Full Download PDF of (Ebook PDF) Biology Today and Tomorrow With Physiology 5th Edition All Chapter
Full Download PDF of (Ebook PDF) Biology Today and Tomorrow With Physiology 5th Edition All Chapter
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CONTENTS v
Releasing Energy
5.1 A Burning Concern 82 7 Gene Expression and Control
5.2 To Catch a Rainbow 83
7.1 Ricin, RIP 114
Storing Energy in Sugars 84
7.2 Gene Expression 115
5.3 Light-Dependent Reactions 85
7.3 Transcription: DNA to RNA 116
5.4 Light-Independent Reactions 87
RNA Modifications 117
Alternative Carbon-Fixing Pathways 87
7.4 The Genetic Code 118
5.5 A Global Connection 89
7.5 Translation: RNA to Protein 119
Aerobic Respiration in Mitochondria 89
7.6 Products of Mutated Genes 122
5.6 Fermentation 92
7.7 Control of Gene Expression 124
5.7 Food as a Source of Energy 94
Master Genes 124
Complex Carbohydrates 94
Sex Chromosome Genes 125
Fats 94
Lactose Tolerance 125
Proteins 95
DNA Methylation 126
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vi CONTENTS
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Contents vii
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viii Contents
15 Animal Evolution
15.1 Medicines From the Sea 284
15.2 Origins and Diversification 285
Animal Origins 285
Evidence of Early Animals 285
Major Groups and Evolutionary Trends 286
Unit 4 Ecology
15.3 Invertebrate Diversity 288
Sponges 288
Cnidarians 288
16 Population Ecology
Flatworms 289 16.1 A Honkin’ Mess 314
Annelids 290 16.2 Characteristics of Populations 315
Mollusks 290 Demographic Traits 315
Roundworms 291 Collecting Demographic Data 316
Arthropods 292 16.3 Population Growth 317
Echinoderms 296 Exponential Growth 317
15.4 Introducing the Chordates 297 Carrying Capacity and Logistic Growth 318
Chordate Traits 297 Density-Independent Factors 319
Invertebrate Chordates 297 16.4 Life History Patterns 320
Vertebrate Traits and Trends 298 Biotic Potential 320
15.5 Fishes and Amphibians 299 Describing Life Histories 320
Jawless Fishes 299 Evolution of Life Histories 321
Jawed Fishes 299 Predation and Life History Evolution 322
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Contents ix
18 The Biosphere and Human Effects 19.2 Animal Structure and Function 375
Organization and Integration 375
18.1 Going With the Flow 352 Evolution of Structure and Function 376
18.2 Factors That Affect Climate 353 19.3 Types of Animal Tissues 376
Air Circulation Patterns 353
Epithelial Tissues 376
Ocean Circulation 354
Connective Tissues 378
18.3 The Major Biomes 355 Muscle Tissues 379
Forest Biomes 355 Nervous Tissue 380
Grasslands and Chaparral 356
19.4 Organs and Organ Systems 380
Deserts 356
Organ Systems 382
Tundra 356
19.5 Regulating Body Temperature 384
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x Contents
Open and Closed Circulatory Systems 405 Immune Deficiency and AIDS 439
21.5 Blood and Blood Vessels 410 23.2 Two Types of Digestive Systems 446
Components and Functions of Blood 410 23.3 Digestive Structure and Function 448
High-Pressure Flow in Arteries 410 In the Mouth 448
Adjusting Resistance at Arterioles 411 Swallowing 448
Capillary Exchange and Function of the Lymph Vessels 411 The Stomach 449
Back to the Heart 412 Digestion in the Small Intestine 450
21.6 Blood and Cardiovascular Disorders 412 Absorption in the Small Intestine 451
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Contents xi
24.5 The Peripheral Nervous System 478 Egg Production and Release 515
The Menstrual Cycle 516
24.6 The Senses 480
Male Reproductive Anatomy 517
Sensory Reception and Diversity 480
How Sperm Form 518
Sensation to Perception 480
Sexual Intercourse 518
The Chemical Senses—Smell and Taste 481
A Sperm’s Journey 519
Detecting Light 482
The Human Eye 482 26.5 Reproductive Health 520
At the Retina 484 Contraception 520
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xii Contents
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P
Biology is a huge field, with a wealth of new discover- In-Text Learning Tools To emphasize connections
ies being made every day, and biology-related issues between biological topics, each chapter begins with an
such as climate change, stem cell research, and per- application section that explores a current event or
sonal genetics often making headlines. This avalanche controversy directly related to the chapter’s content.
of information can be intimidating to non-scientists. For example, a discussion of binge drinking on col-
This book was designed and written specifically for lege campuses introduces the concept of metabolism
students who most likely will not become biologists in Chapter 4. This section presents an overview of the
PREFACE
and may never again take another science course. It metabolic pathway that breaks down alcohol, linking
is an accessible and engaging introduction to biology the function of enzymes in the pathway to hangovers,
that provides future decision-makers with an under- alcoholism, and cirrhosis. The section is illustrated
standing of basic biology and the process of science. with a photo of a tailgate party that preceded a recent
A Wealth of Applications This book is packed Notre Dame–Alabama football game, and also a
with everyday applications of biological processes. At photo of Gary Reinbach just before he died at age 22
every opportunity, we enliven discussions of biologi- of alcoholic liver disease. (In the index, you’ll find
cal processes with references to their effects on human health-related applications denoted by red squares and
health and the environment. This edition also con- environmental applications by green squares.)
tinues to focus on real world applications pertaining To strengthen a student’s analytical skills and
to the field of biology, including social issues arising offer insight into contemporary research, each chapter
from new research and developments. Descriptions of includes an exercise called digging into data that
current research, along with photos of scientists who is placed in a section with relevant content. The exer-
carry it out, underscore the concept that biology is an cise consists of a short text passage—usually about a
ongoing endeavor carried out by a diverse commu- published scientific experiment—and a table, chart,
nity of people. Discussions include not only what was or other graphic that presents experimental data. A
discovered, but also how the discoveries were made, student can use information in the text and graphic to
how our understanding has changed over time, and answer a series of questions. For example, the exercise
what remains to be discovered. These discussions are in Chapter 2 asks students to interpret results of a
provided in the context of an accessible introduction study that examined the effect of dietary fat intake on
to well-established concepts that underpin modern “good” and “bad” cholesterol levels.
biology. Every topic is examined from an evolutionary The chapter itself consists of several numbered
perspective, emphasizing the connections between all sections that contain a manageable chunk of informa-
forms of life. tion. Every section ends with a boxed take-home
message in which we pose a question that reflects
Accessible Text Understanding stems from mak- the critical content of the section, and then answer the
ing connections between concepts and details, so a question in bulleted list format. Every chapter has at
text with too little detail reads as a series of facts that least one figure it out question with an answer
beg to be memorized. However, excessive detail can immediately following. These questions allow students
overwhelm the introductory student. Thus, we con- to quickly check their understanding as they read.
stantly strive to strike the perfect balance between Mastering scientific vocabulary challenges many stu-
level of detail and accessibility. We once again revised dents, so we have included an on-page glossary
the text to eliminate details that do not contribute of key terms introduced in each two-page spread, in
to a basic understanding of essential concepts. We addition to a complete glossary at the book’s end. The
also know that English is a second language for many end-of-chapter material features a visual summary
introductory students, so we avoid idioms and aim for that reinforces each chapter’s key concepts. A self-
a clear, straightforward style. quiz poses multiple choice and other short answer
Analogies to familiar objects and phenomena will questions for self-assessment (answers are in Appen-
help students understand abstract concepts. For exam- dix I). A set of more challenging critical thinking
ple, in the discussion of transpiration in Chapter 27 questions provides thought-provoking exercises
(Plant Form and Function), we explain that a column for the motivated student. The end matter of several
of water is drawn upward through xylem as a drinker chapters now includes a visual question that rein-
draws fluid up through a straw. forces learning in a nonverbal style.
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xiv PREFACE
Design and Content Revisions Throughout the book, text and diversity of ABO alleles in Native Americans. New art illustrates
art have been revised to help students grasp difficult concepts. The stasis in coelacanths.
following list highlights some of the revisions to each chapter. 13 Early Life Forms and the Viruses New introductory essay about
study of the human microbiome, new coverage of Ebola, and new
Introduction figure depicting mechanisms of gene exchange in prokaryotes.
1 Invitation to Biology Renewed and updated emphasis on the rel- 14 Plants and Fungi Additional coverage of fungal ecology, including
evance of new species discovery and the process of science. information about white-nose syndrome in bats.
Unit 1 How Cells Work 15 Animal Evolution New introductory essay about invertebrates as
2 Molecules of Life New graphic illustrates radioactive decay. a source of medicines. Updated information about Neanderthals
and added coverage of the newly discovered Dennisovans.
3 Cell Structure Application section updated with current statistics
and ‘pink slime’ story. Micrograph comparisons now feature Para- Unit 4 Ecology
mecia and include a confocal image. Essay about the nature of life 16 Population Ecology Updated coverage of human demographics.
expanded to add Gerald Joyce’s “life is squishy” concept.
17 Communities and Ecosystems New photos illustrate species interac-
4 Energy and Metabolism Application section now illustrated with a
tions; updated coverage of the increases in greenhouse gases.
real-life example. Diffusion illustrated with a tea bag in hot water.
18 The Biosphere and Human Effects New essay about dispersion of the
5 Capturing and Releasing Energy Application section updated with
radioactive material released at Fukushima and new Digging Into
current statistics and illustrated with a current photo of air pollu- Data about bioaccumulation of this material in tuna.
tion in China. Yogurt production added to fermentation section.
Unit 5 How Animals Work
Unit 2 Genetics
19 Animal Tissues and Organs Updated information about stem cell
6 DNA Structure and Function Content reorganized: material on clon-
research and tissue regeneration in animals. Improved figures
ing folded into Application section for concept connection, and
depict epithelial and connective tissues.
chromosome structure now appears after DNA structure. New art
20 How Animals Move New information about how different muscle
demonstrates how replication errors become mutations.
fiber types relate to animal locomotion.
7 Gene Expression and Control Ricin discussion revised to include
21 Circulation and Respiration Improved coverage of insect respiration,
medical applications. New material includes hairlessness mutation
including a new photo.
(in cats), evolution of lactose tolerance, heritability of DNA meth-
ylations, telomeres. 22 Immunity New photos show skin as a surface barrier, a cytotoxic
T cell killing a cancer cell, and victims of HIV. Immune response
8 How Cells Reproduce New material on telomeres, asexual vs. sexual
and lymphatic system illustrations updated.
mud snails. New micrograph shows multiple crossovers.
23 Digestion and Excretion Revised essay about obesity and new com-
9 Patterns of Inheritance Epistasis is now illustrated with human skin
parative information about the ruminant digestive system.
color. New material about environmentally-triggered hemoglobin
production in Daphnia; continuous variation in dog face length 24 Neural Control and the Senses New opening essay about the effects
arising from short tandem repeats foreshadows DNA fingerprint- of concussions. Discussion of the human nervous system has been
ing in chapter 10. reorganized. New information about echolocation.
10 Biotechnology Updated coverage of personal genetic testing 25 Endocrine Control Opening essay now focuses on phthalates as
includes social impact of Angelina Jolie’s response to her test. endocrine disruptors. New Digging Into Data about BPA’s effect
New photos illustrate genetically modified animals. New “who’s on insulin secretion.
the daddy” critical thinking question offers students an opportu- 26 Reproduction and Development Updated coverage of assisted repro-
nity to analyze a paternity test based on SNPs. ductive technologies. Discussion of human reproductive structure
and function has been reorganized.
Unit 3 Evolution and Diversity
11 Evidence of Evolution Photos of 19th century naturalists added Unit 6 How Plants Work
to emphasize the process of science that led to natural selection 27 Plant Form and Function Reorganization consolidates growth into a
theory. How banded iron formations provide evidence of the evo- separate section. Many new photos illustrate stem, leaf, and root
lution of photosynthesis added to fossil section. Plate tectonics art structure(s). Material on fire scars added to dendroclimatology.
updated to reflect new evidence of lava lamp mantle movements. 28 Plant Reproduction and Development Updates reflect current
12 Processes of Evolution New opening essay on resistance to anti- research on colony collapse and ongoing major breakthroughs in
biotics as an outcome of agricultural overuse (warfarin material the field of plant hormone function. New photos illustrate fruit
now exemplifies directional selection). New art illustrates founder classification, asexual reproduction, early growth, ABA inhibition
effect, and hypothetical example in text replaced with reduced of seed germination, and tropisms.
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
A
We owe a special debt to the members of our advisory board, Marilyn Shopper, Johnson County Community College
listed below. They helped us shape the book’s design and to choose Jennifer J. Skillen, Community College of Southern Nevada
appropriate content. We appreciate their guidance. Jim Stegge, Rochester Community and Technical College
Lisa M. Strain, Northeast Lakeview College
Andrew Baldwin, Mesa Community College Jo Ann Wilson, Florida Gulf Coast University
Charlotte Borgeson, University of Nevada, Reno
Gregory A. Dahlem, Northern Kentucky University We were also fortunate to have conversations with the following
Gregory Forbes, Grand Rapids Community College workshop attendees. The insights they shared proved invaluable.
Hinrich Kaiser, Victor Valley Community College
academic advisors
Lyn Koller, Pierce College Robert Bailey, Central Michigan University
Terry Richardson, University of North Alabama Brian J. Baumgartner, Trinity Valley Community College
Michael Bell, Richland College
We also wish to thank the reviewers listed below. Lois Borek, Georgia State University
Heidi Borgeas, University of Tampa
Idris Abdi, Lane College Charlotte Borgenson, University of Nevada
Meghan Andrikanich, Lorain County Community College Denise Chung, Long Island University
Lena Ballard, Rock Valley College Sehoya Cotner, University of Minnesota
Barbara D. Boss, Keiser University, Sarasota Heather Collins, Greenville Technical College
Susan L. Bower, Pasadena City College Joe Conner, Pasadena Community College
James R. Bray Jr., Blackburn College Gregory A. Dahlem, Northern Kentucky University
Mimi Bres, Prince George’s Community College Juville Dario-Becker, Central Virginia Community College
Randy Brewton, University of Tennessee Jean DeSaix, University of North Carolina
Evelyn K. Bruce, University of North Alabama Carolyn Dodson, Chattanooga State Technical Community College
Steven G. Brumbaugh, Green River Community College Kathleen Duncan, Foothill College, California
Chantae M. Calhoun, Lawson State Community College Dave Eakin, Eastern Kentucky University
Thomas F. Chubb, Villanova University Lee Edwards, Greenville Technical College
Julie A. Clements, Keiser University, Melbourne Linda Fergusson-Kolmes, Portland Community College
Francisco Delgado, Pima Community College Kathy Ferrell, Greenville Technical College
Elizabeth A. Desy, Southwest Minnesota State University April Ann Fong, Portland Community College
Brian Dingmann, University of Minnesota, Crookston Kendra Hill, South Dakota State University
Josh Dobkins, Keiser University, online Adam W. Hrincevich, Louisiana State University
Hartmut Doebel, The George Washington University David Huffman, Texas State University, San Marcos
Pamela K. Elf, University of Minnesota, Crookston Peter Ingmire, San Francisco State
Johnny El-Rady, University of South Florida Ross S. Johnson, Chicago State University
Patrick James Enderle, East Carolina University Rose Jones, NW-Shoals Community College
Jean Engohang-Ndong, BYU Hawaii Thomas Justice, McLennan Community College
Ted W. Fleming, Bradley University Jerome Krueger, South Dakota State University
Edison R. Fowlks, Hampton University Dean Kruse, Portland Community College
Martin Jose Garcia Ramos, Los Angeles City College Dale Lambert, Tarrant County College
J. Phil Gibson, University of Oklahoma Debabrata Majumdar, Norfolk State University
Judith A. Guinan, Radford University Vicki Martin, Appalachian State University
Carla Guthridge, Cameron University Mary Mayhew, Gainesville State College
Laura A. Houston, Northeast Lakeview–Alamo College Roy Mason, Mt. San Jacinto College
Robert H. Inan, Inver Hills Community College Alexie McNerthney, Portland Community College
Dianne Jennings, Virginia Commonwealth University Brenda Moore, Truman State University
Ross S. Johnson, Chicago State University Alex Olvido, John Tyler Community College
Susannah B. Johnson Fulton, Shasta College Molly Perry, Keiser University
Paul Kaseloo, Virginia State University Michael Plotkin, Mt. San Jacinto College
Ronald R. Keiper, Valencia Community College West Amanda Poffinbarger, Eastern Illinois University
Dawn G. Keller, Hawkeye Community College Johanna Porter-Kelley, Winston-Salem State University
Ruhul H. Kuddus, Utah Valley State College Sarah Pugh, Shelton State Community College
Dr. Kim Lackey, University of Alabama Larry A. Reichard, Metropolitan Community College
Vic Landrum, Washburn University Darryl Ritter, Okaloosa-Walton College
Lisa Maranto, Prince George’s Community College Sharon Rogers, University of Las Vegas
Catarina Mata, Borough of Manhattan Community College Lori Rose, Sam Houston State University
Kevin C. McGarry, Keiser University, Melbourne Matthew Rowe, Sam Houston State University
Timothy Metz, Campbell University Cara Shillington, Eastern Michigan University
Ann J. Murkowski, North Seattle Community College Denise Signorelli, Community College of Southern Nevada
Alexander E. Olvido, John Tyler Community College Jennifer Skillen, Community College of Southern Nevada
Joshua M. Parke, Community College of Southern Nevada Jim Stegge, Rochester Community and Technical College
Elena Pravosudova, Sierra College Andrew Swanson, Manatee Community College
Nathan S. Reyna, Howard Payne University Megan Thomas, University of Las Vegas
Carol Rhodes, Cañada College Kip Thompson, Ozarks Technical Community College
Todd A. Rimkus, Marymount University Steve White, Ozarks Technical Community College
Laura H. Ritt, Burlington County College Virginia White, Riverside Community College
Lynette Rushton, South Puget Sound Community College Lawrence Williams, University of Houston
Erik P. Scully, Towson University Michael L. Womack, Macon State College
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R
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5e
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1
Invitation to Biology
1.1 The Secret Life of Earth 4
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4 Introduction
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Invitation to Biology Chapter 1 5
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6 Introduction
Organisms Require Energy and Nutrients Not all living things eat, but all
require energy and nutrients on an ongoing basis. Inputs of both are essential to
maintain the functioning of individual organisms and the organization of life in
general. A nutrient is a substance that an organism needs for growth and survival
but cannot make for itself.
Organisms spend a lot of time acquiring energy and nutrients (Figure 1.3).
However, the source of energy and the type of nutrients acquired differ among
organisms. These differences allow us to classify living things into two catego-
ries: producers and consumers. A producer makes its own food using energy and
simple raw materials it obtains from nonbiological sources. Plants are producers;
by a process called photosynthesis, they use the energy of sunlight to make sugars
from water and carbon dioxide (a gas in air). Consumers, by contrast, cannot make
their own food. A consumer obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other
organisms. Animals are consumers. So are decomposers, which feed on the wastes
or remains of other organisms. The leftovers from consumers’ meals end up in the
environment, where they serve as nutrients for producers. Said another way, nutri-
ENERGY IN ents cycle between producers and consumers.
SUNLIGHT
Unlike nutrients, energy is not cycled. It flows through the world of life in one
Producers harvest energy from the direction: from the environment, through organisms, and back to the environ-
environment. Some of that energy
flows from producers to consumers.
ment. This flow maintains the organization of every living cell and body, and it also
influences how individuals interact with one another and their environment. The
energy flow is one-way, because with each transfer, some energy escapes as heat, and
PRODUCERS
plants and other self-feeding organisms cells cannot use heat as an energy source. Thus, energy that enters the world of life
eventually leaves it (we return to this topic in Chapter 5).
Nutrients that get
incorporated into the cells Organisms Sense and Respond to Change An organism cannot survive for
of producers and consumers
very long in a changing environment unless it adapts to the changes. Thus, every
are eventually released back into
the environment (by decomposi- living thing has the ability to sense and respond to change both inside and outside
tion, for example). Producers of itself (Figure 1.4). Consider how, after you eat, the sugars from your meal enter
then take up some of the your bloodstream. The added sugars set in motion a series of events that causes cells
released nutrients.
throughout the body to take up sugar faster, so the sugar level in your blood quickly
CONSUMERS falls. This response keeps your blood sugar level within a certain range, which in
animals, most fungi, many protists, bacteria turn helps keep your cells alive and your body functioning properly.
All of the fluids outside of cells make up a body’s internal environment. That
environment must be kept within certain ranges of temperature and other con-
All energy that enters the world of life ditions, or the cells that make up the body will die. By sensing and adjusting to
eventually flows out of it, mainly as heat change, organisms keep conditions in the internal environment within a range that
released back to the environment.
favors survival. Homeostasis is the name for this process, and it is one of the defin-
ing features of life.
Organisms Grow and Reproduce With little variation, the same types of mol-
Figure 1.3 The one-way flow of energy and the cycling ecules perform the same basic functions in every organism. For example, informa-
of materials in the world of life. tion in an organism’s DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) guides ongoing functions that
Top, © Victoria Pinder, www.flickr.com/photos/vixstarplus. sustain the individual through its lifetime. Such functions include development:
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on tullut tai kuka hän on. Hän vaikenee kuin kala, jos vain sanotte
sanankaan, joka kuulostaa siltä, kuin yrittäisitte urkkia häneltä hänen
syntyperäänsä. Hän ei ole niin narrimainen kuin hänen
ulkomuotonsa, mutta hän on kerta kaikkiaan pälyilevä ja mateleva, ja
mitä hän tekeekin, on se aina samaan tyyliin.»
Patches oli ehtinyt sille paikalle, jossa hän ja Phil olivat eronneet
Tailholt Mounlainin miehisiä, ja tunsi itsensä janoiseksi. Hän muisti
Philin sanoneen, että hiukan ylempänä selänteen rinteellä oli pieni
lähde, ja ajatellen pitkää matkaa, joka hänellä oli ratsastettavana,
hän hetkisen epäröityään poikkesi tieltä ja ohjasi hevosensa
rinteelle.
»Tule tänne!»
»Tule tänne!»
Yavapai Joe, joka suu auki ja silmät selällään oli seurannut tätä
asian varsin odottamatonta käännettä, heilahdutti itsensä satulaan ja
nykäisi suitsista ikäänkuin ratsastaakseen tiehensä henkensä
edestä.
»Jollei teillä olisi pistooliani, niin minä —» alkoi hän, mutta vaikeni
äkkiä, sillä Patches oli samassa silmänräpäyksessä varovasti
asettanut hänen pistoolinsa kalliolle ja otti nyt tyhjin käsin askelen
Nickiä kohti.
Karjankierros.
Tapahtui usein, että Kitty Reid tuli milloin yksin, milloin omaistensa
seurassa, suuren laitumen poikki viettämään iltahetkeä
naapurikartanoon. Toisinaan pysähtyivät Phil ja Patches Pata-
Koukku-S-Kartanoon juottamaan hevosiaan ja hetkiseksi
rupattelemaan Kittyn kanssa. Sattuipa niinkin, että tyttö kohtasi
kumppanukset heidän ratsastaessaan tarkastamassa karjaa ja yhtyi
heidän seuraansa tunniksi, pariksi.
»Nahkapoika, hyvä!»
»Ole rauhassa, Bill», hän vastasi. »En minä aio tehdä mitään. Jos
sattuisin olemaan oikeassa, on hän täällä parhaiten ulottuvillamme.
Mutta aion pitää häntä silmällä. Ja luulisinpa, että Philin olisi parasta
tehdä samoin.»