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Chapter 06
Systems Development: Phases, Tools, and Techniques
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which of the following systems development techniques requires IT

specialists that are in-house to develop information systems?
A. Outsourcing
B. Insourcing
C. In-house specialization
D. Selfsourcing
2. Which of the following systems development techniques allows end users to

develop information systems?
A. Outsourcing
B. Insourcing
C. Netsourcing
D. Selfsourcing
3. If you were developing marketing strategies and you decided to create a
database that tracked the progress of your marketing efforts, what kind of
development would you be engaging in?
A. Outsourcing
B. Netsourcing
C. Selfsourcing
D. Insourcing
4. Which of the following systems development techniques delegate

development tasks to a third party for a specified cost, period of time, and
level of service?
A. Netsourcing
B. Outsourcing
C. Insourcing
D. Selfsourcing
5. What is the difference between insourcing and selfsourcing?
A. Selfsourcing requires the use of internal consultants; insourcing requires

staff from the IT department.
B. Selfsourcing is self-regulating; insourcing requires internal quality controls.
C. Selfsourcing allows for end user development; insourcing requires internal

IT staff.
D. Selfsourcing allows for one person to complete the systems development

life cycle; insourcing is a team effort.
6. The systems development life cycle (SDLC) is:
A. a method for testing new IT applications.
B. a structured approach for developing information systems.
C. the analysis and assessment tasks that need to be completed when

designing and developing information systems.
D. a set of guidelines that an end user follows when developing their own
business applications.
7. The waterfall methodology is:
A. a sequential, activity-based process in which one phase of the SDLC is

followed by another.
B. an assessment methodology that ensures quality applications.
C. an outsource development methodology to information systems.
D. a process management technique that identifies and includes end users

and management in the SDLC.
8. The SDLC contains seven phases. Which phase is devoted to creating a solid
plan for developing your information system?
A. Initiation
B. Planning
C. Design
D. Analysis
9. Which of the following is a characteristic of a proposed system that is

essential to the success of your organization?
A. Quality and essence metric
B. Vital requirement
C. Critical success factor
D. Essential design feature

10. A project scope document is:
A. a document that outlines the project's strategy, the responsibilities of

project team members, and the assessment measures that will determine
the rate of success
B. a one-paragraph statement about the scope of the proposed project
C. a detailed document identifying the goals, scope and strategy for the
proposed project
D. a document that identifies the parameters or boundaries of the proposed

system and how it fits into existing systems
11. Which of the following occurs when the scope of the project increases beyond
its original intentions?
A. Scope creep
B. Feature creep
C. Milestone
D. Rolling stone
12. Which of the following occurs when developers and end users add extra
features that were not part of the initial requirements?
A. Scope creep
B. Feature creep
C. Milestone
D. Rolling stone
13. What document defines the what, when, and who questions of systems
development including all activities to be performed, the individuals, or
resources, who will perform the activities, and the time required to complete
each activity?
A. Requirements
B. Project plan
C. Project milestones
D. Critical success factors
14. _____ defines and develops the project plan, and tracks the plan to ensure that
all key project milestones are completed on time.
A. End user
B. Project manager
C. Project executive
D. IT Administrator
15. _____ represent key dates by which you need a certain group of activities
performed.
A. Enduring goals
B. Business plans
C. Feature creeps
D. Project milestones
16. Which phase in the SDLC involves end users and IT specialist working
together to gather, understand, and document the business requirements for
the proposed system?
A. Initiation
B. Planning
C. Design
D. Analysis
17. Business requirements are:
A. the strategic and tactical goals that a business establishes for itself that
software must align with.
B. the detailed set of requests that the proposed information system must
meet to be successful.
C. the planning documents identifying the characteristics and functionality of

the proposed information system.
D. the logical designs for the proposed information system.
18. "The proposed information system must connect 25,000 employees, working in
five satellite sites of Europe, U.S., and Africa" is an example of a(n) ____.
A. company mission
B. milestone
C. feature creep
D. business requirement
19. When IT specialists and end users meet in one location to define and review
the business requirements of a proposed system, the meeting is called a ____.
A. requirements meeting
B. planning and analysis meeting
C. joint application development session
D. rapid prototyping
20. Once all the business requirements are defined, you must prioritize them in
order of business importance and place them in a formal comprehensive
document, called a(n) ____.
A. requirements assessment document
B. requirements definition document
C. document of requisites
D. essential requirements document
21. The primary goal of which phase in the SDLC is to build a technical blueprint
of how the proposed system will work?
A. Design
B. Planning
C. Analysis
D. Development
22. Which of the following is considered a technical architecture for a proposed
system?
A. A description of the needed hardware, software, and telecommunications

equipment.
B. A drawing or graphical representation of the proposed system including

proposed screens, reports, software, and databases.
C. A logical model that defines the structure of needed modules and sub
modules and their interrelationships.
D. The needed data structures, definitions and business rules.
23. What is the difference between the design phase and the analysis phase?
A. The analysis phase follows the design phase and examines the
requirements developed during the design phase.
B. The design phase creates the code from the logical requirements developed
in the analysis phase.
C. Analysis and design belong to the same phase and create an iterative
process between the two activities.
D. The design phase takes the requirements developed in the analysis phase
and creates a design based on that.
24. The SDLC contains seven phases. Which phase transforms the design into an
actual system?
A. Design
B. Expansion
C. Development
D. Transformation
25. Which phase in the SDLC verifies that the system works and meets all the
business requirements developed in the analysis phase?
A. Development
B. Transformation
C. Implementation
D. Testing
26. To ensure that the newly developed information systems functions properly,
what should you create that lists the expected steps that the system should
perform and expected results from these steps?
A. Requirement documents
B. Test conditions
C. Design specifications
D. Logical design specifications

27. _____ verifies that separate systems can work together.
A. Unit testing
B. System testing
C. Integration testing
D. User acceptance testing
28. The SDLC contains seven phases. Which phase distributes the system to all
the users so that they can use it to perform their jobs?
A. Implementation
B. Testing
C. Maintenance
D. Expansion
29. When you install the system, you must provide employees with _____ that
highlights how to use the system.
A. test conditions
B. user documentation
C. technical architecture
D. requirements definition document

30. _____ training is most suitable for difficult systems for which employees need
one-on-one time with an individual instructor.
A. Online
B. Virtual
C. Workshop
D. Correspondence
31. If you were to implement the new system while the existing system continued
to run, what type of implementation method would you be following?
A. Pilot implementation
B. Phase implementation
C. Parallel implementation
D. Plunge implementation
32. If you were to allow only a select group of people to use the new system so
that you could determine if it was working correctly, what type of
implementation method would you be following?
B. Parallel implementation
C. Plunge implementation
D. Phase implementation
33. During the _____ phase of the SDLC, the new system is monitored and
supported to ensure it continues to meet the business goals.
A. implementation
B. testing
C. maintenance
D. operations
34. What is the difference between the implementation phase and the
maintenance phase?
A. The implementation phase creates the physical design (code) and tests it;
the maintenance phase places it into operations.
B. The implementation phase monitors new systems to ensure that they are
working properly; the maintenance phase makes minor adjustments when
needed to meet existing business goals.
C. The maintenance phase monitors new systems to ensure that they are
working properly; the implementation phase makes minor adjustments
when needed to meet new business goals.
D. The maintenance phase monitors and adjusts new and existing systems;
the implementation phase places new systems into operation.
35. _____ focuses on building small self-contained blocks of code that can be
reused across a variety of applications within an organization.
A. Rapid prototyping
B. Project scoping
C. Agile development
D. Component-based development
36. Which of the following methodologies emphasizes extensive user involvement

in the rapid and evolutionary construction of working prototypes?
A. SDLC
B. Waterfall modeling
C. Project scoping
D. Rapid application development (RAD)
37. Which of the following methodologies breaks a project into tiny phases;
programmers must develop the code for each phase before they can continue
to the next phase?
A. Project milestones
B. Extreme programming
C. Operational prototyping
D. Design and build prototyping

38. _____ is a form of XP, which aims for customer satisfaction through early and
continuous delivery of useful software components.
A. The agile methodology
B. The service-oriented architecture
C. Vista
D. Macintosh
39. What is the difference between extreme programming (XP) and the agile
methodology to software development?
A. XP focuses on component-base development; the agile methodology

focuses on the RAD.
B. XP uses prototyping; the agile methodology does not.
C. Agile methodology involves users much more than XP.
D. XP focuses more on team coding; the agile methodology focuses on limiting

project scope.
40. _____ is a high-level, holistic organizational approach to how your organization

views and acts on all its software needs.
A. Service-oriented architecture
B. Rapid prototyping
C. RAD
D. XP
41. _____ is the development and support of IT systems by knowledge workers
with little or no help from IT specialists.
A. End-user involvement
B. Outsourcing
C. Insourcing
D. Requirements definition
42. What group of people knows little about IT but a lot about their own domain?
A. Domain experts
B. Project managers
C. End users
D. Field professionals
43. Which of the following is not an advantage of selfsourcing?
A. It increases the speed of systems development.
B. It analyses the various design alternatives which lead to subpar IT systems.
C. It increases end user participation and sense of ownership.
D. It improves requirements determination.

44. Which of the following is a potential risk of selfsourcing?
A. Reduced technological know-how for future innovation.
B. Lack of documentation and external support leads to short-lived systems.
C. Reduced degree of control.
D. Increased dependency on outside organizations.
45. What type of selfsourcing development tool is paramount to the success of the
proposed software?
A. Easy to use development tools
B. Evolutionary prototyping tools
C. Extreme programming (XP) tools
D. Video editing tools
46. Because end users work with a wide range of data, what toolset should they
select for selfsourcing support?
A. Sophisticated GUI development
B. Online meeting software
C. Collaboration software
D. Database management systems

47. _____ is the process of building a model that demonstrates the features of a
proposed product, service, or system.
A. RAD
B. XP
C. Prototyping
D. Modeling
48. What is used to prove the technical feasibility of a proposed system?
A. Technical prototype
B. Virtual Prototype
C. Proof-of-concept prototype
D. Selling prototype
49. A prototype you use to convince people of the worth of a proposed system is
a(n) ____.
A. buying prototype
B. physical prototype
C. proof-of-concept prototype
D. selling prototype
50. What is the first step in the prototyping process?
A. Revise and enhance the prototype
B. Develop initial prototype
C. Identify basic requirements
D. End user reviewing
51. What is the fourth and last step in the prototyping process?
A. Identify basic requirements
C. Users reviewing
D. Revise and enhance the prototype
52. Which of the following is an advantage of prototyping?
A. Encourages active user participation
B. Helps resolve discrepancies among end users
C. Gives users a feel for the final system
D. All of the above

53. Which of the following is a disadvantage to prototyping?
A. Prototyping does not encourage active user participation.
B. Prototyping does not give an indication of performance under operational

conditions.
C. Prototyping does not help determine technical feasibility.
D. Prototyping does not help resolve discrepancies among users.
54. According to the Outsourcing Research Council, which business function is the
top outsourcing area for many contemporary companies?
A. IT
B. Accounting
C. Human Resources
D. Finance
55. Which SDLC phase is performed with both internal software development and
outsourcing?
A. Design
B. Development
C. Maintenance
D. Analysis
56. _____ is a formal document that describes in detail your logical requirements
for a proposed system and invites vendors to submit bids for its development.
A. Requirements document
B. Design specification
C. Request for proposal (RFP)
D. Project scope document
57. If you were constructing a legal document for your software vendor that
stipulated needed requirements, schedules, costs, acceptance criteria, and
assessment metrics, what would you be creating?
A. Service level agreement
B. Critical milestones
C. Critical success factors
D. Request for proposal
58. If your U.S.-based company were to hire a vendor located in New York City,
you would be using _____ outsourcing.
A. nearshore
B. domestic
C. onshore
D. interior
59. If your U.S.-based company were to hire a vendor from Mexico City, you would
be using _____ outsourcing.
A. offshore
B. onshore
C. nearshore
D. exterior
60. What is the trend called when a U.S. company outsources IT functions to other
countries that are geographically far away?
A. Foreign outsourcing
B. Offshore outsourcing
C. External outsourcing
D. Outer outsourcing
61. Which of the following is an advantage of outsourcing?
A. Increases technical know-how for future innovation
B. Reduces costs
C. Increases degree of control
D. Reduces vulnerability of your strategic information

62. Which of the following is a disadvantage of outsourcing?
A. It acquires outdated technology.
B. It increases dependency on other organizations.
C. It decreases performance accountability.
D. It cannot predict future costs.
True / False Questions
63. The systems development life cycle is an unstructured approach for

developing information systems.
True False
64. Project scope clearly defines the high-level system requirements.
True False
65. Adding additional features that were not part of the initial project definition is
an example of scope creep.
True False
66. Scope creep and feature creep lead to better systems development projects.
True False
67. The project plan defines the what, when, and who questions of system
development.
True False
68. Joint application development is a meeting between users and IT specialists to

define and review business requirements for the project.
True False
69. Sign-off occurs when users and IT specialists meet to define or review the
business requirements for the system.
True False
70. During the development phase, you develop a technical blueprint of how the
proposed system will work.
True False
71. Users are usually involved in the testing phase as they are the most familiar
with the business requirements and test conditions.
True False
72. Online training is excellent when employees need one-on-one time with a
trainer.
True False
73. Plunge implementation discards the old system completely and immediately
uses the new system.
True False
74. Once a system has been created and implemented, no changes should be
made to it.
True False
75. Component based development is a general approach to systems

development that focuses on building small self-contained blocks of code that
can be reused across a variety of applications within an organization.
True False
76. Rapid application development discourages end user involvement as it tends

to slow down the systems development process.
True False
77. Extreme programming (XP) methodology breaks the project down into many
smaller pieces or phases.
True False
78. The XP methodology, unlike the RAD methodology, relies heavily on reusing
existing software components contained in a software library.
True False
79. One of the reasons for XP's success is that it stresses customer satisfaction.
True False
80. The agile methodology is similar to XP but with more focus on team coding
and less on limiting project scope.
True False
81. The services within the SoA architecture perspective are exactly the same as
components in any of the component-based development methodologies.
True False
82. End users often use tools like DBMSs and spreadsheets to develop
applications for their own needs.
True False
83. Rather than combating the trend toward end-user application development, IT
staff should leverage it to offload solution building to end users.
True False
84. When you're developing a system just for yourself, you don't need to
document how it works.
True False
85. One of the advantages of selfsourcing is that it increases the speed of

systems development.
True False
86. One of the potential pitfalls of selfsourcing is that it increases the invisible
backlog.
True False
87. Lack of organizational focus creates "privatized" IT systems.
True False
88. Lack of documentation and external support leads to short-lived systems.
True False
89. Prototyping is an essential part of the RAD methodology.
True False
90. An initial prototype cannot just include only user interfaces.
True False
91. Prototyping gives no indication of performance under operational conditions.
True False
92. The Internet is one of the main reasons behind the rapid growth of the
outsourcing industry.
True False
93. A service level agreement is an informal agreement between two parties.
True False
94. A U.S. bank doing onshore outsourcing of some of its work is using another
U.S. company.
True False
95. A U.S. media company is paying an Indian company to do its help desk
support. This would be an example of nearshore outsourcing.
True False
96. Outsourcing increases the technical know-how for future innovation.
True False
Fill in the Blank Questions
97. _____ occurs when IT specialists within the company develop new systems.
________________________________________
98. The _____ is a structured step-by-step approach for developing information

systems.
________________________________________
99. The _____ phase of the SDLC involves determining a solid plan for developing
your information system.
________________________________________
100.A(n) _____ is a factor critical to your organization's success.
________________________________________
101.A(n) _____ document clearly defines the high-level system requirements.
________________________________________
102.Sometimes the overall project scope may increase gradually. This is known
as ____.
________________________________________
103._____ occurs when developers add features that were not part of the initial
requirements.
________________________________________
104.The _____ defines the what, when, and who questions of system development
including all activities to be performed, the individuals, or resources, who will
perform the activities, and the time required to complete each activity.
________________________________________
105.A(n) _____ is an individual who is an expert in project planning and
management, defines and develops the project plan and tracks the plan to
ensure all key project milestones are completed on time.
________________________________________
106._____ represents key dates for which you need a certain group of activities
performed.
________________________________________
107.The _____ phase in the SDLC involves end users and IT specialists working
together to gather, understand, and document the business requirements for
the proposed system.
________________________________________
108._____ are the detailed set of end-user requests that the system must meet to
be successful.
________________________________________
109._____ is a session in which end users and IT specialists meet to define and
review business requirements.
________________________________________
110.A(n) _____ document is used to prioritize the business requirements and
place them in a formal comprehensive document.
________________________________________
111.During the _____ phase of the SDLC, you build a technical blue print of how
the proposed system will work.
________________________________________
112._____ defines the hardware, software, and telecommunication equipment

required to run the system.
________________________________________
113._____ is the activity of drawing a graphical representation of a design.
________________________________________
114.During the _____ phase of the SDLC, you take all your detailed design
documents from the design phase and transform them into an actual system.
________________________________________
115.During the _____ phase of the SDLC, the organization verifies if the new
system works and meets all business requirements.
________________________________________
116._____ are the detailed steps the system must perform along with the
expected results of each step.
________________________________________
117._____ testing focuses on individual pieces of code within a new system.
________________________________________
118._____ testing verifies that separate systems can work together.
________________________________________
119._____ implementation has only a small group of people using the new system
until you know it works correctly and then the remaining people are added to
the system.
________________________________________
120.The _____ phase of the SDLC involves monitoring an information system to

be sure it meets business needs.
________________________________________
121.A group of people who responds to end users' questions is called a(n) ____.
________________________________________
122._____ is a general approach to system development that focuses on building
small self-contained blocks of code that can be reused across a variety of
applications within an organization.
________________________________________
123._____ emphasizes extensive user involvement in the rapid and evolutionary

construction of working prototypes of a system to accelerate the systems
development process.
________________________________________
124._____ programming methodology breaks a project into tiny phases.
________________________________________
125._____ methodology, a form of XP, aims for customer satisfaction through

early and continuous delivery of useful software components.
________________________________________
126.A(n) _____ is a software architecture perspective that focuses on the

development, use, and reuse of small self-contained blocks of code to meet
all the application software needs of an organization.
________________________________________
127._____ is the development and support of IT systems by end users with little or
no help from IT specialists.
________________________________________
128.The _____ is the list of all systems that an organization needs to develop but -
because of the prioritization of systems development needs - never get
funded because of the lack of organizational resources.
________________________________________
129._____ is the process of building a model that demonstrates the features of a

________________________________________
130._____ prototype is used to prove the technical feasibility of a proposed

system.
________________________________________
131._____ prototype is used to convince people of the worth of a proposed

system.
________________________________________
132._____ is the delegation of specific work to a third party for a specified length
of time, at a specified cost, and at a specific level of service.
________________________________________
133.A(n) _____ is a formal document that describes in detail your logical

requirements for a proposed system and invites outsourcing organizations to
submit bids for its development.
________________________________________
134.A(n) _____ is a formal contractual obligation agreement that defines the work
to be done, the time frame, the metrics that will be used to measure the
success of the systems development effort, and the costs.
________________________________________
135.In most service level agreements, the technical specifications are included in
a supporting document called a(n) ____.
________________________________________
136._____ outsourcing is using another company in the same country to perform

IT functions.
________________________________________
137.A U.S. company using a Canadian outsourcing company would be an example
of _____ outsourcing.
________________________________________
138._____ outsourcing is contracting with a company that is geographically far

away.
________________________________________
Chapter 06 Systems Development: Phases, Tools, and Techniques
Answer Key
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which of the following systems development techniques requires IT

specialists that are in-house to develop information systems?
A. Outsourcing
B. Insourcing
C. In-house specialization
D. Selfsourcing
Insourcing involves in-house IT specialists within your organization to

develop the system.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 06-01 Define the traditional systems development life cycle (SDLC) and describe the seven major
phases within it.
Level of Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Introduction
2. Which of the following systems development techniques allows end users
to develop information systems?
A. Outsourcing
B. Insourcing
C. Netsourcing
D. Selfsourcing
Selfsourcing is the development and support of IT systems by end users

(knowledge workers) with little or no help from IT specialists.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
Topic: Introduction
3. If you were developing marketing strategies and you decided to create a
database that tracked the progress of your marketing efforts, what kind of
development would you be engaging in?
A. Outsourcing
B. Netsourcing
C. Selfsourcing
D. Insourcing
Selfsourcing is the development and support of IT systems by end users

(knowledge workers) with little or no help from IT specialists.
AACSB: Reflective Thinking

AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Apply
phases within it.
Level of Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Introduction
4. Which of the following systems development techniques delegate
development tasks to a third party for a specified cost, period of time, and
level of service?
A. Netsourcing
B. Outsourcing
C. Insourcing
D. Selfsourcing
Outsourcing is the delegation of specific work to a third party for a specified

length of time, at a specified cost, and at a specified level of service.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
Topic: Introduction
5. What is the difference between insourcing and selfsourcing?
A. Selfsourcing requires the use of internal consultants; insourcing requires

staff from the IT department.
B. Selfsourcing is self-regulating; insourcing requires internal quality

controls.
C. Selfsourcing allows for end user development; insourcing requires

internal IT staff.
D. Selfsourcing allows for one person to complete the systems development

life cycle; insourcing is a team effort.

develop the system. Selfsourcing is the development and support of IT
systems by end users (knowledge workers) with little or no help from IT
specialists.

AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Understand
phases within it.
Topic: Introduction
6. The systems development life cycle (SDLC) is:
A. a method for testing new IT applications.
B. a structured approach for developing information systems.
C. the analysis and assessment tasks that need to be completed when

designing and developing information systems.
D. a set of guidelines that an end user follows when developing their own
business applications.
The systems development life cycle (SDLC) is a structured step-by-step

approach for developing information systems.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
Topic: Insourcing and the Systems Development Life Cycle
7. The waterfall methodology is:
A. a sequential, activity-based process in which one phase of the SDLC is

followed by another.
B. an assessment methodology that ensures quality applications.
C. an outsource development methodology to information systems.
D. a process management technique that identifies and includes end users

and management in the SDLC.
The waterfall methodology is a sequential, activity-based process in which

one phase of the SDLC is followed by another, from planning through
implementation.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
8. The SDLC contains seven phases. Which phase is devoted to creating a
solid plan for developing your information system?
A. Initiation
B. Planning
C. Design
D. Analysis
During the planning phase of the SDLC you create a solid plan for
developing your information system.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Understand
phases within it.
Level of Difficulty: 2 Medium
9. Which of the following is a characteristic of a proposed system that is
essential to the success of your organization?
A. Quality and essence metric
B. Vital requirement
C. Critical success factor
D. Essential design feature
A critical success factor (CSF) is simply a factor critical to your

organization's success. This process allows your organization to
strategically decide which systems to build.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
10. A project scope document is:
A. a document that outlines the project's strategy, the responsibilities of

project team members, and the assessment measures that will
determine the rate of success
B. a one-paragraph statement about the scope of the proposed project
C. a detailed document identifying the goals, scope and strategy for the
proposed project
D. a document that identifies the parameters or boundaries of the proposed

system and how it fits into existing systems
A project scope document is a written document of the project scope and is

usually no longer than a paragraph.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
11. Which of the following occurs when the scope of the project increases
beyond its original intentions?
A. Scope creep
B. Feature creep
C. Milestone
D. Rolling stone
Scope creep occurs when the scope of the project increases beyond its
original intentions.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
12. Which of the following occurs when developers and end users add extra
features that were not part of the initial requirements?
A. Scope creep
B. Feature creep
C. Milestone
D. Rolling stone
Feature creep occurs when developers (and end users) add extra features
that were not part of the initial requirements.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
13. What document defines the what, when, and who questions of systems
each activity?
A. Requirements
B. Project plan
C. Project milestones
D. Critical success factors
The project plan defines the what, when, and who questions of systems
each activity. The project plan is the guiding force behind ensuring the on
time delivery of a complete and successful information system.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
14. _____ defines and develops the project plan, and tracks the plan to ensure
that all key project milestones are completed on time.
A. End user
B. Project manager
C. Project executive
D. IT Administrator
A project manager is an individual who is an expert in project planning and

management, defines and develops the project plan, and tracks the plan to
ensure that all key project milestones are completed on time.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
15. _____ represent key dates by which you need a certain group of activities
performed.
A. Enduring goals
B. Business plans
C. Feature creeps
D. Project milestones
Project milestones represent key dates by which you need a certain group
of activities performed.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
16. Which phase in the SDLC involves end users and IT specialist working
together to gather, understand, and document the business requirements
for the proposed system?
A. Initiation
B. Planning
C. Design
D. Analysis
The analysis phase of the SDLC involves end users and IT specialists
working together to gather, understand, and document the business
requirements for the proposed system.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Understand
phases within it.
17. Business requirements are:
A. the strategic and tactical goals that a business establishes for itself that
software must align with.
B. the detailed set of requests that the proposed information system must
meet to be successful.
C. the planning documents identifying the characteristics and functionality

of the proposed information system.
D. the logical designs for the proposed information system.
Business requirements are the detailed set of end-user requests that the
system must meet to be successful. The business requirements drive the
entire system.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
18. "The proposed information system must connect 25,000 employees, working
in five satellite sites of Europe, U.S., and Africa" is an example of a(n) ____.
A. company mission
B. milestone
C. feature creep
D. business requirement
entire system.

AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Apply
phases within it.
19. When IT specialists and end users meet in one location to define and review
the business requirements of a proposed system, the meeting is called a
____.
A. requirements meeting
B. planning and analysis meeting
C. joint application development session
D. rapid prototyping
During a joint application development (JAD) session users and IT

specialists meet, sometimes for several days, to define and review the
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
20. Once all the business requirements are defined, you must prioritize them in
order of business importance and place them in a formal comprehensive
document, called a(n) ____.
A. requirements assessment document
B. requirements definition document
C. document of requisites
D. essential requirements document
Once you define all the business requirements, you prioritize them in order
of business importance and place them in a formal comprehensive
document, the requirements definition document.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
21. The primary goal of which phase in the SDLC is to build a technical
blueprint of how the proposed system will work?
A. Design
B. Planning
C. Analysis
D. Development
The primary goal of the design phase of the SDLC is to build a technical
blueprint of how the proposed system will work.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
22. Which of the following is considered a technical architecture for a proposed
system?
A. A description of the needed hardware, software, and telecommunications

equipment.
B. A drawing or graphical representation of the proposed system including

proposed screens, reports, software, and databases.
C. A logical model that defines the structure of needed modules and sub
modules and their interrelationships.
D. The needed data structures, definitions and business rules.
The technical architecture defines the hardware, software, and

telecommunications equipment required to run the system.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Understand
phases within it.
23. What is the difference between the design phase and the analysis phase?
A. The analysis phase follows the design phase and examines the
requirements developed during the design phase.
B. The design phase creates the code from the logical requirements
developed in the analysis phase.
C. Analysis and design belong to the same phase and create an iterative
process between the two activities.
D. The design phase takes the requirements developed in the analysis

phase and creates a design based on that.
The design phase takes the requirements developed in the analysis phase
and creates a design from them.

AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Understand
phases within it.
24. The SDLC contains seven phases. Which phase transforms the design into
an actual system?
A. Design
B. Expansion
C. Development
D. Transformation
During the development phase of the SDLC, you take all your detailed
design documents from the design phase and transform them into an actual
system.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
25. Which phase in the SDLC verifies that the system works and meets all the
business requirements developed in the analysis phase?
A. Development
B. Transformation
C. Implementation
D. Testing
The testing phase of the SDLC verifies that the system works and meets all
the business requirements defined in the analysis phase.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
26. To ensure that the newly developed information systems functions properly,
what should you create that lists the expected steps that the system should
perform and expected results from these steps?
A. Requirement documents
B. Test conditions
C. Design specifications
D. Logical design specifications
Test conditions are the detailed steps the system must perform along with
the expected results of each step. The tester will execute each test
condition and compare the expected results with the actual results to verify
that the system functions correctly.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Understand
phases within it.
27. _____ verifies that separate systems can work together.
A. Unit testing
B. System testing
C. Integration testing
D. User acceptance testing
Integration testing verifies that separate systems can work together.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
28. The SDLC contains seven phases. Which phase distributes the system to all
the users so that they can use it to perform their jobs?
A. Implementation
B. Testing
C. Maintenance
D. Expansion
During the implementation phase of the SDLC you distribute the system to
all the users and they begin using the system to perform their everyday
jobs.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
29. When you install the system, you must provide employees with _____ that
highlights how to use the system.
A. test conditions
B. user documentation
C. technical architecture
D. requirements definition document
When you install the system, you must also provide employees with user
documentation that highlights how to use the system. Users find it
extremely frustrating to have a new system without documentation.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
30. _____ training is most suitable for difficult systems for which employees
need one-on-one time with an individual instructor.
A. Online
B. Virtual
C. Workshop
D. Correspondence
Workshop training is held in a classroom environment and is led by an

instructor. Workshop training is most suitable for difficult systems for which
employees need one-on-one time with an individual instructor.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
31. If you were to implement the new system while the existing system
continued to run, what type of implementation method would you be
following?
B. Phase implementation
C. Parallel implementation
D. Plunge implementation
Parallel implementation uses both the old and new systems until you're
sure that the new system performs correctly.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Understand
phases within it.
32. If you were to allow only a select group of people to use the new system so
that you could determine if it was working correctly, what type of
implementation method would you be following?
B. Parallel implementation
C. Plunge implementation
D. Phase implementation
Pilot implementation has only a small group of people using the new system
until you know it works correctly and then the remaining people are added
to the system.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Understand
phases within it.
33. During the _____ phase of the SDLC, the new system is monitored and
supported to ensure it continues to meet the business goals.
A. implementation
B. testing
C. maintenance
D. operations
Maintaining the system is the final phase of any systems development

effort. During the maintenance phase of the SDLC, you monitor and support
the new system to ensure it continues to meet the business goals.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Understand
phases within it.
34. What is the difference between the implementation phase and the
maintenance phase?
A. The implementation phase creates the physical design (code) and tests
it; the maintenance phase places it into operations.
B. The implementation phase monitors new systems to ensure that they are
working properly; the maintenance phase makes minor adjustments
when needed to meet existing business goals.
C. The maintenance phase monitors new systems to ensure that they are
working properly; the implementation phase makes minor adjustments
when needed to meet new business goals.
D. The maintenance phase monitors and adjusts new and existing systems;
The maintenance phase monitors and adjusts new and existing systems;

AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Understand
phases within it.
35. _____ focuses on building small self-contained blocks of code that can be
reused across a variety of applications within an organization.
A. Rapid prototyping
B. Project scoping
C. Agile development
D. Component-based development
Component-based development (CBD) is a general approach to systems

development that focuses on building small self-contained blocks of code
(components) that can be reused across a variety of applications within an
organization.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 06-02 Compare and contrast the various component-based development methodologies.
Topic: Component-Based Development
36. Which of the following methodologies emphasizes extensive user
involvement in the rapid and evolutionary construction of working
prototypes?
A. SDLC
B. Waterfall modeling
C. Project scoping
D. Rapid application development (RAD)
The rapid application development (RAD) (also called rapid prototyping)

methodology emphasizes extensive user involvement in the rapid and
evolutionary construction of working prototypes of a system to accelerate
the systems development process.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Understand
37. Which of the following methodologies breaks a project into tiny phases;
programmers must develop the code for each phase before they can
continue to the next phase?
A. Project milestones
B. Extreme programming
C. Operational prototyping
D. Design and build prototyping
The extreme programming (XP) methodology breaks a project into tiny

phases and developers cannot continue on to the next phase until the
current phase is complete.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Understand
38. _____ is a form of XP, which aims for customer satisfaction through early
and continuous delivery of useful software components.
A. The agile methodology
B. The service-oriented architecture
C. Vista
D. Macintosh
The agile methodology, a form of XP, aims for customer satisfaction through
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
39. What is the difference between extreme programming (XP) and the agile
methodology to software development?
A. XP focuses on component-base development; the agile methodology

focuses on the RAD.
B. XP uses prototyping; the agile methodology does not.
C. Agile methodology involves users much more than XP.
D. XP focuses more on team coding; the agile methodology focuses on

limiting project scope.
Agile is similar to XP but with less focus on team coding and more on

AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Understand
40. _____ is a high-level, holistic organizational approach to how your
organization views and acts on all its software needs.
A. Service-oriented architecture
B. Rapid prototyping
C. RAD
D. XP
A service-oriented architecture (SOA or SoA) is a software architecture

perspective that focuses on the development, use, and reuse of small self-
contained blocks of code (called services) to meet all the application
software needs of an organization. An SoA is a high-level, holistic
organizational approach to how your organization views and acts on all its
software needs. If adopted, your organization would, in essence, be saying
that all software will be developed and managed as a series of reusable
services (blocks of code).
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
41. _____ is the development and support of IT systems by knowledge workers
with little or no help from IT specialists.
A. End-user involvement
B. Outsourcing
C. Insourcing
D. Requirements definition
Selfsourcing (end-user development) is the development and support of IT

systems by end users (knowledge workers) with little or no help from IT
specialists.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 06-03 Describe the selfsourcing process as an alternative to the traditional systems development life
cycle.
Topic: Selfsourcing (End-User Development)
42. What group of people knows little about IT but a lot about their own
domain?
A. Domain experts
B. Project managers
C. End users
D. Field professionals
End users are individuals who will use a system, who, although skilled in
their own domain, are not IT or computer experts, and yet they know very
well what they want from a system and are capable of developing such
systems.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Understand
cycle.
43. Which of the following is not an advantage of selfsourcing?
A. It increases the speed of systems development.
B. It analyses the various design alternatives which lead to subpar IT

systems.
C. It increases end user participation and sense of ownership.
D. It improves requirements determination.
Insufficient analysis of design alternatives leads to subpar IT systems.

Some end users jump to immediate conclusions about the hardware and
software they should use without carefully analyzing all the possible
alternatives. If this happens, end users may develop systems whose
components are inefficient.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Understand
cycle.
44. Which of the following is a potential risk of selfsourcing?
A. Reduced technological know-how for future innovation.
B. Lack of documentation and external support leads to short-lived

systems.
C. Reduced degree of control.
D. Increased dependency on outside organizations.
When end users develop a system, they often forgo documentation of how
the system works and fail to realize that they can expect little or no support
from IT specialists. All systems—no matter who develops them—must
change over time. End users must realize that anticipating those changes is
their responsibility and making those changes will be easier if they
document their system well.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Understand
cycle.
45. What type of selfsourcing development tool is paramount to the success of
the proposed software?
A. Easy to use development tools
B. Evolutionary prototyping tools
C. Extreme programming (XP) tools
D. Video editing tools
Easy to use development tools are essential for rapid, low-cost

development. For application programs, specific characteristics of ease-of-
use include: simple data entry, error checking for values in lists and ranges,
easy report generation (e.g., drag and drop), and ease of Web publishing.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Understand
cycle.
46. Because end users work with a wide range of data, what toolset should they
select for selfsourcing support?
A. Sophisticated GUI development
B. Online meeting software
C. Collaboration software
D. Database management systems
By its very nature, data is dynamic. Therefore, the toolset should support all
the features normally found in database management system products.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Understand
cycle.
A. RAD
B. XP
C. Prototyping
D. Modeling
Prototyping is the process of building a model that demonstrates the

features of a proposed product, service, or system.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 06-04 Discuss the importance of prototypes and prototyping within any systems development
methodology.
Topic: Prototyping
48. What is used to prove the technical feasibility of a proposed system?
A. Technical prototype
B. Virtual Prototype
C. Proof-of-concept prototype
D. Selling prototype
A prototype you use to prove the technical feasibility of a proposed system

is a proof-of-concept prototype.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
methodology.
Topic: Prototyping
49. A prototype you use to convince people of the worth of a proposed system
is a(n) ____.
A. buying prototype
B. physical prototype
C. proof-of-concept prototype
D. selling prototype
A prototype you use to convince people of the worth of a proposed system

is a selling prototype.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
methodology.
Topic: Prototyping
50. What is the first step in the prototyping process?
A. Revise and enhance the prototype
C. Identify basic requirements
D. End user reviewing
During the first step, you gather the basic requirements for a proposed
system.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
methodology.
Topic: Prototyping
51. What is the fourth and last step in the prototyping process?
A. Identify basic requirements
C. Users reviewing
D. Revise and enhance the prototype
The final sequential step in the prototyping process is to revise and

enhance the prototype according to any end user suggestions. In this step,
you make changes to the current prototype and add any new requirements.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
methodology.
Topic: Prototyping
52. Which of the following is an advantage of prototyping?
A. Encourages active user participation
B. Helps resolve discrepancies among end users
C. Gives users a feel for the final system
D. All of the above
Encourages active user participation, helps resolve discrepancies among

end users, and gives users a feel for the final system are all advantages of
prototyping.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Understand
methodology.
Topic: Prototyping
53. Which of the following is a disadvantage to prototyping?
A. Prototyping does not encourage active user participation.
B. Prototyping does not give an indication of performance under operational

conditions.
C. Prototyping does not help determine technical feasibility.
D. Prototyping does not help resolve discrepancies among users.
Prototypes seldom take all operational conditions into consideration. This is

potentially the most significant drawback to prototyping. You must
prototype operational conditions as well as interfaces and processes.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Understand
methodology.
Topic: Prototyping
54. According to the Outsourcing Research Council, which business function is
the top outsourcing area for many contemporary companies?
A. IT
B. Accounting
C. Human Resources
D. Finance
The Outsourcing Research Council recently completed a study indicating

that human resources (HR) is the top outsourcing area for many companies.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 06-05 Describe the outsourcing environment and how outsourcing works.
Topic: Outsourcing
55. Which SDLC phase is performed with both internal software development
and outsourcing?
A. Design
B. Development
C. Maintenance
D. Analysis
Regardless of your choice of insourcing or outsourcing, you must still

perform the analysis phase—especially the primary activity of gathering the
business requirements for the proposed system.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
Topic: Outsourcing
56. _____ is a formal document that describes in detail your logical
requirements for a proposed system and invites vendors to submit bids for
its development.
A. Requirements document
B. Design specification
C. Request for proposal (RFP)
D. Project scope document
A request for proposal (RFP) is a formal document that describes in

excruciating detail your logical requirements for a proposed system and
invites outsourcing organizations (which we'll refer to as vendors) to submit
bids for its development. An RFP is one of the two most important
documents in the outsourcing process.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
Topic: Outsourcing
57. If you were constructing a legal document for your software vendor that
stipulated needed requirements, schedules, costs, acceptance criteria, and
assessment metrics, what would you be creating?
A. Service level agreement
B. Critical milestones
C. Critical success factors
D. Request for proposal
A service level agreement (SLA) is a formal contractually obligated

agreement between two parties. Within different environments, an SLA
takes on different meanings. In the context of systems development, an SLA
defines the work to be done, the time frame, the metrics that will be used to
measure the success of the systems development effort, and the costs.
Most SLAs are business oriented and void of detailed technical
specifications.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Understand
Topic: Outsourcing
58. If your U.S.-based company were to hire a vendor located in New York City,
you would be using _____ outsourcing.
A. nearshore
B. domestic
C. onshore
D. interior
Onshore outsourcing is the process of engaging another company in the

same country for services.

AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Apply
Topic: Outsourcing
59. If your U.S.-based company were to hire a vendor from Mexico City, you
would be using _____ outsourcing.
A. offshore
B. onshore
C. nearshore
D. exterior
Nearshore outsourcing is contracting an outsourcing arrangement with a

company in a nearby country. Often, this country will share a border with
the native country.

AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Apply
Topic: Outsourcing
60. What is the trend called when a U.S. company outsources IT functions to
other countries that are geographically far away?
A. Foreign outsourcing
B. Offshore outsourcing
C. External outsourcing
D. Outer outsourcing
Offshore outsourcing is contracting with a company that is geographically

far away.

AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Apply
Topic: Outsourcing
61. Which of the following is an advantage of outsourcing?
A. Increases technical know-how for future innovation
B. Reduces costs
C. Increases degree of control
D. Reduces vulnerability of your strategic information
Outsourcing is often seen as a money saver for organizations. Reducing

costs is one of the important reasons organizations outsource.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Understand
Topic: Outsourcing
62. Which of the following is a disadvantage of outsourcing?
A. It acquires outdated technology.
B. It increases dependency on other organizations.
C. It decreases performance accountability.
D. It cannot predict future costs.
As soon as you start outsourcing, you immediately begin depending on

another organization to perform many of your business functions.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Understand
Topic: Outsourcing
True / False Questions
63. The systems development life cycle is an unstructured approach for

developing information systems.
FALSE

AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
64. Project scope clearly defines the high-level system requirements.
TRUE
A project scope document is a written document of the project scope and is

usually no longer than a paragraph. The project scope clearly defines the
high-level requirements.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
65. Adding additional features that were not part of the initial project definition
is an example of scope creep.
FALSE

AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Apply
phases within it.
66. Scope creep and feature creep lead to better systems development
projects.
FALSE
Project scoping is important for many reasons; most importantly it helps

you avoid scope creep and feature creep. Either of the two creeps alluded to
above can throw off a project plan.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
67. The project plan defines the what, when, and who questions of system
development.
TRUE
each activity. The project plan is the guiding force behind ensuring the on-
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
68. Joint application development is a meeting between users and IT specialists

to define and review business requirements for the project.
TRUE
An extremely useful way to gather business requirements is to perform a

joint application development session. During a joint application
development (JAD) session users and IT specialists meet, sometimes for
several days, to define and review the business requirements for the
system.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
69. Sign-off occurs when users and IT specialists meet to define or review the
FALSE
Sign-off is the users' actual signatures indicating they approve all the
business requirements.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
70. During the development phase, you develop a technical blueprint of how the
proposed system will work.
FALSE
blueprint of how the proposed system will work. During the development
phase of the SDLC, you take all your detailed design documents from the
design phase and transform them into an actual system.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
71. Users are usually involved in the testing phase as they are the most familiar
with the business requirements and test conditions.
TRUE
User acceptance testing (UAT) determines if the system satisfies the

business requirements and enables users to perform their jobs correctly.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
72. Online training is excellent when employees need one-on-one time with a
trainer.
FALSE
Online training runs over the Internet or off a CD or DVD. Workshop training
is most suitable for difficult systems for which employees need one-on-one
time with an individual instructor.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
73. Plunge implementation discards the old system completely and immediately
TRUE
Plunge implementation discards the old system completely and immediately

AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
74. Once a system has been created and implemented, no changes should be
made to it.
FALSE
As changes arise in the business environment, you must react to those

changes by assessing their impact on the system. It might well be that the
system needs to be adapted or updated to meet the ever-changing needs of
the business environment. If so, you must modify the system to support the
new business environment.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
75. Component based development is a general approach to systems
that can be reused across a variety of applications within an organization.
TRUE

organization.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
76. Rapid application development discourages end user involvement as it

tends to slow down the systems development process.
FALSE

AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
77. Extreme programming (XP) methodology breaks the project down into many
smaller pieces or phases.
TRUE

AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
78. The XP methodology, unlike the RAD methodology, relies heavily on reusing
existing software components contained in a software library.
FALSE
The XP methodology, much like the RAD methodology, does rely heavily on
reusing existing software components contained in a software library.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
79. One of the reasons for XP's success is that it stresses customer
satisfaction.
TRUE
One of the reasons for XP's success is that it stresses customer

satisfaction.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
80. The agile methodology is similar to XP but with more focus on team coding
and less on limiting project scope.
FALSE
Agile is similar to XP but with less focus on team coding and more on
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
81. The services within the SoA architecture perspective are exactly the same
as components in any of the component-based development
methodologies.
TRUE
The services within the SoA architecture perspective are exactly the same
as components in any of the component-based development
methodologies.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
82. End users often use tools like DBMSs and spreadsheets to develop
applications for their own needs.
TRUE
The major tools for selfsourcing have been, and still continue to be,
spreadsheets and database management systems and Web development.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
cycle.
83. Rather than combating the trend toward end-user application development,
IT staff should leverage it to offload solution building to end users.
TRUE
Rapidly gaining in acceptance is the idea that selfsourcing can be a potent

source of stress relief rather than a cause of stress. Rather than combating
the trend toward end-user application development, IT staff should leverage
it to offload solution building to end users.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
cycle.
84. When you're developing a system just for yourself, you don't need to
document how it works.
FALSE
Even if you're developing a system just for yourself, you still need to
document how it works. When you get promoted, other people will come in
behind you and probably use the system you developed and might even
make changes to it. For this reason, you must document how your system
works from a technical point of view as well as create an easy-to-read
user's manual.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
cycle.
85. One of the advantages of selfsourcing is that it increases the speed of

systems development.
TRUE
Many small systems do not lend themselves well to insourcing and the
traditional SDLC. These smaller systems may suffer from "analysis
paralysis" because they don't require a structured step by step approach to
their development. In fact, insourcing may be slower than selfsourcing for
smaller projects.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Understand
cycle.
86. One of the potential pitfalls of selfsourcing is that it increases the invisible
backlog.
FALSE
Self-sourcing reduces the invisible backlog. If end users can take on the
development of some of the smaller systems, the end result is the reduction
of the backlog of systems that the organization needs to develop.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Understand
cycle.
87. Lack of organizational focus creates "privatized" IT systems.
TRUE
Many selfsourcing projects are done outside the IT systems plan for an
organization, meaning there may be many private IT systems that do not
interface with other systems and that contained uncontrolled and
duplicated information. Such systems serve no meaningful purpose in an
organization and can only lead to more problems.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
cycle.
88. Lack of documentation and external support leads to short-lived systems.
TRUE
When end users develop a system, they often forgo documentation of how
the system works and fail to realize that they can expect little or no support
from IT specialists. All systems—no matter who develops them—must
change over time. End users must realize that anticipating those changes is
their responsibility and making those changes will be easier if they
document their system well.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
cycle.
89. Prototyping is an essential part of the RAD methodology.
TRUE
Prototyping is an invaluable tool in the component-based development

methodologies (RAD, XP, and agile), selfsourcing, and insourcing.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
methodology.
Topic: Prototyping
90. An initial prototype cannot just include only user interfaces.
FALSE
Most often, your initial prototype will include only user interfaces, such as
data entry screens and reports.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
methodology.
Topic: Prototyping
91. Prototyping gives no indication of performance under operational

conditions.
TRUE
Prototypes seldom take all operational conditions into consideration. This is

potentially the most significant drawback to prototyping. You must
prototype operational conditions as well as interfaces and processes.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
methodology.
Topic: Prototyping
92. The Internet is one of the main reasons behind the rapid growth of the
outsourcing industry.
TRUE
Barriers to entry, such as the lack of capital, are dramatically reduced in the
world of e-business. New competitors enter the market daily.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
Topic: Outsourcing
93. A service level agreement is an informal agreement between two parties.
FALSE
A service level agreement (SLA) is a formal contractually obligated

agreement between two parties.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
Topic: Outsourcing
94. A U.S. bank doing onshore outsourcing of some of its work is using another
U.S. company.
TRUE


AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Apply
Topic: Outsourcing
95. A U.S. media company is paying an Indian company to do its help desk
support. This would be an example of nearshore outsourcing.
FALSE

the native country. In this case, nearshore outsourcing will take place in
either Canada or in Mexico, usually.

AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Apply
Topic: Outsourcing
96. Outsourcing increases the technical know-how for future innovation.
FALSE
It reduces the technical know-how for future innovation. Outsourcing is a

way of exploiting the intellect of another organization, so it can also mean
that your organization will no longer possess that expertise internally. If you
outsource because you don't have the necessary technical expertise today,
you'll probably have to outsource for the same reason tomorrow.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
Topic: Outsourcing
Fill in the Blank Questions
97. _____ occurs when IT specialists within the company develop new systems.
Insourcing

develop the system.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
Topic: Introduction
98. The _____ is a structured step-by-step approach for developing information

systems.
systems development life cycle

AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
99. The _____ phase of the SDLC involves determining a solid plan for
planning
During the planning phase of the SDLC you create a solid plan for
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
100. A(n) _____ is a factor critical to your organization's success.
critical success factor
A critical success factor (CSF) is simply a factor critical to your

organization's success.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
101. A(n) _____ document clearly defines the high-level system requirements.
Project scope
The project scope clearly defines the high-level requirements. A project

scope document is a written document of the project scope and is usually
no longer than a paragraph.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
102. Sometimes the overall project scope may increase gradually. This is known
as ____.
scope creep
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
103. _____ occurs when developers add features that were not part of the initial
requirements.
Feature creep
Feature creep occurs when developers (and end users) add extra features
that were not part of the initial requirements.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
104. The _____ defines the what, when, and who questions of system
each activity.
project plan
each activity. The project plan is the guiding force behind ensuring the on
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
105. A(n) _____ is an individual who is an expert in project planning and
management, defines and develops the project plan and tracks the plan to
ensure all key project milestones are completed on time.
project manager
A project manager is an individual who is an expert in project planning and

management, defines and develops the project plan, and tracks the plan to
ensure that all key project milestones are completed on time.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
106. _____ represents key dates for which you need a certain group of activities
performed.
Project milestones
Project milestones represent key dates by which you need a certain group
of activities performed.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
107. The _____ phase in the SDLC involves end users and IT specialists working
together to gather, understand, and document the business requirements
for the proposed system.
analysis
The analysis phase of the SDLC involves end users and IT specialists
working together to gather, understand, and document the business
requirements for the proposed system.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
108. _____ are the detailed set of end-user requests that the system must meet
to be successful.
Business requirements
entire system.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
109. _____ is a session in which end users and IT specialists meet to define and
review business requirements.
Joint Application Development (JAD)
During a joint application development (JAD) session users and IT

specialists meet, sometimes for several days, to define and review the
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
110. A(n) _____ document is used to prioritize the business requirements and
place them in a formal comprehensive document.
requirements definition
Once you define all the business requirements, you prioritize them in order
of business importance and place them in a formal comprehensive
document, the requirements definition document.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
111. During the _____ phase of the SDLC, you build a technical blue print of how
the proposed system will work.
design
blueprint of how the proposed system will work.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
112. _____ defines the hardware, software, and telecommunication equipment

required to run the system.
Technical architecture
The technical architecture defines the hardware, software, and

telecommunications equipment required to run the system.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
113. _____ is the activity of drawing a graphical representation of a design.
Modeling
Modeling is the activity of drawing a graphical representation of a design.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
114. During the _____ phase of the SDLC, you take all your detailed design
documents from the design phase and transform them into an actual
system.
development
During the development phase of the SDLC, you take all your detailed
design documents from the design phase and transform them into an actual
system.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
115. During the _____ phase of the SDLC, the organization verifies if the new
system works and meets all business requirements.
testing
The testing phase of the SDLC verifies that the system works and meets all
the business requirements defined in the analysis phase.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
116. _____ are the detailed steps the system must perform along with the
expected results of each step.
Test conditions
Test conditions are the detailed steps the system must perform along with
the expected results of each step.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
117. _____ testing focuses on individual pieces of code within a new system.
Unit
Unit testing tests individual units or pieces of code for a system.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
118. _____ testing verifies that separate systems can work together.
Integration
Integration testing verifies that separate systems can work together.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
119. _____ implementation has only a small group of people using the new
system until you know it works correctly and then the remaining people are
added to the system.
Pilot
Pilot implementation has only a small group of people using the new system
until you know it works correctly and then the remaining people are added
to the system.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
120. The _____ phase of the SDLC involves monitoring an information system to
be sure it meets business needs.
maintenance
During the maintenance phase of the SDLC, you monitor and support the
new system to ensure it continues to meet the business goals.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
121. A group of people who responds to end users' questions is called a(n) ____.
help desk
A group of people who responds to end users' questions is called a help

desk.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
phases within it.
122. _____ is a general approach to system development that focuses on building

small self-contained blocks of code that can be reused across a variety of
applications within an organization.
Component-based development (CBD)

organization.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
123. _____ emphasizes extensive user involvement in the rapid and evolutionary
construction of working prototypes of a system to accelerate the systems
development process.
Rapid application development (RAD)

AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
124. _____ programming methodology breaks a project into tiny phases.
Extreme

AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
125. _____ methodology, a form of XP, aims for customer satisfaction through
Agile
The agile methodology, a form of XP, aims for customer satisfaction through
early and continuous delivery of useful software components. Agile is
similar to XP but with less focus on team coding and more on limiting
project scope.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
126. A(n) _____ is a software architecture perspective that focuses on the

development, use, and reuse of small self-contained blocks of code to meet
all the application software needs of an organization.
Service-oriented architecture (SOA)
A service-oriented architecture (SOA or SoA) is a software architecture

perspective that focuses on the development, use, and reuse of small self-
contained blocks of code (called services) to meet all the application
software needs of an organization.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
127. _____ is the development and support of IT systems by end users with little
or no help from IT specialists.
Selfsourcing or end-user development
Selfsourcing or end-user development is the development and support of IT

systems by end users with little or no help from IT specialists.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
cycle.
128. The _____ is the list of all systems that an organization needs to develop but
- because of the prioritization of systems development needs - never get
funded because of the lack of organizational resources.
invisible backlog
The invisible backlog is the list of all systems that an organization needs to
develop but—because of the prioritization of systems development needs—
never get funded because of the lack of organizational resources.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
cycle.
Prototyping
Prototyping is the process of building a model that demonstrates the

features of a proposed product, service, or system.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
methodology.
Topic: Prototyping
130. _____ prototype is used to prove the technical feasibility of a proposed

system.
Proof-of-concept
A prototype you use to prove the technical feasibility of a proposed system

is a proof-of-concept prototype.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
methodology.
Topic: Prototyping
131. _____ prototype is used to convince people of the worth of a proposed
system.
Selling
A prototype you use to convince people of the worth of a proposed system

is a selling prototype.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
methodology.
Topic: Prototyping
132. _____ is the delegation of specific work to a third party for a specified length
of time, at a specified cost, and at a specific level of service.
Outsourcing
Outsourcing is the delegation of specific work to a third party for a specified

length of time, at a specified cost, and at a specified level of service.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
Topic: Outsourcing
133. A(n) _____ is a formal document that describes in detail your logical
requirements for a proposed system and invites outsourcing organizations
to submit bids for its development.
request for proposal
A request for proposal (RFP) is a formal document that describes in

excruciating detail your logical requirements for a proposed system and
invites outsourcing organizations to submit bids for its development.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
Topic: Outsourcing
134. A(n) _____ is a formal contractual obligation agreement that defines the
work to be done, the time frame, the metrics that will be used to measure
the success of the systems development effort, and the costs.
service level agreement
Broadly, a service level agreement (SLA) is a formal contractually obligated

agreement between two parties. Within different environments, an SLA
takes on different meanings. In the context of systems development, an SLA
defines the work to be done, the time frame, the metrics that will be used to
measure the success of the systems development effort, and the costs.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
Topic: Outsourcing
135. In most service level agreements, the technical specifications are included
in a supporting document called a(n) ____.
service level specification (SLS) or service level objective (SLO)
Technical specifications are included in a supporting document (similar to a

contract addendum) called a service level specification (SLS) or service
level objective (SLO).
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
Topic: Outsourcing
136. _____ outsourcing is using another company in the same country to perform
IT functions.
Onshore

AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
Topic: Outsourcing
137. A U.S. company using a Canadian outsourcing company would be an
example of _____ outsourcing.
nearshore

the native country.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
Topic: Outsourcing
138. _____ outsourcing is contracting with a company that is geographically far

away.
Offshore
Offshore outsourcing is contracting with a company that is geographically

far away.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
Topic: Outsourcing
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Lederkratzer, Waschaschi. — Stockschild, Waschaschi. — Dorfamulett,
Waschaschi. — Hacke, Ngoroïne. — Hacke mit Holzklinge, Wakara. —
Kopfpolster, Waschaschi. — Schlagschild, Ngoroïne.
Die Schilde sind vergrösserte, aber schlechte Nachahmungen
der Massai-Schilde. Schwerter und Keule sind selten und rein den
Massai entlehnt.
Ursprünglich dagegen sind die Schlagstöcke und Stockschilde.
Erstere führen die Waschaschi immer bei sich. Letztere sind weniger
breit, aber ebenso geformt wie die der Wanyaturu. Eine
abweichende Art von Schlagschilden haben die Wangoroïne.
Dieselben werden bei St o ckk ä mp f e n benutzt, die zu den
Volksbelustigungen gehören. Diese eigenthümlichen Stockkämpfe
mit besonderen Schilden scheinen mir ein besonderer Beweis für
den ursprünglichen Zusammenhang mit den Wanyaturu zu sein.
Eine weitere Analogie mit diesen bietet die rein republikanische
Regierungsform der Waschaschi. Häuptlinge sind gänzlich
unbekannt, die Streitfragen in der Gemeinde werden von Aeltesten
entschieden. Ihre Todten begraben die Waschaschi und legen dann
Bastleibschnüre auf das Grab.
Ihre Sp r a ch e ist, wie oben erwähnt, nur dialektisch vom Kisinja
(Kinyoro) verschieden, so dass Leute, welche die letztere Sprache
reden, sich in Schaschi ohne Schwierigkeit verständlich machen
können. Die einzelnen Dialekte der Waschaschi-Stämme weichen
nur sehr wenig von einander ab. Von Ikoma bis Nata einerseits und
Katoto andererseits wird der reinste Dialekt gesprochen. Die
Sprache von Ngoroïne ist vielfach mit Massai-Elementen vermischt.
Wakwaya (Majita) und Wakara reden denselben Dialekt.
Paukenartige
Trommeln sah ich bei
den Wakara. In
Ngoroïne kennt man
eine Leier, die völlig
jener der Sudan-Neger
gleicht (Abb. pag. 57),
und Flöten. Letztere
Trommel der Wakara. werden so häufig und zu
so besonderen Gelegenheiten geblasen, dass ich unwillkürlich an
das Bestehen einer Signal-Sprache dachte. Ein anderes
Saiteninstrument ist bei allen Waschaschi, sowie in ähnlicher Form
bei den Wanyaturu und den Völkern westlich vom Victoria-See bis
zum Tanganyika gebräuchlich. Als Kriegstrompeten dienen
Antilopenhörner. Der Tanz besteht hauptsächlich in Bewegungen
des Unterleibes.
Die
Ha u p twa ffe n der
Waschaschi sind
Bogen und Pfeil.
Saiten-Instrument, Waschaschi. Erstere sind kräftig,
letztere fast immer
vergiftet. In Ukara hat sich die ursprüngliche Pfeilform mit harten
Holzspitzen erhalten, solche findet man sonst nur in Majita, die
übrigen Waschaschi haben Pfeile mit Eisenspitzen, die sie in Leder-
Köchern tragen. Das Pfeilgift, eine schwarze Masse, wird in
Holzbehältern verwahrt. Auch andere Stämme beziehen Pfeilgift von
den Waschaschi. Speere sind immer anderen Stämmen entlehnt. So
findet man im Norden den langen Kavirondo-Speer mit kurzer, oft
widerhakiger Spitze, im Süden den modernen Wasukuma-Speer mit
übergreifender Zwinge. Auch Massai-Speere werden manchmal
getragen. Die alte Form der Wataturu-Lanzen ist als Paradewaffe
beliebt.
Wenn also sprachlich
zwischen den Waschaschi
und Wa si n j a eine grosse
Aehnlichkeit besteht, die
Speer der Wangoroïne.
möglicherweise auf
gemeinsamen Ursprung deutet, so haben sich diese beiden
Stämme, durch den Keil der Wanyamwesi (Wasukuma) getrennt und
sehr verschiedenen Einwirkungen ausgesetzt, so verschieden
entwickelt, dass sie heute kaum mehr einen Zusammenhang ahnen
lassen.
Unter Wa si n ja verstehen wir hier die Bewohner des alten
Königreiches Usinja, welches die heutige Landschaft dieses
Namens, ferner Ussambiro und Ussui umfasste. Doch sind die
Bewohner des westlichen Nyansaufers bis zur Grenze von Uganda,
sowie jene von Karagwe, Ankole und den nördlichen Landschaften
bis Unyoro hin gleicher Sprache und wohl auch gleichen Stammes
mit den Wasinja.
Die genannten Landschaften gehören mit Uganda einerseits und
Urundi, Uha und Ruanda andererseits jener Gruppe von Bantu-
Völkern an, welche durch das Eindringen eines nördlichen,
hamitischen Elementes aufs Tiefste beeinflusst wurden, so dass es
unmöglich erscheint, von ihnen zu sprechen, ohne vorerst die
heutigen Vertreter dieses hamitischen Elementes, die Wa tu ss i,
erwähnt zu haben. Dieselben werden, besonders wo sie nicht als
Hirten, sondern als Herrscher auftreten, auch Wahima oder Wahuma
genannt. Da jedoch derselbe Ausdruck in vielen Gegenden auch die
Massai bezeichnet, da ferner die Leute selbst sich stets Watussi
nennen, so möchte ich die Beibehaltung dieses Namens
vorschlagen.
Ueber die, jedenfalls seit undenklichen Zeiten ansässige Bantu-
Ackerbaubevölkerung, welche in die drei Hauptgruppen Waganda,
Wanyoro (Wasinja) und Warundi gegliedert ist, ergoss sich vor vielen
Jahrhunderten ein Einwandererstrom von hamitischen Hirten, die
Süd-Abessinien oder den nördlichen Galla-Ländern entstammten.
Dass sie wirklich aus diesen Gegenden herkamen, beweist nicht nur
ihr körperlicher Typus, den sie in vielen Gegenden bis zum heutigen
Tage rein erhalten, sondern auch die Rinderrasse, welche sie
mitgebracht. Dass die Einwanderung eine alte, und der Zeitpunkt,
als dieselbe erfolgte, mindestens ein Jahrtausend zurückliegt, dafür
zeugen nicht nur die Genealogien der Watussi-
Herrschergeschlechter, welche von Uganda und anderen Ländern
überliefert werden, sondern vor Allem auch die fast gänzliche
Umwandelung, welche das Volk der Watussi erlitten hat. Denn
jedenfalls waren sie Anfangs ein sprachlich und ethnographisch
selbständiges Volk, wie heute die Massai, doch finden wir, dass
gegenwärtig alle Watussi die Bantusprache der Ackerbauer
angenommen haben und sich auch in Tracht und Lebensweise nur
wenig von diesen unterscheiden. Wohl mag es sein, dass einzelne
Zweige der Watussi noch Spuren der Ursprache erhalten haben —
wie von den Hirten in Uganda behauptet wird —, doch ist darüber
noch nichts sicheres bekannt.
Die heute lebenden Watussi finden sich als Hirten oder als
Häuptlinge der Ackerbauer. Die ersteren haben sich reiner und
ursprünglicher erhalten, die letzteren sind nur durch ihren Typus als
Watussi erkennbar. In meinem Forschungsgebiet traf ich Watussi-
Hirten in geschlossenen Massen in den Gebirgen nordöstlich vom
Tanganyika. Als Hirten-Adel sind sie in ganz Urundi, als herrschende
Klasse in Ruanda zu treffen. Auch in Urambo, Unyanyembe und
anderen Gegenden Unyamwesi's findet man Watussi-Hirten die aus
Urundi stammen und vor mehreren Generationen von dort
ausgewandert sind. Nur wenige Hirten haben sich in Usinja und
Ussui erhalten. Dort jedoch, wie in Ukerewe, tragen die Häuptlinge
deutlichen Watussi-Typus und ist überhaupt eine starke, hamitische
Blutmischung in der Bevölkerung unverkennbar. Die reinsten
Watussi sind jene von Ruanda und Urundi, wo sie grundsätzlich
keine Mischheirathen mit den Ackerbauern eingehen, weshalb diese
auch nichts vom Watussi-Typus angenommen haben. Dieser ist so
auffallend, dass man einen Mtussi sofort aus einer Menge erkennt,
obwohl er in Tracht und Schmuck in keiner Weise von den
Ackerbauern abweicht.
Da, wo sie vollkommen rein sind, zeigen die Watussi den
hamitischen Typus in weit grösserer Deutlichkeit als die Massai und
gleichen völlig den Galla und Abessiniern, mit schmalen Nasen,
feinen, regelmässigen Zügen und sprechenden Augen. Sie sind
hochgewachsen, zur Magerkeit neigend und besitzen ungemein
zierliche, schön geformte Extremitäten. Letztere sind besonders
charakteristisch. Selbst in Gegenden, wo die Watussi-Herrscher
stark mit Bantublut vermischt sind, erkennt man sie ohne
Schwierigkeiten an ihren Händen und Füssen, die bei oft
vollkommen negerhaften Gesichtszügen doch deutlich den Watussi-
Charakter zeigen. Die Ohren sind wohlgeformt, doch nicht selten
grösser als bei den Ackerbauern. Beschneidung ist nicht üblich. Das
Haar ist stets kraus, negerhaft, nirgends fand ich das bei Massai so
häufige halbglatte »Hamitenhaar«, eine Eigenthümlichkeit, die
übrigens auch den Galla vielfach anhaftet, während das
Hamitenhaar mehr bei Somali und Abessiniern vorkommt. Uebrigens
fand Stuhlmann bei nördlicher lebenden Watussi Hamitenhaare. Wie
gross die Aehnlichkeit der Watussi mit den Galla ist, mag man daran
erkennen, dass einer meiner Soldaten, ein Arussi-Galla, von den
Leuten überall für einen Mtussi gehalten wurde.
Die Hautfarbe der Watussi variirt sehr. In Usukuma, überhaupt in
Unyamwesi, sind sie meist dunkel, doch könnte man dies
Blutmischungen zuschreiben, während solche in Ruanda und den
Urundi-Gebirgen nahezu ausgeschlossen sind. Aber auch dort findet
man neben angenehm lichtbraunen, dunkle und schwarzbraune
Leute, wie denn überhaupt bei dunkelfarbigen Rassen die Hautfarbe
mit dem Wohnsitz und der Lebensweise variirt und nur der Typus
konstant bleibt.[20] Ob es, wie behauptet wird, auch »weisse«, d. h.
sehr lichtfarbige Watussi giebt, ist mir nicht bekannt, doch halte ich
dies nicht für unmöglich. Giebt es doch unter den Abessiniern und
Galla, besonders unter Weibern, neben sehr dunkelfarbigen auch
solche Individuen, welche kaum einen leichten Farbenton erkennen
lassen, wie ich selbst mich in Massaua überzeugt habe.
Während der Watussi-Typus in der Jugend etwas anziehend
freundliches hat, wird er im Alter scharf, zigeunerartig. Die Bantu-
Bevölkerung nennen die Watussi in Urundi und Ruanda »Wahutu«,
ein Ausdruck der »Unterworfene« bedeutet und mit den Wauddu der
Waganda-Watussi identisch ist, nach welchen die Landschaft Uddu
(Buddu) benannt ist. Ueberall jedoch schliessen sich die Watussi
diesen Wahutu in S p r a ch e und Tracht an. Die Watussi in Urundi,
Ruanda und Unyamwesi sprechen Kirundi, die in Usukuma und
Usinja Kisinja (Kinyoro). Die Annahme Stuhlmanns, dass die
Watussi (Wahuma) ihre ursprüngliche hamitische Sprache in Unyoro
verlernt und das Kinyoro angenommen haben, um sodann die
letztere Sprache den sämmtlichen Völkern des
Zwischenseengebietes beizubringen, scheint mir allzuweit hergeholt.
Sie wird auch durch die Thatsache widerlegt, dass die Völker des
östlichen Nyansagebietes, die nie mit Watussi in Berührung kamen,
ebenfalls Kinyoro, oder doch sehr nahe verwandte Dialekte
sprechen. Die Annahme scheint mir weit näher zu liegen, dass die
Bantu-Sprachgebiete zur Zeit des Einbruches der Watussi bereits
annähernd in der heutigen Form vorhanden waren und dass die
numerisch schwächeren Hamiten sich die Sprache der jeweiligen
Ackerbauer aneigneten, ein Fall, der in der Völkergeschichte
mehrmals vorkam. So wird es auch erklärlich, warum die Wahuma in
Uganda Kiganda und nicht Kinyoro sprechen, während Stuhlmann
zur Erklärung dieses, eine andere Hamiten-Einwanderung
annehmen muss.
Der Ch a r a kt e r der Watussi-Hirten ist ein kriegerischer,
herrschsüchtiger. An Tapferkeit übertreffen sie die Massai die durch
wilden Kriegsschmuck wirken wollen, während die Watussi in
gewöhnlicher Tracht und mit schlechten Waffen ungemein kühn
angreifen und sich selbst durch Misserfolg nicht abschrecken lassen.
Doch treten diese Eigenschaften nur in Urundi und Ruanda zu Tage,
in Unyamwesi sind sie friedliche Hirten, die froh sind wenn Wangoni
und Massai ihnen ihr Vieh lassen.
Nirgends mehr findet man nomadisirende Watussi, alle haben
ständige Wohnsitze und erbauen sich Hütten im Kirundi-Styl, doch
schlechter angelegt und unreinlicher gehalten. Die kleinen Dörfer
sind mit Bambus- und Stangenzäunen umgeben, deren
Zwischenräume mit Dorngestrüpp und Disteln angefüllt werden, die
eigens zu diesem Zwecke angepflanzt werden. Die Bananenhaine,
welche den Warundi-Dörfern ein so freundliches Aussehen geben,
fehlen den Watussi stets, so dass man ein Watussi-Dorf schon von
Weitem erkennt.
Neben den Dörfern haben sie kleine, aber gut gehaltene Felder
vortrefflicher Erbsen und Bohnen, welche diesen Gegenden
eigenthümlich sind. Manchmal bauen sie wohl auch etwas Kürbisse.
Die Hauptnahrung liefert jedoch die Vie h zu ch t. Sie halten
bedeutende Heerden der grossgehörnten Rinderrasse, die in allen
Ländern westlich vom Victoria-See vorkommt, während östlich von
diesem nur das typische Zeburind lebt. Diese Rinderrasse (Abb.
pag. 85), welche auffallend dem abessinischen Sanga gleicht, hat
nur einen leichten Buckelansatz, ist verschieden, aber
vorherrschend braun gefärbt, grösser und schlanker als das
Zeburind. Das merkwürdigste sind die Hörner, die zu dem kleinen
Kopf in gar keinem Verhältniss stehen und den Thieren wirklich eine
Last sein müssen. Oft ist ein Horn schwerer als das andere, in
welchem Falle das Thier den Kopf nicht gerade halten kann. Die
Rinder, die am Plateau von Urundi leben, sind derart den
wasserreichen, kühlen Gebirgsländern angepasst, dass sie in
trockenen Gegenden sofort eingehen. Sie sind wenig milchreich; ihr
Fleisch schmeckt schlechter als das der Zeburinder.
Es scheint mir zweifellos, dass diese höchst charakteristische
Rinderrasse von den Watussi aus ihrer Urheimath eingeführt wurde.
Wahrscheinlich fanden sie in den Gegenden westlich vom Nyansa
gar keine Rinder vor und konnten daher die eingeführte Rasse in
voller Reinheit fortzüchten. Diese wurde dann auch von den
Ackerbauern übernommen. Es könnte Wunder nehmen, dass die
Massai, die doch eine viel jüngere Einwanderung bilden, keinerlei
charakteristische Rinderrasse mehr erhalten haben. Doch brachen
diese in sehr rinderreiche Gegenden räuberisch ein, eigneten sich
grosse Heerden Zeburinder an und es musste daher, selbst wenn
sie eine ursprünglich abweichende Rasse besassen, diese bald in
der ungeheuren Ueberzahl der Zeburinder aufgehen. Dass dies
auch bei den Watussi in überraschend kurzer Zeit möglich, zeigen
die Watussi-Heerden in Unyamwesi. Die dortigen Ansiedler, die vor
Menschengedenken aus Urundi einwanderten und noch Kirundi
sprechen, brachten zweifellos das Watussi-Rind mit sich. Da
dasselbe jedoch, durch lange Anpassung an wasserreiche Plateaus,
das Tieflandklima schlecht vertrug, nahmen sie immer mehr Zebus
auf, die heute die Hauptstärke der Heerden bilden.
Die Watussi widmen ihren Rindern sehr grosse Sorgfalt und
bringen sie Nachts oft in den Hütten unter. In Gegenden, wo die
Gewässer von Papyrus erfüllt sind, lassen sie die Rinder nicht direkt
daraus trinken, sondern schöpfen mühsam Wasser in eigene
Lehmgruben.
An charakteristischen G e r ä t h e n konnte ich bei den Watussi nur
drei auffinden, die allen gemeinsam eigen sind: Einen hölzernen
Milchtopf, der an einem Schnurnetz aufgehängt wird, ein Instrument
zum Aushöhlen dieses Topfes und einen stumpfen Pfeil zum
Aderlassen der Rinder. Letzterer findet sich auch bei den Massai.
Sonst sind alle Geräthe den umwohnenden Völkern entlehnt.
Was die ursprüngliche Waffe der Watussi war, erscheint
zweifelhaft. In Urundi, Ruanda und Unyamwesi brauchen sie heute
fast nur Bogen und Pfeile ohne Köcher, die jenen der Bantustämme
entlehnt sind, selten den charakteristischen Warundi-Speer.
Welche Rolle der Schmiedestamm der Wa r o n g o in Usinja und
Usukuma den Watussi gegenüber spielt, ist ebenfalls fraglich.
Körperlich stehen die Warongo vielfach dem Watussitypus nahe und
haben wir in diesen geschickten Schmieden — die auch in Ruanda
auftauchen — vielleicht Nachkommen einer Schmiedekaste, ähnlich
den Elkonono der Massai, zu sehen.
Von besonderen Gebräuchen erfuhr ich nichts, was nicht auch
den umwohnenden Bantu eigen wäre. Nur sollen die Watussi in
Ruanda die reifgewordenen Mädchen in Hütten einschliessen, bis
die Haare lang über den Nacken herabfallen. Auch halbwüchsige
Knaben sah ich mit abrasirtem Vorderhaupt und langen Haaren am
Hinterkopf. Von eigenen religiösen Anschauungen konnte ich nichts
erfahren. Was Speke diesbezüglich anführt, vor Allem das Bewerfen
gewisser Lokalitäten mit Steinen, die sich nach und nach zu grossen
Haufen aufthürmen, oder mit Gras zum Schutz gegen böse Geister,
ist nichts charakteristisches und auch den Bantu eigen. Ob das
Vermischen der Milch und Butter mit Kuhurin, das überall westlich
vom Nyansa geübt wird, ursprünglich den Watussi entstammt, mag
dahin gestellt bleiben.
Wie wir die Watussi heute sehen, erscheinen sie als ein physisch
hervorragender hamitischer Hirtenadel unter den Bantustämmen,
welchen sie sich sprachlich und ethnographisch völlig
angeschlossen haben. In manchen Gegenden sind sie von den
Bantu nur durch den Typus, der besonders bei Herrscherfamilien
rein erhalten ist, zu unterscheiden. In anderen Gegenden, wie in
Urundi und Ruanda, leben sie noch als getrennter Stamm, als
Viehzüchter unter den ackerbauenden Bantu. Ob es gelingen wird,
sprachlich und ethnographisch reinere Watussi, als die von
Stuhlmann und mir gesehenen, aufzufinden, scheint fraglich. Denn
an den Nilquell-Seen fehlen die weiten Steppen und unbewohnten
Plateaus der Massai-Länder, überall lebt hier seit Jahrtausenden
eine Bantu-Bevölkerung, welche Eindringlinge wie die Watussi wohl
politisch beherrschen,
deren ungeheurer
Ueberzahl sie jedoch
ethnisch weichen
müssen.
Der östlichste Punkt
bis zu welchem der
Watussi-Einfluss
gedrungen, ist die von
Wa s i n j a bewohnte
Insel Uke r e we. Dort
soll vor 15 Generationen
Ruhinda, ein Mtussi, mit
seinem Anhang aus
Uhaia, eingewandert
sein. Er verdrängte die
Ureinwohner, die der Milchgefäss aus Holz, Watussi. — Geräth
Waschaschi-Gruppe zum Aushöhlen der Milchgefässe, Watussi.
angehörten und den
Wakara-Wakwaya verwandt waren und soll die Banane eingeführt
haben. Er ist am Kitare-Berg begraben und sein Nachkomme ist der
jetzt lebende Häuptling Lukonge, der mit seiner Familie noch
deutlich den Watussi-Typus trägt. Irangala, der Nordwesten der
Insel, untersteht jedoch nicht diesem, sondern dem Häuptling Kaka.
Nur mehr oder weniger mit ohnehin verwandten Wakwaya-
Elementen vermischt, sind die Wakerewe sprachlich reine Wasinja.
Sie hatten früher Kämpfe mit den zwischen Speke-Golf und
Baumann-Golf hausenden Wataturu zu bestehen, die sie mit ihren
vergifteten Pfeilen angriffen. Doch wurden diese schliesslich besiegt
und lebten dann mit den Wakerewe in Frieden. Dann tauchten die
Massai auf, vernichteten die Wataturu und fielen auch, den Rugedsi-
Kanal übersetzend, in Ukerewe ein, um Rinder zu rauben.
Gegenwärtig
beherrscht Lukonge
ausser Ukerewe
auch Kiruviru, die
Insel Nafuba und die
Inseln des Baumann-
Golfes; Ukara
dagegen ist völlig
unabhängig.
Krieger aus Ukerewe.

TAFEL XXII
Ornamente auf Körben der Wakerewe.
Ukerewe stand bis in die letzten Jahre in einem gewissen

Abhängigkeits-Verhältniss von Uganda. Das Gleiche war auch bei
den kleinen Staaten von Usin ja, im engeren Sinne von Mweri, der
Fall, eine Landschaft, die sich von der Bukumbi-Bai bis zum
Südwestende des Emin Pascha-Golfes ausdehnt. Das Land war
früher stärker bewohnt, wie die zahlreichen Spuren früherer
Niederlassungen in jetzt unbesiedelten Gebieten andeuten, wurde
jedoch durch Einfälle der Wangoni theilweise entvölkert. Am
bedeutendsten ist der Häuptling Rwoma, der den Nordosten des
Landes beherrscht. Alle anderen sind nur Schulzen die jedoch, wie
auch Rwoma, sämmtlich dem Watussi-Stamm angehören.
Westlich vom Nyansa dehnt sich das Königreich O s t- U ss u i
aus, das auch Theile von Usambiro- und nördlichen Wanyamwesi-
(Wafiomi)-Landschaften umfasst. Es ist in seinem östlichen Theile
ziemlich dicht, im westlichen Gebirgsland dagegen schwach
bewohnt. Es steht unter despotischer Herrschaft des Häuptlings
Kassusura, der früher ein Vasall Uganda's jetzt unabhängig ist.
Durch einen unbewohnten, zu Karagwe und Uha gehörigen Strich
von Ost-Ussui getrennt, liegt We st- Ussu i, das nur in seinem
östlichem Theil von Wasinja, im westlichen von Warundi bewohnt ist.
Diese nennen sich, ebenso wie die Wanyamwesi Südost-Ussui's,
ebenfalls »Wassui«, woraus hervorgeht, dass dieser Begriff kein
ethnographischer, sondern ein politischer ist. West-Ussui wird vom
Häuptling Yavigimba (Kirundi Rwawigimba) beherrscht. Dieser ist,
wie Kassusura, ein Mtussi, auch trifft man in West-Ussui zuerst
Watussi-Hirten, die jedoch von Yavigimba nicht sehr begünstigt und
vielfach vertrieben wurden. So stammen die Watussi von Urambo
aus West-Ussui.
Die Wa si n j a erscheinen körperlich als ein Mischvolk der
ursprünglichen Bantu-Bevölkerung mit starken hamitischen
(Watussi) Elementen. Man trifft also neben reinem Negertypus auch
schöne an Abessinier erinnernde Körper- und Gesichtsformen,
sowie Leute, die ein deutliches Gemisch der beiden Typen erkennen
lassen. Als fast reine Watussi erscheinen die Herrscherfamilien,
doch haben dieselben vollere Körperformen als die mageren
Hirtenstämme, was wohl hauptsächlich der reichlicheren
Pflanzenkost zuzuschreiben ist.
Im Allgemeinen sind die Wasinja ein mittelgrosser, kräftiger und
wohlgebildeter Stamm mit dunkelbrauner Hautfarbe. Haarfrisuren
werden nicht getragen. Beschneidung ist unbekannt. Als
Stammesmarke gilt in der Landschaft Usinja eine schlangenartig,
spiralig endende Narbenverzierung die unterhalb des Nabels quer
über den Bauch verläuft. Die ursprüngliche, in Ukerewe noch
allgemein übliche Kleidung ist ein Ziegenfell, das von einer Schulter
herabhängt und stets die Schamtheile bedeckt, doch wird in Usinja
und Ussui überall Baumwollzeug getragen. Nur die Weiber tragen
meist Lederlendenschurze. In Ukerewe lässt man oft den Bart lang
wachsen und dreht ihn zu einem dünnen Zopf, der mit Bast
umwunden wird. Ausser Arm- und Beinringen und mit Draht
umsponnenen Darmsaiten (Madodi) am Arm, werden nur
Halsbinden aus Metall- oder Glasperlen als Schmuck getragen.
Den Zähnen wird überall besondere Pflege gewidmet, in
Ukerewe benutzt man eigene Gefässe mit Sand zum reinigen
derselben. Als Kriegsschmuck wird in Ukerewe eine
kaurigeschmückte Mütze aus Löwenfell getragen.
Die Wasinja sind intelligent und wissen sich in neue Verhältnisse
zu schicken. Früher waren sie durch ihre Erpressungen der
Schrecken der Karawanen, jetzt haben sie darin sehr nachgelassen
und nur Kassusura von Ost-Ussui erhebt nach wie vor sein
»Mahongo« (Tribut) von den Händlern. Durch diese Erpressungen,
sowie durch die Eisenindustrie haben sie, obwohl sie niemals zur
Küste gehen, doch viel Zeug gesammelt. Ihre Sprache ist ein
angenehm klingender Bantudialekt, der ungeheure Verbreitung von
Unyoro bis Ukerewe und auch über Schaschi besitzt.
Während Waschaschi und Wanyamwesi noch in Cylinderhütten
mit Kegeldach und Lehmwänden wohnen, finden wir bei allen
Wasinja die reinen Gras- oder Laubhütten, in Ukerewe sowohl, wie
in Usinja und Ussui von genau der gleichen Anlage, nur nach
Reichthum und Stellung des Besitzers abweichend in Grösse und
Sorgfalt der Ausführung. Die Wa sin j a - Hü tte (Abb. pag. 71)
besteht aus einem einfachen Geflecht aus Zweigen ohne
Mittelpfeiler, das mit Gras oder dürren Bananenblättern gedeckt wird.
Den Gipfel krönt häufig ein Straussenei. Oefter ist an dem Eingang
ein Vordach vorhanden, das manchmal hübsch mit Rohrwänden
versehen ist. Das Innere ist durch Lehm- oder Rohrwände in kleine
Abtheilungen getheilt. Der Durchmesser variirt von circa 15 m (wie
bei Lukonge's Hütte) bis zu 3 m. Oft ist die Hütte so leicht, dass man
sie ohne Schwierigkeit an einen andern Platz tragen kann.
In Ukerewe und Usinja ist die Höhe
grösser als der Durchmesser, in Ussui ist das
Umgekehrte der Fall und die Hütte nähert
sich immer mehr der Halbkugelform.
Grössere Dörfer sind vereinzelt, meist sind
kleine Weiler zwischen den Feldern verstreut,
die mit lebenden oder Stangenzäunen und
Gefäss mit Sand schönen Bananenhainen umgeben sind.
zum Zahnreinigen
der Wakerewe.
Die Hauptbeschäftigung der Wasinja ist
Ackerbau, neben welchem Jagd und
F is c h e r e i nur untergeordnete Rollen spielen. Letztere wird von den
Nyansastämmen, besonders den Wakerewe in ähnlicher Weise wie
von den Waschaschi betrieben. Hauptsächlich dazu, sowie zur
Vermittelung des Verkehrs haben sie ziemlich grosse Kanus, die
ähnlich wie jene der Waganda aus genähten Brettern bestehen und
von 2-40 Mann halten. Das Rudern geschieht sitzend mit
eigenthümlich geformten und bemalten Rudern. (Abb. pag. 44.) Den
Takt giebt Gesang, den ein meist an der Spitze des Kanus stehender
Vorsänger leitet.
Die Vi e h zu ch t war früher bedeutender als jetzt, wo sie durch
die Seuche stark gelitten. In Ukerewe wird das (offenbar von Osten
importirte) Zeburind, westlich vom Bukumbigolf aber überall das
Watussi-Rind gehalten. Die Bewohner der Landschaft Usinja sollen
sich früher fast ausschliesslich von Viehzucht ernährt haben, bis die
Wangoni-Einfälle ihnen das unmöglich machten.
Kleinvieh wird überall, besonders in Ukerewe zahlreich gehalten.
In Ussui haben die Schafe auffallend lange Fettschwänze. Hühner
giebt es wenige, dagegen wird viel Mühe auf Bienenzucht
verwendet. Als Stöcke dienen auf Bäume aufgehängte Holzröhren,
wie man solche auch in den Kilimanjaro-Ländern antrifft. Der
Ukerewe-Honig gilt mit Recht als besonders vorzüglich. Hunde giebt
es überall, dieselben sind in Usinja auffallend langbeinig.
Die ursprüngliche Kulturpflanze der Wasinja war jedenfalls die
Banane, die sich, meist in der süssen Art (Musa paradisiaca) überall
bei ihnen findet. In Ukerewe und Theilen von Ussui liefert sie heute
noch die Hauptnahrung während in Usinja der Maniok ihre Stelle
vertritt, eine Kulturpflanze, welche ihrer leichten Anbauart halber,
nicht selten von früheren Viehzüchtern (z. B. auch den Wadigo)
gewählt wurde. Im Uebrigen findet man eine auffallend grosse
Mannigfaltigkeit der Kulturpflanzen. So baut man in Ukerewe
Bananen, Sorghum Mawele (Penicillaria), Mais, Pataten,
Hülsenfrüchte, Kürbisse, Maniok, Tabak und Hanf, in Usinja Maniok,
Pataten, rothen Sorghum, Mais, Bananen, Arachis und etwas Tabak,
in Ussui Bananen, weissen Sorghum, Maniok, Tomaten, Pataten,
Bohnen, Sesam, Arachis, kleine Kürbisse, Ricinus und Tabak.
Die Felder sind gut gehalten, das Erträgniss der Ernte wird in
Vorrathshütten aufgespeichert oder in länglichen, an Stangen
gebundenen Grasgeflechten verwahrt. (Abb. pag. 71.) Zur
Bearbeitung dienen Hacken und sichelförmige Feldbeile, die zum
Roden des hohen Grases benutzt werden. Der Sorghum wird nicht
in Mörsern, sondern in länglichen Holztrögen gestampft, die rothe
Varietät fast nie zur Pombebereitung benutzt.
Von besonderer Bedeutung ist in Usinja und Ost-Ussui die
E is e n in d u st r ie, die von »Warongo« genannten Schmieden
ausgeübt wird, welche möglicherweise die Nachkommen einer
Schmiedekaste der Watussi sind. Das Eisen wird aus
Raseneisenstein gewonnen und ist guter Qualität. Die Werkstätten
sind geräumiger als die Wohnhäuser. Als Brennmaterial dienen
Holzkohlen. Der Blasebalg, sowie überhaupt der ganze
Schmiedeapparat mit Hämmern und Zangen, gleicht fast
vollkommen dem in Nord-Pare[21] üblichen. Das Haupterzeugniss
sind Hackenklingen (Abb. pag. 72), die in ganz Unyamwesi und bis
Ugogo hin ungemein geschätzt sind. Daneben werden sehr schöne
Speere und Pfeilspitzen gefertigt, wie denn alle Arbeiten der
Warongo sich durch ausserordentliche Schönheit und Solidität
auszeichnen. Pfeile und Bogen sind die Hauptwaffen der Wasinja,
erstere werden in Bambusköchern oder länglichen Kalebassen, in
Ussui in Lederbeuteln verwahrt und manchmal vergiftet. Vorderlader-
Gewehre sind in Usinja und Ussui stark verbreitet. Die Speere haben
durchwegs Klingen mit übergreifender Schaftzwinge. Ihre Form
nähert sich theils jener von Urundi, theils der von Nkole. Manche
Speere haben auch eiserne Schäfte. Schilde sind nicht mehr
gebräuchlich, eine veraltete Form derselben fand ich nur in
Ukerewe. Dieselbe ist aus dem korkähnlichen Ambatsch-Holz
gefertigt und eigenartig ornamentirt. Schwerter sind nicht
gebräuchlich. Von Häuptlingen werden öfters zierliche Paradebeile
getragen.
Alle Geräthe der Wasinja und besonders der Wakerewe zeichnen
sich durch sorgfältige und zierliche Ausführung aus. Trinkkalebassen
und vor Allem Körbe sind mit originellen Ornamenten versehen, in
welchen die Quadrat- und Dreieckmuster vorherrschen, nicht selten
aber auch Spiralmuster auftreten.
Pfeilspitzen, Usinja. — Sichel der Wasinja. — Sichel, Ukerewe. —

Trinkkalebasse der Wakerewe. — Korbflasche der Wakerewe.
Gegenstand des K u lt u s sind die Geister der Ahnen, welche

Krankheiten verursachen und die man in Ukerewe durch Trommeln
und kleine Opfer, in Ussui durch Zeugbündel, die an Kreuzwege
gelegt werden, versöhnt. Auch gewisse Plätze gelten als Sitz von
Geistern und pflegt dort jeder Vorbeiziehende einen Stein
hinzuwerfen, so dass sich nach und nach ein Steinhaufen aufthürmt.
Mit dem Ahnenkultus in Beziehung steht jedenfalls auch eine
meterhohe Figur aus Ebenholz, die ich in Ukerewe fand und die mir
als Bildniss des verstorbenen Häuptlings gedeutet wurde. Bei
derselben hielt sich stets die Lieblingsfrau des Verstorbenen auf. Bei
der Seltenheit bildlicher Darstellungen des menschlichen Körpers in
Ost-Afrika hat diese Figur besonderes Interesse.

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Systems Development: Phases, Tools, and Techniques

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following systems development techniques requires IT

2. Which of the following systems development techniques allows end users to

4. Which of the following systems development techniques delegate

A. Selfsourcing requires the use of internal consultants; insourcing requires

B. Selfsourcing is self-regulating; insourcing requires internal quality controls.

C. Selfsourcing allows for end user development; insourcing requires internal

D. Selfsourcing allows for one person to complete the systems development

6. The systems development life cycle (SDLC) is:

A. a method for testing new IT applications.

B. a structured approach for developing information systems.

C. the analysis and assessment tasks that need to be completed when

A. a sequential, activity-based process in which one phase of the SDLC is

B. an assessment methodology that ensures quality applications.

C. an outsource development methodology to information systems.

D. a process management technique that identifies and includes end users

9. Which of the following is a characteristic of a proposed system that is

A. Quality and essence metric

C. Critical success factor

D. Essential design feature

A. a document that outlines the project's strategy, the responsibilities of

B. a one-paragraph statement about the scope of the proposed project

D. a document that identifies the parameters or boundaries of the proposed

D. Critical success factors

C. the planning documents identifying the characteristics and functionality of

D. the logical designs for the proposed information system.

B. planning and analysis meeting

C. joint application development session

A. requirements assessment document

B. requirements definition document

D. essential requirements document

A. A description of the needed hardware, software, and telecommunications

B. A drawing or graphical representation of the proposed system including

D. The needed data structures, definitions and business rules.

D. Logical design specifications

D. User acceptance testing

D. requirements definition document

36. Which of the following methodologies emphasizes extensive user involvement

D. Rapid application development (RAD)

D. Design and build prototyping

A. The agile methodology

B. The service-oriented architecture

A. XP focuses on component-base development; the agile methodology

B. XP uses prototyping; the agile methodology does not.

C. Agile methodology involves users much more than XP.

D. XP focuses more on team coding; the agile methodology focuses on limiting

40. _____ is a high-level, holistic organizational approach to how your organization

43. Which of the following is not an advantage of selfsourcing?