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Introduction to
I truly welcome this thoroughly revised edition of the Introduction to Banking textbook. Its authors are
Introduction to
BANKING
world-class scholars who on a daily basis research a wide array of highly relevant banking topics and
maintain many close contacts with the commercial and central banking community. I can see no better
guides to lead undergraduates into the fascinating (and at times bewildering) banking landscape.
Steven Ongena, Professor of Banking, University of Zurich, Swiss Finance Institute and CEPR
I heartily endorse Introduction to Banking 2nd Edition, which thoroughly covers the topic of banking in
the post-crisis world. Unlike other textbooks which are very US-centric, this is a global banking book
which covers issues and institutions on a worldwide basis.
2nd Edition
Allen N. Berger, H. Montague Osteen, Jr., Professor in Banking and Finance, Moore School of Business, and Carolina
Distinguished Professor, University of South Carolina; Senior Fellow at Wharton Financial Institutions Center and
BANKING
Fellow of the European Banking Center, Tilburg University
This thoroughly revised edition of the book contains inestimable new chapters on banking crises, new
Barbara Casu
Claudia Girardone
financial instruments and a wide range of advanced issues. The topics are examined with a distinguishing
combination of analytical and practical approaches. This makes the book an invaluable instrument for
teaching banking to undergraduates both at universities and business schools. I highly recommend it.
Elena Carletti, Professor of Finance, Bocconi University, IGIER and CEPR
Philip Molyneux
Introduction to Banking 2nd Edition offers a comprehensive insight into the business of banking, providing up-to-
date information about the impact of the financial crisis upon the banking sector globally and the far-reaching regulatory
reforms. Written by expert authors, this book covers both theoretical and applied issues relating to the global banking
industry, highlighted by examples from across Europe and the wider international arena. Organised into five main
sections, this edition includes a brand new section – advanced topics in banking.
The new edition
Familiarises students with the recent trends affecting the banking business.
Covers contemporary central banking and bank regulation issues comparing the UK, eurozone and the US,
providing students with the most up-to-date information on banking practice.
Provides a strong focus on bank management issues and prepares students to understand the different financial
features of commercial and investment banking business.
Outlines recent changes in developed and developing countries’ banking and financial systems, familiarising students
with different types of banking systems and how global trends impact on different types of banking markets.
Covers advanced topics in banking, from the growth of the ‘shadow banking system’ to bank mergers and acquisition
activities, and issues and challenges surrounding the industrial structure of modern banking markets.
Suitable for all undergraduate students taking a course in banking as well as professionals entering the banking industry. 2nd Edition
It also provides solid background reading for postgraduate students who, in this updated edition, can benefit from
three new chapters exploring more advanced topics in banking.
Casu
Barbara Casu is the Director of the Centre for Banking Research at Cass Business School, City University London, where she is Associate Girardone
Professor of Banking. Her research interests are in the area of banking, financial regulation, corporate governance and industrial organisation.
Barbara has published over 30 papers in international peer-reviewed journals, including The Review of Economics and Statistics and the Journal of
Molyneux
Money, Credit and Banking.
Claudia Girardone is Professor of Banking and Finance at the Essex Business School, University of Essex, UK.
Her current research focus is on banking sector performance and efficiency, bank corporate governance and
the industrial structure of banking. She has published widely in the banking and financial services area and is
currently on the editorial board of several journals including the Journal of Banking & Finance and The European
Journal of Finance.
Philip Molyneux is currently Professor of Banking and Finance and Dean of the College of Business, Law,
Education and Social Science at Bangor University, North Wales, UK. He has published widely in the banking www.pearson-books.com
and financial services area, including articles in the Journal of Banking & Finance, Review of Finance and European Cover: © Rashevskyi Viacheslav/
Economic Review. Shutterstock
3 Types of banking 47
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Traditional versus modern banking 48
3.3 Retail or personal banking 53
3.4 Private banking 59
3.5 Corporate banking 61
3.6 Investment banking 72
3.7 Islamic banking 78
vii
3.8 Conclusion 81
Key terms 81
Key reading 82
Revision questions and problems 82
4 International banking 83
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 What is international banking? 83
4.3 Brief history of international banking 86
4.4 Why do banks go overseas? 87
4.5 Types of bank entry into foreign markets 94
4.6 International banking services 99
4.7 Conclusion 112
Key terms 113
Key reading 114
Revision questions and problems 114
Appendix 4.1 Syndicated lending: a selected glossary 115
viii
ix
xi
xii
xiii
xiv
xv
15.3 Number of commercial banks and branches in the US, (1935–2013) 500
15.4 Share of industry assets according to bank size, 1984–2013 501
15.5 Performance of US commercial banks – return on equity, 1990–2013 513
15.6 Performance of US commercial banks – return on assets, 1990–2013 513
16.1 The structure of the Japanese banking sector 529
16.2 Total assets of Japanese domestic banking groups (in trillions of yen) 532
16.3 Structure of the Co-operative system 534
16.4 Changes to the structure of the Japan Post Group 537
16.5 Japan Post Bank deposit base 538
16.6 The payment systems in Japan 540
16.7 Banknotes and coins in circulation (to nominal GDP), 2008–2012 542
16.8 The performance of Japanese banks, 2009–2013 548
16.9 Capitalisation of Japanese banks 549
16.10 Japanese banks’ non-performing loans and loan losses, 2002–2013 552
17.1 The uneven sizes of financial systems 559
17.2 Banking and economic growth 564
17.3 Economic growth in advanced and emerging economies 570
17.4 Trends in government ownership of banks 576
17.5 Government ownership across developing regions, 1970–2009 576
17.6 Foreign bank presence, 2009 582
18.1 How the US mortgage market works 596
18.2 Securitisation rates by type of mortgage, 2001 and 2006 597
18.3 Creation of an ABS security: participants and functions 599
18.4 Capital structure and prioritisation 603
18.5 Example of tranching and credit enhancement 604
18.6 US asset-backed securities issuance ($mil), 1985–2012 611
18.7 Global CDO issuance ($mil), 2000–2011 612
19.1 Bank M&As in Europe and the US (value of transactions $bn), 1985–2006 621
19.2 JPMorgan’s US acquisitions 623
19.3 Bank M&As in the US, 2007–2013 624
19.4 EU bank M&As: number and value of transactions, 2000–2012 626
19.5 Most attractive areas for geographic expansion via M&A 628
19.6 Banks diversify and multiply, 1998–2008 635
20.1 The structure-conduct-performance (SCP) paradigm 647
20.2 Herfindahl index: equity derivatives, bank to non-bank 650
20.3 Concentration levels in UK retail banking (measured by HHI) 652
A1.1 Normal yield curve 677
A1.2 UK government yield curve 677
A2.1 Efficient (mean-standard deviation) frontier 683
A2.2 Efficient frontier: two risky assets (securities 1 and 2) 684
A2.3 Systematic and unsystematic risk: effects of diversification 684
A2.4 Security market line 686
xvi
xvii
xviii
14.13 Five-firm concentration ratio as percentage of total banking sector assets and
Herfindahl index 483
14.14 Selected balance sheet items (€bn and as a percentage of total assets), 2013 485
14.15 Selected income statement items (EU banks) 487
15.1 Sub-prime home purchase loans (%) 494
15.2 Ten largest US banking companies, ranked by assets ($mil) 502
15.3 Leading US property and casualty insurance companies, 2012 504
15.4 Leading US life insurance companies, 2012 504
15.5 US financial intermediaries (market share, total assets) 507
15.6 Number of non-cash payments ($bn), 2000–2012 509
15.7 Assets of US commercial banks, 1990 to 2012 ($mil) 511
15.8 Liabilities and equity capital of US commercial banks, 1990–2010 ($mil) 512
15.9 Bank profitability by state – return on assets (%) 514
15.10 US financial regulators 516
15.11 Supervisors and regulators of US banks 519
16.1 Licensed financial institutions in Japan (as of December 2012) 530
16.2 Total deposits and number of branches by bank type (as of March 2012) 533
16.3 Payment system statistics: number and value of transactions 541
16.4 Japan’s 1998 banking crisis – major events 544
16.5 Financial assets of Japan by sectors, 2012 (trillion yen) 545
16.6 Regulation and supervision by bank type 547
16.7 Balance sheet, March 2012 (values in million yen) 550
16.8 Income statement, March 2012 (values in million yen) 551
17.1 The World Bank’s ‘432 matrix of financial system characteristics’ 557
17.2 Financial institution characteristics by country, 2008–2010 average 559
17.3 Finance and growth: a review of the literature 562
17.4 Emerging economies – geographical region 565
17.5 Emerging economies – income classification by Gross National
Income (GNI) per capita 566
17.6 Real GDP growth (%) – emerging economies 569
17.7 Banking in Asia 571
17.8 Banking in transition economies 572
17.9 Number of banks by host country, aggregates by income level and regions 583
17.10 Foreign ownership limits in South East Asian banking 585
19.1 Motives for bank M&As 620
19.2 Major US bank M&As since 2000 622
19.3 European bank M&As, 2007–2013 625
20.1 Bank size and concentration 648
20.2 H-statistics: interpretation 654
20.3 Panzar–Rosse H-statistic 656
20.4 Interpretation of the CV parameter (l) 657
20.5 Lerner index – banks in Asia Pacific (average figures, 2003–2010) 658
20.6 Competition measures for selected EU countries (average values, 2000–2009) 661
20.7 Correlation matrix for the competition measures 661
20.8 Empirical evidence of the competition-stability relationship 665
A1.1 Reading the Financial Times: UK government bonds 675
A1.2 UK benchmark government bond yields – 13 May 2014 676
A2.1 Case 1: overall expected return on a security 680
A2.2 Expected return and beta 687
xix
xx
xxi
14.2 The creation of a single market for financial services in the European Union 446
14.3 The Lamfalussy process 451
14.4 The failure of cross-border banks: the case of Fortis and Dexia 457
14.5 European system of financial supervision (ESFs) 465
14.6 EU reaches deal on final piece of banking union 470
14.7 EU agrees deposit guarantee scheme deal 473
15.1 US mortgage basics 492
15.2 Key events in the US credit crisis 495
15.3 Volcker rule comes of age in spite of protests 521
15.4 Failures of the Dodd–Frank Act 523
16.1 Japan scales back Japan Post privatisation 536
16.2 Japan’s biggest banks profit under Abenomics 548
17.1 China banking war heats up with launch of online investment app 574
17.2 Two views on the role of state banks 578
17.3 Scope for consolidation in overcrowded Gulf banking markets 580
18.1 A history of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae 595
18.2 What is credit enhancement? 601
18.3 CDS: modern-day weapons of mass destruction 608
18.4 AIG saga shows dangers of credit default swaps 610
19.1 The emergence of financial conglomerates 618
19.2 Santander in talks to sell stake in asset arm 624
19.3 Consolidation: fragmented business offers huge potential for mergers 627
19.4 How to perform an event study 630
19.5 A winner’s curse that haunts the banking behemoths 631
19.6 Bank diversification 635
19.7 Out to break the banks 638
20.1 Competition in UK banking 651
xxii
It is well enough that people of the nation do not understand our banking and monetary
system, for if they did, I believe there would be a revolution before tomorrow morning.
Henry Ford
The aim of this textbook is to provide a comprehensive introduction to theoretical and applied
issues relating to the global banking industry. Despite the fears of Henry Ford, we do not
think reading this book will cause a revolution, but we do hope it will at least provide you
with an enjoyable and interesting insight into the business of banking.
A major motivation for writing this text has been to fill a gap in the market. For a number of
years we have all taught banking courses and we have become aware of students’ frustration
about the lack of a comprehensive yet accessible textbook that deals with a broad spectrum
of introductory banking issues. Most introductory texts that cover banking issues tend to be
broad-based, focusing on economics and finance, and these (in our view) do not provide
sufficient detail or coverage of the theoretical and institutional detail that is essential for an
accurate understanding of critical banking issues. While there are textbooks that provide
such coverage targeted at advanced undergraduates and the postgraduate market, there is
no text that has comprehensive coverage of such issues for those new to the study of banking.
In addition, many textbooks that cover banking as part of a broadly based money and bank-
ing course tend to give only limited attention to international experiences. As such, we have
written this text to provide (we hope) an essential teaching and learning resource for anyone
who has to lecture introductory undergraduates as well as for professional banking courses.
The first edition of this book (2006) described a world where the banking industry expe-
rienced marked changes and deregulation allowed banking firms to diversify into broader
financial services areas. Commercial banks became full-service financial firms, offering a
range of non-traditional financial services including insurance, securities business, pensions
and the like. Many banks dropped the word ‘Bank’ from their titles to emphasise their much
broader role in the provision of financial services to households and corporations. In addi-
tion, various trends such as industry consolidation, securitisation and disintermediation were
having a significant effect, resulting in a smaller number of major players operating in credit,
capital and money markets business that increasingly overlapped. As banking systems opened
up, many institutions were pursuing international strategies, thereby changing the tradi-
tional focus on banking as a mainly domestic business. This rapidly evolving environment
posed both threats and opportunities to bank managers and owners. The former had to be
increasingly aware of both domestic and international developments in the management pro-
cess, and in particular of the various risk–return trade-offs in all areas of a bank’s activities.
Capital needed to be managed effectively to adhere to minimum regulatory requirements
and also to generate returns in excess of the cost of capital to boost shareholders’ returns.
The market pressure on banks to generate good returns for shareholders was a key element
of bank strategy – bankers were forced to cut costs, boost revenues (mainly through fee and
commission income sources) and manage their capital resources much more efficiently.
xxiii
This golden era of banking came to an abrupt end in the summer of 2007, when the demise
of the US sub-prime mortgage lending market led to financial losses, government bailouts
of banks (and other financial institutions), a credit crunch and a prolonged economic reces-
sion, mainly in developed countries, ensued. Since the onset of the crisis in 2007, there has
been a large body of research investigating its causes and consequences. What had started as
trouble in a small segment of the US financial markets became a fully fledged global financial
crisis, following the demise of the US investment bank Lehman Brothers in September 2008.
The unfolding of the sub-prime crisis and how it became a financial crisis, and its impact on
European countries in the form of a sovereign debt crisis, can be described in various phases
or waves that include (i) the US sub-prime crisis (August 2007 to September 2008); (ii) the
systemic or global crisis (September 2008 to March 2009); (iii) the economic crisis (March
2009 to January 2010); and (iv) the sovereign debt crisis (January 2010 to June 2012). In
this textbook, we will refer to the sub-prime crisis period as the 2007 crisis, to the global
financial crisis period as the 2008–2009 crisis and to the sovereign debt crisis or eurozone
crisis as the period 2010–2012. Because of the timing of different events, the period of finan-
cial market turbulence is also indicated as the 2007–2009 financial turmoil.
These crisis years have had a tremendous impact on the world of banking and have
brought about dramatic changes in the global financial architecture. Against this background
of global changes, the need to revise the book became apparent. As the dust has begun to
settle on the crisis periods and the new shape of the world’s banking markets has started to
take form, we have thoroughly revised this textbook to account for all these recent changes.
The text is organised into five main parts:
This part of the text provides an introduction to the nature of financial intermediation
and covers the main reasons why banks exist, focusing on key issues such as adverse selec-
tion, moral hazard and delegated monitoring. It also covers the information production,
liquidity transformation and consumption smoothing role of banks as well as various other
issues relating to the bank intermediation process. We then go on to give a detailed account
of the main activities and services provided by banks, changes in the payment systems and
the growing importance of ethical investments and sustainable banking strategies. As the
financial sector in many countries comprise a wide range of different types of banking firms,
these are then explained, covering commercial banks, mutual banks, investment banks, pri-
vate banks and different forms of banking activity such as universal versus specialist banking
and ‘interest-free’ Islamic banking. Given the increasing role of banks on the global scene,
the final chapter of this part (Chapter 4) looks at the main features of international banking,
highlighting the reasons why banks locate overseas or conduct international activity. We also
outline the main services provided by international banks, covering payments, credit, money
and capital markets activity and highlighting the role of the Euromarkets – Eurobonds and
Eurocurrency activity – and also syndicated lending.
The main aim of Part 1 is to familiarise students with the reasons why banks exist, the main
services they offer, recent trends impacting on business areas, types of banking firms and the
xxiv
8 avril 1915.
28 avril 1915.
4 mai 1915.
Les trams circulent presque vides ; les rues sont de plus en plus
désertes. Avec cela, un printemps adorable. Sur les branches des
arbres fruitiers, les fleurs grimpent les unes sur les autres ; les
branches ont de grosses touffes d’un blanc exquis et parfumé, et il y
a tant, tant d’oiseaux qui chantent sur les arbres des avenues et
dans les jardins, derrière les maisons brûlées et abandonnées !
Comme leurs propriétaires, à l’étranger, doivent y penser
maintenant ! Je crois qu’on entend mieux les oiseaux parce que les
rues sont plus silencieuses, et peut-être aussi parce que nous
n’avons pas encore entendu une note de musique depuis l’invasion
et que le moindre son harmonieux, après les discussions sur la
guerre par ces voix rudes et âpres des Flamands, caresse notre
oreille charmée et surprise.
Derrière chez nous, il y a un merle qui a le langage le plus
spirituel, le plus expressif, en même temps que le plus
délicieusement modulé. Ah ! la chère créature ! si je pouvais la
prendre dans le creux de la main et lui gratter doucement la tête, en
signe de reconnaissance ! Toutes les bêtes aiment qu’on leur gratte
la tête : si le merle se laissait faire une fois, il y reviendrait, et pour
moi ce serait une grande joie.
5 mai 1915.
22 mai 1915.
30 mai 1915.
30 mai 1915.
Le dindon domestique, tout blanc, se pavane, la queue en
éventail, les plumes ébouriffées, tout son être hérissé, devant le
treillage derrière lequel se trouve, le cou tendu, la femelle de son
congénère, autre dindon domestique. Il a les yeux entourés de bleu ;
le cou, la tête et le chiffon qui lui pend par-dessus le bec,
sanguinolents. Le chiffon est fripé comme un lambeau d’entrailles ; à
volonté, il injecte de sang, ou fait bleuir en bleu de ciel, ou laisse
pâlir en un blanc violacé cette masse amorphe qui pendille de droite
et de gauche. Il va et vient, apoplectique ou anémique, dément de
désir. Il est magnifique, antipathique, plein de morgue et
d’acariâtreté. Il tend le cou et fait kloukoulou ! kloukoulou ! Kwole,
kwole, kwole !
8 juin 1915.
13 juin 1915.
25 août 1915.
9 novembre 1915.
12 novembre 1915.
5 avril 1916.
7 avril 1916.
30 novembre 1916.
Je crois que l’œil le plus beau au monde est l’œil du hibou grand-
duc : une grande boule noire comme liquéfiée, bordée d’une bande
de feu liquide, mais adoucie par la myopie et la souffrance de la
captivité. Je me trouve devant la cage. Il fait un Chchinit effarouché
et suit peureusement les mouvements de mes yeux, seule chose
qu’il semble voir dans ma figure. Oh ! qu’il est beau, qu’il est beau, et
que je l’aime, surtout maintenant que nous sommes nous-mêmes
pris dans une trappe d’où nous ne pouvons bouger.
Par le froid qui commence, les bonnes avec les enfants se
réfugient dans le palais des éléphants, où il n’y a plus que des
zèbres, des chameaux, des girafes et le rhinocéros. Il y fait chaud et
les enfants que les mamans envoient, bien emmitouflés, prendre de
l’air frais et pur, ne respirent pendant des heures que l’odeur du
fumier de ces animaux.
Le jardin zoologique est lamentablement triste : la moitié des
bêtes ont disparu, elles sont mortes et on ne peut les remplacer ;
d’autres ont été envoyées en Hollande parce qu’on ne pouvait plus
les nourrir ; celles qui restent ont l’air lonely. Moi, je me promène
dans ce jardin, bien désemparée aussi.
Les grues font un tour de valse quand elles voient arriver leur
gardien ; nous, quand nous voyons arriver un de nos gardes-
chiourmes, nous avons envie de nous fourrer dans un petit trou, tant
ils nous épouvantent.
5 juin 1917.
21 août 1917.
29 novembre 1917.
1917.
La grue du Sénégal claironne sa musique à soufflet, puis fait
quelques tours sur le gravier humide de sa cage. Elle se picote, et,
lasse du froid et d’être seule, elle tourne son cou en forme de S sur
le dos, fourre sa tête sous ses ailes, puis replie une patte sous son
ventre et reste, tremblotante de froid, en équilibre sur l’autre pied.
Elle me fait pitié, l’adorable grue couronnée du Sénégal.
6 février 1918.
16 avril 1918.