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mercenaries, paid with the plunder of the enemy, served in the
armies of both factions. The peasantry were robbed and butchered
without mercy. Cordova was repeatedly sacked by the Catalan
auxiliaries, by the Berbers, by ruthless mobs of its own citizens. It
endured all the privations of a protracted siege, all the unspeakable
horrors of famine and pestilence. While the capital was invested by
the Berbers, the suburb of Medina-al-Zahrâ was taken by these
savage warriors. Every being within its limits was slaughtered. The
favorite seat of the khalifs, on whose construction for forty years the
wealth of the empire had been lavished by Abd-al-Rahman and Al-
Hakem, was utterly destroyed. The treasury was empty, and Wadhih,
the governor of Cordova under Hischem,—who had again been
made khalif,—was forced to sell the greater portion remaining of the
library of Al-Hakem to obtain money to pay his troops. At length the
Berbers took the city by assault. The inhabitants dearly expiated the
predilection for revolt which they had so frequently manifested. The
butchery was frightful. Families conspicuous for wealth were reduced
in a few hours to abject poverty. The gutters ran with blood. Heaps of
unburied corpses encumbered the streets. The famous scholars who
had been attracted to Spain from every country in the world perished
almost to a man. No considerations of mercy, policy, or religion
restrained the brutal instincts of the victors. Women and children
were cut down or trampled to death. Crowds of trembling suppliants,
who had sought refuge in the mosques, were massacred. The
sanctity of the harems was violated with every attendant
circumstance of lust and cruelty. Palaces erected by the ambition of
a proud and opulent nobility were burned to ashes. With the
accession of Suleyman, an edict confiscating the property of the
citizens whom the public misfortunes had least affected, and
banishing the owners, was promulgated, and the ferocious Africans,
who had dealt such a fatal blow to the civilization of Europe, and in a
few months had overturned a fabric which the intelligence and
energy of a line of great princes had hardly been able to complete in
two hundred years, appropriated the seraglios, and installed
themselves in the few remaining mansions whose luxurious
appointments and magnificent gardens had long been the boast of
the Moslem capital.
The dismemberment of the empire now progressed with appalling
rapidity. The chief’s of both factions constantly solicited the aid of the
Christians for the destruction of their adversaries. For a time their
entreaties were heeded, but with each application the surrender of
territory, whose fortresses constituted the security of the frontier
provinces of the khalifate, was required. With the increasing distress
of the party whose nominal head was Hischem, the demands of the
Leonese and Castilian chieftains became more exacting. At length
the Count of Castile threatened that, unless all the strongholds taken
and fortified by Al-Mansur were delivered to him, he would join the
Berbers with the entire force at his command. The cowardice of the
government of Cordova impelled it to make this disgraceful
concession. A great number of fortified places won by the valor of Al-
Mansur’s veterans were evacuated by the Saracen garrisons.
Encouraged by the example of Sancho, the petty sovereigns of Leon
and Navarre sent similar messages to Cordova. The incompetent
Wadhih, who exercised the royal power in the name of the Khalif,
terrified by these empty menaces, hastened to purchase temporary
immunity for the capital by the sacrifice of the remaining bulwarks of
the frontier. It was not long before the Christian princes, without
striking a blow or giving any equivalent, recovered the territory which
all the courage and obstinacy of their fathers had not been able to
retain.
The occupation of Cordova by Suleyman was far from obtaining
for him the submission of the remaining cities of the khalifate. The
excesses committed by the Berbers, and the employment of the
hated infidels of Castile, arrayed almost the entire population against
him. The strongholds of the North, through the pusillanimous
conduct of the imperial officials, were irretrievably lost. The
governors of the eastern and western provinces proclaimed their
independence. Thousands of prosperous villages were destroyed;
and the plains so recently covered with luxuriant vegetation again
assumed the desolate appearance they possessed during the
disastrous civil wars of the emirate. So complete was this
devastation, that it was said one could travel for many days
northward from Cordova and not encounter a single human being.
Upon the arrival of Ali, Suleyman’s successor, at the capital, a
thorough search was made for the Khalif Hischem, but without
success. The corpse buried by Mohammed was exhumed, but was
not identified as that of the unfortunate prince. Diligent inquiry failed
to elicit any reliable intelligence concerning the missing monarch.
The same uncertainty envelops the end of the last of the
Ommeyades that attaches to the fate of the last of the Visigoths.
Both were the degenerate heirs of a dynasty of illustrious
sovereigns. One lost his crown and his life directly through the
oppression he inflicted on his subjects; the other indirectly through
tyranny endured from an unnatural relative and an ungrateful
minister. Both perished by treason, and each disappeared in the final
catastrophe which overwhelmed his kingdom. The Khalif Hischem
was never seen after the Berbers sacked the capital. An idle tradition
asserted that he escaped the carnage of that dreadful day and found
a refuge in Asia. It is more probable, however, that he was killed in
the confusion of the assault, and that his body, stripped and
unrecognized, was consigned, with those of thousands of his
subjects, to an unknown grave. With him ended the prosperity, the
affluence, the glory of the line of the Ommeyades. Henceforth, the
khalifate, broken into a multitude of independent and often hostile
principalities, offered an easy prey to the enterprise of the Christians,
whose costly experience had finally taught them the imperative
necessity of concerted union.
END OF VOLUME I.
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