Rajasthan

Rajasthan (Hindi: [rɑːdʒəsˈtʰɑːn] ; lit. 'Land of Kings')[12] is a state in northwestern India.[13][14][15] It covers 342,239 square kilometres (132,139 sq mi) or 10.4
per cent of India's total geographical area. It is the largest Indian state by area and the seventh largest by population. It is on India's northwestern side,
where it comprises most of the wide and inhospitable Thar Desert (also known as the Great Indian Desert) and shares a border with the Pakistani
provinces of Punjab to the northwest and Sindh to the west, along the Sutlej-Indus River valley. It is bordered by five other Indian states: Punjab to the
north; Haryana and Uttar Pradesh to the northeast; Madhya Pradesh to the southeast; and Gujarat to the southwest. Its geographical location is 23°.3' to
30°.12' North latitude and 69°.30' to 78°.17' East longitude, with the Tropic of Cancer passing through its southernmost tip.

Its major features include the ruins of the Indus Valley civilisation at Kalibangan and Balathal, the Dilwara Temples, a Jain pilgrimage site at Rajasthan's
only hill station, Mount Abu, in the ancient Aravalli mountain range and eastern Rajasthan, the Keoladeo National Park of Bharatpur, a World Heritage
Site[16] known for its bird life. Rajasthan is also home to three national tiger reserves, the Ranthambore National Park in Sawai Madhopur, Sariska Tiger
Reserve in Alwar and the Mukundra Hills Tiger Reserve in Kota.

The State of Rajasthan was formed on 30 March 1949 when the states of the Rajputana Agency of the erstwhile British Empire in India were merged into
the new Indian Union. Its capital and largest city is Jaipur. Other important cities are Jodhpur, Kota, Bikaner, Ajmer, Bharatpur and Udaipur. The economy of
Rajasthan is the seventh-largest state economy in India with ₹10.20 lakh crore (US$130 billion) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of
₹118,000 (US$1,500).[17] Rajasthan ranks 22nd among Indian states in human development index.[8]

Etymology
Rajasthan means "The Land of Kings" and is a portmanteau of Sanskrit "Rājā" ('King') and Sanskrit "Sthāna" ('Land') or Persian "St(h)ān", with the same
meaning.[12] The oldest reference to Rajasthan is found in a stone inscription dated back to 625 CE.[18] The first printed mention of the name Rajasthan
appears in the 1829 publication Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India, while the earliest known record of
Rajputana as a name for the region is in George Thomas's 1800 memoir Military Memories.[19] John Keay, in his book India: A History, stated that Rajputana
was coined by the British in 1829, John Briggs, translating Ferishta's history of early Islamic India, used the phrase "Rajpoot (Rajput) princes" rather than
"Indian princes".[20]

History

Ancient times
Parts of what is now Rajasthan were partly part of the Vedic Civilisation and the Indus Valley civilisation. Kalibangan, in Hanumangarh district, was a
major provincial capital of the Indus Valley Civilisation.[21] Topsfield[22] writes that the Rajputs first entered India from the north west in the first millennium
A.D. They established kingdoms in western India in the region that is now known as Rajasthan.[22]
A archaeological excavation at the Balathal site in Udaipur district shows a settlement contemporary

Rajasthan
with the Harrapan civilisation dating back to 3000–1500 BCE. Stone Age tools dating from 5,000 to
200,000 years were found in Bundi and Bhilwara districts of the state.[23]

The Matsya kingdom of the Vedic civilisation of India is said to roughly corresponded to the former
State
state of Jaipur in Rajasthan and included the whole of Alwar with portions of Bharatpur.[24][25] The
capital of Matsya was at Viratanagar (modern Bairat), which is said to have been named after its
founder King Virata.[26]
State of Rajasthan
Bhargava[27] identifies the two districts of Jhunjhunu and Sikar and parts of Jaipur district along with
Haryana districts of Mahendragarh and Rewari as part of Vedic state of Brahmavarta. Bhargava also
locates the present day Sahibi River as the Vedic Drishadwati River, which along with Saraswati River
formed the borders of the Vedic state of Brahmavarta.[28] Manu and Bhrigu narrated the Manusmriti to a
congregation of seers in this area. The ashrams of Vedic seers Bhrigu and his son Chayvan Rishi, for
whom Chyawanprash was formulated, were near Dhosi Hill, part of which lies in Dhosi village of
Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan and part of which lies in Mahendragarh district of Haryana.[29]

The Western Kshatrapas (405–35 BCE), the Saka rulers of the western part of India, were successors to
the Indo-Scythians and were contemporaneous with the Kushans, who ruled the northern part of the
Indian subcontinent. The Indo-Scythians invaded the area of Ujjain and established the Saka era (with Thar desert
[30]
their calendar), marking the beginning of the long-lived Saka Western Satraps state.

Mehrang City
Classical era arh Palace,
Udaipur

Gurjara-Pratihara
Ghatesh Kumbhal
war garh
Temple

Ghateshwara Mahadeva temple at the

Baroli Temple Complex. The temples
were built between the 10th and 11th Mahi Garadia
centuries CE by the Gurjara-Pratihara
dynasty. Bajaj Mahadev
The Pratiharas ruled for many dynasties in this part of the country; the region was known as Sagar Temples
Gurjaratra.[31] Up to the 10th century CE, almost all of North India acknowledged the supremacy of the
Dam in Kota
Imperial Pratiharas, with their seat of power at Kannauj.[32]

The Gurjara Pratihar Empire acted as a barrier for Arab invaders from the 8th to the 11th century. The
chief accomplishment of the Gurjara-Pratihara Empire lies in its successful resistance to foreign
invasions from the west, starting in the days of Junaid. Historian R. C. Majumdar says that this was
openly acknowledged by the Arab writers. He further notes that historians of India have wondered at the
slow progress of Muslim invaders in India, as compared with their rapid advance in other parts of the
world. Now there seems little doubt that it was the power of the Pratihara army that effectively barred
the progress of the Arabs beyond the confines of Sindh, their only conquest for nearly 300 years.[33]
Medieval and early modern eras

South Asia

Amer Fort
1525 CE
TIMURID EMPIRE
SHAH MIR
(Babur)
SULTANATE
KANGRA
PHAGMODRUPAS

LANGAH
SULTANATE SHEKHAWAT DELHI
BIKANER MEWAT
SULTANATE
JAISALMER AMBER
(LODIS) CHEROS AHOM
KALMAT ARGHUNS MARWAR KARAULI
KAMATAS
AMARKOT BUNDI DIMASA
SIROHI MEWAR
MALWA TRIPWA
GUJARAT VAGAD BENGAL
SULTANATE
SULTANATE GONDWANA SULTANATE
KHANDESH BERAR
SULTANATE SULTANATE GAJAPATI
EMPIRE
AHMADNAGAR BIDAR
SULTANATE SULTANATE

BIJAPUR GOLKONDA
SULTANATE SULTANATE

VIJAYANAGARA
EMPIRE

Rajputana territory (brown), and main South Asian polities c. 1525 CE, on the eve of the establishment of the Mughal Empire.[34][35]

Emblem of
The Ghurids had made an attempt to invade India through southern Rajasthan, however they were Rajasthan
defeated in the Battle of Kasahrada on 1178 by a confederacy of Rajputs under Mularaja II of Chaulukya
dynasty.[36] Prithviraj Chauhan led a confederacy of Rajput clans and defeated the invading Ghruids
under Muhammad Ghori in the First Battle of Tarain in 1191. In 1192 CE, Muhammad Ghori decisively Etymology: Land of
defeated Prithviraj at the Second Battle of Tarain. After the defeat of Chauhan in 1192 CE, a part of Kings
Rajasthan came under Muslim rulers. The principal centers of their powers were Nagaur and Ajmer.
Ranthambhore was also under their suzerainty. At the beginning of the 13th century, the most prominent Motto(s): Satyameva
and powerful state of Rajasthan was Mewar. Since the invasion of the Muslim Turks from the 13th
century onwards, the Rajputs resisted the Muslim incursions into India, and preserved Hindu culture at
Jayate
their courts,[22] (Truth alone
The Rajputs put up resistance to the Islamic invasions with their warfare and chivalry for centuries. The triumphs)
Ranas of Mewar led other kingdoms in their resistance to outside rule. Rana Hammir Singh defeated the
Tughlaq dynasty and recovered a large portion of Rajasthan. The indomitable Rana Kumbha defeated
the Sultans of Malwa, Nagaur and Gujarat and made Mewar the most powerful Rajput Kingdom in India.
The ambitious Rana Sanga united the various Rajput clans, including the Muslim Khanzadas of Mewat
under Raja Hasan Khan Mewati, and fought against the foreign powers in India. Rana Sanga defeated
the Afghan Lodi Empire of Delhi and crushed the Turkic Sultanates of Malwa and Gujarat. Rana Sanga
then tried to create an Indian empire but was defeated by the first Mughal Emperor Babur at Khanwa.
The defeat was due to betrayal by the Tomar King Silhadi of Raisen. After Rana Sanga's death, Marwar
rose as a power center in Rajasthan under Rao Maldeo Rathore. He conquered Jaisalmer, parts of
Gujarat, Jalore, Nagaur, Ajmer, Sanchore, Bhinmal, Radhanpur, Bayana, Tonk, Toda and Nabhara. He
expanded the territories of Marwar up to Sindh-Cholistan in west and his northern boundary was just
fifty kilometres from Delhi.[37][38] After defeating Humayun, Sher Shah came towards Rajputana. He
defeated Chiefs of Rathore army by trickery in Battle of Sammel and captured some territory of Marwar
but it was recovered by Rathores in 1545.[39]
Location of
Rajasthan in India
[40][41]
Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, the Hindu emperor, was born in the village of Machheri in Alwar
District in 1501. He won 22 battles against Afghans, from Punjab to Bengal including the states of
Ajmer and Alwar in Rajasthan, and defeated Akbar's forces twice, first at Agra and then at Delhi in 1556 Coordinates:
at Battle of Delhi[42] before acceding to the throne of Delhi and establishing the "Hindu Raj" in North
India, albeit for a short duration, from Purana Qila in Delhi. Hem Chandra was killed in the battlefield at
26.6°N 73.8°E (http
Second Battle of Panipat fighting against Mughals on 5 November 1556. s://geohack.toolfor
 ge.org/geohack.ph
p?pagename=Raja
sthan&params=26.
6_N_73.8_E_regio
n:IN-RJ_type:adm1
st)
Akbar shoots the Rajput
commander Jaimal using a Country India
matchlock, during the Siege
of Chittor (1567–1568).
Region North
During Akbar's reign most of the Rajput kings accepted Mughal suzerainty, but the rulers of Mewar India
(Rana Udai Singh II) and Marwar (Rao Chandrasen Rathore) refused to have any form of alliance with
the Mughals. To teach the Rajputs a lesson Akbar attacked Udai Singh and killed Rajput commander Before Rajputana
Jaimal of Chitor and the citizens of Mewar in large numbers. Akbar killed 20,000–25,000 unarmed
citizens in Chittor on the grounds that they had actively helped in the resistance.[43]
was Agency
Maharana Pratap took an oath to avenge the citizens of Chittor; he fought the Mughal empire till his Formation 30
death and liberated most of Mewar apart from Chittor itself. Maharana Pratap soon became the most
March
celebrated warrior of Rajasthan and became famous all over India for his sporadic warfare and noble
actions. According to Satish Chandra, "Rana Pratap's defiance of the mighty Mughal empire, almost 1949
alone and unaided by the other Rajput states, constitutes a glorious saga of Rajput valor and the spirit
of self-sacrifice for cherished principles. Rana Pratap's methods of sporadic warfare were later Capital Jaipur
elaborated further by Malik Ambar, the Deccani general, and by Shivaji".[44]
and
Rana Amar Singh I continued his ancestor's war against the Mughals under Jehangir, he repelled the
largest
Mughal armies at Dewar. Later an expedition was again sent under the leadership of Prince Khurram,
which caused much damage to life and property of Mewar. Many temples were destroyed, several city
villages were put on fire and women and children were captured and tortured to make Amar Singh
accept surrender.[45]
Districts 50 (10
During Aurangzeb's rule Rana Raj Singh I and Veer Durgadas Rathore were chief among those who
divisions)
defied the intolerant emperor of Delhi. They took advantage of the Aravalli hills and caused heavy
damage to the Mughal armies that were trying to occupy Rajasthan.[46][47] Government
After Aurangzeb's death Bahadur Shah I tried to subjugate Rajasthan like his ancestors but his plan • Body Governmen
backfired when the three Rajput Rajas of Amber, Udaipur, and Jodhpur made a joint resistance to the
of
Mughals. The Rajputs first expelled the commandants of Jodhpur and Bayana and recovered Amer by a
night attack. They next killed Sayyid Hussain Khan Barha, the commandant of Mewat and many other Rajasthan
Mughal officers. Bahadur Shah I, then in the Deccan was forced to patch up a truce with the Rajput
Rajas.[48] The Jats, under Suraj Mal, overran the Mughal garrison at Agra and plundered the city taking
• Governor Kalraj
with them the two great silver doors of the entrance of the famous Taj Mahal which were then melted Mishra
down by Suraj Mal in 1763.[49]
• Chief Bhajan
Over the years, the Mughals began to have internal disputes which greatly distracted them at times. The
Mughal Empire continued to weaken, and with the decline of the Mughal Empire in the late 18th century,
minister Lal
Rajputana came under the influence of the Marathas. The Maratha Empire, which had replaced the Sharma
Mughal Empire as the overlord of the subcontinent, was finally replaced by the British Empire in 1818.[50]
(BJP)
In the 19th century, the Rajput kingdoms were exhausted, they had been drained financially and in
manpower after continuous wars and due to heavy tributes exacted by the Maratha Empire. To save • Deputy Diya
their kingdoms from instability, rebellions and banditry the Rajput kings concluded treaties with the chief Kumari
minister (BJP)
British in the early 19th century, accepting British suzerainty and control over their external affairs in
return for internal autonomy.[51]
Prem
Chand
Bairwa
(BJP)

State Unicam
Legislature
• Assembly Rajast
Legisla
Assem
Rana Kumbha was the vanguard of the (200
seats)
fifteenth century Rajput resurgence.[52]
National Parliam
Parliament of India
• Rajya 10
Sabha seats
• Lok 25
Sabha seats
High Rajasthan
Court High
Court

The emperor Hemu, who rose from Area

obscurity and briefly established himself • Total 342,239 km
(132,139 sq
as ruler in northern India, from Punjab to
• Rank 1st
Bengal, in defiance of the warring Sur and
Dimensions
Mughal Empires. • Length 826 km
(513 mi)
• Width 869 km
(540 mi)

Elevation[3] 225 m
(738 ft)
 Highest elevation 1
(Guru Shikhar[4]) (
Lowest elevation 1
(Bhim block) (3

Population (2011)[5]
• Total
68,548,437
Durgadas Rathore, a Rathore Rajput • Rank 7th
• Density 200/km2
warrior of Jodhpur who played an
(500/sq
important role in protecting the Rathore • Urban 24.87%
dynasty of Marwar and for his rebellion • Rural 75.13%
against Aurangzeb. Demonym Rajastha

Language
• Official Hindi[6]
• Additional Englis
official
• Official Devanaga
script script

GDP[7]
• Total ₹14.13 lak
Maharana Pratap Singh, sixteenth-century
(2022– crore
Rajput ruler of Mewar, known for his 23) (equivalent
defence of his realm against Mughal ₹15 trillion
US$190 bil
invasion. in 2023)
• Rank 7th
• Per ₹156,149
capita (equivalent
to
₹170,000
or
 US$2,100
in 2023)
(22nd)

Time UTC+05:30
zone (IST)

ISO IN-RJ
3166
code
Suraj Mal was ruler of Bharatpur. Some
Vehicle RJ
contemporary historians described him as registration
"the Plato of the Jat people" and by a
HDI 0.629
modern writer as the "Jat Odysseus", (2018) Medium[8]
(22nd)
because of his political sagacity, steady
Literacy
[53]
intellect and clear vision. (2011) 66.11%[9]
(33rd)
Modern era Sex 1009♀/1000
ratio ♂[10] (30th)
The State of Rajasthan was formed on 30 March 1949 when the states of the Rajputana Agency[54] of
(2021)
the erstwhile British Empire in India were merged into the new Indian Union. Modern Rajasthan includes
most of Rajputana, which comprises the erstwhile nineteen princely states, three chiefships, and the
British district of Ajmer-Merwara.[55] Jaisalmer, Marwar (Jodhpur), Bikaner, Mewar (Chittorgarh), Alwar
Website rajasthan
and Dhundhar (Jaipur) were some of the main Rajput princely states. Bharatpur and Dholpur were Jat .gov.in (h
princely states whereas Tonk was a princely state under Pathans. The three chiefships were Lawa,
Neemrana and Kushalgarh.[56]
ttp://Raja
sthan.go
v.in)
Geography
Symbols of
The geographic features of Rajasthan are the Thar Desert and the Aravalli Range, which runs through Rajasthan
the state from southwest to northeast, almost from one end to the other, for more than 850 kilometres
(530 mi).[57] Mount Abu lies at the southwestern end of the range, separated from the main ranges by
the West Banas River.[58] Although a series of broken ridges continues into Haryana in the direction of
Delhi where it can be seen as outcrops in the form of the Raisina Hill and the ridges farther north. About
three-fifths of Rajasthan lies northwest of the Aravallis, leaving two-fifths on the east and south
direction.

Emblem of
Rajasthan
 Bird Godawan
Flower Rohida
Mammal Camel an
Chinkara[
Mount Abu.
Tree Khejri
The Aravalli Range runs across the state from the southwest peak Guru Shikhar (Mount Abu), which is
1,722 metres (5,650 ft) in height, to Khetri in the northeast.[59] This range divides the state into 60% in
State highway
the northwest of the range and 40% in the southeast. The northwest tract is sandy and unproductive
with little water but improves gradually from desert land in the far west and northwest to comparatively mark
fertile and habitable land towards the east. The south-eastern area, higher in elevation (100 to 350 m
above sea level) and more fertile, has a very diversified topography. In the south lies the hilly tract of
Mewar. In the southeast, a large area within the districts of Kota and Bundi forms a tableland.[59] To the
northeast of these districts is a rugged region (badlands) following the line of the Chambal River.
Farther north the country levels out; the flat plains of the northeastern Bharatpur district are part of an
alluvial basin. Merta City lies in the geographical center of Rajasthan.[59]
State highway of
The Aravalli Range and the lands to the east and southeast of the range are generally more fertile and Rajasthan
better watered. This region is home to the Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion, with tropical dry
broadleaf forests that include teak, Acacia, and other trees. The hilly Vagad region, home to the cities of
RJ SH1 -RJ SH138
Dungarpur, Pratapgarh, and Banswara lies in southernmost Rajasthan, on the border with Gujarat and
Madhya Pradesh. With the exception of Mount Abu, Vagad is the wettest region in Rajasthan, and the List of Indian state
most heavily forested. North of Vagad lies the Mewar region, home to the cities of Udaipur and
symbols
Chittaurgarh. The Hadoti region lies to the southeast, on the border with Madhya Pradesh. North of
Hadoti and Mewar lies the Dhundhar region, home to the state capital of Jaipur. Mewat, the
easternmost region of Rajasthan, borders Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Eastern and southeastern Rajasthan is drained by the Banas and Chambal rivers,
tributaries of the Ganges.

The northwestern portion of Rajasthan is generally sandy and dry. Most of this region is covered by the Thar Desert which extends into adjoining portions
of Pakistan. The Aravalli Range does not intercept the moisture-giving southwest monsoon winds off the Arabian Sea, as it lies in a direction parallel to
that of the coming monsoon winds, leaving the northwestern region in a rain shadow. The Thar Desert is thinly populated; the City of Jodhpur is the largest
city in the desert and a major metropolitan area of India which is known as the gateway of the Thar desert. The desert has some major districts like
Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner, and Nagaur. This area is also important from a defence point of view. Jodhpur airbase is one of the largest airbases
in India, BSF and Military bases are also situated here. Currently four civil airports are located here: Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Bikaner and Nagaur, of which
Jodhpur is the major civil airport, being the 44th busiest airport in India and one of the oldest air strips of India, being built in the 1920s.

The Northwestern thorn scrub forests lie in a band around the Thar Desert, between the desert and the Aravallis. This region receives less than 400 mm
of rain annually. Temperatures can sometimes exceed 45 °C in the summer months and drop below freezing point in the winter. The Godwar, Marwar, and
Shekhawati regions lie in the thorn scrub forest zone, along with the city of Jodhpur. The Luni River and its tributaries are the major river system of Godwar
and Marwar regions, draining the western slopes of the Aravallis and emptying southwest into the great Rann of Kutch wetland in neighbouring Gujarat.
This river is saline in the lower reaches and remains potable only up to Balotara in Barmer district. The Ghaggar River, which originates in Haryana, is an
intermittent stream that disappears into the sands of the Thar Desert in the northern corner of the state and is seen as a remnant of the primitive
Sarasvati river.
Mount Abu is a popular hill station in
Rajasthan.

The Thar Desert near Jaisalmer.

Aerial view Udaipur and Aravali hills.

Flora and fauna

State symbols of Rajasthan

Formation
1 November
day

State Chinkara[60] and

animal camel[61]

Godavan (great Indian

State bird
bustard)[60]
The great Indian bustard has
been classed as critically
State flower Rohida[60]
endangered since 2011
State tree Khejri[60]

The Desert National Park in Jaisalmer, spread over an area of 3,162 square kilometres (1,221 sq mi), is an
excellent example of the ecosystem of the Thar Desert and its diverse fauna.[62] Seashells and massive fossilised tree trunks in this park record the
geological history of the desert. The region is a haven for migratory and resident birds of the desert. One can see many eagles, harriers, falcons, buzzards,
kestrels and vultures. Short-toed snake eagles (Circaetus gallicus), tawny eagles (Aquila rapax), spotted eagles (Aquila clanga), laggar falcons (Falco
jugger) and kestrels are some of the raptor species seen in Desert National Park. Road traffic inside the Park is, however, a threat to several wild species of
the park with several species of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals reported to have died as roadkill.[63]

The Ranthambore National Park located in Sawai Madhopur,[64] one of the well known tiger reserves in the country, became a part of Project Tiger in 1973.

Tal Chhapar Sanctuary is a very small sanctuary in Sujangarh, Churu District, 210 kilometres (130 mi) from Jaipur in the Shekhawati region. This sanctuary
is home to a large population of blackbuck. Desert foxes and the caracal, an apex predator, also known as the desert lynx, can also be spotted, along with
birds such as the partridge, harriers, eastern imperial eagle, pale harrier, marsh harrier, short-toed eagle, tawny eagle, sparrow hawk, crested lark,
demoiselle crane, skylarks, green bee-eater, brown dove, black ibis, and sand grouse.[65] The great Indian bustard, known locally as the godavan, and which
is a state bird, has been classed as critically endangered since 2011.[66]

Wildlife protection

Reclining tiger, Ranthambore National

Park

Rajasthan is also noted for its national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. There are four national parks and wildlife sanctuaries: Keoladeo National Park of
Bharatpur, Sariska Tiger Reserve of Alwar, Ranthambore National Park of Sawai Madhopur, and Desert National Park of Jaisalmer. A national-level
institute, Arid Forest Research Institute (AFRI) an autonomous institute of the ministry of forestry is situated in Jodhpur and continuously works on desert
flora and their conservation.

Ranthambore National Park is 7 km from Sawai Madhopur Railway Station. It is known worldwide for its tiger population and is considered by both
wilderness lovers and photographers as one of the best places in India to spot tigers. At one point, due to poaching and negligence, tigers became extinct
at Sariska, but five tigers have been relocated there.[67] Prominent among the wildlife sanctuaries are Mount Abu Sanctuary, Bhensrod Garh Sanctuary,
Darrah Sanctuary, Jaisamand Sanctuary, Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Jawahar Sagar Sanctuary, and Sita Mata Wildlife Sanctuary.
Governance and administration

Rajasthan Legislative Assembly

The state is governed by a parliamentary system of representative democracy. The governor serves as the state's constitutional leader, whereas the chief
minister assumes the role of both the head of the government and the head of the council of ministers. The Legislative Assembly consists of 200
members who are elected for five-year terms. The state contributes 25 seats to Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament, and 10 seats to Rajya
Sabha, the upper house.[68][69]

The Government of Rajasthan is a democratically elected body in India with the governor as its constitutional head. Governor is appointed by the President
of India for a five-year term. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the chief minister by the
governor, and the council of ministers are appointed by the governor on the advice of the chief minister. The governor remains a ceremonial head of the
state, while the chief minister and his council are responsible for day-to-day government functions. The council of ministers consists of Cabinet Ministers,
Ministers of State (MoS) and Deputy Ministers. The Secretariat headed by the Chief Secretary assists the council of ministers. The Chief Secretary is also
the administrative head of the government. Each government department is headed by a minister, who is assisted by an Additional Chief Secretary or a
Principal Secretary, who is usually an officer of Indian Administrative Service (IAS), the Additional Chief Secretary/Principal Secretary serve as the
administrative head of the department they are assigned to. Each department also has officers of the rank of Secretary, Special Secretary, Joint Secretary
etc. assisting the Minister and the Additional Chief Secretary/Principal Secretary.

For the administration purpose, the state is divided into 10 divisions and 50 districts. Divisional Commissioner, is the head of administration on the
divisional level.[70] The administration in each district is headed by a District Magistrate/District Collector, who is also an IAS officer, and is assisted by a
number of officers belonging to Rajasthan Administrative Services. In Rajasthan, the police force is led by an IPS officer holding the position of Director
General of Police. Each district is supervised by a Superintendent of Police, also an IPS officer, who is supported by officers from the Rajasthan Police
Services. Their primary responsibility involves maintaining law and order and addressing relevant issues within their respective districts. The management
of forests, environment, and wildlife in the district is overseen by the Divisional Forest Officer, who is a member of the Indian Forest Service. This
responsibility is carried out with the assistance of officers from the Rajasthan Forest Service and Rajasthan Subordinate Service.

Rajasthan High Court

Rajasthan has its High court Jodhpur which has its principal seat at Jodhpur and a bench at Jaipur, with district courts and session courts in each district
or Sessions Division, and lower courts at the tehsil level.[71] The president of India appoints the chief justice of the High Court of Rajasthan judiciary on the
advice of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India as well as the governor of Rajasthan. In Rajasthan, the Subordinate Judicial Service is an
essential component of the state's judiciary, and it is divided into two categories: the Rajasthan Civil Judicial Services and the Rajasthan Higher Judicial
Service.[72] The former includes Civil Judges (Junior Division)/Judicial Magistrates and Civil Judges (Senior Division)/Chief Judicial Magistrate. On the
other hand, the latter consists of Civil and Sessions Judges. The District Judge has control over the Subordinate Judicial Service in Rajasthan.

The politics of Rajasthan has mainly been dominated mainly by the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Indian National Congress.

Chief Secretary Of Rajasthan is Usha Sharma[73] and Director General of Police or DGP of Rajasthan is Umesh Mishra.[74]
Divisions, districts and cities

Districts of Rajasthan

Lake Palace and Jag Mandir from a

distance, Lake Pichola, Udaipur.

Modern Jodhpur skyline

Rajasthan is composed of the following geographical regions:

1. Ajmer State

2. Bagar

3. Hadoti

4. Dhundhar

5. Gorwar

6. Shekhawati

7. Mewar

8. Marwar

9. Vagad

10. Mewat
Rajasthan is divided into 50 districts within Ten divisions:

Division Districts

Jaipur Jaipur · Jaipur Gramin · Alwar · Khairtal · Dausa · Dudu · Kotputli-Bahroad

Jodhpur Barmer · Jaisalmer · Phalodi · Jodhpur · Jodhpur Gramin · Balotara

Ajmer Ajmer · Beawar · Nagaur · Tonk · Shahpura · Kekadi · Deedwana-Kuchaman

Udaipur Udaipur · Salumbar · Chittorgarh · Bhilwara · Rajsamand

Bikaner Bikaner · Anupgarh · Sri Ganganagar · Hanumangarh

Kota Baran · Bundi · Jhalawar · Kota

Bharatpur Bharatpur · Dholpur · Karauli · Sawai Madhopur · Deeg · Gangapur

Sikar Sikar, Jhunjhunu, Neem ka thana, Churu

Pali Pali, Sirohi, Jalore, Sanchore

Banswara Banswara, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh

A district collector or district magistrate, who is appointed by either the Indian Administrative Service or the Rajasthan Public Service Commission,
governs each district. Subdivisions (Tehsils) are responsible for governing districts and are overseen by sub-divisional magistrates. Additionally, districts
are further divided into blocks. A block consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities. Tehsils are intermediate level panchayat
between the Zilla Parishad (district councils) at the district level and gram panchayat (village councils) at the lower level. Rajasthan has 5 cities with over
one million population. The absolute urban population of the state is 17.4 million, which constitutes 24.87% of the total urban population of the state.
There are 10 municipal corporations, 34 municipal councils and 172 municipal boards or nagar pachayats in the state. Jaipur, Jodhpur, and Kota have two
municipal corporations each since October 2019, as their populations have exceeded 1 million.[75]

Communication
Major internet service provider (ISP) and telecom companies are present in Rajasthan including Vodafone Idea, BSNL, Airtel, Jio, Data Infosys Limited,
RailTel Corporation of India, Software Technology Parks of India (STPI). Data Infosys was the first ISP to bring the internet to Rajasthan in April 1999[76]
and OASIS was the first private mobile telephone company.
Economy

Timeline of the Bhadla Solar Park

(India) development, the World's
largest photovoltaic power plants
cluster in 2020

Rajasthan's economy is primarily agricultural and pastoral. Wheat and barley are cultivated over large areas, as are pulses, sugarcane, and oilseeds. Cotton
and tobacco are the state's cash crops. Rajasthan is among the largest producers of edible oils in India and the second-largest producer of oilseeds.
Rajasthan is also the biggest wool-producing state in India and the main opium producer and consumer. There are mainly two crop seasons. The water for
irrigation comes from wells and tanks. The Indira Gandhi Canal irrigates northwestern Rajasthan.

Wind turbines near Bada Bagh,

Rajasthan.

The main industries are mineral based, agriculture-based, and textile based. Rajasthan is the second-largest producer of polyester fibre in India. Several
prominent chemical and engineering companies are located in the city of Kota, in southern Rajasthan. Rajasthan is pre-eminent in quarrying and mining in
India. The Taj Mahal was built from white marble which was mined from a town called Makrana. The state is the second-largest source of cement in India.
It has rich salt deposits at Sambhar, copper mines at Khetri, Jhunjhunu, and zinc mines at Dariba, Zawar mines and Rampura Agucha (opencast) near
Bhilwara. Dimensional stone mining is also undertaken in Rajasthan. Jodhpur sandstone is mostly used in monuments, important buildings, and
residential buildings. This stone is termed as Chittar Patthar. Jodhpur leads in the handicraft and guar gum industries. Rajasthan is also a part of the
Mumbai-Delhi Industrial corridor set to benefit economically. The state gets 39% of the DMIC, with major districts of Jaipur, Alwar, Kota and Bhilwara
benefiting.[77]

Rajasthan also has reserves of low-silica limestone.[78]

Rajasthan connected 100% of its population to electricity power in 2019 (raising the rate of electricity access from 71% of the population in 2015).[79] The
renewable energy sector plays the most important role in the increase of generation capacities, with the main focus on solar energy. In 2020, Bhadla Solar
Park was recognised as the largest cluster of photovoltaic power plants in a single region in the world, with the installed power exceeding the 2.2 gigawatt
peak.
Transportation
Jaipur International Airport (JAI) in Jaipur, is the state's largest, busiest and only international airport. Jaipur International Airport offers international
service to Dubai, Bangkok, Sharjah and Muscat. There are five civilian airports in Rajasthan including Jodhpur Airport, Udaipur Airport, Ajmer Airport,
Bikaner Airport and Jaisalmer Airport.[80] Domestic airports are operated by the Airports Authority of India (AAI) and shares its airside with the Indian Air
Force. These airports connect Rajasthan with the major cities of India such as Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Chennai and Bangalore.

Railways length in the state constitute 8.66 per cent of all India route length. Jaipur Junction is the headquarters of the North Western Railway.[81] Jaipur,
Ajmer, Bikaner are the busiest railway stations in the state. Kota is the only electrified section served by three Rajdhani Expresses and trains to all major
cities of India. Jaipur Superfast Express, fastest train under Superfast category of trains; connects the finance capital of India Mumbai to Jaipur. Luxury
tourist train Maharajas' Express runs across North-West and Central India, mainly centered on Rajasthan. There is also an international railway, the Thar
Express from Jodhpur (India) to Karachi (Pakistan). However, this is not open to foreign nationals. Jaipur Metro is the metro rail system in the city of
Jaipur. It is the only metro rail system in Rajasthan and has been operational since 3 June 2015. It is the first metro in India to run on triple-storey elevated
road and metro track.

The state is served by a substantial road network, providing links between urban centers, agricultural market-places and rural areas. There are 33 national
highways (NH) in the state, covering a total distance of 10,004.14 km (6,216.28 mi).[82] The state has a total road length of 269,028 km (167,166 mi). The
Department of Public Works is responsible for maintaining and expanding the state highways system and major district roads. Jaipur–Kishangarh
Expressway forms a segment of the NH-8 which is a part of the Golden Quadrilateral project. Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation (RSRTC) was
established in 1964 to provide economical and reliable passenger road transport service in the state with connecting services to adjoining states.[83] For
travelling locally, the state, like most of the country, has auto rickshaws and cycle rickshaws. Average speed on state highways varies between 50 and 60
kilometres per hour (31–37 mph) due to the heavy presence of vehicles; in villages and towns, speeds are as low as 25–30 km/h (16–19 mph).[84]

Jaipur International Airport

Maharajah's Express dining saloon

 The Jaipur Metro is an important urban
transportation link

NH 8 between Udaipur and Ahmedabad

Demographics

Religion in Rajasthan (2011)[86]

Hinduism (88.49%)
Islam (9.07%)
Sikhism (1.27%)
Jainism (0.91%)
Christianity (0.14%)
Buddhism (0.02%)
Other religions (0.01%)
 Not stated (0.10%)

Historical population
According to the 2011 Census of India, Rajasthan has a total population of
68,548,437.[5] The state contributes to 5.66% of India's population. The Year Pop. ±% p.a.
population density is 201 people per square kilometre. The sex ratio in
2011, at 928 women to 1000 men, was lower than the national figure of
943. The native Rajasthani people make up the majority of the state's
1901 10,294,090 —
population. The state of Rajasthan is also populated by Sindhis, who came
to Rajasthan from Sindh province (now in Pakistan) during the India- 1911 10,983,509 +0.65%
Pakistan separation in 1947. As for religion, Rajasthan's residents are
mainly Hindus, who account for 88.49% of the population. Muslims make 1921 10,292,648 −0.65%
up 9.07%, Sikhs 1.27% and Jains 0.91% of the population.[87]

Brahmins, according to Outlook constituted 8% to 10% of the population of 1931 11,747,974 +1.33%
Rajasthan as per a 2003 report, but only 7% in a 2007 report.[88][89]
According to a 2007 DNA India report, 12.5% of the state are Brahmins.[90] 1941 13,863,859 +1.67%
According to a report by Moneycontrol.com at the time of 2018 Rajasthan

1951 15,970,774 +1.42%

Legislative Assembly election, the Scheduled Caste (SC) population was
18%, Scheduled Tribe (ST) was 13%, Jats 12%, Gurjars and Rajputs 9%
each, Brahmins and Meenas 7% each.[91] A Hindustan Times report from
2019 also agrees to the total ST population of 13%, of which Meenas 1961 20,155,602 +2.35%
constitute the biggest group at 7%.[92] According to a Deutsche Welle
report, the Jats constitute 12–15% of the population of Rajasthan, followed 1971 25,765,806 +2.49%
by Meenas with 10% and Gurjars with 6%.[93] While as per a 2007 BBC Hindi
report, Meenas were 14% and Gurjars were 4% of the state's population.[94]
1981 34,261,862 +2.89%
1991 44,005,990 +2.53%
2001 56,507,188 +2.53%
2011 68,548,437 +1.95%
source:[85]
Largest cities of Rajasthan by population
City Population

Jaipur 3,073,349
Jodhpur 1,138,300
Kota 1,001,694
Bikaner 647,804
Ajmer 551,101
Udaipur 474,531
Bhilwara 360,009
Alwar 341,422
Bharatpur 252,838
Sri
249,914
Ganganagar

Language

Languages of Rajasthan (2011)[95]

Rajasthani (36.88%)
Hindi (27.34%)
Marwari (9.05%)
Mewari (6.1%)
Wagdi (5.54%)
Hadauti (4.29%)
Dhundari (2.15%)
 Punjabi (1.68%)
Braj Bhasha (1.19%)
Bagri (1.03%)
Others (4.75%)

Hindi is the official language of the state, while English is the additional official language.[15]

The languages of Rajasthan primarily belong to the Rajasthani group of Indo-Aryan languages, which most people regard as their own language. In the
north are dialects of Punjabi and Bagri, which is a transition between Rajasthani and Punjabi. In the northeast Shekhawati and Dhundari are spoken which
gradually merge with Haryanvi. In the east Mewati is spoken in the Mewat region, while in the far east Braj is spoken.[96] To the southeast Haryanvi is
spoken. To the west in the heart of the Thar Desert Marwari is spoken, which merges to Gujarati in the southwest. In the south, in the Mewar region,
Mewari is spoken, while in the hills of Wagad, Wagdi, a Bhil language, is spoken. Many speakers of Rajasthani languages refer to their language as Hindi,
and Standard Hindi is the medium of education and is common in cities. Urdu is also common in cities although the vast majority of Muslims speak one
of the Rajasthani languages as their first language. Sindhi is also common in the cities and along the border with Sindh in Pakistan where Dhatki, a
transition between Marwari and Sindhi, is the main dialect on both sides of the border.

The languages taught under the three-language formula are:[97]

First language: Hindi

Second language: English

Third language: Gujarati, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi or Urdu

Culture

Food

Rajasthani food

Rajasthani cooking was influenced by both the war-like lifestyles of its inhabitants and the availability of ingredients in this arid region. Food that could last
for several days and could be eaten without heating was preferred. Thus, pickles of Rajasthan are quite famous for their tangy and spicy flavour. The
Panchkuta delicacy is also a famous one – meaning 5 vegetables – a dish that lasts for several days, and is made out of certain weed plants that only
grow in the wild desert. The scarcity of water and fresh green vegetables have all had their effect on cooking. It is known for its snacks like Bikaneri
Bhujia.[98] Other famous dishes include bajre ki roti (millet bread) and lahsun ki chutney (hot garlic paste), mawa kachori Mirchi Bada, Pyaaj Kachori and
ghevar from Jodhpur, Alwar ka Mawa (milk cake),[99] Kadhi kachori from Ajmer, Malpua from Pushkar, Daal kachori (Kota kachori) from Kota and rassgullas
from Bikaner.[100] Originating from the Marwar region of the state is the concept of Marwari Bhojnalaya or vegetarian restaurants, today found in many
parts of India, which offer vegetarian food popular among Marwari people. Ghee is an essential ingredient in most Rajasthani cuisines, and dollops of
ghee are poured over food as a welcoming gesture for guests.
 Dal Bati Choorma, a traditional
Rajasthani Dish

Dal-baati-churma is very popular in Rajasthan. The traditional way to serve it is to first coarsely mash the baati, and then pour pure ghee on top of it. It is
served with daal (lentils) and spicy garlic chutney; it is also served with besan (gram flour) ki kadi. It is commonly served at all festivities, including
religious occasions, wedding ceremonies, and birthday parties in Rajasthan.[101]

Music and dance

The Ghoomar dance from Jaipur, Jodhpur, and Kalbelia of the Kalbelia tribe has gained international recognition.[102] Folk music is a large part of the
Rajasthani culture. The Manganiyar, Meena and Langa communities from Rajasthan are notable for their folk music. Kathputli, Bhopa, Chang, Teratali,
Ghindr, Gair dance, Kachchhi Ghori, and Tejaji are examples of traditional Rajasthani culture.[103] Folk songs are commonly ballads that relate heroic deeds
and love stories; and religious or devotional songs known as bhajans and banis which are often accompanied by musical instruments like dholak, sitar, and
sarangi are also sung.

Art
Rajasthan is known for its traditional, colourful art. The block prints, tie and dye prints, gota patti (main), Bagaru prints, Sanganer prints, and Zari
embroidery are major export products from Rajasthan. Handicraft items like wooden furniture and crafts, carpets, and blue pottery are commonly found
here.[104] Shopping reflects the colourful culture, Rajasthani clothes have a lot of mirror work and embroidery. Traditional Rajasthani dress for females
consists of an ankle-length skirt and a short top, known as chaniya choli.[105] A piece of cloth is used to cover the head, both for protection from heat and
maintenance of modesty. Rajasthani dresses are usually designed in bright colours such as blue, yellow, and orange.

Education

NIIT University in Neemrana,

Rajasthan

In recent years, Rajasthan has worked on improving education. The state government has been making sustained efforts to raise the education standard.

Schools in the state are either managed by the government or by private trusts. The medium of instruction in most of the schools is mainly English, or
Hindi. Under the 10+2+3 plan, after completing secondary school, students typically enrol for two years in a junior college, also known as pre-university, or
in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the Board of Secondary Education or any central board. Students choose from one of three
streams, namely liberal arts, commerce, or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enrol in general or professional degree
programs. The secondary schools are affiliated with the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), the Central Board for Secondary
Education (CBSE), and the National Institute of Open School (NIOS).

Rajasthan has 52 universities, 26 state funded public universities, 7 deemed universities, an IIT in Jodhpur, an IIM in Udaipur, an NIT in Jaipur, a National
Law University in Jodhpur, and one central and state-run university.[106][107] Kota, is renowned for being a hub for training students in various national-level
competitive exams that are necessary for securing admission to engineering and medical colleges across the country. In order to promote a reading
culture among the rural population, the state has established new libraries up to the panchayat level and computerised all public libraries throughout the
state, providing modern amenities to readers and subscriber.[108]

Literacy
In recent decades the literacy rate of Rajasthan has increased significantly. In 1991, the state's literacy rate was only 38.55% (54.99% male and 20.44%
female). In 2001, the literacy rate increased to 60.41% (75.70% male and 43.85% female). This was the highest leap in the percentage of literacy recorded
in India (the rise in female literacy being 23%).[109] At the Census 2011, Rajasthan had a literacy rate of 67.06% (80.51% male and 52.66% female).
Although Rajasthan's literacy rate is below the national average of 74.04% and although its female literacy rate is the lowest in the country, the state has
been praised for its efforts and achievements in raising literacy rates.[110][111]

In rural areas of Rajasthan, the literacy rate is 76.16% for males and 45.8% for females. This has been debated across all the party levels, when the
governor of Rajasthan set a minimum educational qualification for the village panchayat elections.[112][113][114]

Tourism

Man in Rajasthan, India.

Rajasthan attracted a total of 45.9 million domestic and 1.6 million foreign tourists in 2017, which is the tenth highest in terms of domestic visitors and
fifth highest in foreign tourists.[115] The tourism industry in Rajasthan is growing effectively each year and is becoming one of the major income sources
for the state government.[116] Rajasthan is home to many attractions for domestic and foreign travellers, including the forts and palaces of Jaipur, the
lakes of Udaipur, the temples of Rajsamand and Pali, sand dunes of Jaisalmer and Bikaner, Havelis of Mandawa and Fatehpur, the wildlife of Sawai
Madhopur, the scenery of Mount Abu, the tribes of Dungarpur and Banswara, and the cattle fair of Pushkar.

Rajasthan is known for its customs, culture, colours, majestic forts, and palaces, folk dances and music, local festivals, local food, sand dunes, carved
temples and Havelis. Rajasthan's Jaipur Jantar Mantar, Mehrangarh Fort and Stepwell of Jodhpur, Dilwara Temples, Chittor Fort, Lake Palace, miniature
paintings in Bundi, and numerous city palaces and Havelis are part of the architectural heritage of India. Jaipur, the Pink City, is noted for the ancient
houses made of a type of sandstone dominated by a pink hue. In Jodhpur, most houses are painted blue.[117] At Ajmer, there is white marble Bara-dari on
the Anasagar lake and Soniji Ki Nasiyan. Jain Temples dot Rajasthan from north to south and east to west. Dilwara Temples of Mount Abu, Shrinathji
Temple of Nathdwara, Ranakpur Jain temple dedicated to Lord Adinath in Pali District, Jain temples in the fort complexes of Chittor, Jaisalmer and
Kumbhalgarh, Lodurva Jain temples, Mirpur Jain Temple of Sirohi, Sarun Mata Temple at Kotputli, Bhandasar and Karni Mata Temple of Bikaner and
Mandore of Jodhpur are some of the best examples.[118] Keoladeo National Park, Ranthambore National Park, Sariska Tiger Reserve, Tal Chhapar
Sanctuary, are wildlife attractions of Rajasthan. Mewar festival of Udaipur, Teej festival and Gangaur festival in Jaipur, Desert festival of Jodhpur, Brij Holi
of Bharatpur, Matsya festival of Alwar, Kite festival of Jodhpur, Kolayat fair in Bikaner are some of the most popular fairs and festivals of Rajasthan.
 Camel rides in Thar desert

Pushkar Lake and Ghat

Kalbelia, a folk dance popular in

Rajasthan
 Demoiselle cranes in Khichan near
Bikaner

Hawa Mahal, Jaipur

Amber Fort as seen from the bank of

Maotha Lake, Jaigarh Fort on the hills in
the background
 Nakki Lake, Mount Abu

Mehrangarh Fort

Delicate marble carving at Dilwara

Temples

Lake Palace, Udaipur

 Kirti Stambha of Chittor Fort

Tiger at Ranthambore National Park

Jal Mahal, Jaipur

See also

Jatan Sansthan (2001) India

portal
List of people from Rajasthan
Asia
Outline of Rajasthan portal
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Further reading

Bhattacharya, Manoshi. 2008. The Royal Rajputs: Strange Tales

and Stranger Truths. Rupa & Co, New Delhi.

Gahlot, Sukhvirsingh. 1992. RAJASTHAN: Historical & Cultural. J.

S. Gahlot Research Institute, Jodhpur.

Somani, Ram Vallabh. 1993. History of Rajasthan. Jain Pustak

Mandir, Jaipur.

Tod, James & Crooke, William. 1829. Annals and Antiquities of

Rajasthan or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India,.
Numerous reprints, including 3 Vols. Reprint: Low Price
Publications, Delhi. 1990. ISBN 81-85395-68-3 (set of 3 vols.)
 Mathur, P.C., 1995. Social and Economic Dynamics of Rajasthan
Politics (Jaipur, Aaalekh)

External links

Government Rajasthan
at Wikipedia's
Official Site of the Government of Rajasthan, sister projects

India (http://rajasthan.gov.in/)
Definitions
Official Tourism Site of Rajasthan, India (http://to from
Wiktionary
urism.rajasthan.gov.in/)
Media from
Commons
General information News from
Wikinews
Rajasthan (https://curlie.org/Regional/Asia/Indi Quotations
a/Rajasthan/) at Curlie from
Wikiquote
Geographic data related to Rajasthan (https://w Texts from
Wikisource
ww.openstreetmap.org/relation/1942920) at
Textbooks
OpenStreetMap from
Wikibooks
Resources
from
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? Wikiversity
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title=Rajasthan&oldid=1220600760"
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