(Original PDF) Interpersonal

Communication 7th Edition

Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebooksecure.com/product/original-pdf-interpersonal-communication-7th-edition
/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

(eBook PDF) Interpersonal Communication: Everyday

Encounters 7th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-interpersonal-
communication-everyday-encounters-7th-edition/

Interpersonal Communication 4th Edition (eBook PDF)

http://ebooksecure.com/product/interpersonal-communication-4th-
edition-ebook-pdf/

Interpersonal Communication & Human Relationships -

eBook PDF

https://ebooksecure.com/download/interpersonal-communication-
human-relationships-ebook-pdf/

Interpersonal Relationships: Professional Communication

Skills for Nurses 7th Edition Elizabeth Arnold - eBook
PDF

https://ebooksecure.com/download/interpersonal-relationships-
professional-communication-skills-for-nurses-ebook-pdf/
(eBook PDF) The Interpersonal Communication Book 14th
Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-the-interpersonal-
communication-book-14th-edition/

(eBook PDF) Interpersonal Communication Everyday

Encounters 9th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-interpersonal-
communication-everyday-encounters-9th-edition/

Interpersonal Communication: Everyday Encounters 9th

Edition (eBook PDF)

http://ebooksecure.com/product/interpersonal-communication-
everyday-encounters-9th-edition-ebook-pdf/

(eBook PDF) Interpersonal Communication Relating to

Others 8th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-interpersonal-
communication-relating-to-others-8th-edition/

(eBook PDF) Interpersonal Communication 3rd Edition by

Kory Floyd

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-interpersonal-
communication-3rd-edition-by-kory-floyd/
 Contents

Feature Boxes xxiv

Preface xxvi

PART 1 Introductory Perspectives

1 Communication and Competence 3

What Is Communication? 4

Definitions of Human Communication 4

Characteristics of Communication 5
Communication Is a Process 5
Communication Is Uniquely Human 6
Communication Is a Collective Activity 6
Communication Is a Creative Endeavor 6
Communication Is Regulatory 7
Summary and Implications 8

A Model of Communication Competence 9

Process Competence: Knowledge about Communication 9

Message Competence 11
Interpretive Competence 11
Role Competence 12
Self Competence 12
Goal Competence 13
Culture and Context 14
Historical Change and Cultural Values 15
How Technology Affects Cultural Context 16
Relational Cultures as Context 18
Performative Competence: Acting on Knowledge 18

Skill Building: On Taking a Process Perspective 18

Process to Performance 19

Questioning Communication Revisited 19

Review Terms 20
Suggested Readings 20
Online Student Resources 20

vviiii
vviii
iii Contents

Observation Guide 20
Exercises 21

interdisciplinary connections 1.1 Bonzo Goes to College 7

interdisciplinary connections 1.2 Insulting the Meat 15
research in review 1.1 Getting the Most Out of College 19
screening room 1.1 Meet the Parents 13

2 Building Interpersonal Relationships 23

What Is Interpersonal Communication? 24

The Situational Approach to Interpersonal Communication? 24

The Developmental Approach to Interpersonal Communication? 26

The Role of Interpersonal Communication in Relationships 27

What Is a Relationship? 27
The Characteristics of Relationships 29

Relational Paths: Intimacy and Distance 34

Private vs. Public Relationships 34

Independence vs. Conformity 36

What Does It Take to Be Relationally Competent? 38

Communication Competence and Relationships 38
Some Characteristics of Healthy Relationships 39

Skill Building: A Preview 40

Process to Performance 41

Questioning Communication Revisited 41

Review Terms 41
Suggested Readings 42
Online Student Resources 42
Observation Guide 42
Exercises 42

interdisciplinary connections 2.1 The Neuroscience of Love 28

interdisciplinary connections 2.2 Mind Your Manners 37
research in review 2.1 Stress and Interpersonal Communication 34
screening room 2.1 Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind 31

PART 2 Sending and Receiving Messages

3 Nonverbal Communication 45
 Contents ix
ix

What Is Nonverbal Communication? 47

Spontaneous Communication 48
Symbolic Communication 48
The Power of Nonverbal Codes 49

The Functions of Nonverbal Codes 50

Expressing Meaning 50
Modifying Verbal Messages 51
Regulating the Flow of Interaction 51

The Structure of Nonverbal Codes 52

The Visual Communication System 52

Proxemics 52
environmental preferences 53
territoriality 53
personal space 55
Kinesics 55
body movements 56
types of gestures 56
Gaze 57
the expressive function of gaze 57
using gaze to regulate and monitor interaction 58
looking vs. seeing 58
Facial Expression 59
universal expressions 59
misreading facial expressions 61
Artifacts 61
physical appearance 62
clothing and adornment 63
The Auditory Communication System 63
Vocal Characteristics 64
Messages in the Voice 64
The Invisible Communication System 65
Chronemics 65
Olfactics 65
Haptics 66
types of touch 66
the contexts and functions of touch 66
Culture and Nonverbal Communication 67

Balancing Nonverbal Codes 67

Expectancy Violations Theory 69

xx Contents

Cognitive Valence Theory 69

Compensating and Reciprocating in Everyday Life 71

The Interplay of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication 71

Skill Building: Communicating Feelings 72

Expressing Feelings 72
Reflecting Feelings 74

Process to Performance 74
Questioning Communication Revisited 74
Review Terms 75
Suggested Readings 76
Online Student Resources 76
Observation Guide 76
Exercises 76

interdisciplinary connection 3.1: A Better Place to Live 54

interdisciplinary connection 3.2: The “Guarded Self” 68
research in review 3.1: Pinocchio’s Nose 57
screening room 3.1: Freaky Friday 64

4 Language and Interpersonal Communication 79

What Is Language? 80

How Verbal and Nonverbal Codes Differ 80

Characteristics of Verbal Codes 82

The Functions of Language 82

The Structure of Language 84

Semantic Meaning: Language at the Level of the Word 84
Denotative and Connotative Meanings 86
The Importance of Semantic Competence 86
Syntactic Meaning: Language at the Level of the Utterance 87
Order as Meaning 87
The Importance of Syntactic Competence 87
Pragmatic Meaning: Language at the Level of the Speech Act 87
Language in Use 88
Interpreting and Producing Speech Acts 88
Using Pragmatic Rules in Interaction 90
Message Production: Achieving Pragmatic Goals 91

Language, Power, and Politics 92

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 93

 Contents xi
xi

Language and Labels 93

Identity and Language Use 94
Social Class and Discourse 94
Gender and Discourse 95
early findings 95
later criticisms 96
Language, Domination, and Freedom 97
Avoiding Sexist Language 98

Skill Building: Initiating Conversation 100

Starting to Talk 100

Finding a Topic 102
Asking Questions 102
Using Free Information During Conversation 102
Closing Conversations 103

Process to Performance 103

Questioning Communication Revisited 103

Review Terms 103
Suggested Readings 104
Online Student Resources 104
Observation Guide 104
Exercises 105

interdisciplinary connection 4.1: Speaking with Names 90

interdisciplinary connection 4.2: From Raillery to Rant 101
research review 4.1: Please and Thank You, Two Magic Words That Open Any Door 84
screening room 4.1: The King’s Speech 85

5 Listening 107

What Is Listening? 108

Listening vs. Hearing 109

The Listening Process 109
Beyond Accuracy: Listening Relationally 110

Listening and the New Technologies 111

Ways of Listening 113

Types of Listening 113

Listening Styles 115
What Should We Listen For? 116

Conflict Management and Effective Listening 116

When Are Conflicts Healthy? 117
xii
xii Contents

Why Are Conflicts Difficult to Manage? 117

Hot Emotions 117
Biased Perceptions 118
Communication Obstacles 121
Personal Differences in Conflict Management 123
Attitudes about Human Nature 123
Emotional Intelligence 124

Skill Building: Becoming a More Competent Listener 125

Improving Comprehension and Evaluation 125

Enhancing Empathic Listening 125

Process to Performance 126

Questioning Communication Revisited 126

Review Terms 127
Suggested Readings 127
Online Student Resources 127
Observation Guide 127
Exercises 127

interdisciplinary connections 5.1: Do Crows Really Use SUVs to Crack Nuts? 114
interdisciplinary connections 5.2: Hot Under the Collar or Cool Under Fire 119
research in review 5.1: When Parents and Children Don’t See Eye to Eye 121
screening room 5.1: About a Boy 111

PART 3 Interpersonal Processes

6 Perceiving and Interpreting Social Worlds 131

Factors That Affect the Way We See the World 132

Emotions and Perception 132

Motivation and Perception 133
Cognitive Structures and Perception 136

Schematic Thinking and Information Processing 137

Schemata That Describe and Classify People 138

Personal Constructs 138
Person Prototypes 138
Stereotypes 138
Schemata That Define Roles and Relationships 138
Schemata Containing Information about the Self 139
Schemata That Tell Us What to Do in Social Situations 140
 Contents xiii
xiii

Social Cognition and Interpersonal Interaction 140

Sizing Up Situations 140
Episode Identification 141
Using Scripts to Guide Interaction 142
The Invisibility of Situational Constraints 143
Perceiving Other People 143
Using Personal Constructs to Judge Others 144
Implicit Personality Theories and Interaction 144
Evaluating Relationships 145
Self-Monitoring 145
Creating Relational Definitions 145
Explaining Behavior by Making Attributions 146
Personality vs. Situation 147
Attributional Biases 148
the anchoring effect 148
overestimating personality 148
underestimating the situation 149
seeing things from our own perspective 149

Categorical Thinking and Interpretive Competence 149

Naïve Realism: Seeing What We Believe 149

Dual Processing and Impression Formation 151
Attention and Identification 151
Controlled Categorization 151
Personalization 152

Skill Building: Becoming More Mindful 152

Mindfulness and Open-Mindedness 152

Increasing Mindfulness 153

Process to Performance 154

Questioning Communication Revisited 154

Review Terms 154
Suggested Readings 155
Online Student Resources 155
Observation Guide 155
Exercises 155

interdisciplinary connection 6.1: The Power of the Present 134

interdisciplinary connection 6.2: Using Reflections and Interpretations 150
research in review 6.1: When Being Mindful Really Matters 137
screening room 6.1: Memento 135
xiv
xiv Contents

7 Meeting Social Expectations 159

Creating Social Identities 160

Social Control and Conformity 160

The Nature of Social Roles 160

Choosing Our Roles 163

Social Support and Role Identity 164

The Looking-Glass Self 164
Social Comparison Processes 164
Commitment and Role Identity 164
Rewards and Role Identity 165

How Social Roles Affect Communication 165

Communication as Performance 165

Face-Work and the Social Self 165
Other Aspects of Everyday Performance 166
sets, costumes, and props 166
backstage behavior 167
ensemble acting 168
Communication as Storytelling 169

Skill-Building: Showing Politeness and Respect 171

Interpersonal Sensitivity 172

Avoiding Threats to Face 172
Balancing Solidarity and Independence 173

Process to Performance 173

Questioning Communication Revisited 173

Review Terms 173
Suggested Readings 174
Online Student Resources 174
Observation Guide 174
Exercises 174

interdisciplinary connection 7.1: They Just Like to Be Not the Same as Us 163
interdisciplinary connection 7.2: Talking Tough in Teamsterville 167
research in review 7.1: “Guys Can’t Say That to Guys” 161
screening room 7.1: Big Fish 169

8 Establishing Individual Identities 177

The Self in History 178

Self Concepts: Gaining Independence from Social Roles and Rules 180
What Is the Self-Concept? 180
 Contents xv
xv

Self as Narrative 182

Self as Cognitive Schema 183
Self as Behavior 184
Self as Relational Achievement 185
Self as Internal Dialogue 186

Personality Differences and Interpersonal Communication 187

Communicator Styles 188

Rhetorical Sensitivity 189
The Noble Self 189
The Rhetorical Reflector 190
The Rhetorical Sensitive 190
Communication Apprehension 190
Attachment Styles 191
Intimacy Motivation 191

Skill-Building: Improving Competence through Self-Disclosure 192

What Is Self Disclosure? 192

General Rules for Revealing the Self 193
A Case Study in Disclosure: Coming Out 194
How to Reveal Same-Sex Orientation 195
What to Say When a Friend Comes Out 197

Process to Performance 198

Questioning Communication Revisited 198

Review Terms 198
Suggested Readings 198
Online Student Resources 199
Observation Guide 199
Exercises 199
interdisciplinary connection 8.1: The Saturated Self 181
interdisciplinary connection 8.2: Zen and the Art of Selflessness 188
research review 8.1: Presentation of Self in Cyberspace 184
screening room 8.1: Big Eden 195

9 Achieving Personal and Relational Goals 201

What Is Interpersonal Influence? 202

Types of Influence 202
Culture and Influence 203
Issues in Influence 204
xv
xvi i Contents

Skills for Goal Achievement 204

Face and Interpersonal Influence 205
Symbolic Role-Taking 205

Theories of Influence: Understanding Others’ Needs 205

The Need for Rewards 206

Classical Conditioning 206
Operant Conditioning 209
Social Learning 210
Social Exchange Processes 210
The Need for Consistency 210
Cognitive Dissonance Theory 211
Ways to Reduce Dissonance 211
Commitment and Consistency 211
The Need to Establish Identity 212
Value Theory 212
Relationships and Self-Validation 214
Summary: Choice and Motivation 214

Source Characteristics 215

Power and Interpersonal Influence 216

Self-Presentation Strategies 216
Influence as Self-Persuasion 218

Message Strategies 220

Compliance-Seeking Strategies 220

Strategies in Interaction 222

Skill Building: Steps to Goal Achievement 223

Principles of Goal Competence 223

Becoming Appropriately Assertive 223

Process to Performance 225

Questioning Communication Revisited 225

Review Terms 225
Suggested Readings 226
Online Student Resources 226
Observation Guide 226
Exercises 226
interdisciplinary connection 9.1: Weapons of Influence 208
interdisciplinary connection 9.2: What’s in a Name? 219
research in review 9.1: Wait ’Til You Hear What I Heard 215
screening room 9.1: Thank You for Smoking 217
 Contents xv
xviiii

PART 4 Relational Contexts

10 Understanding Family Relationships 229

Maintaining Family Ties 230

The Family as a System 231

Family Structures 231

Power-Authority Structure 232
Decision-Making Structure 232
Interaction Structure 233
Characteristics of Family Structures 235
role differentiation 235
boundaries 235
coordination of subsystems 236
The Functions of the Family 237
Internal Functions 237
providing care 237
socialization 238
intellectual development 238
recreation 238
emotional support 238
External Functions 239
cultural transmission 239
accommodation 240

Families and Change 240

The Dynamics of Family Evolution 240

The Family Life Cycle 240
Stressful Contact with Outside Sources 242
Illness or Death of a Family Member 242
Divorce or Separation of Family Members 243
Strategies for Coping with Change 243
Anticipating Change 243
Encouraging Family Cohesiveness 245
Maintaining Adaptability 245
Building Social Networks 245

Family Communication Patterns 245

Family Rules and Family Identity 245

Establishing Communication Rules 245
regulative rules 245
constitutive rules 246
Family Themes and Identity 247
xv
xviii
iii Contents

Interaction in Family Subsystems 248

Husbands and Wives 248
Parents and Children 249
Siblings 251

Families in History 252

Skill Building: Communicating to Comfort 253

Process to Performance 255

Questioning Communication Revisited 255
Review Terms 256
Suggested Readings 256
Online Student Resources 256
Observation Guide 256
Exercises 257
interdisciplinary connection 10.1: Creating Hallmark Moments 239
interdisciplinary connection 10.2: Divorce Is When Your Family Is Dead 244
research in review 10.1: “You’re My Parent but You’re Not” 237
screening room 10.1: The Kids Are All Right 241

11 Creating Intimate Relationships 259

What Is Intimacy? 260

Have People Always Had Intimate Relationships? 260

Moving from Public to Private Relationships 260
Factors That Influence Definitions of Intimacy 262
Family Messages 262
Recent Cultural Messages 263
Environmental Conditions 263
Individual Relational Messages and Intimacy 264
sending dominance messages 265
dimensions of intimacy 266
relational contracts and cultures 267

Opening the Door to Intimacy: Interpersonal Attraction 267

Duck’s Filtering Theory of Attraction 267

Interpersonal Magnets 268
Physical Beauty 268
Similarity 268
Reciprocal Liking 269
Complementary Needs 269
Costs and Rewards 270
Other Sources of Attraction 270
 Contents xix
xix

Coming Closer: Creating Intimate Relationships 270

Stages in the Development of Romantic Coupling 271
Initiating 271
Experimenting 271
Intensifying 272
Integrating 273
Bonding 274
The Development of Friendship 274
Rawlins’s Friendship Stages 274
Types of Friendships 276

Keeping It Together: Relational Maintenance 276

Balancing Relational Dialectics 276

The Expressive-Protective Dialectic 278
The Autonomy-Togetherness Dialectic 278
The Novelty-Predictability Dialectic 278
The Gender Role Dialectic 279
Working Out Dialectic Tensions 280
Perceptual Biases During Maintenance 280
Relational Maintenance Behaviors 281

Too Close for Comfort: When Relationships Self-Destruct 282

Stages in Relational Deterioration 283

Differentiating 283
Circumscribing 284
Stagnating 284
Avoiding 284
Terminating 285
Dysfunctional Relational Patterns 285
Why Patterns Are Important 285
Unhealthy Patterns of Communication 285
problems of punctuation 285
disconfirming responses 286
paradoxes and double binds 286
spirals and urps 287
Signs of Trouble to Come 288
Successful Couples 288
Unstable Couples 289
Gottman’s Four Horsemen 289
criticism 289
contempt 290
defensiveness 290
stonewalling 290
xx
xx Contents

Skill Building: Offering Effective Feedback 291

Process to Performance 291

Questioning Communication Revisited 291
Review Terms 292
Suggested Readings 292
Online Student Resources 293
Observation Guide 293
Exercises 293
interdisciplinary connection 11.1: Playing the Dating Game 272
interdisciplinary connection 11.2: Seeing Our Partners Through Rose-Colored Glasses 282
research in review 11.1: This Is Your Brain on Love 261
screening room 11.1: The Social Network 277

12 Managing Professional Relationships 295

Interpersonal Communication in Public Situations 296

Public Realms in History 296
Interacting in the Public Realm Today 297
Enacting Roles and Scripts 298
Showing and Deserving Respect 298
avoidance rituals 298
presentational rituals 299
demeanor 299
Giving Priority to Practical Goals 299
Making Room for Expressive Behavior 300

Communicating in Our Communities 300

Space and Place: Community Design and Communication 300

Third Places: Connecting with Your Community 301

Interacting in the Workplace 301

Sizing Up Organizational Cultures 302

Learning the Ropes 304
Attending to Organizational Stories and Rituals 304
narratives and stories 305
rituals and practices 305
Participating in Communication Networks 306
Joining the Team 306
Leading the Team 307
Building Teamwork Skills 308
establishing norms 308
developing cohesion 309
 Contents xxi
xxi

Coping with Supervision and Status 309

Status Differences in Communication 309
Effective Supervisory Communication 310
Serving the Customer 310
One-to-One Marketing 311
Internal Customer Relations 312

Balancing Personal and Professional Relationships 312

Framing Friendship in the Workplace 312
Managing the Office Romance 313
Deciphering the Boundaries between Home, Work, and Community 314

Skill Building: Approaches to Workplace Conflict 314

Choosing Your Conflict Style 316

Taking a Problem-Solving Approach to Negotiation 317
Compromise vs. Problem Solving 317
Problem-Solving Strategies 318
Rules for Cooperative Problem Solving 319

Process to Performance 321

Questioning Communication Revisited 321

Review Terms 321
Suggested Readings 322
Online Student Resources 322
Observation Guide 322
Exercises 322
interdisciplinary connection 12.1: The Conversational Organization 303
interdisciplinary connection 12.2: “Sorry, I’m Not Apologizing” 315
research review 12.1: Lessons from The Apprentice 307
screening room 12.1: Barbershop 302
screening room 12.2: Office Space 311

13 Interpersonal Communication, Culture, and Change 325

Cultural Influences 326

Dimensions of Difference 326

Locus of Control: Control vs. Constraint 327
Action Orientation: Doing vs. Being 329
Attitudes Toward Time: M-Time vs. P-Time 329
Connections to Others: Individualism vs. Collectivism 330
Communication Styles: Low-Context vs. High-Context 330
American Cultural Patterns 331
xxii
xxii Contents

Ethnic, Regional, and Class Differences 332

Shifting Cultural Identities 332
Ethnicity and Language Choices 332
Regional and Class Differences 334

Communicating Across Culture 336

Barriers to Intercultural Understanding 336

Prejudice 336
Communicating Prejudice 339
Ethnocentrism 340
Assumed Similarity 340

Historical Influences 340

The Colonial Period (1600–1780) 340

The Colonial Household 342
Codes of Conduct 342
Social Identity and Patriarchy 342
Gender Roles and Social Identity 343
The Early Industrial Period (1830–1880) 343
Social Change and Anxiety 343
The 19th-Century Home 343
Rudeness and Civility 344
Gender Roles and Personal Identity 344
The Modern Period (1900–1960) 344
Mass Consumption and the American Dream 344
Home and Family Values 345
Personality and Self-Expression 345
Sex and Self-Discovery 346

Skill Building: Increasing Sensitivity to Context 346

Adapting to International Differences 346

Increasing Cocultural Understanding 347

Process to Performance 348

Questioning Communication Revisited 348
Review Terms 348
Suggested Readings 349
Online Student Resources 349
Observation Guide 349
Exercises 349
interdisciplinary connection 13.1: The Thrill of Victory 327
interdisciplinary connection 13.2: If You Can’t Stand the Shame, Don’t Play the Game 335
 Contents xxiii
xxiii

research in review 13.1: When Nobody Knows Who You Really Are 341
screening room 13.1: Crash 337

Glossary 350
References 365

Illustration Credits 389

Indices 390
Feature Boxes

interdisciplinary connections
Bonzo Goes to College (Chapter 1) 7
Insulting the Meat (Chapter 1) 15
The Neuroscience of Love (Chapter 2) 28
Mind Your Manners (Chapter 2) 37
A Better Place to Live (Chapter 3) 54
The “Guarded Self” (Chapter 3) 68
Speaking with Names (Chapter 4) 90
From Raillery to Rant (Chapter 4) 101
Do Crows Really Use SUVs to Crack Nuts? (Chapter 5) 114
Hot Under the Collar or Cool Under Fire (Chapter 5) 119
The Power of the Present (Chapter 6) 134
Using Reflections and Interpretations (Chapter 6) 150
They Just Like to Be Not the Same as Us (Chapter 7) 163
Talking Tough in Teamsterville (Chapter 7) 167
The Saturated Self (Chapter 8) 181
Zen and the Art of Selflessness (Chapter 8) 188
Weapons of Influence (Chapter 9) 208
What’s in a Name? (Chapter 9) 219
Creating Hallmark Moments (Chapter 10) 239
Divorce Is When Your Family Is Dead (Chapter 10) 244
Playing the Dating Game (Chapter 11) 272
Seeing Our Partners Through Rose-Colored Classes (Chapter 11) 282
The Conversational Organization (Chapter 12) 303
“Sorry, I’m Not Apologizing” (Chapter 12) 315
The Thrill of Victory (Chapter 13) 327
If You Can’t Stand the Shame, Don’t Play the Game (Chapter 13) 335

research in review
Getting the Most Out of College (Chapter 1) 19
Stress and Interpersonal Communication (Chapter 2) 34
Pinocchio’s Nose (Chapter 3) 57
Please and Thank You, Two Magic Words That Open Any Door (Chapter 4) 84
When Parents and Children Don’t See Eye to Eye (Chapter 5) 121
When Being Mindful Really Matters (Chapter 6) 137
“Guys Can’t Say That to Guys” (Chapter 7) 161

xxiv
xxiv
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 “There,” said my companion, “comes the storm-breeder. He
always leaves a Scotch mist behind him. By many a wet jacket do I
remember him. I suppose the poor fellow suffers much himself,—
much more than is known to the world.”
Presently a man with a child beside him, with a large black
horse, and a weather-beaten chair, once built for a chaise-body,
passed in great haste, apparently at the rate of twelve miles an hour.
He seemed to grasp the reins of his horse with firmness, and
appeared to anticipate his speed. He seemed dejected, and looked
anxiously at the passengers, particularly at the stage-driver and
myself. In a moment after he passed us, the horses’ ears were up,
and bent themselves forward so that they nearly met.
“Who is that man?” said I; “he seems in great trouble.”
“Nobody knows who he is, but his person and the child are
familiar to me. I have met him more than a hundred times, and have
been so often asked the way to Boston by that man, even when he
was travelling directly from that town, that of late I have refused any
communication with him; and that is the reason he gave me such a
fixed look.”
“But does he never stop anywhere?”
“I have never known him to stop anywhere longer than to inquire
the way to Boston; and let him be where he may, he will tell you he
cannot stay a moment, for he must reach Boston that night.”
We were now ascending a high hill in Walpole; and as we had a
fair view of the heavens, I was rather disposed to jeer the driver for
thinking of his surtout, as not a cloud as big as a marble could be
discerned.
“Do you look,” said he, “in the direction whence the man came;
that is the place to look. The storm never meets him; it follows him.”
We presently approached another hill; and when at the height,
the driver pointed out in an eastern direction a little black speck
about as big as a hat. “There,” said he, “is the seed-storm. We may
possibly reach Polley’s before it reaches us, but the wanderer and
his child will go to Providence through rain, thunder, and lightning.”
 And now the horses, as though taught by instinct, hastened with
increased speed. The little black cloud came on rolling over the
turnpike, and doubled and trebled itself in all directions. The
appearance of this cloud attracted the notice of all the passengers,
for after it had spread itself to a great bulk it suddenly became more
limited in circumference, grew more compact, dark, and
consolidated. And now the successive flashes of chain lightning
caused the whole cloud to appear like a sort of irregular net-work,
and displayed a thousand fantastic images. The driver bespoke my
attention to a remarkable configuration in the cloud. He said every
flash of lightning near its centre discovered to him, distinctly, the form
of a man sitting in an open carriage drawn by a black horse. But in
truth I saw no such thing; the man’s fancy was doubtless at fault. It is
a very common thing for the imagination to paint for the senses, both
in the visible and invisible world.
In the mean time the distant thunder gave notice of a shower at
hand; and just as we reached Polley’s tavern the rain poured down
in torrents. It was soon over, the cloud passing in the direction of the
turnpike toward Providence. In a few moments after, a respectable-
looking man in a chaise stopped at the door. The man and child in
the chair having excited some little sympathy among the
passengers, the gentleman was asked if he had observed them. He
said he had met them; that the man seemed bewildered, and
inquired the way to Boston; that he was driving at great speed, as
though he expected to outstrip the tempest; that the moment he had
passed him, a thunder-clap broke directly over the man’s head, and
seemed to envelop both man and child, horse and carriage. “I
stopped,” said the gentleman, “supposing the lightning had struck
him, but the horse only seemed to loom up and increase his speed;
and as well as I could judge, he travelled just as fast as the thunder-
cloud.”
While this man was speaking, a pedler with a cart of tin
merchandise came up, all dripping; and on being questioned, he said
he had met that man and carriage, within a fortnight, in four different
States; that at each time he had inquired the way to Boston; and that
a thunder-shower like the present had each time deluged his wagon
and his wares, setting his tin pots, etc. afloat, so that he had
determined to get a marine insurance for the future. But that which
excited his surprise most was the strange conduct of his horse, for
long before he could distinguish the man in the chair, his own horse
stood still in the road, and flung back his ears. “In short,” said the
pedler, “I wish never to see that man and horse again; they do not
look to me as though they belonged to this world.”
This was all I could learn at that time; and the occurrence soon
after would have become with me, “like one of those things which
had never happened,” had I not, as I stood recently on the door-step
of Bennett’s hotel in Hartford, heard a man say, “There goes Peter
Rugg and his child! he looks wet and weary, and farther from Boston
than ever.” I was satisfied it was the same man I had seen more than
three years before; for whoever has once seen Peter Rugg can
never after be deceived as to his identity.
“Peter Rugg!” said I; “and who is Peter Rugg?”
“That,” said the stranger, “is more than any one can tell exactly.
He is a famous traveller, held in light esteem by all innholders, for he
never stops to eat, drink, or sleep. I wonder why the government
does not employ him to carry the mail.”
“Ay,” said a by-stander, “that is a thought bright only on one side;
how long would it take in that case to send a letter to Boston, for
Peter has already, to my knowledge, been more than twenty years
travelling to that place.”
“But,” said I, “does the man never stop anywhere; does he never
converse with any one? I saw the same man more than three years
since, near Providence, and I heard a strange story about him. Pray,
sir, give me some account of this man.”
“Sir,” said the stranger, “those who know the most respecting
that man, say the least. I have heard it asserted that Heaven
sometimes sets a mark on a man, either for judgment or a trial.
Under which Peter Rugg now labors, I cannot say; therefore I am
rather inclined to pity than to judge.”
 “You speak like a humane man,” said I; “and if you have known
him so long, I pray you will give me some account of him. Has his
appearance much altered in that time?”
“Why, yes. He looks as though he never ate, drank, or slept; and
his child looks older than himself, and he looks like time broken off
from eternity, and anxious to gain a resting-place.”
“And how does his horse look?” said I.
“As for his horse, he looks fatter and gayer, and shows more
animation and courage than he did twenty years ago. The last time
Rugg spoke to me he inquired how far it was to Boston. I told him
just one hundred miles.”
“‘Why,’ said he, ‘how can you deceive me so? It is cruel to
mislead a traveller. I have lost my way; pray direct me the nearest
way to Boston.’
“I repeated, it was one hundred miles.
“‘How can you say so?’ said he; ‘I was told last evening it was
but fifty, and I have travelled all night.’
“‘But,’ said I, ‘you are now travelling from Boston. You must turn
back.’
“‘Alas,’ said he, ‘it is all turn back! Boston shifts with the wind,
and plays all around the compass. One man tells me it is to the east,
another to the west; and the guide-posts too, they all point the wrong
way.’
“‘But will you not stop and rest?’ said I; ‘you seem wet and
weary.’
“‘Yes,’ said he, ‘it has been foul weather since I left home.’
“‘Stop, then, and refresh yourself.’
“‘I must not stop; I must reach home to-night, if possible: though I
think you must be mistaken in the distance to Boston.’
“He then gave the reins to his horse, which he restrained with
difficulty, and disappeared in a moment. A few days afterward I met
 38
the man a little this side of Claremont, winding around the hills in
Unity, at the rate, I believe, of twelve miles an hour.”
“Is Peter Rugg his real name, or has he accidentally gained that
name?”
“I know not, but presume he will not deny his name; you can ask
him,—for see, he has turned his horse, and is passing this way.”
In a moment a dark-colored, high-spirited horse approached,
and would have passed without stopping, but I had resolved to
speak to Peter Rugg, or whoever the man might be. Accordingly I
stepped into the street; and as the horse approached, I made a feint
of stopping him. The man immediately reined in his horse. “Sir,” said
I, “may I be so bold as to inquire if you are not Mr. Rugg? for I think I
have seen you before.”
“My name is Peter Rugg,” said he. “I have unfortunately lost my
way; I am wet and weary, and will take it kindly of you to direct me to
Boston.”
“You live in Boston, do you; and in what street?”
“In Middle Street.”
“When did you leave Boston?”
“I cannot tell precisely; it seems a considerable time.”
“But how did you and your child become so wet? It has not
rained here to-day.”
“It has just rained a heavy shower up the river. But I shall not
reach Boston to-night if I tarry. Would you advise me to take the old
road or the turnpike?”
“Why, the old road is one hundred and seventeen miles, and the
turnpike is ninety-seven.”
“How can you say so? You impose on me; it is wrong to trifle with
a traveller; you know it is but forty miles from Newburyport to
Boston.”
“But this is not Newburyport; this is Hartford.”
 “Do not deceive me, sir. Is not this town Newburyport, and the
river that I have been following the Merrimack?”
“No, sir; this is Hartford, and the river the Connecticut.”
He wrung his hands and looked incredulous. “Have the rivers,
too, changed their courses, as the cities have changed places? But
see! the clouds are gathering in the south, and we shall have a rainy
night. Ah, that fatal oath!”
He would tarry no longer; his impatient horse leaped off, his hind
flanks rising like wings; he seemed to devour all before him, and to
scorn all behind.
I had now, as I thought, discovered a clew to the history of Peter
Rugg; and I determined, the next time my business called me to
Boston, to make a further inquiry. Soon after, I was enabled to collect
the following particulars from Mrs. Croft, an aged lady in Middle
Street, who has resided in Boston during the last twenty years. Her
narration is this:
Just at twilight last summer a person stopped at the door of the
late Mrs. Rugg. Mrs. Croft on coming to the door perceived a
stranger, with a child by his side, in an old weather-beaten carriage,
with a black horse. The stranger asked for Mrs. Rugg, and was
informed that Mrs. Rugg had died at a good old age, more than
twenty years before that time.
The stranger replied, “How can you deceive me so? Do ask Mrs.
Rugg to step to the door.”
“Sir, I assure you Mrs. Rugg has not lived here these twenty
years; no one lives here but myself, and my name is Betsy Croft.”
The stranger paused, looked up and down the street, and said,
“Though the paint is rather faded, this looks like my house.”
“Yes,” said the child, “that is the stone before the door that I used
to sit on to eat my bread and milk.”
“But,” said the stranger, “it seems to be on the wrong side of the
street. Indeed, everything here seems to be misplaced. The streets
are all changed, the people are all changed, the town seems
changed, and what is strangest of all, Catherine Rugg has deserted
her husband and child. Pray,” continued the stranger, “has John Foy
come home from sea? He went a long voyage; he is my kinsman. If I
could see him, he could give me some account of Mrs. Rugg.”
“Sir,” said Mrs. Croft, “I never heard of John Foy. Where did he
live?”
“Just above here, in Orange-tree Lane.”
“There is no such place in this neighborhood.”
“What do you tell me! Are the streets gone? Orange-tree Lane is
at the head of Hanover Street, near Pemberton’s Hill.”
“There is no such lane now.”
“Madam, you cannot be serious! But you doubtless know my
brother, William Rugg. He lives in Royal Exchange Lane, near King
Street.”
“I know of no such lane; and I am sure there is no such street as
King Street in this town.”
“No such street as King Street! Why, woman, you mock me! You
may as well tell me there is no King George. However, madam, you
see I am wet and weary, I must find a resting-place. I will go to Hart’s
tavern, near the market.”
“Which market, sir? for you seem perplexed; we have several
markets.”
“You know there is but one market near the town dock.”
“Oh, the old market; but no such person has kept there these
twenty years.”
Here the stranger seemed disconcerted, and uttered to himself
quite audibly: “Strange mistake; how much this looks like the town of
Boston! It certainly has a great resemblance to it; but I perceive my
mistake now. Some other Mrs. Rugg, some other Middle Street.—
Then,” said he, “madam, can you direct me to Boston?”
 “Why, this is Boston, the city of Boston; I know of no other
Boston.”
“City of Boston it may be; but it is not the Boston where I live. I
recollect now, I came over a bridge instead of a ferry. Pray, what
bridge is that I just came over?”
“It is Charles River bridge.”
“I perceive my mistake: there is a ferry between Boston and
Charlestown; there is no bridge. Ah, I perceive my mistake. If I were
in Boston my horse would carry me directly to my own door. But my
horse shows by his impatience that he is in a strange place. Absurd,
that I should have mistaken this place for the old town of Boston! It is
a much finer city than the town of Boston. It has been built long since
Boston. I fancy Boston must lie at a distance from this city, as the
good woman seems ignorant of it.”
At these words his horse began to chafe, and strike the
pavement with his forefeet. The stranger seemed a little bewildered,
and said, “No home to-night;” and giving the reins to his horse,
passed up the street, and I saw no more of him.
It was evident that the generation to which Peter Rugg belonged
had passed away.
This was all the account of Peter Rugg I could obtain from Mrs.
Croft; but she directed me to an elderly man, Mr. James Felt, who
lived near her, and who had kept a record of the principal
occurrences for the last fifty years. At my request she sent for him;
and after I had related to him the object of my inquiry, Mr. Felt told
me he had known Rugg in his youth, and that his disappearance had
caused some surprise; but as it sometimes happens that men run
away,—sometimes to be rid of others, and sometimes to be rid of
themselves,—and Rugg took his child with him, and his own horse
and chair, and as it did not appear that any creditors made a stir, the
occurrence soon mingled itself in the stream of oblivion; and Rugg
and his child, horse, and chair were soon forgotten.
“It is true,” said Mr. Felt, “sundry stories grew out of Rugg’s affair,
whether true or false I cannot tell; but stranger things have happened
in my day, without even a newspaper notice.”
“Sir,” said I, “Peter Rugg is now living. I have lately seen Peter
Rugg and his child, horse, and chair; therefore I pray you to relate to
me all you know or ever heard of him.”
“Why, my friend,” said James Felt, “that Peter Rugg is now a
living man, I will not deny; but that you have seen Peter Rugg and
his child, is impossible, if you mean a small child; for Jenny Rugg, if
living, must be at least—let me see—Boston massacre, 1770—
Jenny Rugg was about ten years old. Why, sir, Jenny Rugg, if living,
must be more than sixty years of age. That Peter Rugg is living, is
highly probable, as he was only ten years older than myself, and I
was only eighty last March; and I am as likely to live twenty years
longer as any man.”
Here I perceived that Mr. Felt was in his dotage, and I despaired
of gaining any intelligence from him on which I could depend.
I took my leave of Mrs. Croft, and proceeded to my lodgings at
the Marlborough Hotel.
“If Peter Rugg,” thought I, “has been travelling since the Boston
massacre, there is no reason why he should not travel to the end of
time. If the present generation know little of him, the next will know
less, and Peter and his child will have no hold on this world.”
In the course of the evening, I related my adventure in Middle
Street.
“Ha!” said one of the company, smiling, “do you really think you
have seen Peter Rugg? I have heard my grandfather speak of him,
as though he seriously believed his own story.”
“Sir,” said I, “pray let us compare your grandfather’s story of Mr.
Rugg with my own.”
“Peter Rugg, sir,—if my grandfather was worthy of credit,—once
lived in Middle Street, in this city. He was a man in comfortable
circumstances, had a wife and one daughter, and was generally
esteemed for his sober life and manners. But unhappily, his temper,
at times, was altogether ungovernable, and then his language was
terrible. In these fits of passion, if a door stood in his way, he would
never do less than kick a panel through. He would sometimes throw
his heels over his head, and come down on his feet, uttering oaths in
a circle; and thus in a rage, he was the first who performed a
somerset, and did what others have since learned to do for
merriment and money. Once Rugg was seen to bite a tenpenny nail
in halves. In those days everybody, both men and boys, wore wigs;
and Peter, at these moments of violent passion, would become so
profane that his wig would rise up from his head. Some said it was
on account of his terrible language; others accounted for it in a more
philosophical way, and said it was caused by the expansion of his
scalp, as violent passion, we know, will swell the veins and expand
the head. While these fits were on him, Rugg had no respect for
heaven or earth. Except this infirmity, all agreed that Rugg was a
good sort of a man; for when his fits were over, nobody was so ready
to commend a placid temper as Peter.
“One morning, late in autumn, Rugg, in his own chair, with a fine
large bay horse, took his daughter and proceeded to Concord. On
his return a violent storm overtook him. At dark he stopped in
Menotomy, now West Cambridge, at the door of a Mr. Cutter, a friend
of his, who urged him to tarry the night. On Rugg’s declining to stop,
Mr. Cutter urged him vehemently. ‘Why, Mr. Rugg,’ said Cutter, ‘the
storm is overwhelming you. The night is exceedingly dark. Your little
daughter will perish. You are in an open chair, and the tempest is
increasing.’ ‘Let the storm increase,’ said Rugg, with a fearful oath, ‘I
will see home to-night, in spite of the last tempest, or may I never
see home!’ At these words he gave his whip to his high-spirited
horse and disappeared in a moment. But Peter Rugg did not reach
home that night, nor the next; nor, when he became a missing man,
could he ever be traced beyond Mr. Cutter’s, in Menotomy.
“For a long time after, on every dark and stormy night the wife of
Peter Rugg would fancy she heard the crack of a whip, and the fleet
tread of a horse, and the rattling of a carriage passing her door. The
neighbors, too, heard the same noises, and some said they knew it
was Rugg’s horse; the tread on the pavement was perfectly familiar
to them. This occurred so repeatedly that at length the neighbors
watched with lanterns, and saw the real Peter Rugg, with his own
horse and chair and the child sitting beside him, pass directly before
his own door, his head turned toward his house, and himself making
every effort to stop his horse, but in vain.
“The next day the friends of Mrs. Rugg exerted themselves to
find her husband and child. They inquired at every public house and
stable in town; but it did not appear that Rugg made any stay in
Boston. No one, after Rugg had passed his own door, could give any
account of him, though it was asserted by some that the clatter of
Rugg’s horse and carriage over the pavements shook the houses on
both sides of the streets. And this is credible, if indeed Rugg’s horse
and carriage did pass on that night; for at this day, in many of the
streets, a loaded truck or team in passing will shake the houses like
an earthquake. However, Rugg’s neighbors never afterward
watched. Some of them treated it all as a delusion, and thought no
more of it. Others of a different opinion shook their heads and said
nothing.
“Thus Rugg and his child, horse, and chair were soon forgotten;
and probably many in the neighborhood never heard a word on the
subject.
“There was indeed a rumor that Rugg was seen afterward in
Connecticut, between Suffield and Hartford, passing through the
country at headlong speed. This gave occasion to Rugg’s friends to
make further inquiry; but the more they inquired, the more they were
baffled. If they heard of Rugg one day in Connecticut, the next they
heard of him winding round the hills in New Hampshire; and soon
after a man in a chair, with a small child, exactly answering the
description of Peter Rugg, would be seen in Rhode Island inquiring
the way to Boston.
“But that which chiefly gave a color of mystery to the story of
Peter Rugg was the affair at Charleston bridge. The toll-gatherer
asserted that sometimes, on the darkest and most stormy nights,
when no object could be discerned, about the time Rugg was
missing, a horse and wheel-carriage, with a noise equal to a troop,
would at midnight, in utter contempt of the rates of toll, pass over the
bridge. This occurred so frequently that the toll-gatherer resolved to
attempt a discovery. Soon after, at the usual time, apparently the
same horse and carriage approached the bridge from Charlestown
square. The toll-gatherer, prepared, took his stand as near the
middle of the bridge as he dared, with a large three-legged stool in
his hand; as the appearance passed, he threw the stool at the horse,
but heard nothing except the noise of the stool skipping across the
bridge. The toll-gatherer on the next day asserted that the stool went
directly through the body of the horse, and he persisted in that belief
ever after. Whether Rugg, or whoever the person was, ever passed
the bridge again, the toll-gatherer would never tell; and when
questioned, seemed anxious to waive the subject. And thus Peter
Rugg and his child, horse, and carriage, remain a mystery to this
day.”
This, sir, is all that I could learn of Peter Rugg in Boston.
FURTHER ACCOUNT OF PETER RUGG
By JONATHAN DUNWELL
In the autumn of 1825 I attended the races at Richmond in
Virginia. As two new horses of great promise were run, the race-
ground was never better attended, nor was expectation ever more
deeply excited. The partisans of Dart and Lightning, the two race-
horses, were equally anxious and equally dubious of the result. To
an indifferent spectator, it was impossible to perceive any difference.
They were equally beautiful to behold, alike in color and height, and
as they stood side by side they measured from heel to forefeet within
half an inch of each other. The eyes of each were full, prominent,
and resolute; and when at times they regarded each other, they
assumed a lofty demeanor, seemed to shorten their necks, project
their eyes, and rest their bodies equally on their four hoofs. They
certainly showed signs of intelligence, and displayed a courtesy to
each other unusual even with statesmen.
It was now nearly twelve o’clock, the hour of expectation, doubt,
and anxiety. The riders mounted their horses; and so trim, light, and
airy they sat on the animals as to seem a part of them. The
spectators, many deep in a solid column, had taken their places, and
as many thousand breathing statues were there as spectators. All
eyes were turned to Dart and Lightning and their two fairy riders.
There was nothing to disturb this calm except a busy woodpecker on
a neighboring tree. The signal was given, and Dart and Lightning
answered it with ready intelligence. At first they proceed at a slow
trot, then they quicken to a canter, and then a gallop; presently they
sweep the plain. Both horses lay themselves flat on the ground, their
riders bending forward and resting their chins between their horses’
ears. Had not the ground been perfectly level, had there been any
undulation, the least rise and fall, the spectator would now and then
have lost sight of both horses and riders.
While these horses, side by side, thus appeared, flying without
wings, flat as a hare, and neither gaining on the other, all eyes were
diverted to a new spectacle. Directly in the rear of Dart and
Lightning, a majestic black horse of unusual size, drawing an old
weather-beaten chair, strode over the plain; and although he
appeared to make no effort, for he maintained a steady trot, before
Dart and Lightning approached the goal the black horse and chair
had overtaken the racers, who, on perceiving this new competitor
pass them, threw back their ears, and suddenly stopped in their
course. Thus neither Dart nor Lightning carried away the purse.
The spectators now were exceedingly curious to learn whence
came the black horse and chair. With many it was the opinion that
nobody was in the vehicle. Indeed, this began to be the prevalent
opinion; for those at a short distance, so fleet was the black horse,
could not easily discern who, if anybody, was in the carriage. But
both the riders, very near to whom the black horse passed, agreed in
this particular,—that a sad-looking man and a little girl were in the
chair. When they stated this I was satisfied that the man was Peter
Rugg. But what caused no little surprise, John Spring, one of the
riders (he who rode Lightning) asserted that no earthly horse without
breaking his trot could, in a carriage, outstrip his race-horse; and he
persisted, with some passion, that it was not a horse,—or, he was
sure it was not a horse, but a large black ox. “What a great black ox
can do,” said John, “I cannot pretend to say; but no race-horse, not
even flying Childers, could out-trot Lightning in a fair race.”
 This opinion of John Spring excited no little merriment, for it was
obvious to every one that it was a powerful black horse that
interrupted the race; but John Spring, jealous of Lightning’s
reputation as a horse, would rather have it thought that any other
beast, even an ox, had been the victor. However, the “horse-laugh”
at John Spring’s expense was soon suppressed; for as soon as Dart
and Lightning began to breathe more freely, it was observed that
both of them walked deliberately to the track of the race-ground, and
putting their heads to the earth, suddenly raised them again and
began to snort. They repeated this till John Spring said,—“These
horses have discovered something strange; they suspect foul play.
Let me go and talk with Lightning.”
He went up to Lightning and took hold of his mane; and
Lightning put his nose toward the ground and smelt of the earth
without touching it, then reared his head very high, and snorted so
loudly that the sound echoed from the next hill. Dart did the same.
John Spring stooped down to examine the spot where Lightning had
smelled. In a moment he raised himself up, and the countenance of
the man was changed. His strength failed him, and he sidled against
Lightning.
At length John Spring recovered from his stupor and exclaimed,
“It was an ox! I told you it was an ox. No real horse ever yet beat
Lightning.”
And now, on a close inspection of the black horse’s tracks in the
path, it was evident to every one that the forefeet of the black horse
were cloven. Notwithstanding these appearances, to me it was
evident that the strange horse was in reality a horse. Yet when the
people left the race-ground, I presume one half of all those present
would have testified that a large black ox had distanced two of the
fleetest coursers that ever trod the Virginia turf. So uncertain are all
things called historical facts.
While I was proceeding to my lodgings, pondering on the events
of the day, a stranger rode up to me, and accosted me thus,—“I think
your name is Dunwell, sir.”
“Yes, sir,” I replied.
 “Did I not see you a year or two since in Boston, at the
Marlborough Hotel?”
“Very likely, sir, for I was there.”
“And you heard a story about one Peter Rugg?”
“I recollect it all,” said I.
“The account you heard in Boston must be true, for here he was
to-day. The man has found his way to Virginia, and for aught that
appears, has been to Cape Horn. I have seen him before to-day, but
never saw him travel with such fearful velocity. Pray, sir, where does
Peter Rugg spend his winters, for I have seen him only in summer,
and always in foul weather, except this time?”
I replied, “No one knows where Peter Rugg spends his winters;
where or when he eats, drinks, sleeps, or lodges. He seems to have
an indistinct idea of day and night, time and space, storm and
sunshine. His only object is Boston. It appears to me that Rugg’s
horse has some control of the chair; and that Rugg himself is, in
some sort, under the control of his horse.”
I then inquired of the stranger where he first saw the man and
horse.
“Why, sir,” said he, “in the summer of 1824, I travelled to the
North for my health; and soon after I saw you at the Marlborough
Hotel I returned homeward to Virginia, and, if my memory is correct, I
saw this man and horse in every State between here and
Massachusetts. Sometimes he would meet me, but oftener overtake
me. He never spoke but once, and that once was in Delaware. On
his approach he checked his horse with some difficulty. A more
beautiful horse I never saw; his hide was as fair and rotund and
glossy as the skin of a Congo beauty. When Rugg’s horse
approached mine he reined in his neck, bent his ears forward until
they met, and looked my horse full in the face. My horse immediately
withered into half a horse, his hide curling up like a piece of burnt
leather; spell-bound, he was fixed to the earth as though a nail had
been driven through each hoof.
 “‘Sir,’ said Rugg, ‘perhaps you are travelling to Boston; and if so,
I should be happy to accompany you, for I have lost my way, and I
must reach home to-night. See how sleepy this little girl looks; poor
thing, she is a picture of patience.’
“‘Sir,’ said I, ‘it is impossible for you to reach home to-night, for
you are in Concord, in the county of Sussex, in the State of
Delaware.’
“‘What do you mean,’ said he, ‘by State of Delaware? If I were in
Concord, that is only twenty miles from Boston, and my horse
Lightfoot could carry me to Charlestown ferry in less than two hours.
You mistake, sir; you are a stranger here; this town is nothing like
Concord. I am well acquainted with Concord. I went to Concord
when I left Boston.’
“‘But,’ said I, ‘you are in Concord, in the State of Delaware.’
“‘What do you mean by State?’ said Rugg.
“‘Why, one of the United States.’
“‘States!’ said he, in a low voice; ‘the man is a wag, and would
persuade me I am in Holland.’ Then, raising his voice, he said, ‘You
seem, sir, to be a gentleman, and I entreat you to mislead me not:
tell me, quickly, for pity’s sake, the right road to Boston, for you see
my horse will swallow his bits; he has eaten nothing since I left
Concord.’
“‘Sir,’ said I, ‘this town is Concord,—Concord in Delaware, not
Concord in Massachusetts; and you are now five hundred miles from
Boston.’
“Rugg looked at me for a moment, more in sorrow than
resentment, and then repeated, ‘Five hundred miles! Unhappy man,
who would have thought him deranged; but nothing in this world is
so deceitful as appearances. Five hundred miles! This beats
Connecticut River.’
“What he meant by Connecticut River, I know not; his horse
broke away, and Rugg disappeared in a moment.”
 I explained to the stranger the meaning of Rugg’s expression,
“Connecticut River,” and the incident respecting him that occurred at
Hartford, as I stood on the door-stone of Mr. Bennett’s excellent
hotel. We both agreed that the man we had seen that day was the
true Peter Rugg.
Soon after, I saw Rugg again, at the toll-gate on the turnpike
between Alexandria and Middleburgh. While I was paying the toll, I
observed to the toll-gatherer that the drought was more severe in his
vicinity than farther south.
“Yes,” said he, “the drought is excessive; but if I had not heard
yesterday, by a traveller, that the man with the black horse was seen
in Kentucky a day or two since, I should be sure of a shower in a few
minutes.”
I looked all around the horizon, and could not discern a cloud
that could hold a pint of water.
“Look, sir,” said the toll-gatherer, “you perceive to the eastward,
just above that hill, a small black cloud not bigger than a blackberry,
and while I am speaking it is doubling and trebling itself, and rolling
up the turnpike steadily, as if its sole design was to deluge some
object.”
“True,” said I, “I do perceive it; but what connection is there
between a thunder-cloud and a man and horse?”
“More than you imagine, or I can tell you; but stop a moment, sir,
I may need your assistance. I know that cloud; I have seen it several
times before, and can testify to its identity. You will soon see a man
and black horse under it.”
While he was speaking, true enough, we began to hear the
distant thunder, and soon the chain-lightning performed all the
figures of a country-dance. About a mile distant we saw the man and
black horse under the cloud; but before he arrived at the toll-gate,
the thunder-cloud had spent itself, and not even a sprinkle fell near
us.
As the man, whom I instantly knew to be Rugg, attempted to
pass, the toll-gatherer swung the gate across the road, seized
Rugg’s horse by the reins, and demanded two dollars.
Feeling some little regard for Rugg, I interfered, and began to
question the toll-gatherer, and requested him not to be wroth with the
man. The toll-gatherer replied that he had just cause, for the man
had run his toll ten times, and moreover that the horse had
discharged a cannon-ball at him, to the great danger of his life; that
the man had always before approached so rapidly that he was too
quick for the rusty hinges of the toll-gate; “but now I will have full
satisfaction.”
Rugg looked wistfully at me, and said, “I entreat you, sir, to delay
me not; I have found at length the direct road to Boston, and shall
not reach home before night if you detain me. You see I am dripping
wet, and ought to change my clothes.”
The toll-gatherer then demanded why he had run his toll so
many times.
“Toll! Why,” said Rugg, “do you demand toll? There is no toll to
pay on the king’s highway.”
“King’s highway! Do you not perceive this is a turnpike?”
“Turnpike! there are no turnpikes in Massachusetts.”
“That may be, but we have several in Virginia.”
“Virginia! Do you pretend I am in Virginia?”
Rugg then, appealing to me, asked how far it was to Boston.
Said I, “Mr. Rugg, I perceive you are bewildered, and am sorry to
see you so far from home; you are, indeed, in Virginia.”
“You know me, then, sir, it seems; and you say I am in Virginia.
Give me leave to tell you, sir, you are the most impudent man alive;
for I was never forty miles from Boston, and I never saw a Virginian
in my life. This beats Delaware!”
“Your toll, sir, your toll!”
“I will not pay you a penny,” said Rugg; “you are both of you
highway robbers. There are no turnpikes in this country. Take toll on
the king’s highway! Robbers take toll on the king’s highway!” Then in
a low tone, he said, “Here is evidently a conspiracy against me; alas,
I shall never see Boston! The highways refuse me a passage, the
rivers change their courses, and there is no faith in the compass.”
But Rugg’s horse had no idea of stopping more than one minute;
for in the midst of this altercation, the horse, whose nose was resting
on the upper bar of the turnpike-gate, seized it between his teeth,
lifted it gently off its staples, and trotted off with it. The toll-gatherer,
confounded, strained his eyes after his gate.
“Let him go,” said I, “the horse will soon drop your gate, and you
will get it again.”
I then questioned the toll-gatherer respecting his knowledge of
this man; and he related the following particulars:—
“The first time,” said he, “that man ever passed this toll-gate was
in the year 1806, at the moment of the great eclipse. I thought the
horse was frightened at the sudden darkness, and concluded he had
run away with the man. But within a few days after, the same man
and horse repassed with equal speed, without the least respect to
the toll-gate or to me, except by a vacant stare. Some few years
afterward, during the late war, I saw the same man approaching
again, and I resolved to check his career. Accordingly I stepped into
the middle of the road, and stretched wide both my arms, and cried,
‘Stop, sir, on your peril!’ At this the man said, ‘Now, Lightfoot,
confound the robber!’ at the same time he gave the whip liberally to
the flank of his horse, which bounded off with such force that it
appeared to me two such horses, give them a place to stand, would
overcome any check man could devise. An ammunition wagon which
had just passed on to Baltimore had dropped an eighteen pounder in
the road; this unlucky ball lay in the way of the horse’s heels, and the
beast, with the sagacity of a demon, clinched it with one of his heels
and hurled it behind him. I feel dizzy in relating the fact, but so nearly
did the ball pass my head, that the wind thereof blew off my hat; and
the ball embedded itself in that gate-post, as you may see if you will
cast your eye on the post. I have permitted it to remain there in
memory of the occurrence,—as the people of Boston, I am told,
preserve the eighteen-pounder which is now to be seen half
imbedded in Brattle Street church.”
I then took leave of the toll-gatherer, and promised him if I saw or
heard of his gate I would send him notice.
A strong inclination had possessed me to arrest Rugg and
search his pockets, thinking great discoveries might be made in the
examination; but what I saw and heard that day convinced me that
no human force could detain Peter Rugg against his consent. I
therefore determined if I ever saw Rugg again to treat him in the
gentlest manner.
In pursuing my way to New York, I entered on the turnpike in
Trenton; and when I arrived at New Brunswick, I perceived the road
was newly macadamized. The small stones had just been laid
thereon. As I passed this piece of road, I observed that, at regular
distances of about eight feet, the stones were entirely displaced from
spots as large as the circumference of a half-bushel measure. This
singular appearance induced me to inquire the cause of it at the
turnpike-gate.
“Sir,” said the toll-gatherer, “I wonder not at the question, but I
am unable to give you a satisfactory answer. Indeed, sir, I believe I
am bewitched, and that the turnpike is under a spell of enchantment;
for what appeared to me last night cannot be a real transaction,
otherwise a turnpike-gate is a useless thing.”
“I do not believe in witchcraft or enchantment,” said I; “and if you
will relate circumstantially what happened last night, I will endeavor
to account for it by natural means.”
“You may recollect the night was uncommonly dark. Well, sir, just
after I had closed the gate for the night, down the turnpike, as far as
my eye could reach, I beheld what at first appeared to be two armies
engaged. The report of the musketry, and the flashes of their
firelocks, were incessant and continuous. As this strange spectacle
approached me with the fury of a tornado, the noise increased; and
the appearance rolled on in one compact body over the surface of
the ground. The most splendid fireworks rose out of the earth and