + 25 − 2( 4)(5) cos 52° ≈ 16.38  b ≈ 4.05
a 2 + b2 − c2 16 + 16.38 − 25
cos C = = ≈ 0.22778  C ≈ 76.83°
2ab 2( 4)( 4.05)
A ≈ 180° − 52° − 76.83° = 51.17°
29. Given: a = 13, b = 15, c = 24

Given three sides, the Law of Cosines can be used.
a 2 + b2 − c2 169 + 225 − 576
cos C = = ≈ − 0.46667  C ≈ 117.82°
2ab 2(13)(15)
a sin C 13 sin 117.82°
sin A = ≈ ≈ 0.47906  A ≈ 28.62°
c 24
B ≈ 180° − 28.62° − 117.82° = 33.56°
30. Given: A = 44°, B = 31°, c = 2.8 33. a = 3, b = 6, c = 8

Given two angles and a side, the Law of Cosines cannot a +b + c 3+ 6+8
s = = = 8.5
be used, so use the Law of Sines. 2 2
C = 180° − 44° − 31° = 105° Area = s( s − a )( s − b)( s − c)
c sin A 2.8 sin 44°
a = = ≈ 2.01 = 8.5(5.5)( 2.5)(0.5)
sin C sin 105°
c sin B 2.8 sin 31° ≈ 7.64
b = = ≈ 1.49
sin C sin 105°
34. a = 15, b = 8, c = 10
31. a +b + c 15 + 8 + 10
5 ft 8 ft s = = = 16.5
8 ft 28° a
2 2
152° 5 ft
b Area = s( s − a )( s − b)( s − c)
a 2 = 52 + 82 − 2(5)(8) cos 28° ≈ 18.364 = 16.5(1.5)(8.5)(6.5)

a ≈ 4.3 feet ≈ 36.98
b = 8 + 5 − 2(8)(5) cos 152° ≈ 159.636
2 2 2
35. a = 12.3, b = 15.8, c = 3.7
b ≈ 12.6 feet
a +b + c 12.3 + 15.8 + 3.7
s = = = 15.9
2 2
32. d 2
= 850 + 1060 − 2(850)(1060) cos 72°
2 2
≈ 1,289,251 Area = s( s − a )( s − b)( s − c)

d ≈ 1135.5 miles = 15.9(3.6)(0.1)(12.2) = 8.36
N
W E 4 3 5
d
36. a = ,b = ,c =
5°
S 5 4 8
850 4 3 5
+ +
a + b + c 5 4 8 87
s = = =
67° 2 2 80
1060
Area = s( s − a )( s − b)( s − c)
87  23  27  37 
=    
80  80  80  80 
≈ 0.22

(4 − (−2))
2
+ (6 − 1)
2
37. u = = 61
− 0) + (3 − ( −2))
2
v = (6 2
= 61
v = 7 − 0, 3 − 10 = 7, − 7
u is directed along a line with a slope of
7 2 + ( − 7) =
2
6 −1 5 v = 98 = 7 2
= .
4 − ( −2 ) 6
v is directed along a line with a slope of 40. Initial point: (1, 5)
3 − ( − 2) 5 Terminal point: (15, 9)

= .
6−0 6
v = 15 − 1, 9 − 5 = 14, 4
Because u and v have identical magnitudes and
directions, they are equivalent. v = 14 2 + 4 2 = 212 = 2 53
(3 − 1) + ( −2 − 4)
2 2
38. u = = 2 10
(−1 − (−3))
2
+ ( −4 − 2)
2
v = = 2 10
−2 − 4
u is directed along a line with a slope of = −3.
3−1
v is directed along a line with a slope of
−4 − 2
= −3.
−1 − ( −3)
Because u and v have identical magnitudes and
directions, they are equivalent.
41. u = −1, − 3 , v = −3, 6
(a) u + v = −1, − 3 + −3, 6 = −4, 3 (b) u − v = −1, − 3 − −3, 6 = 2, − 9

y y
6 x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
4 u
u+v −v u−v
−6
x
−6 −4 u 2 4 −8
v
− 10
−4 − 12
(c) 4u = 4 −1, − 3 = −4, −12 (d) 3v + 5u = 3 −3, 6 + 5 −1, − 3 = −9, 18 + −5, −15 = −14, 3
y y
x 3v 18
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
u 5u 12
−6 3v + 5u
x
−18 −12 −6 6 12
−8
−10
4u
−12
42. u = 4, 5 , v = 0, −1
(a) u + v = 4 + 0, 5 + ( −1) = 4, 4 (b) u − v = 4 − 0, 5 − ( −1) = 4, 6

y y
8 6 u−v
−v
6 5
u u
v 4
4
u+v 3
2
2
x
−2 2 4 6 8 1
−2 x
1 2 3 4 5 6
(c) 4u = 4 4, 5 = 16, 20 (d) 3v + 5u = 3 0, −1 + 5 4, 5 = 0, − 3 + 20, 25 = 20, 22

y y
20 25
4u
20 3v + 5u
16
15
12
10
5u
8
5
4 x
u 3v 5 10 15 20 25 30
x −5
−4 4 8 12 16
43. u = −5, 2 , v = 4, 4
(a) u + v = −5, 2 + 4, 4 = −1, 6 (b) u − v = −5, 2 − 4, 4 = −9, − 2

y y
6
10
8 4
u 2
v −v
x
u+v − 10 −6
−2
u u−v
x −4
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2 −6
(c) 4u = 4 −5, 2 = −20, 8 (d) 3v + 5u = 3 4, 4 + 5 −5, 2 = 12, 12 + −25, 10 = −13, 22

y y
40
20
15 30
10 3v + 5u 20
4u 5u
5
10 3v
u
x
− 20 − 15 − 10 −5 x
−20 −10 10
44. u = 1, − 8 , v = 3, − 2
(a) u + v = 1 + 3, − 8 + ( −2) = 4, −10 (b) u − v = 1 − 3, − 8 − ( −2) = −2, − 6

y y
x
−2 2 4 6 8 2
−2
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−4
−6
u u−v
−8
−6
v −v u
− 10 u+v
−8
(c) 4u = 4 1, − 8 = 4, − 32 (d) 3v + 5u = 3 3, − 2 + 5 1, − 8 = 9, − 6 + 5, − 40 = 14, − 46

y y
x 10
− 15 −5 5 15 3v
−5 u x
− 30 −20 −10 20 30
−10
− 15
−20
5u
−30
− 25
4u −40
− 35 −50 3v + 5u
45. u = 2i − j, v = 5i + 3 j
(a) u + v = ( 2i − j) + (5i + 3 j) = 7i + 2 j (b) u − v = ( 2i − j) − (5i + 3j) = −3i − 4 j
y y
3
4
2
u+v 1
2
x
v −5 −4 −3 −2 2 3
x u
4 6 8
u −2
−v
−2 −3
u−v
−4
−4
−5
(c) 4u = 4( 2i − j) = 8i − 4 j (d) 3v + 5u = 3(5i + 3 j) + 5( 2i − j) = 15i + 9 j + 10i − 5 j = 25i + 4 j

y y
4 15
10 3v
2
5u
5
3v + 5u
x x
4 6 8 −5 5 10 15 20 25
u
−5
−2
−10
−4 4u
−15
46. u = −7i − 3j, v = 4i − j

(a) u + v = −7i − 3j + 4i − j = −3i − 4 j (b) u − v = −7i − 3j − 4i + j = −11i − 2 j
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
x x
−8 −6 −4 2 4 −12 u − v
u −2
−v u
v −4 −4
u+v
−6 −6
(c) 4u = 4( −7i − 3 j) = −28i − 12 j (d) 3v + 5u = 3( 4i − j) + 5( −7i − 3 j)

y = 12i − 3 j − 35i − 15 j
15 = −23i − 18 j
10 y
5 20
x
− 30 − 25 − 20 −15 − 10 10
u−5
x
−10 −30 −20 − 10 3v
4u
−15
3v + 5u
5u
− 20
− 30
47. u = 4i, v = −i + 6 j
(a) u + v = 4i + ( −i + 6 j) = 3i + 6 j (b) u − v = 4i − ( −i + 6 j) = 5i − 6 j
y y
u+v
6 2
v u
4 x
−2 2 6
2 −2
x −4
−2 2 u4 6 −v
−2 −6 u−v
(c) 4u = 4( 4i ) = 16i (d) 3v + 5u = 3( −i + 6 j) + 5( 4i ) = −3i + 18 j + 20i = 17i + 18 j

y y
8 20 5u
6
4 3v 3v + 5u
2
u 4u
x
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
−2
−4 x
−6 −5 5 10 15 20
−8 −5
48. u = −6 j, v = i + j
(a) u + v = −6 j + i + j = i − 5j (b) u − v = −6 j − i − j = −i − 7 j
y y
2 x
−4 −2 2 4
x
−4 −2 2 4
−2
u
−4
u+v u−v
u −v
−6 v −8
(c) 4u = 4( −6 j) = −24 j (d) 3v + 5u = 3(i + j) + 5( −6 j) = 3i + 3 j − 30 j = 3i − 27 j

y y
5 10
x 3v
− 15 − 10 − 5 u 5 10 15 x
−5 − 20 −10 10 20
− 10 − 10
− 15
− 20 5u
− 20
4u
− 25 − 30 3v + 5u
49. P = ( 2, 3), Q = (1, 8) 53. v = 10i + 3j

 3v = 3(10i + 3j)
PQ = v = 1 − 2, 8 − 3
= 30i + 9 j
v = −1, 5
= 30, 9
v = − i + 5j
y
50. P = ( 4, − 2), Q = ( − 2, −10) 20


PQ = v = − 2 − 4, −10 − ( − 2)
10 3v
v = − 6, − 8
v
x
v = − 6i − 8 j 10 20 30
− 10
51. P = (3, 4), Q = (9, 8)

PQ = v = 9 − 3, 8 − 4
54. v = 10i + 3 j
v = 6, 4
1v 3 3
= 5i + j = 5,
v = 6i + 4 j 2 2 2
y
52. P = ( − 2, 7), Q = (5, − 9)
8

PQ = v = 5 − ( − 2), − 9 − 7 6
v = 7, −16 4
v
v = 7i − 16 j 2 1
2
v
x
2 4 6 8 10
−2
55. u = 6i − 5 j, v = 10i + 3 j 58. u = 6i − 5j, v = 10i + 3j

2u + v = 2(6i − 5 j) + (10i + 3j) − 3u + 2 v = − 3(6i − 5 j) + 2(10i + 3 j)
= 22i − 7 j = −18i + 15 j + 20i + 6 j
= 22, − 7 = 2i + 21j
y = 2, 21
2 y
x
−5 10 20 25 30 25
−2
2v
−4 − 3u + 2v
−6 2u + v 15
−8 − 3u
2u v 10
−10
5
−12
x
− 20 − 10 10 20
56. u = 6i − 5 j, v = 10i + 3 j
59. v = 5i + 4 j
4u − 5v = ( 24i − 20 j) − (50i + 15 j)
= −26i − 35 j v = 52 + 4 2 = 41
4
= −26, − 35 tan θ = 5
 θ ≈ 38.7°
y
60. v = −4i + 7 j
20
(−4)
2
v = + 72 = 65
x
− 60 − 40 − 20 20
7
4u tan θ = , θ in Quadrant II  θ ≈ 119.7°
4u − 5v −4
−5v
61. v = −3i − 3 j
− 60
(−3) + ( −3)
2 2
v = = 3 2
57. u = 6i − 5 j, v = 10i + 3j −3
tan θ = = 1  θ = 225°
5u − 4 v = 5(6i − 5 j) − 4(10i + 3 j) −3
= 30i − 25 j − 40i − 12 j 62. v = 8i − j

= −10i − 37 j
82 + ( −1)
2
v = = 65
= −10, − 37
−1
y tan θ = , θ in Quadrant IV  θ ≈ 352.9°
8
x
− 30 − 15 15 30
− 10 63. v = 7(cos 60°i + sin 60° j)

5u v = 7
θ = 60°
5u − 4v − 4v
− 40
64. v = 3(cos 150°i + sin 150° j)
v = 3, θ = 150°
65. v = 8(cos 120° + i sin 120°) 67. Force One:

 1 3  u = 85(cos 45° i + sin 45° j)
= 8 − + i 
 2 2   2 2 
= 85 i + j
= − 4 + 4 3i  2 2 
= − 4, 4 3 85 2 85 2
= i + j
2 2
y
7
Force Two:
6 v = 50(cos 60° i + sin 60° j)
5
4 1 3 
3
= 50 i + j
 2 2 
2
120°
= 25i + 25 3 j
x
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
−1 Resultant Force:
 85 2   85 2 
u + v =  + 25i +  + 25 3  j
1
66. v = (cos 225° + i sin 225°)  2   2 
2
2 2
1 2 2   85 2   85 2 
=  − − i u + v =  + 25 +  + 25 3 
2 2 2   2   2 
2 2 ≈ 133.92 pounds
= − − i
4 4 85 2
+ 25 3
2 2 tan θ = 2
= − ,−
4 4 85 2
+ 25
y
2
θ = 50.5°
1
4 225°
x
−1 −3 −1 1
4 2 4
−1
4
−1
2
−3
4
−1
68. Rope One: Rope Two:

 3 1   3 1 
u = u (cos 30°i − sin 30° j) = u  i − j v = u ( −cos 30°i − sin 30° j) = u  − i − j
 2 2   2 2 
Resultant: u + v = − u j = −180 j
u = 180
So, the tension on each rope is u = 180 lb.
69. u = 6, 7 , v = −3, 9 71. u = 3i + 7 j, v = 11i − 5 j

u ⋅ v = 6( −3) + 7(9) = 45 u ⋅ v = 3(11) + 7( −5) = −2
70. u = −7, 12 , v = −4, −14 72. u = −7i + 2 j, v = 16i − 12 j
u ⋅ v = −7( −4) + 12( −14) = −140 u ⋅ v = −7(16) + 2( −12) = −136
73. u = −4, 2 81. u = 2 2, − 4 , v = − 2, 1

2u = −8, 4 u⋅v −8
cos θ = =  θ ≈ 160.5°
2u ⋅ u = −8( −4) + 4( 2) = 40 u v ( 24 )( 3)
82. u = 3, 3 , v = 4, 3 3
74. u = −4, 2 , v = 5, 1
u⋅v 21
3u = −12, 6 cos θ = =  θ ≈ 22.4°
u v 12 43
3u ⋅ v = −12(5) + 6(1) = −54
The result is a scalar. 7π 7π 1 1
83. u = cos i + sin j = ,−
4 4 2 2
75. u = −4, 2
5π 5π 3 1
v = cos i + sin j = − ,
(−4)
2
4− u = 4− 2
+ 2 = 4− 20 = 4 − 2 5 6 6 2 2
The result is a scalar. u⋅v − 3 −1

cos θ = =  θ = 165°
u v 2 2
76. v = 5, 1
84. u = cos 45°i + sin 45° j
= v ⋅ v = 5(5) + 1(1) = 26
2
v
v = cos 300°i + sin 300° j
Angle between u and v : 60° + 45° = 105°
77. u = −4, 2 , v = 5, 1
85. u = −3, 8
u(u ⋅ v ) = −4, 2 −4(5) + 2(1) v = 8, 3
= −18 −4, 2 u ⋅ v = −3(8) + 8(3) = 0
= 72, − 36 u and v are orthogonal.
The result is a vector. 1
86. u = 4
, − 12 , v = −2, 4
78. u = −4, 2 , v = 5, 1 v = −8u  Parallel
(u ⋅ v ) v = −4(5) + 2(1) 5, 1 87. u = −i
= −18 5, 1 v = i + 2j
= −90, −18 u ⋅ v ≠ 0  Not orthogonal
v ≠ ku  Not parallel
Neither
79. u = −4, 2 , v = 5, 1
88. u = −2i + j, v = 3i + 6 j
(u ⋅ u) − (u ⋅ v) = −4( −4) + 2( 2) − −4(5) + 2(1)
u ⋅ v = 0  Orthogonal
= 20 − ( −18)
= 38 89. u = −4, 3 , v = −8, − 2
The result is a scalar. u ⋅ v
 v =   −8, − 2 = −
26 13
w1 = projvu =  4, 1
80. u = −4, 2 , v = 5, 1  v 2   68  17
 
( v ⋅ v) − ( v ⋅ u) = 5(5) + 1(1) − 5( −4) + 1( 2)  13 
w 2 = u − w1 = −4, 3 −  −  4, 1 =
16
−1, 4
 17  17
= 26 − ( −18)
13 16
= 44 u = w1 + w 2 = − 4, 1 + −1, 4
17 17
90. u = 5, 6 , v = 10, 0 98. −6i = 6

u ⋅ v 50 Imaginary
w1 = projvu =  v = 10, 0 = 5, 0 axis
 v 2  100
  8
w 2 = u − w1 = 5, 6 − 5, 0 = 0, 6 6
4
u = w1 + w 2 = 5, 0 + 0, 6 2
Real
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 axis
91. u = 2, 7 , v = 1, −1 −4
−6 (0, − 6)
u ⋅ v 5 5
−8
w1 = projv u =   v = − 1, −1 = −1, 1
 v 2  2 2
 
99. 5 + 3i = 52 + 32
5 9
w 2 = u − w1 = 2, 7 −   −1, 1 = 1, 1 = 34
 2 2
Imaginary
5 9 axis
u = w1 + w 2 = −1, 1 + 1, 1
2 2 5
4
(5, 3)
92. u = −3, 5 , v = −5, 2 3
2
u ⋅ v 25 1
w1 = projvu =  v = −5, 2 Real
 v 2  29 axis
  −1
−1
1 2 3 4 5
25 19
w 2 = u − w1 = −3, 5 − −5, 2 = 2, 5
29 29
25 19 100. −10 − 4i = (−10)2 + ( −4)
2
u = w1 + w 2 = −5, 2 + 2, 5
29 25 = 2 29
 Imaginary
93. P = (5, 3), Q = (8, 9)  PQ = 3, 6 axis

Work = v ⋅ PQ = 2, 7 ⋅ 3, 6 = 48 6
4
 2
94. Work = v ⋅ PQ Real
axis
= (3i − 6 j) ⋅ ( −10i + 17 j) −12 −10 −8 −6
−2
= −30 − 102 (−10, − 4)

−4
−6
= −132
95. Work = (18,000) ( 1248 ) = 72,000 foot-pounds 101. ( 2 + 3i ) + (1 − 2i) = 3 + i
 102. ( − 4 + 2i ) + ( 2 + i ) = − 2 + 3i
96. Work = cos θ F PQ
= (cos 20°)( 25 pounds)(12 feet ) 103. (1 + 2i ) − (3 + i ) = − 2 + i
= 281.9 foot-pounds
104. ( − 2 + i ) − (1 + 4i ) = − 3 − 3i
2 2
97. 7i = 0 + 7 = 7
105. The complex conjugate of 3 + i is 3 − i
Imaginary
axis Imaginary
axis
10
3
8
(0, 7) 2
6
1 (3, 1)
4 Real
−1 1 2 3 4 5 axis
2 −1 (3, −1)
Real −2
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 axis
−2 −3
106. The complex conjugate of 2 − 5i is 2 + 5i 112. z = −7

Imaginary
axis z = 7
6
(2, 5) 0
4 tan θ = = 0  θ = π
−7
2
Real
axis
z = 7(cos π + i sin π )
−4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2
−4 Imaginary
(2, −5) axis
−6
4
3
2
(2 − 3) + ( −1 − 2)
2 2
107. d = −7 1
Real
axis
= 10 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
−1
−2
−3
108. d = (−1 − 1) 2
+ (3 − 5)
2
−4
= 8 = 2 2
113. z = 7 − 7i
1 + 4 1 + 3 
109. Midpoint =  , i r = ( 7) 2 + ( − 7) =
2
98 = 7 2
 2 2 
5 −7 7π
= + 2i tan θ = = −1  θ = because the complex
2 7 4
number lies in Quadrant IV.
5 
=  , 2
2   7π 7π 
7 − 7i = 7 2  cos + i sin 
 4 4 
 2 + 1 −1 + 4 
110. Midpoint =  , i Imaginary
 2 2  axis
3 3 1
= + i Real
axis
2 2 −1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−2
 3 3 
=  ,  −3
2 2 −4
−5
-6
111. z = 4i −7
−8
7 − 7i
r = 02 + 42 = 16 = 4
4 π
tan θ = , undefined  θ = 114. z = 5 + 12i
0 2
z = 52 + 122 = 13
 π π
 2 2 12
tan θ =  θ ≈ 1.176
5
z ≈ 13(cos 1.176 + i sin 1.176)
Imaginary
axis
5 Imaginary
axis
4 4i
3 12 5 + 12i
10
2
8
1
6
Real
axis 4
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 2
Real
axis
−4 −2 2 4 6 8 10
−2
115. z = −5 − 12i 116. −3 3 + 3i
(−5) + ( −12)
2 2
(−3 3)
2
r = = 169 = 13 r = + 32 = 36 = 6
12
tan θ = , θ is in Quadrant III  θ ≈ 4.32 3 1 5π
5 tan θ = = −  θ = because the
−3 3 3 6
z = 13(cos 4.32 + i sin 4.32)
complex number is in Quadrant II.
Imaginary
axis
 5π 5π 
Real −3 3 + 3i = 6 cos + i sin 
− 10 − 8 − 6 − 4 − 2 2 4
axis  6 6 
Imaginary
axis
−6
6
−8
5
− 10
4
− 5 − 12i − 12 − 3 3 + 3i
3
− 14
2
1
Real
axis
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
−1
  π π   π π   π π π π 
117. 2 cos + i sin 2 cos + i sin  = ( 2)( 2) cos +  + i sin  + 
  4 4   3 3   4 3 4 3 
 7π 7π 
= 4 cos + i sin 
 12 12 
  π π   5π 5π   π 5π  π 5π 
118. 4 cos + i sin 3 cos + i sin  = ( 4)(3) cos +  + i sin  + 
  3 3   6 6    3 6   3 6 
 7π 7π 
= 12 cos + i sin 
 6 6 
2[cos 60° + i sin 60°] 2

119.
3[cos 15° + i sin 15°]
=
3
(cos (60° − 15°) + i sin (60° − 15°))
2
= (cos 45° + i sin 45°)
3
cos 150° + i sin 150° 1

120. = (cos (150° − 50°) + i sin (150° − 50°))
2[cos 50° + i sin 50°] 2
1
= (cos 100° + i sin 100°)
2
4
  π π   4π 4π   π π
121. 5 cos + i sin  = 54  cos + i sin  = 625 cos + i sin 
  12 12   12 12   3 3
1 3  625 625 3
= 625 + i  = + i
 2 2  2 2
5
  4π 4π  5 4π 4π   1 3 
122. 2 cos + i sin  = 2  cos + i sin  = 32 − − i 
  15 15   3 3   2 2 
= −16 − 16 3i
6 8
123. ( 2 + 3i ) ≈  13 (cos 56.3° + i sin 56.3°) 124. (1 − i ) =  2 (cos 315° + i sin 315°)
6 8
 
= 133 (cos 337.9° + i sin 337.9°) = 16(cos 2520° + i sin 2520°)
≈ 13 (0.9263 − 0.3769i )
3
= 16(cos 0° + i sin 0°)
≈ 2035 − 828i = 16
 3π 3π 
125. Sixth roots of − 729i = 729 cos + i sin :
 2 2 
  3π   3π 
6
  2 + 2kπ   2 + 2kπ 
(a) 729 cos  + i sin   , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (b)
  6   6 
    
 π π
k = 0: 3 cos + i sin 
 4 4
 7π 7π 
k = 1: 3 cos + i sin 
 12 12 
 11π 11π 
k = 2: 3 cos + i sin 
 12 12  (c) Imaginary
axis
 5π 5π  4
k = 3: 3 cos + i sin 
 4 4 
 19π 19π 
k = 4: 3 cos + i sin  Real
 12 12  −4 −2 4 axis
 23π 23π  −2
k = 5: 3 cos + i sin 
 12 12  −4
 π π
126. (a) 256i = 256 cos + i sin  (b)
 2 2
Fourth roots of 256i:
 π π 
 + 2π k + 2π k 
4 2 + i sin 2
256  cos , k = 0, 1, 2, 3 (c) Imaginary
 4 4  axis
  5
 π π 3
k = 0: 4 cos + i sin 
 8 8 1
Real
 5π 5π  −3 −1 1 2 3 5 axis
k = 1: 4 cos + i sin  −2
 8 8  −3
 9π 9π 
k = 2: 4 cos + i sin 
−5
 8 8 
 13π 13π 
k = 3: 4 cos + i sin 
 8 8 
127. Cube roots of 8 = 8(cos 0 + i sin 0), k = 0, 1, 2
3   0 + 2π k   0 + 2π k 
(a) 8 cos  + i sin  (c) Imaginary
 axis
  3   3 
3
k = 0: 2(cos 0 + i sin 0)
 2π 2π 
k = 1: 2 cos + i sin  Real
 3 3  −3 −1 1 3 axis
 4π 4π 
k = 2: 2 cos + i sin 
 3 3  −3
(b) 2
−1 + 3i
−1 − 3i
128. (a) −1024 = 1024(cos π + i sin π ) (b)
Fifth roots of −1024:
5  π + 2π k  π + 2π k  
1024  cos + i sin   , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
 5  5 
 π π (c) Imaginary
k = 0: 4 cos + i sin  axis
 5 5
5
 3π 3π 
k = 1: 4 cos + i sin 
 5 5 
k = 2: 4(cos π + i sin π )
1
Real
−3 −2 −1 2 3 5 axis
 7π 7π 
k = 3: 4 cos + i sin 
 5 5 
−5
 9π 9π 
k = 4: 4 cos + i sin 
 5 5 
129. x 4 + 81 = 0
x 4 = −81 Solve by finding the fourth roots of − 81.
−81 = 81(cos π + i sin π )
4 4   π + 2π k   π + 2π k 
−81 = 81 cos  + i sin  , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
  4   4 
 π π 3 2 3 2
k = 0: 3 cos + i sin  = + i Imaginary
 4 4 2 2 axis
4
 3π 3π  3 2 3 2
k = 1: 3 cos + i sin  = − + i
 4 4  2 2 2
 5π 5π  3 2 3 2 Real
k = 2: 3 cos + i sin  = − − i −4 −2 2 4 axis
 4 4  2 2
−2
 7π 7π  3 2 3 2
k = 3: 3 cos + i sin  = − i
 4 4  2 2 −4
130. x5 − 32 = 0 Imaginary
axis
x5 = 32 3
32 = 32(cos 0 + i sin 0)
1
3 5   2π k   2π k  Real
32 = 32 cos 0 +  + i sin  0 +  , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
5 
−3 1 3 axis
  5   −1
k = 0: 2(cos 0 + i sin 0) = 2
−3
 2π 2π 
k = 1: 2 cos + i sin  = 0.6180 + 1.9021i
 5 5 
 4π 4π 
k = 2: 2 cos + i sin  = −1.6180 + 1.1756i
 5 5 
 6π 6π 
k = 3: 2 cos + i sin  = −1.6180 − 1.1756i
 5 5 
 8π 8π 
k = 4: 2 cos + i sin  = 0.6180 − 1.9021i
 5 5 
Imaginary
131. x3 + 8i = 0 axis
x3 = −8i Solve by finding the cube roots of − 8i. 3
 3π 3π 
−8i = 8 cos + i sin  1
 2 2  Real
−3 3 axis
  3π   3π  −1
3 3
  2 + 2π k   2 + 2π k 
−8i = 8 cos  + i sin  , k = 0, 1, 2
  3 3 −3
  
    
 π π
k = 0: 2 cos + i sin  = 2i
 2 2
 7π 7π 
k = 1: 2 cos + i sin  = − 3 −i
 6 6 
 11π 11π 
k = 2: 2 cos + i sin  = 3 −i
 6 6 
Imaginary
132. x 4 − 64i = 0 axis
4
x 4 = 64i Solve by finding the fourth roots of 64i.
 π π 2
64i = 64 cos + i sin 
 2 2 Real
axis
−4 1 2 4
 π  π  −1
4 4
  2 + 2π k   2 + 2π k  −2
64i = 64 cos  + i sin  , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
  4   4  −4
    
 π π
k = 0: 2 2  cos + i sin  ≈ 2.6131 + 1.0824i
 8 8
 5π 5π 
k = 1: 2 2  cos + i sin  ≈ −1.0824 + 2.6131i
 8 8 
 9π 9π 
k = 2: 2 2  cos + i sin  ≈ −2.6131 − 1.0824i
 8 8 
 13π 13π 
k = 3: 2 2  cos + i sin  ≈ 1.0824 − 2.6131i
 8 8 
133. True. sin 90° is defined in the Law of Sines.
134. False. There may be no solution, one solution, or two solutions.
135. A vector in the plane has both a magnitude and a direction.
Problem Solving for Chapter 6

 2
( )
P
1. PQ = 4.7 2 + 62 − 2( 4.7)(6) cos 25° A 4.7 ft
θ
θ β

PQ ≈ 2.6409 feet γ α
25° ϕ
sin α sin 25° O
6 ft
T Q
=  α ≈ 48.78°
4.7 2.6409
θ + β = 180° − 25° − 48.78° = 106.22°
(θ + β ) + θ = 180°  θ = 180° − 106.22° = 73.78°
β = 106.22° − 73.78° = 32.44°
γ = 180° − α − β = 180° − 48.78° − 32.44° = 98.78°
φ = 180° − γ = 180° − 98.78° = 81.22°

PT 4.7
=
sin 25° sin 81.22°

PT ≈ 2.01 feet
3
2. 35° 55° mile = 1320 yards
300 yd 4
25°
55° x 2 = 13202 + 3002 − 2(1320)(300) cos 10°
θ x ≈ 1025.88 yards ≈ 0.58 mile
1320 yd x sin θ sin 10°
=
1320 1025.881
sin θ ≈ 0.2234
θ = 180° − sin −1 (0.2234)
θ ≈ 167.09°
Bearing: θ − 55° − 90° ≈ 22.09°
S 22.09° E
3. (a) A 75 mi B (c) A 10°

30° 15° 20 mi Rescue
x 135° y 75°
80° 20° party
60° Lost party
60°
z
27.452 mi
x 75
(b) = Lost
sin 15° sin 135° party
x ≈ 27.45 miles
and
y 75
=
sin 30° sin 135°
y ≈ 53.03 miles
To find the bearing, we have

Bearing:
Problem Solving for Chapter 6 551
4. (a)
65°
46 ft
52 ft
sin C sin 65°

(b) =
46 52
46 sin 65°
sin C = ≈ 0.801734
52
C ≈ 53.296°
A = 180° − B − C = 61.704°
a 52
=
sin 61.704° sin 65°
52 sin 61.704°
a =
sin 65°
a ≈ 50.5 feet
1
(c) Area = (46)(52) sin 61.704° ≈ 1053.09 square feet
2
1053.09
Number of bags: ≈ 21.06
50
To entirely cover the courtyard, you would need to buy 22 bags.
u v u + v
5. If u ≠ 0, v ≠ 0, and u + v ≠ 0, then = = = 1 because all of these are magnitudes of unit vectors.
u v u + v
(a) u = 1, −1 , v = −1, 2 , u + v = 0, 1
u v u + v
(i) u = 2 (ii) v = 5 (iii) u + v = 1 (iv) =1 (v) =1 (vi) =1
u v u + v
(b) u = 0, 1 , v = 3, − 3 , u + v = 3, − 2
u v u + v
(i) u = 1 (ii) v = 18 = 3 2 (iii) u + v = 13 (iv) =1 (v) =1 (vi) =1
u v u + v
1 7
(c) u = 1, , v = 2, 3 , u + v = 3,
2 2
5 49 85 u
(i) u = (ii) v = 13 (iii) u + v = 9+ = (iv) =1
2 4 2 u
v u + v
(v) =1 (vi) =1
v u + v
(d) u = 2, − 4 , v = 5, 5 , u + v = 7, 1
u
(i) u = 20 = 2 5 (ii) v = 50 = 5 2 (iii) u + v = 50 = 5 2 (iv) =1
u
v u + v
(v) =1 (vi) =1
v u + v
 u + v1 u 2 + v 2 
Terminal point:  1 , 
 2 2 
u1 + v1 u 2 + v 2 1
w= , = (u + v )
2 2 2
7. Let u ⋅ v = 0 and u ⋅ w = 0 .
Then, u ⋅ (cv + dw ) = u ⋅ cv + u ⋅ dw = c(u ⋅ v ) + d (u ⋅ w ) = c(0) + d (0) = 0.
So for all scalars c and d, u is orthogonal to cv + dw.


8. W = (cos θ ) F PQ and F1 = F2
(a) F1
θ1
F2 θ2
P Q
If θ1 = −θ2 then the work is the same because cos( −θ ) = cos θ .

(b) F1
60°
F2
30°
P Q
1 
If θ 1 = 60° then W1 = F1 PQ .
2
3 
If θ 2 = 30° then W2 = F2 PQ .
2
W2 = 3W1
The amount of work done by F2 is 3 times as great as the amount of work done by F1.
9. (a) z1 = 2(cos 30° + i sin 30°) (b) z1 = 3(cos 45° + i sin 45°)
z2 = 2(cos 150° + i sin 150°) z2 = 3(cos 135° + i sin 135°)
z3 = 2(cos 270° + i sin 270°) z3 = 2(cos 225° + i sin 225°)
z4 = 2(cos 315° + i sin 315°)
10. (a) u = −120j = 0, −120

v = 40i = 40, 0
(b) s = u + v = 40i − 120j

Up
140
120
100
80 u s
60
40
v
20
W E
−60 −20 20 40 60 80 100
Down
Problem Solving for Chapter 6 553
402 + ( −120)
2
(c) s = = 16,000 = 40 10 ≈ 126.5 miles per hour
This represents the actual rate of the skydiver’s fall.
120
(d) tan θ = 40
 θ = tan −1 3  θ ≈ 71.57°
(e) Up
140
120
100
80 u
60
s
v
W E
−60 −20 20 40 60 80 100
Down
s = 30i − 120j
302 + ( −120)
2
s = = 15,300 ≈ 123.7 miles per hour
11. u + v is larger in figure (a) because the angle between u and v is acute rather than obtuse as in figure (b).
As the angle between the two vectors becomes more acute the magnitude becomes greater.
12. (a) θ 100 sin θ 100 cos θ

0.5° 0.873 99.996
1.0° 1.745 99.985
1.5° 2.618 99.966
2.0° 3.490 99.939
2.5° 4.362 99.905
3.0° 5.234 99.863
(b) No, the airplane’s speed does not equal the sum of the vertical and horizontal components of its velocity.
To find speed:
(v sin θ ) + (v cos θ )
2 2
speed =
(c) (i) speed = 5.2352 + 149.9092 ≈ 150 miles per hour
(ii) speed = 10.4632 + 149.6342 ≈ 150 miles per hour
Practice Test for Chapter 6

For Exercises 1 and 2, use the Law of Sines to find the remaining sides and angles of the triangle.
1. A = 40°, B = 12°, b = 100
2. C = 150°, a = 5, c = 20
3. Find the area of the triangle: a = 3, b = 6, C = 130°.
4. Determine the number of solutions to the triangle: a = 10, b = 35, A = 22.5°.
For Exercises 5 and 6, use the Law of Cosines to find the remaining sides and angles of the triangle.
5. a = 49, b = 53, c = 38
6. C = 29°, a = 100, c = 300
7. Use Heron’s Formula to find the area of the triangle: a = 4.1, b = 6.8, c = 5.5.
8. A ship travels 40 miles due east, then adjusts its course 12° southward. After traveling 70 miles in that direction, how far is the
ship from its point of departure?
9. w = 4u − 7v where u = 3i + j and v = −i + 2j. Find w.
10. Find a unit vector in the direction of v = 5i − 3j.
11. Find the dot product and the angle between u = 6i + 5j and v = 2i − 3j.
12. v is a vector of magnitude 4 making an angle of 30° with the positive x-axis. Find v in component form.
13. Find the projection of u onto v given u = 3, −1 and v = −2, 4 .
14. Give the trigonometric form of z = 5 − 5i.
15. Give the standard form of z = 6(cos 225° + i sin 225°).
16. Multiply 7(cos 23° + i sin 23°)

4(cos 7° + i sin 7°).
 5π 5π 
17. Divide  4 4 
.
3(cos π + i sin π )
18. Find (2 + 2i ) .
8
 π π
19. Find the cube roots of 8 cos + i sin .
 3 3
20. Find all the solutions to x 4 + i = 0.
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Transcriber’s Note
The printer employed the diaeresis in words like
‘coördination’ or ‘coöperation’. On p. 157, the first
syllable of ‘coöperating’ fell on the line break, and the
word was hyphenated as ‘co-operating’, since the
diaeresis was not needed. The word has been joined
here and the diaeresis employed as ‘coöperating’.
The following words appear both with and without a
hyphen: to-day, non-entity, half-way, inter-connected,
non-entity.
Errors deemed most likely to be the printer’s have
been corrected, and are noted here. The references are
to the page and line in the original.
20.10 restraining g[i/o]vernment. Replaced.
21.31 is kept in contact w[ti/it]h Transposed.
57.30 Now the scientific philosop[h]y Inserted.
69.9 no other way of putting[s] Removed.
things
77.6 these relationships Added.
constitute[s] nature.
157.20 societies of c[o-/ö]perating Replaced.
organisms.
160.8 These divis[i]ons are Inserted.
176.3 extends beyond[s] the spatio- Removed.
temporal continuum
177.6 by the reali[z/s]ation of pattern Consistency.
177.25 character of spatio-temporal [of Removed.
]extension
183.5 radiate its energy i[s/n] an Replaced.
integral number
195.4 history of the Christi[o/a]n Replaced.
Church
195.7 apocalyptic forecast[e]s Removed.
202.21 This divis[i]on of territory Inserted.
213.10 what anything is in i[t]self. Inserted.
245.27 even [al]though any such Removed.
discrimination
274.14 its sta[k/t]e of rapid Replaced.
development
276.17 The task of coö[r]dination is left Inserted.
279.22 What I mean is art [(]and Removed.
aesthetic education.
288.33 mutually coö[o]perate. Removed.
290.3 it bars coö[o]peration. Removed.
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Instant Download PDF Precalculus 10th Edition Larson Solutions Manual Full Chapter

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Section 6.1 Law of Sines .......................................................................................474

Section 6.2 Law of Cosines ...................................................................................480

Section 6.3 Vectors in the Plane ............................................................................490

Section 6.4 Vectors and Dot Products...................................................................504

Section 6.5 The Complex Plane ............................................................................511

Section 6.6 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number .....................................513

Review Exercises ........................................................................................................532

Problem Solving .........................................................................................................550

Practice Test .............................................................................................................554

3. angles; side Given: A = 16°, C = 123°, b = 5.5

9. Given: A = 102.4°, C = 16.7°, a = 21.6

C 10. Given: A = 24.3°, C = 54.6°, c = 2.68

Given: A = 35°, B = 40°, c = 10 C = 180° − A − B = 166° 5′

13. Given: A = 35°, B = 65°, c = 10 3

c 10 sin 35° C = 180° − A − B = 83°

17. Given: A = 36°, a = 8, b = 5

18. Given: A = 60°, a = 9, c = 7

19. Given: A = 145°, a = 14, b = 4

20. Given: A = 100°, a = 125, c = 10

21. Given: B = 15° 30′, a = 4.5, b = 6.8

22. Given: B = 2° 45′, b = 6.2, c = 5.8

23. Given: A = 110°, a = 125, b = 100

26. Given: A = 76°, a = 34, b = 21

27. Given: A = 58°, a = 11.4, c = 12.8

28. Given: a = 4.5, b = 12.8, A = 58° 29. Given: A = 120°, a = b = 25

30. Given: A = 120°, a = 25, b = 24

b sin A 24 sin 120° 12 3

31. Given: A = 45°, a = b = 1

32. Given: A = 25° 4′, a = 9.5, b = 22

33. Given: A = 36°, a = 5 36. Given: A = 132°, a = 215

39. B = 39°, a = 25, c = 12

40. A = 72°, b = 31, c = 44 46. 10

43. A = 67°, B = 43°, a = 8 C = 180° − A − B = 30°

50. N = 17° + 18° = 35°

(b) B = 180° − 72° = 108° 53. α = 180 − θ − (180 − φ ) = φ − θ

α = arcsin (0.5 sin β ) π

(c) γ = π − α − β = π − β − arcsin (0.5 sin β ) (d)

c 18 Domain: 0 < β < π

As β increases from 0 to π , α increases and then decreases, and c decreases from 27 to 9.

angle B, to find side a. Then the area can be calculated.

Section 6.2 Law of Cosines

5. Given: a = 10, b = 12, c = 16

a 2 + b2 − c2 100 + 144 − 256

9. Given: A = 30°, b = 15, c = 30

B ≈ 180° − 30° − 126.21° = 23.79°

10. Given: C = 105°, a = 9, b = 4.5

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C = 81 + 20.25 − 2(9)( 4.5) cos 105° ≈ 122.2143  c ≈ 11.06

11. Given: A = 50°, b = 15, c = 30

 sin A   sin 50° 

12. Given: C = 108°, a = 10, b = 7