BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT

UTAH \

AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY
AND PREDICTIVE MODEL
OF SELECTED AREAS
OF UTAH'S CISCO DESERT
John E. Bradley, William R. Killam, Geor�e R. Bums, and Marilyn A, Martorano

CULTURAL RESOURCE SERIES

No. 18
 UTAH

,."'" E ,

CISCO \\I
STUDY
R AREA

CE
AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY
AND PREDICTIVE MODEL
OF SELECTED AREAS
OF UTAH'S CISCO DESERT

John E. Bradley, William R. Killam, George R. Burns, and Marilyn A. Martorano

Under the Direction

of

Goodson & Associates, Inc.

William R. Killam, P.I.

Lakewood, Colorado

No. 18
Cultural Resource Series

Utah State Office

Bureau of Land Management
Salt Lake City, Utah

1986
 The Cisco III investigations reported herein are the logical continuation of those included
in Volume 5 of this series. Both volumes report on sample-oriented surveys of public land in
portions of the Cisco Desert in Grand County Utah, Moab District. Originally thought to be an
extremely low site density area, this current volume reports areas of high (over 25 sites per square
mile) site density. Because of this unexpected plethora of sites, the survey sample of 80,000 acres
was reduced ftom 10% to 5% after the first fieldwork session.

This report used the statistical procedures and environmental factors presented in Volume
11 of this series to build a preliminary predictive model based on existing data from Volume 5.
The results of this study, however, indicate the use of soil maps is simpler and more accurate for
predicting areas of relative site densities in the Cisco Desert.

In addition to providing a simplified management tool for over 220,000 acres of public
land, this volume presents an expanded view of prehistoric utilization of a marginal environment.
This volume, therefore, should prove useful to Federal land managers and cultural resource inves­
tigators alike.

Richard E. Fike, Series Editor

 ABSTRACT

A s ample-oriented cultural resources survey of 80,000 acres in Grand

County , eas t - central Utah , was undertaken and a predictive model was
c onstructed us ing previous ly collected data . Fieldwork was c onducted in
1 9 8 3 by Goodson & A s s o c i ates , Inc . o f Lakewood , Colorado , under contract
with the Bureau of Land Management. Initial ly a 10% unstrati fied random
s amp ling strategy was devised, with the collected data to be use d in testing
the mode l . Upon initiation o f the fieldwork , it was d i sc overed that s ite
dens ity was much higher than antic ipated, based on frequenci e s reported in
the p revious ly surveyed study tracts . Consequently, the sample fraction was
reduce d to 5 % . Data collected from 100 40 - acre transects were used to
construct a predict ive model . An additional 1 7 transects were surveyed as
an independent s ample and the resultant data , as well as other informat i on ,
were used to test the model . A total of 1 2 6 s ites was recorded with 8 8
s ites used in model construction . S ite dens ities ranged from three to
twelve t imes h i gher, depending on the sens itivity z one, than was indic ated
by p revious survey.

S everal model s were constructed us ing discriminant analys i s .

Class if ication accuracy c ons istently ranged above 8 0 % . In addition to the
traditional environmental var iables analy s i s , s o i l groups were suc c e ss fully
use d to discriminate between s ite and nons ite loc i . Relat ionships among the
traditional environmental variables and s o i l groups were demonstrated , and
s ite s ens itivity z ones were developed us ing the s o i l mode l s . Future
research directions are recommended .

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT i

LIST OF FIGURES iv

LI ST OF TABLES vi

CHAPTER I . INTRODUCTI ON 1

Survey S trategy and Methodology . 5

Data Analys i s and Report Preparat ion 8

CHAPTER I I . ENVIRONMENTAL OVERVI EW 9

Location . . . 9
Geomorphology 9
Hydrology 9
Soils 14
Vege tat ion 15
C l imate 15
Fauna 19
D i scus s ion 19

CHAPTER I I I . CULTURAL HI STORY OF THE CISCO DES ERT REGI ON 21

Paleo-Indian S tage 21
Archa ic S tage 21
Formative S tage 22
Late Preh i s toric/Protohis toric S tage 23
Euro - American Contact . . . . 24

CHAPTER IV . CULTURAL RESOURCES IN THE PROJECT AREA 25

Preh i s toric Res ourc e s 25

S i te Types 25
Material Cul ture . . 30
Material Types . 30
Art i fact Classes 31
Proj e c t i l e Po ints 31
Biface s . . . . . 40
Edge Retouched Flakes 40
G roundstone 43
Ceramics 43
D iscus s i on . . 45

His toric Res ources 45

S it e Types . . . 45
Material Culture 47
Dat ing H i s toric Art i facts 47
Dat ing the His toric S i tes 49

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS - (CONTINUED)

Page

National Register Cons iderations 57

Eligible Preh i s toric Resources 58
Not El igible . . . . . . . . 60
El i gible H i s toric Resources . 60
Not El igib l e . . . . . . . 60
D i scus s i on . . . . . . . . 60
Management Recommendations 61

CHAPTER V . PREDICTIVE MODELING 63

Original 10% Model . 63

Re search D e s i gn . 64
Field Testing the 10% Model 66
Building the 5% Model s . 68
Testing the 5 % Mo del s 74
D is cus s ion . . . . . 75

CHAPTER VI . SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 78

Recommendat ions 83

REFERENCES CITED 87

APPENDIX 1 94

A. Map of General S o i l Units 95

B. Descript ion o f General S o i l Uni ts 96

APPEND I X 2 Preh i s toric S i te Summary 99

APPENDIX 3 H i s toric S i te Summary 111

iii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Page

1. C isco III Cultural Res ources S tudy Are a . . . . . 2

2. C i sc o Proj e c t Area Boundaries and 1 9 8 3 Transect Locati ons 3

3. F i r s t Transect Selec ted. . . . . . . . 6

4. Location o f Geology and S o i l s Cross S e c tion and General

S o i l Units in the C i s c o Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5. Repre sentative Geologic and S o i l s Cross Section C i s c o III 11

6. Cottonwood Wash . 12

7. Cottonwood Wash . 12

8. Wes twater Creek l o oking north from s i te 42GR1 7 l 5 13

9. Mat Saltbush Vegetation a t 42GR1 6 7 7 , looking eas t . 16

10. Grass Vegetational Zone , looking north toward the

B o ok C l i ffs . . . . . . . . . . 16

11 . Greasewood Vegetation a t s i te 42GR16 2 8 , l o oking southwes t 17

12 . Upland Vegetational Zone dominated by Juniper Woodlands ,

l ooking northwes t toward the Book Cl i ffs . . . . . . 17

13 . Prehistoric S i te Locations and NRHP Recommendations 26

14 . Historic S ite Locations and NRHP Re commendat ions . . 27

15 . C is c o III Preh istoric Camp s i te and Lithic Scatter Locations

and G eneral S o i l Uni t Boundaries 28

16 . Large Elko Corner-Notched Points 34

17 . Large S ide - Notched Po int and Medium Elko Corne r - No tched Points 36

18 . Lanceo 1ate Points . 37

19 . P into S e r i e s Po ints . 38

20 . Small S ide - No tched Po ints . 39

21 . Small Corner -Notched Late Prehistoric/Pro to - H i s toric Po ints 41

22. 42GR16 3 1 . 1 Shoshonean Kni fe 42

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES - (CONTINUED)

Page

23. 42GR168 6.l. Mancos Gray Sherd 42

24. C i sco III Preh i s toric Camps ites and Lithic S catters w i th
Known Cul tural Aff i l iations 46

25. IF76. C ircular Brass Faceplate Pres sure Gauge 48

26. 42GR1678.4. "Budwe i s er" Bottle 54

2 7. 42GR1699.27. Perfume Bottle 55

2 8. 42GR1 699.l9. Medicine Bottle. 55

29. 42GR1 699.5. Soda Bottle 56

30. 42GR1 6 6 l. Rockshelter , fac ing e a s t. 59

31. Preh i s toric S i te Dens i t ie s and Sens itivity Zones with in

the C isco III Projec t Area 81

32. General Soil Uni ts w i thin the C i sco Area with .8 Mile
Buffer Zone 85

v
 LIST OF TABLES

Page

1. Vegetation Observed in Proj ect Area 18

2. Key Temperature Data for the Cisco Area 20

3. Fauna Obs e rved During Ci sco I I I Survey 20

4. Site Type Frequenc ies . . . . . 29

5. Percentages of Material Types 32

6. Proposed Proj ectile Po int Temporal Spans 33

7. 42GR167 2 . Bead Varieties per H i l l 50

8. 4 2GR1 67 2 . Bead Varie ties for Entire S i te . 51

9. Management Recommendations Summary 62

10 . Variab l e s Coded for the 10% Mode l . 65

11 . Canonical D i s c r iminant Func tion Coeffic ients and Assoc iated

Group Means for Original 10% Preh i s toric Model . . . . .
. . 67

12 . C l a s s ification Accuracy in % for Original 10%

Preh i s toric Model . . . .
. . . . . .
. . 67

13 . General So i l s Unit s and Corresponding Field Symb o l s 70

14 . Class ification Accuracy in % for Traditional and

Soi l Variables . . . . . . . . . . 71

15 . Canonical D i s c riminant Funct ion Coeff icients and

Ass o c i ated Group Means for Traditional Variable s at
the . 05 Confidence Level . . . . . . . . . . 72

16 . Canonical D i s c riminant Funct ion Coeffic ients and

Ass o c i ated Group Means for So il Variables at the
. 05 Conf idence Level . . . . . . . 73

17 . General Landform , Soil , Vege tation and Locat ion Data

for S ite Types and Dens i ty Zones 77

18 . Site Dens i ty in the Proj ect Area 80

vi
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This proj ect was conce ived as the logical continuat ion o f cultural
resource s inves tigations in the Cisco Desert o f Grand County , eas t - central
Utah ( Fi gure 1 ) . As ide from numerous small , energy - related surveys , two
maj or surveys were undertaken in 1 9 7 8 and 1979 by Nickens and Assoc iates,
Inc . of Montro s e , Colorado . Thes e cons is ted of Cla s s II random s trati fied
surveys at a 10% sampling fraction totaling approximately 145 , 00 0 acres
( Figure 2 ) ( Reed and Nickens 1 9 8 0 ) . The lates t effort , C i s c o I I I , was
o r i ginally des igned to continue the 10% random s trati fied s ampling of an
additional 8 0 , 0 0 0 acres in the intermediate and adj acent areas , resulting in
a total s ampling universe o f 2 25 , 000 acres of federally - adminis tered land .

Accurate determination of the Cisco Desert vegetation " s trata" had

been problematical in 1 9 7 8 and 1 9 7 9 , and it was agreed that a s imple random
s ample would be more appropriate with the vege tation boundaries identi fied
dur ing the survey . The presence o f s and dune s ites near Cottonwood Wash in
the C isco I I I s tudy area found subsequent to the 1 9 7 8 and 1 9 7 9 f ieldwork
( Babcock 1 9 8 1 ) als o supported a sampling scheme unres tr i c ted by general
vegetati on s tratification . The work of Larralde and Chandler ( 19 8 1 ) in the
Uinta Bas in , demons trating the unique vegetative nature and associated
di fficul t i e s in defining sand dune localities , further supported a s imple
random s ample , as opp o s ed to proportionally s tratified , sampling s cheme .

The contract requi red that a predict ive model o f prehis toric s i te and
nons i te locations be cons tructed prior to fi eldwork us ing previously
collected data . The Cisco I I I field survey results would then be an
independent tes t o f b o th the model and the hypotheses generated by the
p revious work o f Nickens and Assoc iates , Inc . The model would have a
predictive accuracy o f at least 80% for both s ite and nons i te locations , or
i f not , i t would be refined us ing the Cisco III survey data and b e further
tes ted with independent data . S i te dens ity and s ens itivity maps generated
from the model would be cons tructed reflect ing probab il i t i e s of s i te and
nons ite o ccurrence for use by BLM resource managers .

The o r i g inal model was cons tructed from 38 preh i storic s ite locat ions
and 57 randomly s ampled nons ite transects encountered during Nickens and
A s s o c iate s , Inc. 1 9 7 8 and 1 9 7 9 fieldwork . Following previously succes s ful
modeling attempts by Holmer ( 1 9 79 ) , Burges s et al. ( 19 80 ) , Larralde and
Chandler ( 1 9 8 1 ) and Kvamme ( 19 8 2 ) o f s omewhat s imilar environmental
cond i t i ons , 16 environmental variables were encoded for each prehis toric
s i te and nons i te location. Clas s i fication accuracy o f 8 7 % for prehistoric
s ites and 83% for nons i tes at the . 05 confidence level was obtained .

During early s tages of the fieldwork , it became apparent the model

would be inadequate in discriminating between s i tes and nons i te s in the
C i s c o I I I proj ect area . After only 2% of the proj ect area had been s ampled
( 16 0 0 acres ) , 49 s i tes were recorded us ing s i te defini tions ident ical to
thos e of the previous surveys . This was nearly as many as the total number
of s i tes previously recorded (53 ) in the 1 9 7 8 and 1 9 7 9 surveys of 14 , 080
acres. Many of the sites enc o untere d in the Cisco III survey were located
 IDAHO

WYOMING

N
I

0 I 60

miles

�_ River
___

CISCO STUDY AREA --1-__

Grand Junction

UTAH COLORADO
NEW MEXICO
ARIZONA

FIGURE 1 . Location of C i s c o Cultural Res ources S tudy Area

(After Nickens 1 9 8 0 ) .

2
 ... H��:::::::: ::
� . . . . . .. ::

- Transectl in 596 S a m p le
"" Additional Transects
01983 Study Area
� 1979 Study Area
� 1978 StudyArea
O State and Private Lands
o Lands Outside of Project Area

N
�
o
-
I 3
-
miles

Ig
.«

::il�
!- oJ
:)'0

1°
.

I
T.2 1 S

R . 21 E R .22E R.2 3 E R .2 4 E R.25E R .2 6 E

FIGURE 2 . Cisco Proj ect Area Boundaries and 1 9 83 Transect

Locat ions.

3
in microenvironmental z ones that were not present in the previous areas ,
e . g . , sand and s i l t dunes and rockshe l ters . Whereas the p revious work
indic ated s ite dens i ty would range from a low of 0 . 3 8 to a h i gh o f 9 . 6 s ites
per s quare mile depending on environmental s tratum , the initial C i s c o I I I
data average was over 1 9 s i tes per square mile , o r 8 times the overall s ite
dens i ty f i gure for the comb ined 1978 and 1979 fieldwork . Predictive
accuracy of the model verified what was obvious ; only 15% of the prehis toric
s i tes were accurately p redicted . Nons ite predict ion accuracy , however , was
h i gh at 9 2 % , and indicated the low s ite dens ity desert shrub areas were
s imilar to thos e surveyed in 1 9 7 8 and 1 9 7 9 .

Due to the sub stantial increase in s ite dens i ty , it was nec e s s ary to
re fine the model to account for the h i gher dens i ty areas . Because o f the
p otential numbe r o f s ites to be recorded and budgetary restrict ions , the
s ampl ing frac tion was reduced to 5% ; 4 , 000 acres rather than 8 , 000 acres
would b e intens ively surveyed . However , the 5% samp l e o f the more
environmentally diverse area obvious ly could no t be used to tes t a mode l
bui l t on the more environmentally homogeneous 1 9 7 8 and 1 9 7 9 field data .
Information on the environmental variables from the s i tes and nons ites
with in the C i sco I I I s tudy area would have to be entered into a new model
that would ideally predict s ite and nons ite locations for the entire 2 25 , 000
acre C isco Desert region. The change in sample fract ion and s ample s iz e
also precluded the u s e o f the previous data i n building the new model . The
"5% s o lution" , as i t came to be known , would be to build the model on the 5 %
survey data from the 1 9 83 f i e l d s eason and then tes t the model o n the
independent data collected during the previous surveys rather than vice
ver s a as o r iginally p l anned .

Contract No . YA-553 - CT2-138 was executed in S ep tember , 1 9 8 2 , after a

modified prop o s al had been accepted by the BLM contracting officer , Ronald
Cors i . Bruce Louthan , Moab D i s tr ict Archaeologist , served as the
C ontract ing Officer's Representative and main po int of contact . The
princ ipal inve s t i gator ' s respons ib i l i ties for Goods on & As s o c iate s , Inc .
were shared j o intly by Will iam R . Killam and J ohn E . Bradley .

The s tated purposes o f the contract were to provide data for proj ect
area planning and environmental analysis , to collect cultural r e s ource s data
to further define cultural proces s es and the nature of the resource s , and to
provide recommendations for future res earch needs and directions . The BLM
i s mandated by Federal legislation to identify , evaluate and protect
cul tural res ources on pub l ic lands under its adminis tration . The s e laws
include the Reservo ir S alvage Act of 1 9 60 , as amended by P . L . 93-2 9 1 ; the
National H i s toric Preservation Act of 1 9 6 6 , as amended ; the National
Environmental Pol icy Act of 1 9 6 9 ; the Federal Land Po l icy and Management Act
o f 1 9 7 6 and Executive Order 11593 . Interest in the C i s c o area was
pre c ip i tated by the then increas ing amount of energy - re lated exp loration and
devel opment , and concurrent requirements for surveys prior to land­
dis turb ing ac tivitie s . This proj ect was s een as a pos s ib le way to decrease
the nee d for survey in areas where probabil ity o f encountering s igni fi cant
resources are low , and can be predicted with a high level o f confidence .

In working toward the general obj ective o f gene rat ing cultural
resource s data for area-wide pl anning , several specific obj ectives were met .
Recorded data from 1 2 6 s i tes allowed refinement of the cultural h i story o f

4
the C isco area and redefinit ion o f the extent and locati on o f human use o f
the region. As p a r t o f the analy s i s , National Reg i s ter c r i teria (36 CFR
6 0 . 4) were appl i e d and e l i gib i l i ty recommendat ions and m i t igative measure s
were o ffered for each s ite . Us ing mult ivariate discriminant analys i s, a
predi c t ive model for s i te and nons i te locations was bui l t us ing the 10% data
c o llected by the previous Class I I surveys in the C i sco Deser t . Depending
on a number of factors , this mode l yielde d a range of clas s ification
accuracy percentages, all above the required 8 0 % . Two addit ional mode l s ,
constructed us ing the 1 9 83 field se ason 5 % data , produced c l as s i fication
accuracy rates of over 80% for both s ite and nons i te locat ions . Predictive
accuracy over 8 0 % was obtained only for the model based on s o i l s variab les .
This has led to a different unders tanding o f preh i s toric land use patterns
for the area than previous ly hypo thes ized .

SURVEY STRATEGY AND METHODOLOGY

As des cribed above, the original terms o f thi s contract required the
survey o f a 10% random sample o f 8 0,000 acres us ing 40 - acre ( 1/2 mile by 1/8
mil e ) trans ect s , i . e . , 2 00 transects . However , the proj ect maps suppl ied by
the BLM included more than 8 0 , 000 acres . To make the actual proj e c t area
conform with the contract requirements ( s ince the contract could not be
modified at that t ime ) , s everal thous and acres o f land were dropped from
cons ideration . In an attempt to reduce b ias , areas o f very s teep rel i e f
along the Book C li ffs were e liminated and only BLM l ands in quarter section
increments were include d . Three sections in the extreme nor theas t corner of
the p roj e c t area along the s tate l ine were also dropped , as thi s area was
not included on the original map in the Reques t for Propo s a l s ( RFP ) . Thi s
method a llowed e limination of areas with di ffering environmental
characte r i s t ic s , rather than in one locali ty only .

Once the s ample universe o f 8 0 , 000 acres was defined, a s imple random
s ampl e method o f transect s e le c tion was chos en rather than random
s tratification based on environmental z ones, due to probl ems previous ly
encountered us ing environmental s trata . Additionally, the s e lection was a
s impl e random s ample rather than a systematic random sample used previously ,
i . e . , areas were not exc luded because o f l ack o f c adastral markers . Each
s e ct i on or quarter secti on was divided into 40 - acre transects as shown in
F i gure 3 , and each transect was as s igned a consecutive number from 1 to
4 , 00 0 . The s e numbers were then printed in a random order by an Osborne - l
microcomputer . The first 2 0 0 transects that did not overlap were se lected
for survey . For examp l e , the firs t transect selected was 4 1 - 13 , a north ­
s outh transe c t in the Wl/4 of the SEI/4 o f Section 2 9 , T . 2 1 S . , R . 23E .
( Fi gure 3 ) . The number 41 des ignates the secti on and 13 the transect
location w i th in the section .

Because the eventual halving of the s ample s i ze was not anticipated ,

transects were surveyed in non - ordered and non - random fashion . However , an
at tempt was made e arly in the proj ect to examine trans e c t s l ocated in
di fferent environmental zone s . After the first full - crew field s e s s ion, 40
transects ( 1600 acres ) had been surveyed and 49 s i tes recorded within thes e
transect s . Because the concept and requirements o f the contract were
predicated on an as sumed low s i te dens i ty , it was apparent that changes were
in order. After exploring many po ssib ilities , it WaS decided to keep the

5
 I 2
.3 4 5 6 - 7 8
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····· 1····· •• 1- •• ; ••

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I•-• - Nunbers I - I 6 are north-south transects

••••• Numbers 17-32 are east-west transects

---- Tr ansect #4 I - I 3, Sec.29. T2 I S, R23E

FI GURE 3 . Firs t Transect S e l ected.

6
p roj ect area the s ame s iz e and reduce the s ample to 5% . Only the firs t 100
transects o f the original 2 0 0 randomly s elected transects would be used to
bui l d the new mode l . Of the 40 trans ects surveyed dur ing the firs t f i e ld
s e ss ion , 23 were in the first randomly selected 100 transect s . S ite and
nons i te data from the other 17 trans ects could not be used dur ing model
bui l ding , however , they could be used as additional independent tes t cases .
Along w i th the s ite and nons ite information from the previously surveyed
areas , thes e trans ects would be used to t e s t the mode l ' s predi ctive
accuracy .

Field survey commenced on May 2 6 , 1 98 3 , with the co-princ ipal

inve s ti gators serving as crew chiefs . The crew cons i s te d o f George Burns ,
J im Miller , S teve Dominguez and Robert J ohns on . Because o f the s i te dens ity
problem , there was a survey hiatus between June 17 and July 19 . When the
fieldwork resume d , George Burns and J ohn Bradley served as crew chiefs . The
crew remained the s ame , with the addition o f Jul ie Crisp . Unpaid
individuals who as s i s ted with the fieldwork for varying lengths of t ime
included Roberta Klaus ing - Bradley, Bruce Louthan , Norma Broten and Cora
Smyth . Dr . Charles Bonham , proj ect s tatistic ian , vis ited the proj ect area ,
as wel l as p i loted an over - fl ight of the region with the princ ipal
inve s t i gators . Dave Hansen , BLM s o i l s c i entis t , also vis i ted the proj ect
area and helped with the soil interpretations . Except for a brief vis i t ,
f i e l dwork ended on August 1 6 , 1 9 83 . The crew camped on BLM land within the
proj ect area dur ing the survey .

S tandard field procedures util ized two three-person crews , however ,

crew s ize ranged from two to s ix persons . Transects were located us ing
topographic map s , cadas tral monuments and triangulating from p rominent
natural features . Because section and quarter section corner s were not
included in many o f the transects , pac ing was important for locating and
determining transect length and width . At leas t two persons kept count o f
the p ace , and each crewperson s oon figured out his/her pace/dis tance count .
Although cadastral monuments o ften were not pres ent on the transects
s e lected , thos e near transects were located and used to p ace off dis tances
to the transects and to double check the location on return without undue
di fficul ty o r was ted time . Once located , trans ects were surveyed with two
to four p arallel crew sweeps , with personnel spaced no more than 15 meters
(49 feet ) apart . The ends of the transects and the ins ide l ines were
temporar ily flagged with orange p in flags . When resources were encountered ,
the sweeps were halted and flagged, and personnel fanned out to de fine the
resource boundaries . Once defined , the s i te ( or isolated find) was usually
recorded immediately . There were times , howeve r , when a s ix - person crew was
utilized in the high s ite densi ty areas along Cottonwood Wash , that the
s i tes were flagged , located on the topographic map and recorded at a later
date by a smaller crew . This procedure , used j udic ious ly , increased both
survey and recording efficiency and enabled the rechecking o f s i te and
transect locations .

To maintain cons is tency with the previous work , preh i s toric s i tes were
defined as containing five or more arti facts within a reasonabl e are a , or a
feature and one o r more art i facts . I f an artifac t , or c luster o f art i fac ts ,
was located more than approximately 25 meters ( 8 2 fee t) from the original ly
discovered s i te , it was usually recorded s eparately and its assoc iation with
o ther s i tes no ted. Aga in, in the high site density areas along Cottonwood

7
Wash , thi s rule o f thumb was occas ionally overlooked and s i te b oundaries
s tretched s omewhat depending on the s imilarity o f arti fac tual material and
the micro - environment . H i s toric s ite defini tions were s imilar , with recent
trash scatters ( le s s than 50 years old) not be ing recorded as s i te s .
Diagno s t ic p reh i s toric art i facts were collected , as was obs idian and chert
s ource material . Diagno s t i c h i s toric artifacts were drawn and described in
the field or collected . In addition to all standard s ite forms and map s , a
trans e c t form ( from Larralde and Chandler 1981) was comp l e ted for each
surveyed transect indicating topography , hydrology and vegetation zones .

DATA ANALYSIS AND B.EPORT PREPARATION

The mult ivariate discriminant analy s i s computer program was

implemented by Dr . Charl e s Bonham of Colorado State Univers i ty ( CSU) and h i s
research associate , Dr. Mario Biondini , us ing the SPSS program ( N i e e t al .
1 9 75 ) . Emp loying non- archaeologist s tatistic ians proved very bene fi c i al as
they had no preconce ived notions as to man's activity patterns , and made
j udgments and dec i s ions on a s tr ictly mathematical b a s i s . Programs were
keypunched by the CSU data proces s ing divi s ion and all maj or calculations
were run on the CSU Gold Computer Program . Other programs were run in -house
on an Osborne - l microcomputer .

The resul t s o f the computer runs and s t at i s t ical manipulations were

analyze d by J ohn Bradley and Dr . Charles Bonham . Dave Hansen , s o i l
s cienti s t f o r the BLM Moab D i s tric t , provided valuable data o n the s o i l s
within the proj ect area and a s s i s ted with the interpre tation . Preh i s toric
l i th i c artifacts were analyzed by George Burns . The ceramics were
identi fied by C alvin Jennings of CSU and Pri s c i l la Ellwood of the Univers i ty
o f Colorado Museum and h i s toric artifacts analyzed by Mari lyn Martorano and
Will i am K i l l am . Glass b eads were examined and identified by Richard Conn o f
the Denver Art Mus eum . C oding of variables for s ite and nons i te data was
accomp l ished by J ohn Bradley , Mari lyn Martorano , George Burns , J im Miller ,
Roberta Klaus ing - Bradley and Will iam Killam . Art ifact drawings were
rendered by S teve Dominguez , s i te maps by George Burns and Juli e Crisp , the
geologic and s o i l s cro s s section by George Burns , and all o ther report maps
by Steve Dominguez . Word process ing and report reproduction duties were
handled by J acquel ine Anderson , El len Cobb , Brenda Tro s t and Roberta
Klaus ing - Bradley .

For this publication , the report was edited by Mari lyn Martorano ,
Will iam K i l l am and J ohn Bradley . Word proc e s s ing and reformat ing was done
by Beverly Breda and Kimberly Forsyth . Goodson & Associates , Inc .
contr ibuted the materials, operators' salary and use o f the word proces s ing
equipment .

The report was orginally submitted to the BLM in Augus t , 19 84, as the
final contract deliverable . At: that time it included e i ght additional
appendi ces , including site forms , computer printouts and art i fact catalogs .
This information is avai lable to the interes ted reader at the BLM Moab
D i s tr i c t O ffice . Finally , due to time and budget res trictions , there has
been no attempt to cons ider any reports wri t ten s ince the ori ginal
subm i s s i on in 19 84 .

8
 CHAPTER II

ENVIRONMENTAL OVERVIEW

LOCATION

The 8 0 , 000 acre C isco III Cultural Resource S tudy Area is located in
eas t - central Grand County , Utah , in the east half of the BLM Book Mountain
Planning Uni t , Moab D istrict ( Fi gure 1) . The area is bounded on the north
by the f i rs t terrace o f the Book C l i ffs , on the east by the Colorado - Utah
border , the south by an arbitrary l ine about f ive miles north o f the
Colorado River and on the west by an arbitrary l ine approximate ly ten miles
east o f Thompson , Utah ( Fi gure 2 ) . The nearest town is C isco , Utah , located
approximate ly two m iles south o f the proj e c t area. The nearest maj or
popUlation is Grand Junc tion , Colorado , s ituated approximately 30 miles east
of the p roj e c t area. Interstate 7 0 is the main thoroughfare through the
area and U . S . H i ghway 6 / 5 0 provides secondary access . Access to various
sections o f the proj ect area is via several graveled and unimproved ranch or
railroad service roads.

GEOMORPHOLOGY

The proj ect area l i es in the northern portion of the Canyonlands

section o f the Colorado Plateau Physiographic Province (Murphy 1 981: 1 7) .

Figure 4 dep icts the geologic and soils cross sec tion i llustrated in Figure
5 . As detailed in the latter figure , several Mesa Verde group sandstone and
shale strata ( ca . 70 mill ion years old) dip in a general northwest direction
on the northwest s i de o f the are a , forming the Book C l iffs ( Cashion 1 9 73;
Barnes 1 9 7 8) . Forming the southern margin o f the Tavaputs Plateau , the Book
C l iffs attain a maximum elevat ion of about 10,000 feet , and descend in large
escarpments to about 5 , 200 feet in the proj e c t area ( Figure 5) . The c l i ffs
drop to the relatively flat Mancos Shale lowlands o f the C isco Desert , lying
at about 4 , 5 0 0 feet. Below the upper Cretaceous age ( c a. 100 m i l l ion years
old) shal e deposi ts of the desert l i e the colo r - banded strata of the
Jurassi c ( c a . 1 5 0 mill ion years old) shales and sandstones of the
Summerville and Morrison Format ions , lying at an elevation o f about 4 , 700
fee t .

HYDROLOGY

Drainages in the proj ect area include Cottonwood , C isco , Nash , Danish ,
Sagers and P into Washes , and Westwater , Sulphur and B itter Creeks , flowing
in a general southeasterly direction from the Book C liffs to the Colorado
River. Most are intermittent or ephemeral in nature , with more water in
the i r northern reaches , when any is present at all , and which is often
absorbed or flows underground at some po int in the desert . Cottonwood Wash
(Figures 6 and 7) is the largest drainage in the area, draining a wide area
of the Book C l i ffs and is fed by numerous springs . It maintained a steady
flow o f water at all p oints observed during the course of fieldwork.
Westwater Greek (Figure 8) was also flowing along most of its extent across

9
o Soil unit I

o Soil un it 2

f;;:i�:D S o il u n i t 3
O S o il unit 5
� SOil unit 8
EE9 S o i l unit 9

Cr oss Section
(Figure 5)

R.25E.

FIGURE 4 . Location o f Geology and S o i l s Cro s s

Section and General S o i l Uni ts i n the C isco Area .

10
 Elevation
In Feet
C)":rj
1-'- H BOOK CLIFFS
III G)
CISCO DESERT COLORADO RIVER
o c:::
o :;0
/:%1
H
H Ln
H · Project Area
Boundary
P'.Ject
Boundary
� 550
I
:;0
('0
"'0
Ii
Soil Units
I
('0
III 2 3 2 3 2 8 2 B
('0
::;
rt
I
Pl
rt
1-'-
<
I 50

('0

G) Dakota sandstpne ) I
ro
0
I-'
J-' 0
J-' OQ
1-'-
0
III
::;
P-
C/.)
0
1-'-
I-'

C)
Ii
0
III
III
C/.)
'\
SE/SW/SW/SW Sec_
T,I BS•• R22E.
34 o Miles 5 SE/SE/SE/SE Sec.
T .20S •• R.25E.
15

('0
(l Figure 5
rt
1-'-
0 REPRESENT ATIVE Key to Vegetation Zones
::;
G EOLOGIC and SOILS
CROSS SECTION Soil 2 Desert Shrub
CISC O III
Soil 3 Greasewood

Soil B Juniper
FIGURE 6 . View of the head o f Cottonwood Wash at the base o f the
Book C l iffs , looking northwe st from the north r im of Cottonwood
Canyon near s i te 42GR165 9 .

FIGURE 7 . Cottonwood Wash l o oking south from the lower terrace

of the Book C l i ffs .

12
FIGURE 8 . Wes twater Creek looking north from S ite 4 2 GR17 l 5 .

13
the desert , alternately going subsurface then resurfacing at several points
as it approached the Colorado River. Much of its water is p resently being
diverted to irrigate vineyards near the Book C liffs . No other drainages
were observed to contain water during the time of fie ldwork.

SOILS

The term " soilll has various de finitions utilized by geologists ,

agriculturalists and engineers. A good general description is found in
Peter W. Birke l and ( 19 74 : 3 ) and is: IIsoil is a natur al body consisting o f
layers o r horizons o f mineral and/or organic constituents o f variab le
thicknesses , which differ from the par ent material in their morphological ,
physical , chemical , and mineralogical properties and their bio l o gical
characteristics" . Most surface soil deposits are sediments weathered from
bedrock in one area and transported by water , wind or ice to another are a .
Geologists have classified such deposits according to the mode o f
transp ortation b y which they were carried t o the place o f deposition , i . e. ,
al luvium , dunes and l oess , til l or glacial drift and colluvium.
Untransported soils are termed sedimentary deposits and those formed in situ
as result o f weathering are called residual deposits ( Hunt 1 9 7 2 : 3 , 4 ) .

S oils within the project area were specifically c lassified during a

soil survey of the central p art of Grand County ( S oil Survey o f Grand
County , Central Part , Utah , 1 9 82 ) . This survey was accomp lished through the
joint e fforts of soil scientists and range specialists utilizing information
on soils , ge o l o gy , climate , vegetation , landforms and patterns of l and use.
The result o f the survey was the de lineation of 12 general soil units , each
o f which embody a distinctive pattern o f soils , re lief and drainage . Within
the 1 2 major units are major and minor soil types which have been delineated
by fie ld symb o ls on acetate USGS map overlays. The 12 gene ral soil units
are mapped in Appendix 1A and the major soil components and general
descriptions are listed in Appendix lB.

The general soils actual ly occurring in the study area are units 1 , 2 ,
3 , 5 , 8 and 9 ( Figure 4 ) . General soil unit 1 contains taxonomic units
Mesa, Mack and Chipeta and consists of lo amy soils on al luvial fan pediments
and shale p l ains associated with minor and ephemeral drainages. Unit 2 ,
containing taxonomic units Chip eta , Killpack and Blue flat , consists of
cl ayey soils on shale plains , pediments , cuestas and ridges associated with
lowlands between drainages. Major soil unit 3 contains the units Toddler ,
Ravo l a and G lenton and consists o f loamy soils located on fans , flood pl ains
and along drainages ( Cisco Wash , Sagers Wash , Cottonwoo d Wash , and
Westwate r , Sulphur and Bitter Creeks ) . Unit 5 consists o f loamy soils
l ocated on cuestas , benches , val ley sideslopes and rock outcrops, contains
taxonomic units Mo enkopie , Nakai and Rock Outcrop , and is characterized by
Morrison and Burro Canyon fo rmations of the Colorado River cliffs. Unit 8
contains taxonomic units Shalako, dry - Thedalund and stony - Hanksville , and
consists o f lo amy and stony soils found on benches , cuestas , al luvial fans
and canyon escarpments immediately be low the Book Cliffs and just above the
Colorado River. Soil unit 9 contains taxonomic units Barx , Strych and
S andoval and consists o f loamy soils located primarily on al luvial fans and
fan p ediments be low the Book Cliffs.

14
 So i l s o f the area reflect the underlying geology and , in large part ,
determine or l imit the present and past vegetation communi ties . The s o i l s
are generally dry , warm and deep , Aridisols or Ent i s o l s , o r more
speci fically , Haplargids , Calciorthids , Torriothents and Torri fluvents
( Upper Colorado Region Inter - Agency Group 1971: 23; Hutchings and Murphy
1981:29). The s o i l s are alkal ine in character and often contain an hori z on
h i gh in calc ium at s ome depth . Without irri gation , areas dominated by these
s o i l s are o f l ittle use except for l imited graz ing and wildl ife ( Hutchings
and Murphy 1981:29). Surfic ially richer , more recent alluvial depos i ts
occur along Cottonwood Wash and Wes twater Creek ( Cashion 1973) and a more
humi c ( carbonaceous ) loess may be found bounding the desert near the base o f
and atop the f i r s t terrace of the Book C l i ffs .

VEGETATION

Vegetation o f the s tudy area may be divided into maj or z ones , related ,
in l arge p ar t , to s o i l type , elevation and topographic s i tuation ( Fi gure 5).
The Aridis o l s o f the Manco s Shale Lowlands are conducive to the growth o f
shadscale , s al tbush , b i g s age and o ther low , hearty , desert shrub plants
( Fi gure 9). Gras ses ( Fi gure 10) occur in varying amounts , from l e s s than 5%
in the des e r t shrub , to almo s t total domination in "The Grass i e s" near
Danish Flat , where loess s o i l s prevail . The alluvial depos i ts along the
larger drainages support a more lush tamarisk and greas ewood communi ty
( Fi gure 11). Thes e "greas ewood belts" o f Cottonwood Wash and Wes twater
Creek are especially prominent features when viewed from the uplands
bounding the des e r t or from the air . The uplands are predominated by
junip e r woodlands ( Fi gure 12) with scattered pinyon pines on s ome mes a tops
in the Book C l i ffs . Hi storic impact , sheep overgraz ing in particular , has
altered much of the native rangeland and resulted in the secondary
appearance of cheatgrass brome , which now dominates much of the area .

Edible p l ant spec ies are abundant in s ome areas during the i r seasonal
appearance . Sego l i l ies , with the ir edible roots , appear dur ing May and
June , and Indian r ice gras s , widespread in July and Augus t , provide eas i ly
col lectible foods tuffs ( Larralde and Chandler 1981:97). Plains pricklypear
is avai labl e during a l l summer months , as are cattai l , both providing viable
food s ources . The s e are but a few o f the edible spec ies pre sent , but serve
to demons trate that transhumance could eas ily be e ffected in the area at
certain times of year . Table 1 provides a l i s t of vegetat ion obs e rved in
the project area .

CLIMATE

Mos t o f the s tudy area is in an arid desert environment where annual

precipi tation , averaging s ix to e i ght inches , i s l e s s than half of the
potential evaporation. Sagebrush and a variety o f desert shrub plants
thrive in this area . The northern portion o f the area lies in the
s teppelands , the s emi - arid trans itional zone between the desert and the
h i gher mountainous areas . Averaging e i ght to ten inches o f precipitati on
annually , the s teppelands are conduc ive to the growth of short grass es ,
juniper and s ome pine and oak (Wormington 1955:4; Richardson et al .
1981c:67). May and June typ ical ly receive the least amount of precipitation

15
FIGURE 9 . Mat saltbush vege tation at site 43GR1677, looking east .

FIGURE 10 . Grass vegetation zone, looking north toward the

Book Cliffs .

16
FIGURE 11. Greasewood vegetation at site 42GR1628, looking
southwest.

FIGURE 12. Uplands vegetation zone dominated by juniper woodlands,

looking northwest toward the Book Cliffs.

17
while August through Octobe r have the most (Reed and Nickens 1 9 80:18 ) . An
ave rage o f ten to twenty inches of snow falls annually ( Richardson et a1 .
1 9 81 d : 7 0 ) .

TABLE 1. Vegetation Observed in Project Are a .

I I I
I Common Name I Latin Name I
I I I
I Bulrush I Scirpus .§lL.. I
I Rush I Juncus .§lL.. I
I S alina Wildrye I Elymus salinus I
I Indian Rice Grass I Oryzopsis hymenoides I
I Scar1et G l ob emal1 ow I Sphaeralcea coccinea I
I Utah S e rviceb erry I Ame1anchier utahensis I
\Cliffrose I Cowania stansburiana I
I Utah Junipe r I Juniperus utahensis I
I Pinyon Pine I Pinus edulis I
I Mountain Mahogany I Cercocarpus montanum I
I Sunflower I Helianthus annuus ,
I Winter - fat I Eurotia lanata I
I Big Sagebrush I Artemesia tridentata tridentata I
I Wyoming Big S agebrush I Artemesia tridentata wyomingensis I
, Mat Saltbush I Atriplex corrugata I
I Four - wing S altbush I Atriplex canescens I
I Shadscale I Atriplex confertifolia I
I Nuttall Saltbush I Atriplex nuttal lii I
I Rabbitbrush I Chrysothamnus .§lL.. I
I Greasewoo d I Sarcobatus vermiculatus I
I Fremont Barberry I Berberis fremontii ,
I Blackbrush I Coleogyne ramosissima I
I Tamarisk I Tamarix pentandra I
I Pl ains Pricklypear I Opunltia po 1yacantha I
I Cheatgrass Brome I Bromus tectorum I
I Tansy Mustard I Descurainla sophia I
I Broom Snakeweed I Gutierrezia sarothrae I
I Single Leaf Ash I Fraxinus anoma1 a I
I Gamb e l Oak I Quercus gambe 1li ,
I Narrow 1 eaf Yucca I Yucca angustissima I
I Bitterb rush I Purshia tridentata I
I Common C ottonwoo d I Populus fremontii ,
I Mo rmon Tea I Ephedra viridis I
I Spine l ess Hopsage I Grayia brandegel I
I Sego Lily I Ca1 ochortus gunnisonii I
I J imsonweed I Datura mete10ides I
I Miner's Lettuce I Montia perfoliata I
I Prickly Lettuce I Lactuca se rrio la I
I Russian Thistle I Sal so la kali ,
I B1ue Grama I Boute loua gracilis I
I Crested Wheatgrass I Agropyron smithii I
I Prarie Pepperwee d I Lepidium densiflorum I
I I I

18
 TABLE l . ( Cont inued)

I I I
, C ommon Name , Lat in Name I
' ------�,�- I
I Quackgrass , Agropyron repens I
I NeedleandThread Grass , S t ipa comata ,
, Curly ( Galleta) G rass I Hilaria jamesii ,
, Crytograms ( Lichens) I ,
I Threadleaf Groundsel I Senecio longi lobus I
I Loc oweed I Astragalus � ,
I W i l d Oat I Avena fatua ,
I Hedgehog cac tus I Echinocereus engelmani i I
I Cattai l I Typha latifo l a I
I Alka l i Seepweed I Suaeda fruticosa I
I , 1

C limate in the study area is typ i fied by ho t dry summers and cold
winters . An average of 60 days may be expected to exceed 9 0°F, and 160
frost - free days between last kill ing frost and the f irs t of the following
season are typ ical (Richardson et al . 1 9 8 1 a : 5 9; 1 9 8 1b:6 3 ) . Tabl e 2
summar i z es key temperature data for the town o f C isco, also app l icable to
the study are a .

FAUNA

A variety o f sma l l fauna , including mammals , birds and l izards as wel l

a s larger ungulates , was observed i n the proj e c t are a . Deer ant lers were
abundant in survey units atop the first terrace bel ow the Book C l i ffs in the
j uniper/sage vegetation z one. ( Table 3 presents a par t i al l ist o f observed
fauna . )

DISCUSSION

Environmental features of any area are interwoven in that one feature

will often de termine or l imit the others in the area . The underlying rock
strata , to a l ar ge degree, determine the so ils , which in turn , are conducive
to the growth o f a l imited number of vegetat ion types . The seasonal
appearance of a variety of p l ant spec ies attrac ts a particular set o f fauna ,
inc luding man. The availability of water , espec ially in a marginal
environment such as the Cisc o Desert , plays a maj o r role , since man's very
survival hinges on its regular and predic table availab i l i ty .

19
 TABLE 2 . Key Temperature Data for C isco Are a .

I
, Mean Mean Mean High Low
I Annual Annual Annual
I Maximum Minimun
I
I
I 51.9 67 . 7 36 . 0 109 - 26
,

After Wormington 1 9 5 5 .

TABLE 3 . Fauna Observed During C isco I I I Survey .

I I I
I Common Name I Lat in Name I
I ______________________
I --------------------------- I
�
I Mule Deer I Odoco ileus hem ionus I
I Pronghorn Antel op e I Antel ocapra americana I
I Coyo t e I Canis latrans I
' Badger I Taxidea taxus I
I Golden Eagle ' Aquila chrysaetos I
I Lesser Nighthawk I Chorde iles acutipennis I
I Loggerhead Shrike I Lanius ludovici anus I
I Marsh Hawk I Circus cyaneus I
I Gamb e l ' s Quai l I Cal l ipepla gambel i i I
, Western Meadowlark I S turnel l a neglecta I
, White - tailed Prairie Dog I Cynomys l eucurus ,
I Desert Cottontai l Rabb i t I Sy1vi lagus audoboni I
I Black- tailed J ack Rabb i t I Lepus ca1 ifornicus I
I Kangaroo Rat I D ipodomys ordii I
I Pocke t Mouse I Perognathus apache I
I C o l l ared L i z ard I Crotaphytus col 1aris I
I Leopard L i z ard I Gambelia wisl i zsen i i I
I Short Horned Lizard I Phrynosoma douglassi I
I Midget Rattlesnake I Crotalus viridis I
I Gopher Snake I Pi tuophis me 1ano1 eucus I
I I I

20
 CHAPTER III

CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE C ISCO DESERT REGION

This sec t i on p resents a synopsis of the known prehistoric and histor i c

cul tural resources o f the general proj e c t area and surrounding region and
summar izes some o f the theor ies and controversies c oncerning the culture
groups of the Colorado Plateau . Known archaeological resources in the
general area indicate that the prehisto r i c period c an be subdivided into
four maj o r temporal/cul tural stages: Paleo - Indian , Archaic, Fremont and
Shoshonean . Current data are inconc lusive regarding the local devel opmental
sequence .

PALEO-INDIAN STAGE

The Paleo - Indian S tage is c ommonly recognized as being divided into

the Llano , Folsom and Plano Tradi tions to descr ibe the diagnost i c features
(Jennings 1 9 7 4 : 81 ) . Although theories have been advanced c oncerning a pre ­
proj e c t i l e po int phase ( Reed and Scott 1 9 8 2 : 3 34) , no evidence has been found
in the p roj e c t area to substantiate its presenc e . Occasional Folsom po ints
have been found widely scattered over the Plateau region, somet imes in
asso c i a tion with an early P into var iant (Hunt and Tanner 1960 : 1 1 1 ) . No
Folsom p oints have ye t been rec overed from the proj ect area . The P l ano
T radi t i on, from 7000 - 5000 BC ( 9 000 - 7 000 BP) o ffers the ear l i est cultural
evidence from the study area in the form o f an isolated Cody knife found in
" The Grass ies" area of the C isco Desert ( Kvamme 1 9 7 9 ) . A paral l e l - flaked
lanceolate p oint midsec tion of possible Cody Complex affil i at ion was located
during the p resent study and is consistent with this earl iest suggested
util ization o f the are a .

ARCHAIC STAGE

By ca . 5 500 BC ( 7 500 BP) , environmental condi tions which supported the

Ple istocene megafauna had changed to a situation favor ing smal ler game
animals . S ubsistence strate gies probably remained similar , but expanded to
include a wide var iety of p l ant species from different ecological niches ,
whi ch we re systematically exp l o i ted on a season basis. Tool kits were
spe c i a l i z e d in response to the enl arged resource base . Pr inc ipal
modi fications were the advent of stemmed/notched p o int traditions , with
styles evolving at a relatively rap id rate compared to the e ar l ier cultural
comp lexes , and the increasing utilization of grounds tone for p l ant
processing . Art i facts of Archaic age were found both on sites and as
isolated f inds during the present study .

The Early Archaic S tage in Utah partial ly overlaps the Plano Tradition
o f the Pal e o - Indian S tage. A number of rockshelters and cave sites on the
Plateau have provided evidence of this overlap , as well as de fining an
Archaic cul tural sequence . Wal ters and Cowboy Caves provided C - 14 dates of
c a . 6 8 7 5 BC (88 7 5 ±1 2 5 BP) and ca. 6690 BC ( 86 9 0±7 5 BP) , marking the earl iest
known o c cupation of the Colorado Plateau ( S chroedl 1 9 7 6 : 2 4 ) . Assoc iated
artifacts suggest an Archaic, rather than a Paleo-Indian lifestyle.

21
 Using data from Cowboy Cave and Sudden Shelter , Schro edl ( 19 7 6 ) has
devised a regional Archaic chronology , broken into four phases , each
signaled by the appearance o f new projectile point typ es and/or population
fluctuati ons . The following description of the Colorado Plateau Archa ic has
been taken largely from Schroedl's 1 9 7 6 dissertation . Po int styles are
emphasiz e d , as many of these styles were found dur ing the present study , and
prov ide the most sensitive method of temporal control in this area.

The earl iest phase is the Bl ack Knol l Phase , 6 3 5 0 - 4 2 5 0 BC ( 8300 - 6200
BP ) . The be ginning o f this phase was marked by the e fflorescence o f the
Elko Corne r - Notched dart p o int , a style which remained popular through the
Proto - Histor ic era. Pinto S eries po ints became popular dur ing the l atter
half o f the Black Kno l l Phase , suggesting ties with the Great Basin and , to
a l imited extent , with Southwest populations. An early Pinto var iant has
been found on the same site as Folsom po ints , and together , the styles form
the Moab C omp l ex ( Hunt and Tanner 1 9 6 0:1 11 ) .

The succeeding Castle Valley Phase , 4 2 50 - 2 5 5 0 BC ( 6 200 - 4500 BP ) , was

character ized by a similar subsistence pattern as those o f the Black Knol l
Phase. Point styles divers if ied to include Rocker Base , Sudden and Hawken
S ide - Notched p o ints . Humboldt p o ints appeared during the latter hal f o f the
period and soon became the prevalent style .

The Green River Phase , 2 5 5 0 - 1 3 5 0 BC ( 4 5 00 - 3 300 BP) , is signal e d by a

newly ar isen dichotomy in po int styles between the western and eastern
sections of the Plateau . The western vari ant includes San Rafael S ide­
Notched and Gypsum p o ints , while the eastern var i ant is predominated by
Duncan- Hanna p o ints. The l atter styl e suggests ties with the Great Plains ,
where the styl e was first i denti fied , and ultimately , with the Front Range
of the Rocky Mountains , where the e ar l iest date for "proto - McKe an" po ints ,
4050 BC ( 6 000 BP ) , has been establ ished ( Benedict and Olson 1 9 7 3 :3 2 5 ) .

The f inal Archaic phase defined by Schroedl is the Dirty Devil Phase ,
1 3 5 0 Be - AD 4 5 0 ( 3 3 0 0 - 1500 BP ) . The phase is not we l l rep resented
archaeologica1ly and shows few innovations in p roject i l e p o ints , but rather
exhib its continuity from e ar l ie r phases by the continued use of Gypsum and
E 1ko S e r ies po ints. Items such as unfired clay objects , basketry and
sandals distinguish this phase more than p rojectile p o ints . The end o f the
D irty Devil Phase is signaled by the advent of smal ler p rojectile p o ints.
Larger po ints , i . e . , Elko Corne r - Notched and Gypsum , remained in use , but
more as cutting tools than projectile po ints (Madsen and Berry 1 9 7 5: 394 ) .

FORMATIVE STAGE

Formative stage groups north o f the C o lorado River are generally

recognized as memb ers o f the Fremont culture. The orLgLn o f the
horticulturally- based Fremont , AD 4 5 0 - 1 2 00 ( 1 5 00 - 7 5 0 BP ) , remains a top ic o f
debate , with some authors ( Husted and Mal lory 1 9 6 7 ; Marwitt 1 9 70; Aikens
1 9 70; Schroedl 1 9 7 6 ) supporting in situ deve lopment of the culture from
l ocal Archaic antecedents , and others ( Gunnerson 1 9 60 , 1 9 6 9; Madsen and
Berry 1 9 7 5 ) suggesting migration from conti guous culture areas , i.e . , the
Southwest and Great Plains. None deny Southwestern influence on all o r p art
of the Fremont , whose cultural remains appear basically Puebloan. Great

22
Plains influence i s sugges ted on at leas t the northern periphery (Aikens
1 9 66 ) , however , the extent and form of the influence is the core of the
p roblem . Theories range from a diffus ion o f S outhwes te rn cultural elements
to an indigenous Archai c population , to the migration of a Basketmaker I I
level population from the Virgin Anasaz i area ( Gunnerson 1 9 6 9 : 1 7 0 ; Aikens
1972 : 63 ) .

The Fremont culture i s normally divided into f ive regional variants :

S an Rafae l , Parowan , Sevie r , Great Sal t Lake and Uinta (Marwitt 1 9 7 0 ) , with
the d ivis i ons undergo ing periodic revis ion as new data emerge . A more
recent reappraisal p o s its that dis t inct cultures , rather than regional
vari ant s , occup ied the area north of the Colorado River (Madsen 1 9 7 9 : 7 5 ) .
The Fremont occup i e d the area included in the present s tudy trac t , while the
surrounding areas to the wes t and north are attribute d to the Sevier and an
unnamed Great Plains - der ived culture . Thi s de fini tion o f horticultural i s t s
north o f the Colorado River as dis tinct culture groups may be a more
accurate interpretation , as no s ingle early s tratum has ye t been found to
provide a bas i s for later variation (Aikens 1 9 7 2 : 6 1 ) . The Fremont culture
may have been a s eparate enti ty from the beginning , with the ascribed local
var i ants actua l ly be ing of different origins or cul tural influenc e s .

Mater ial culture remains indicate that the Fremont were not completely
s e dentary , w i th hunt ing and gathering o f wild resourc e s remaining a c r i tical
e lement of the ir sub s i s tence act ivities (Reed 1 9 84 : 31) . Charac te ri s t i c
Fremont proj ectile p o ints include Ros e Spr ing , De se rt S i de - No tched , Gypsum
and the E1ko Series . Ceramics include graywares , several variations o f
b 1 ack- on-wh ite and polychrome wares (Amb ler 1 9 6 6 : 31 ) , Mos t o f thes e p oint
s tyl e s , and several vari e t ies of grayware ceramics were recorded during thi s
p roj e c t .

The Turne r - Look s ite , which may repre sent a southern extens ion o f the
U inta Fremont ( Schroedl and Hogan 1 9 7 5 ; Lindsay 1 9 7 6 ) , is located directly
adj acent to the proj ect area . Living in semi - subterranean hous e s o f dry­
laid masonry , the inhab itants cul t ivated corn and p os s ibly squash .
D iagno s t i c art ifac t s , including Uinta Gray ceramics , p lace o ccupation o f the
s i te to AD 1 0 5 0 o r later (Wormington 1 9 5 5 : 7 5 ; Jennings 1 9 7 8 : 15 6 ) .

LATE PREHISTORIC/PROTOHISTORIC STAGE

Around AD 1 3 0 0 ( 6 50 B P ) , the horticultural l i fe s tyle o f the Fremont

was abandoned and replaced by an Archaic sub s i s tence pattern reliant on
hunting and gather ing of s easonal resourc e s . Numic - speaking Shoshonean
group s , p r imari ly the We iminuche band of the Utes , were present in the area
as early as 1 5 9 8 when the firs t Euro -American contact was made ( Hauck
1977 : 76 ) . Whether the Ute Tradit ion represents a revers ion by the Fremont
to an Archaic type l i fe s tyle or an intrus ion of people from the Great Bas in
remains a matter of c ontent ion (Gunnerson 1 9 6 9 : 18 5 ; Aikens 1 9 7 2 : 6 2 ; J ones
and McKay 1 9 80 : 57 ) .

Bec aus e Ute s i tes o ften lack the typ ical small s i de - notched p oints o r
c rude grayware ceramics commonly attributed to their culture , the ir remains
c an be eas ily confused with cultural material fall ing anywhere in the
cul tural c ontinuum from Paleo - Indian to Ute , whose pedestrian hunting-

23
gathering sub s i stence s trategies left s imilar archaeological evidence. The
neare s t recorded s tructural evidence of Ute occupation is in the Uinta Bas in
some 70 miles to the north ( Chandler and Nickens 1979 ) . A diagnostic knife ,
a s i te containing pos t - contac t glas s b eads and a s i te radiocarbon dated to
ca. AD 1840 ( 1 10±50 BP ) present firm evidence of Late Prehis toric/
Protohis tor i c pre s ence in the C i sco III s tudy area .

EURO- AMERICAN CONTACT

The f irs t documented vis i t to the C i sco Desert region by non ­

aboriginals was the Dominquez - Es calante Expedit ion of 1776 , al though i t i s
pos s ible that traders from New Mexico v i s i ted the area earl ier in the same
century ( P i erson 198 1 : 75 - 76 ) . The northern route of the Old Spanish Trai l ,
in use through the middle of the 19th century , also ran through some portion
of the C i s c o Desert ( Ib id : 78 - 79 ) . The area was traversed by trappers in the
1 8 2 0 s through 1840 s , as evidenced by the Rob idoux inscrip t i on ( 18 37) at the
head o f Wes twater Creek . Exp loration and travel continue d through the
region culminating with comp l e t ion of the Denver and Rio Grande Wes tern
Rai lroad in the projec t area in 1883 (Mehls 198 2 : 84 ) . The cattle indus try
predominated in the late 19th century , but sheep graz ing replaced cattle as
the major land use around the turn of the century ( Reed and N i ckens
1980 : 48 ) . Exploitation of the o i l and gas resources in the C i sco D e sert was
underway by at least the 1920s ( Pierson 198 1 : 94) , and cont inue s through the
present day . O ther current land use includes cattle graz ing and farming
with irrigated fie lds . The majority of the small home s teads/ranches
e stab l i shed at the canyon mouths in the early 20th c entury have been
abandoned.

24
 CHAPTER IV

CULTURAL RESOURCES IN THE PROJECT AREA

One hundred twenty - six sites were recorde d during the C isco III
cultural resources survey . This to tal inc ludes I I I aboriginal sites ( Figure
1 3 ) and 15 histo r i c sites (Figure 14 ) , one of which ( 42GRl7 14) is a
p rehisto r i c s i te w i th an over lying historic component . Summaries of
prehistoric and historic site attr ibutes are included as Appendices 2 and 3 .
A total of 1 2 9 isolated finds , 103 abo r iginal, 2 5 historic and 1 human tooth
o f indeterminable age, was recorded in the study area.

The high site dens ity areas along Cottonwood Wash and Westwater Creek
are recommended as e l i gible for nomination to the Nat i onal Register of
Historic Places ( NRHP) as p roposed archaeological districts . Diagnostic
art i facts indicate utilizat ion of these areas from the Early Archaic through
Late Prehistoric/Protohistoric periods, with possible Paleo - Indian
uti l iz ation indicated for the proj ect area at large . Carbon samp les
provided C - 14 dates of ca . AD 1 840 ( ll0±50 BP) and ca . AD 140 ( 18 l0±7 0 BP)
for s ites 42GR16 5 8 and 42GR16 8 0 respectively . Charcoal was recovered from
two o ther sites , but was no t analyzed .

PREHISTORIC RESOURCES

S ite Types

Prehisto r i c sites were de fined as areas exhibiting evidence of

p rehistoric cultural activity containing five o r more flakes , tools or
ceramics ; she ltered rock overhangs showing evidence o f cul tural use ; or any
feature , i . e . , hearth . Analysis of descriptive attr ibutes allowed a
breakdown of si tes into four maj o r categories with subtypes based on
spe c i fi c attr ibutes . S i te types and the total o f each recorded, are l isted
in Table 4 .

The maj o r i ty of the sites were p laced into one o f two categor ies based
on the presence/absence of groundstone or evidence of a hearth ( Table 4) .
If e i ther or bo th o f these were present , the site was deemed a campsite,
presumably the locus of mul tiple or long - term ( at least overnight) ac tivity .
Campsites totaled 5 1 , or 45 . 94% o f the abori ginal s i te invento ry . S i tes
lacking these tradi t i onal diagnostics numbered 49 , or 44 . 14% of the
abo r i g inal s i te inventory , and were called l i thic scatters, those local i t ies
which exhibit evidence of sho r t - term or l imited act ivity . See Figure 15 for
distribution of campsites and l i thic scatters .

25
 SITES IN COTTONWOOD
OlSTRICT
1611 1612 1613 1614
1628 1629 1630 1&31
1632 1633 1634 1635
1636 163T 1&38 1642
1643 1644 1645 1655
165& 1657 1658 1673
1687 168S 1689 1690
1691 1692 1694 1695
1696 1697 1698 1701 lUi �
1702 1703 1717 1718 Wl1
1719 1724 1725 f732
rl'33 1734 1606 1607
160B
T. ISS. 1983 PROJECT AREA 80UNOAAY

IJIDEf!UNEO SITES RECOMMENDED

AS BEING ELIGIBLE FOR !!.!!.I:!f .

R.211£. 1615 1618 1619

1620 1622 1623
1624 1625 1661
1662 1663 1664
1671 1616 1611
1626

FIGURE 13 . Preh i s toric S i te Locations and NRHP Recommendations .

26
 T.l9S.

UNOERUNEO SITES RECOMMENOEO

AS BEING ELIGIBLE FOil !!.!l1!f

FIGURE 14 . H i s to r i c S i te Locat ions and NRHP Recommendations .

27
 T. 1 7S •

• CAMPSITES

• LITHIC SCATTE�S

o- SOIL UNIT BOUNOA�IES

FIGURE 1 5 . C i s c o I I I Prehi s toric Camp s i te and L i thic Scatter

Locations with General Soil Uni t Boundarie s .

28
 TABLE 4 . S ite Type Frequencies .

I I I I
I S ite T::i12e I Total I Percentage I
I I I I
I L i th i c S catter I 46 I 41 . 44 I
I I I I
I Lithic/Ceramic Scatter I 3 I 2 . 71 I
I I I I
I Campsi te w i th Hearth ( s ) I 42 I 3 7 . 84 I
I I I I
I Campsi te with Groundstone I 5 I 4 . 50 I
I I I I
I Campsi t e with Hearth and Groundstone I 4 I 3 . 60 I
I I I I
I Rockshel te r I 6 I 5 . 40 I
I I I I
I Quarry I 2 I 1 . 80 I
I I I I
I Quarry and Campsite with Hearth (s) I 3 I 2 . 71 I
I I I I
I I I I
I Total I 111 I 100 . 00 I
I I I I

Whi l e most sites may be p l aced c learly into one of these two
catego r ies , some s i tes may be misclass i fied due to burying o r mixing of
cultural deposits . This would be a significant factor espec ially when
conside r ing sand dune s i tes , where repeated deposition and de flation
obliterate cul tural features . S ix rockshe lte rs , or 5 . 40% of the site
inventory , were found below the sandstone caprock topp ing the mesas
northwest and southeast of the desert lowlands . All rockshelters c ontained
charcoal or burned rock and are assume d to have been habitations or
campsi tes .

Five quarry si tes , or 4 . 50% o f the prehistor ic s i te inventory, were

found in the Summervi lle Formation outcrops in the r iver cl iffs along the
south side of the proj e c t area . These outcrops provided most of the chert
and some of the chalcedony material types found on sites during the Cisco
I I I p roj e c t . Three quarr ies had assoc iated campsi tes and were desi gnated as
such in the s i te tal l i es .

I n an attempt to test the val idity of using the p resence of

grounds tone and/or a hearth as indicators of campsi tes vs . l i thic scatters ,
discr iminant analysis was performed using nine variables . The var iables
measured for each s i te were : points , bi faces , edge - retouched flakes, c ores ,
harnrnerstones , choppers , dominant flaking stage , number o f mat e ri a l types and
site size .

29
 Intuitively , it was felt that camps ites were occup ied for l onger
periods of time and therefore would contain a variety of too l typ e s des i gned
for a broad range of specific tasks . They may also exhib it a variety o f
too l reducti on stage s and/or types and amounts o f flake material. Lithic
scatters , on the other hand , should be more restricted in terms o f the se
variab l e s . There fore , the experiment was set up s o that:

HO No difference exists in l ithic content between " camp s ites "

and " l ithic scatters, " and

HI The material remains o f " camps ite s " vs . " l ithic scatters "
di ffer in terms of l ithic content.

I f the activity at the two s ite typ e s actua lly differe d , a

quantifiable difference should exist in material rema ins enab l ing more
accurate ident i f ication of s ite s lacking the traditional diagno stics .

D iscriminant group s were defined 5!: priori . Group 1 included the 5 1

camp s ites and Group 2 included 49 l ithic scatters . The analys i s showed that
9 5 % o f Group 1 was correctly clas s ified , while only 1 5 % o f Group 2 was
correctly clas s i fied . While the frequencies of edge - retouched flakes and
p o ints were the most discriminating variab le s , the groups appeared s imilar
overall in terms o f the variables selected , and were not effectively
discriminated. Taken in sum, there is only a 5 0 % chance that the l ithic
scatters and camp s ites di ffer in l ithic content .

For the purp o s e o f this te st , the null hypothe s i s could not be

rej ected. No s i gn i ficant difference was found in cultural material remains
between camp s ites and l ithic scatters . Unti l such time that more complete
methods o f s ite identi fication are deve loped , the traditional diagnostics of
grounds tone and/or hearth will have to suffice for distinguishing camp s ites
from l ithic scatters .

Mater ial Culture

Material Types

Flaked stone arti facts, including formal too l s , core s , and debitage ,
were the most common cultural remains found in the proj ect are a . Tool
manufacturing waste flakes were by far the most common , with 3 , 1 68 flakes
recorde d . Thi s represents a s ampl e of the flake s located on recorded s ites ,
as transects were used to s ampl e the l ithic population on l arge s ites . Five
bas ic material types were repre s ented . In order o f the ir prevalence , the s e
were: chert . chalcedony , quartz ite . basalt and obs i dian . Chert and
chalcedony are both waxy - appearing cryptocrysta l l ine s which occur in a wide
range of colors . The ir principal difference , for the purp o s e o f this
proj ect , i s that chert is generally op aque whi le chalcedony i s more
translucent.

30
 Chert material o f many co lors was observed outcropping in the Brushy
Basin Member o f the Morr ison Formation , p resent in depos i ts up to 4 5 0 feet
thick ( Barnes 1 9 7 8 : 5 7 ) in the color - banded r iver c l i ffs southeast of the
p roj e c t area, near the Colorado River . The second most common toolstone
observed was chalcedony , wh ich outcrops in the Summerville Formation
( Cash i on 1 97 3 ; Powers 1 9 8 3 ) found south o f the stUl;ly area and in Arches
National Park ( B e rry 1 9 7 5 ) . Quartz ite, me tamorphosed sandstone , is
generally gray or whi te in color , but ranges in some areas from red to green
to black . It is generally granular in character , ranging from fine to
coarse - grained, with recrystal l ized quartz cementing the grains . Quartzi te
cobbles wer e found in drainages and eroded areas of the Morr ison Formation
on the south side of the p roj ect area . Basalt and obsidian are igneous
mater ials di ffering mainly in that obsidian is a natural glass while basa l t
l acks the glassy character . Black is the most common color, but both can
o ccur in a wide range o f colors depending on the chemical content o f the
particular volcanic extrusion . Neither basalt nor obsidian o c curs naturally
within the proj ect area . Trace element analysis for the purpose of source
ident ification was performed on five obsidian flakes and one p o int, but
results were inconclusive . The relative frequency o f all recorded flake
materi als and the ir percentages is presented in Table 5 .

Art ifact C la s s e s

O n a more formal level, cultural mater ials include chipped and

grounds tone tools, ceramics , and a number o f histor ic Euro -Amer ican
arti fac ts, the latter to be discussed in a separate sec t i on . The following
discuss ion describes the general classes of arti facts encountered during the
survey .

Pr o j e c t i l e Points ( 3 2 spec imens)

Proj ectile po ints are bifacially retouched and thinned , generally

symmetrical tools exhibiting a modified base for the purpose of hafting onto
a spear , dart or arrow ( Crabtree 1 9 7 2 ) . The maj o r i ty of the po ints are
manufac tured from cryptocrystall ine mater ial, 1 . e . , cher t and chalcedony;
materials that can be worked to a sharp edge but can be brittle and subj ect
to high edge attri tion when used for cutting , sawing or p iercing ( To l l
1 9 7 8 : 1 ; N ickens 1 9 7 9 : 6 2 ) .

Twenty - five diagnos tic proj ectile po ints were collected from s i te
c ontexts , providing temporal control for 19 sites, while 7 were isolated
finds . Table 6 provides proposed temporal sp ans for e i ght dist inc t ive p o int
types found dur ing the C isco I I I survey. Some overlap in dates exists
depending on the author consul ted , and the longest suggested time spans o f
use have been indicated .

Large Corne r - Notched Po ints ( 7 spec imens ; Figure 1 6 ) . Large corne r ­

notched po ints are the best represented ( 24% ) of the types found i n the
proj ect area . Attributed to the Elko Corner -No tched complex in this area
(Ho lmer 1 9 78 ) , large corne r - notched po ints are common throughout the western
states . They are o f l i ttle diagnostic value in temporal studies since they
first appear during the Early Archa ic , ca . 6 0 0 0 Be ( S chroedl 1976 : 6 1 ) , and

31
 T ABLE 5 . Percentages of Material Types .

I I I I
I I Total Number I Percent o f I
I Material I o f Flakes I Total Flakes I
I I I I
I I I I
I Chert I I I
I I I I
I Maroon I 740 I 23 . 3 I
I Brown I 323 I 10 . 2 I
I White I 270 I 8.5 I
I Gray I 135 I 4.2 I
I Other I � I ..J.Q....1 I
I I 1 , 79 1 I 56 . 4 I
I I I I
I Chalcedony I I I
I I I I
I White I 501 I 15 . 8 I
I Gray I 65 I 2.0 I
I Other I -ill I -2.J. I
I I 748 I 23 . 5 I
I I I I
I Quartz i te I I I
I I I I
I White I 237 I 7 .5 I
I Gray I 158 I 5.0 I
I Other I --M. I � I
I I 475 I 15 . 0 I
I I I I
I Basalt I 140 I 4.4 I
I I I I
I Obs idian I 9 I .2 I
I I I I
I Petri fied Wood I 2 I . 06 I
I I I I
I O ther I 3 I . 09 I
I I ! I
I I I I
I Total I 3,1 6 8 I 9 9 . 65 I
I I I I

32
 TABLE 6 . Proposed Proj e c t i l e Po int Temporal Spans .

1 1 c.:: I I II'Ll0 II I c.::I'Llz

I

I I z I I I 1 I
I I

I >< 1 f3 0I'Ll I 1 I�0 I 1 1

I'Ll

c.!:l l E-! 1'Ll 1 ....:l....:l �0 1 8....:l e:!0 I

c.::

I I'Ll I Ua u I a � I �
I'Ll H I � O I
I O � I E-! I zE-! c.:: I a
I ....:l u i
....:l
....:l ::r::: z
I U U II ;,...:;I'Ll Z I C/) II C/) II C/)O E-!Z II �C/) C/)E-! II �c/) bz 1I HIPROPOSED CULTURE I
>< P-. H Q:l
<
YEAR � c.::
STORY S EQUENCE I
0 0 ....:l O H I'Ll O P-. I'Ll 0
P-. ::r::: c.::
C/)

I
I I
I, ,
1900
,
I, ,
,
I, I, Protoh i s toric ,
I
1500

, Late Preh i s toric I

I
I
1000 ,
, , I
500 , , I
1 1 I
AD I !
BC ! Late I
I Archaic I
500 I 1
I 1
1000 1 1
I 1
1 500 I I,
I Middle
2000 I ,
I Archaic I
2 500 1 I
I I !
,
I
3000
I I I
I 3 50 0 I,
, I
I,
, ,
I, I
4000 ,
I I
,
I, I
, Early I
4500 I, Archai c ,,
I
,
5000 , I, ,
, , I
,
I
5 500 , , I
I
,
I,
, I
I
6000 I ,

I I ,

I
6500 ,
I I Paleo - I
I 1 I Indian
1I
I

I
7 000
I
II
After S chroedl 1 9 76 , Holmer 1 9 7 8 , Gunnerson 1969 and Aikens 1 9 7 0 .

33
 a b c

d e

f 9

FIGURE 1 6 . Large Elko Corner - No tched Po ints . a) 42GR16 l 6 . l ,

b ) 42GR16 l 7 . l , c ) 42GR1 6 3 5 . l , d) 42GR16 7 l . l , e ) 42GR16 7 6 . l ,
f ) 42GR1 6 8 l . 4 , g) IF106 . Drawings actual s iz e .

34
apparently remained in use through the Late Preh i s tori c , ca . AD 1 3 5 0 (Madsen
and Berry 1 9 7 5 : 394) . Mean measurements for the s even po ints are : Length :
too fragmentary for accurate measurement ( The s ingle comp lete spec imen is
3 . 9 cm . ) , Width : 2 . 2 1 cm . , Thickne s s : . 47 cm .

Large S i de - No tched Points ( 1 spec imen ; Figure 1 7 , a ) . The s ingle

po int in thi s category is s imilar to Type 4F found at Serviceberry Shel ter
( SMF8 l ) in D inos aur Nat ional Monument ( Breternitz 1 9 7 0 : 140 , F igure 9 g - o ) .
The s tyle was subsequently C - 14 dated to 3 660±2 80 BC at Mummy Cave in
northwes t Wyoming , suggest ing Early Archaic manufacture . The po int
measures : Length : 2 . 5 cm . ( fragmentary ) , Width : 2 . 0 cm . , Thickne s s : .5
cm .

Medium Corne r - Notched Po ints ( 5 spec imens ; Figure 1 7 , b - f) . Medium

corner - notched po ints are morphologically s imilar to the large corner ­
notched variety , but narrower and somewhat thinner . They also may be
class ified as Elko Corne r - Notched points , and were apparently in use from
c a . 6000 BC to AD 1 3 50 (Holmer 1 9 7 8 ) . A C - 14 date o f ca . AD 140 ( 1 810±70
BP ) from s ite 42GR1 6 8 0 , which produced p o ints dep icted in F i gures l 7 c and d
p l aces the p o ints in a Late Preh i s toric framework . Mean measurements o f the
five p oints are : Length : too fragmentary for accurate measurement , Width :
1 . 7 8 cm . , Thickne s s : . 3 8 cm .

Lanceolate Po ints ( 5 specimens ; Figure 1 8 ) . Four o f thes e p oints are

unnotched basal portions , two with concave bases and lateral and basal edge
grinding . One spec imen ( Fi gure 18 , b) appears to be a Humb oldt point
( He i z er and Hes ter 1 9 7 8 : 2 6 ) and another ( Figure 18 , c) may be a McKean
Lanceolate ( Reed and Nickens 1 9 8 0 : 3 0 ) . The po ints are of KiddIe to Late
Archaic manufacture , dating from ca . 3 000 to 500 BC (Holmer 1 9 7 8 : 72 ) . The
third ( Fi gure 1 8 , a) is an unidentified type , po s s ibly a preform . A fourth
( Fi gure 1 8 , d) , i s also unidentified . The fifth spec imen ( Fi gure 1 8 , e ) is
a midsection o f a large parallel - s ide d point . The parallel collateral
flaking sugges t s Paleo - Indian , poss ibly Cody Complex affil i ation . Mean
measurements of the po ints are : Length : too fragmentary for accurate
measurement , Width : 2 . 08 cm . , Thickne s s : . 44 cm .

Pinto Series Po ints ( 6 specimens ; Figure 1 9 ) . The p oints in this

category represent three s tyles o f the Pinto series : shoulderles s , s loping­
shoulder and s quare - shoulder ( Hei zer and Hes ter 1 9 7 8 : 2 8 , Holmer 1 9 7 8 : 42 ;
Jennings e t al . 1 9 80 : 6 9 ) . Two points are complete , and three have ground
hafting elements . Pinto points appeared during the Early Archaic , ca . 4250
BC , and remained in use through the Late Archaic , ca . 670 Be ( S chroedl
1 9 7 6 ) . Mean measurements of the po ints in thi s category are : Length : 2.7
cm . (based on two complete po ints ) , Width : 1 . 8 2 cm . , Thickne s s : . 48 cm .

Small S ide -Notched Po ints ( 4 specimens ; Figure 20) . Three po ints in

this category ( Fi gure 20 , a , b , and c) are of the Des ert S ide - Notched
var iety , sugge s ting Fremont or Ute occupation , ca . AD 440 to 1 7 2 0 ( Gunner s on
1969 : Figure 43 , d ) . The cultural affil iation of the remaining po int
( Fi gure 20 , d) is unknown , but it appears to be a Late Preh i s to ric/Proto ­
H i s toric arrowpo int . Mean measurements of the po ints are : Length : 3 . 0 cm .
(based on one complete point ) , Width : 1 . 5 2 em . , Thickness : . 40 em .

35
 a

B
: �
.: �

: .
� - ...
.'

I
c d

•�
. '
_ IIJ ! l ' (
, ,

I
e f

FIGURE 17 . Large S ide - Notched Po int . a ) 42GR16 12 . 1 . Medium E1ko

Corne r - Notched Points . b) 42GR16 7 6 . 2 , c ) 42GR16 80 . 1 ,
d) 42GR16 80 . 2 , e ) 42GR1706 . 1 , f) I F 1 2 9 . Drawings actual s iz e .

36
 a b

/I :�,/ ' ', �

I • I

R
f , , ,I '.:

' ;,

. . .
,," .. - ::0-

I
d e

FIGURE 1 8 . Lanceo1ate Po ints . a ) 42GR1642. 1-Unidenti fied ,

b ) 42GR1 6 9 8 . I-Humboldt? , c ) 42GR1707 . 1-McKean? , d) I F38 -
Unidentifed , e ) 42GR1 644 . 2 - Cody Complex. Drawings ac tual s i ze .

37
 a b

c d

e f

FIGURE 1 9 . Pinto Series Po ints . a) 42GR1 6 2 5 . l , b ) 42GR16 2 5 . 2 ,

c ) 42GR1 7 2 5 . 1 , d) 42GR17 2 5 . 2 , e ) IF8 1 , £) I F100 .
Drawings ac tual s iz e .

38
 a b

I
c d

FIGURE 2 0 . Small S ide -Notched Points . a ) 4 2GR1 6 7 6 . 5 - De sert S ide ­

Notched , b ) IF8 5 - De sert S ide - Notched , c ) IF53 -De sert S i de - Notched ,
d ) 42GR1 6 1 S . 4 - Late Preh i storic/Proto - H i s toric. Drawings ac tual s ize.

39
 Smal l Corne r -Notched Points ( 2 specimens ; Figure 2 1 , a and b ) . The
po ints in thi s category are o f Late Prehis tor ic/Proto - H i s to r i c manufacture ,
dating from AD 5 0 0 - 1 7 0 0 , for use as arrowpo ints (Reed and Kainer 1 9 7 8 ) .
Cultural affil iat ion of thi s po int s tyle i s difficult to de term ine as i t was
in wide spread use acr o s s the Colorado Plateau , Great Bas in and Plains
cul ture areas , e specially after introduct ion o f the hors e . Mean
measurements of the po ints are : Length : too fragmentary for accurate
measurement , Width : 1 . 45 cm . , Thickne s s : . 3 5 cm .

Ro s e Spring Po ints (1 spec imen ; Figure 2 1 , c ) . A s ingl e po int

attributed to the Ro se Spring Series was found . This s e r i e s may have
o r i g inated as early as 2500 BC in the eas tern Great Bas in , but did not
appear on the Plateau until ca . AD 500 . They appe ar mos t frequently during
Fremont occupation ( S chroedl 1 9 7 6 : 74 ) , and remained in us e as late as AD
1 8 5 0 (Aikens 1 9 70 : 5 6 ) . The po int measures : Length : 3 . 5 cm . ( fragmentary ) ,
Width : 2 . 1 cm . , Thickne s s : . 3 cm .

Smal l S temmed Po ints ( 1 spec imen ; Figure 2 1 , d) . The s ingle point o f

th is var iety is complete and resembles a po int identified by Gunner s on
( 19 6 9 : Figure 43 , f ) as indicating Fremont occupation . I t s sugges ted
temporal span is from ca . AD 450 to 1200 . The po int measures : Length : 2 . 8
cm . , Width : . 9 c m . , Thickne s s : . 3 cm .

Bifaces ( 7 2 spec imens)

B i faces are patterned tools exhib i t ing b ifac ial retouch o f all
surfac e s , thinning , and a generally acute cutt ing edge angle . They occur in
a var iety of forms and therefore imply a variety of potential func t ions .
Subtypes include : 1 ) preforms , 2 ) dr ill s , and 3 ) knives . The maj o r i ty o f
the b ifac e s are made o f c ryptocrystall ine material s . A diagnos ti c b i face
( Fi gure 2 2 ) recorded on 42GR1 6 3 l has been identified as a Shoshonean kni fe
( Fr i s o n 1 9 7 8 : 80 ) .

Edge - Retouched Flake s ( 1 3 spec imens )

Edge - retouched flakes are tools with uni fac ial o r b ifac ial re touch
al ong one o r more selected working edge s . They may be f o rmal or expedient
tools , and gene rally rece ive less edge modificat ion than b i faces , resul ting
in a more irregular outl ine . The edge angle along the working e dge vari e s
from acute to obl i que depending on the de s ired task , which may have involved
cutting , scrap ing or sawing . Tools such as s c rapers and retouched flake s
are inc luded in this category . Mos t obl i que - angle edge - re touched flakes
( fo rmal too l s ) are made o f coarse mate rials , 1 . e . , quartz i te and basal t ,
who se inherent qualities make them sui table for heavy - duty s craping and
cutting tasks . Retouched flakes ( expe dient too l s ) are generally of
c ryptocrystall ine materials .

40
 I�
�! I '·
a b

FIGURE 2 1 . Small Corner - Notched Late Prehi s tori c/Proto - Hi s toric Points .
a) 42GR1 607. l , b ) 42GR1 6 59 . 1. c ) 4 2GR1 64 5 . l - Rose Spr ing.
d) 4 2GR1 6 8 l - Small S temmed Fremont . Drawings actual s iz e .

41
 I.

FIGURE 2 2 . Shoshonean knife 42GR163l . l . Drawing actual s i z e .

FIGURE 2 3 . Mancos Gray Sherd 42GRl686 . l . Drawing actual s iz e .

42
 Grounds tone ( 2 1 spec imen s )

Ten s i tes contr ibuted a total of 2 1 part ial o r comp le te grounds tone
artifacts . S even manos were found , four complete . One mano was two -handed
and the remainder were one - handed var ie t ie s . Two manos were b i facially
ut i l ized and the remainder were uni fac ial . Ten metate s , both pecked and
nonpecked vari e t i e s , of flat s l ab typ e s were represented . Two were c omp lete
and e i ght were fragmentary . Four grounds tone fragments rema in unidenti f i e d .
Al l grounds tone was made of sands tone , and probably transported to the s ites
from the outcrops bounding the de s e r t on the north and s outh .

Ceramics ( 5 0 specimen s )

A total o f 50 ceramic fragments was recovered from s ix s it e s i n the

proj e c t area . They were examined by Priscilla E l lwood o f the Unive r s i ty o f
Colorado Museum and Calvin Jennings o f Colorado S tate Univers ity . The
fol lowing des c r ip t ions and c l as s ifications were comp iled from the i r
obs e rvat ions and those of the authors .

42GRl 6 0 5 - A total of e i ght sherds was collected , probably a l l from

the s ame vess e l . Four are body sherds and four comp r i s e the maj o r i ty of a
crude l oop handle , s imilar to what might be found on a mug . The sherds have
a gray core , w i th smal l - s ized , even- grained quartz and i gneous rock temp e r .
They showed a p o s i t ive reac tion to a hydrochloric acid t e s t on a fresh
break , indicat ing the presence of calc ite . The surface is brownish - gray
with some crude p o l i shing evident . The sherds have b e en class ified as Uinta
Gray .

4 2 GRl 609 - E i ght body sherds were noted and collecte d . The sherds are
thick ( up to one cm . ) , and we l l - fired with a dark brown to browni sh - gray
core . The temp e r i s made up mos tly of l arge par t i c l e s of semi - angular
quartz pro truding through the surface , with s ome rounded sand grains also
noted . Fracture i s p laty , with smo o thing/scrap ing s triat ions noted on the
interi o r s ide o f the maj o r i ty of the sherds . Color ranges from a yellow­
brown buff to reddish - orange , with some evidence of fire - clouds noted . Two
sherds exhib i t a s l i ght outward curve , res embl ing the neck of an o l l a - shaped
ves s e l . These sherds were class i fi e d as Great Salt Lake Gray by Prisc illa
Ellwoo d ( 1 9 8 4 : p e r s onal communication) .

42GR1 6 1 3 - Five small body she rds ( the large s t b e ing 2 cm . long ) ,
probab ly from the s ame ves s e l , were collected . The core is gray , as i s the
surface , whi ch has weathered or chipped away on a portion o f all the sherds .
Temper cons i s t s o f large particles o f angular , mi lky quartz , and smaller
p i e c e s of sub - angular rock , p o s s ibly b ioti te gni e s s . Als o no ted were two or
three smal l particles of white she l l , ident ified by a pos i t ive hydrochloric
aci d tes t . Temper pro trudes through the surface on the p ieces where the
surface remains . The se sherds were also clas s ified as Great Salt Lake Gray .

42GR1 6 6 5 - Fourteen body sherds we re collecte d . The c o r e s range from

dark gray to almo s t black . Temper cons i s ts mos tly of c rushed and sub ­
angular quar tz , with s ome mica present . Particle s iz e is medium to small .
Sherds are thin , ( . 4 cm . ) , compact and of a gray to gray i sh - brown color .
All sherds are class ified as Emery Gray .

43
 4 2 GR16 7 6 - One very small ( 1 . 4 cm . in length) sherd was recovere d .
Temper i s small p ieces of sub - angular crushed rock , poss ibly feldspar , with
a very small percentage of mic a , and an almos t black core . The exterior is
a brown i sh - gray . Pos i t ive clas s ificat ion was not made , however , the sherd
mos t c losely resembles those clas s i fied as Emery Gray .

4 2GRl6 8 6 - Thirteen body sherds , probably from the s ame ve s sel , and
one corrugated rim sherd were collected . The core of the body sherds i s
medium gray , as i s the exterior . Temper cons i s t s of small p articles o f
angular , crushed dark rock , pos s ibly bas alt or b iot i te gnie s s ; with some
f ine angular quartz and mica ( rare ) . The outs ide surface has been pol i she d ,
and scrap ing s triat ions are evident on the ins ide . Some exfoliat ion has
occurred on two of the sherds , and there is a pos s ib ility that a slip or
float was used . The se sherds have been class ified as Emery Gray .

The s ingle rim sherd (Figure 23) has a dark gray core w i th temper
cons i s t ing of crushed quartz and gnie s s . The surface i s l i ght t o medium
gray , w i th s ome temper protruding . Corrugat ion is well - smoothed , w i th no
finger or p inch marks . The sherd was tentatively clas s i fied as Mancos Gray
by Calvin Jennings ( 1984 : personal communication) .

Dating the three varieties of Fremont sherds i s somewhat difficult as

d i f ferent authors as cribe various beginning and ending dates to both the
c eram i c s and associated cultures . Ellwood ( 1984 : person communicat ion) dates
the U inta Gray ( or Turner Gray , C isco Variety) , b e tween AD 650 and 950 while
Wormington ( 1955 : 75 ) sets the ending date at c a . AD 1050 , based on her work
at the Turner- Look s i te . Madsen and Lindsay ( 1977) extend the date for the
Uinta variant , or unnamed Plains - derived culture , another 2 0 0 years .
Ellwood g ives a range for Great Salt Lake Gray as AD 400 to 1350 . She also
s tates that th is type is some t ime s found assoc iated with Uinta Gray . The
range for Emery Gray , associated with the S an Rafael Fremont or j us t the
Fremont ( Madsen and Lindsay 1977) is given by Ellwood as AD 700 to pos s ibly
1200 . She also s tates that th i s type i s occas ionally found associated w i th
U in ta Gray . If we accept Madsen ' s ( 1979 : 75 ) reappraisal , then all three
culture groups are repre s ented in our sample . G iven the uncerta inty o f the
archaeological record and dis agreement among the expert s , thi s should not b e
surpris ing .

Contact with the Mesa Verde Anasaz i is represented by a s ingle Mancos

Gray sherd ( F i gure 2 3 ) . Bretern i tz et al . ( 1974 : Table 1 ) gives a range of
c a . AD 8 75 to 950 for th is particular ware , although it probably did not
occur much before AD 900 north of the Colorado River ( Creas man 1981 : VI - 6 ) .
Th i s range f i ts within that of Emery Gray , found on the s ame s i te . Anasaz i
ceram i c s have previously been recovered in the C i sco region , mos t notably at
the Turner - Look s i te (Wormington 1955 : 74 - 75) .

Analys i s of the collected ceramic data adds l i t tle to confirm the

previously pos i ted theories of Fremont cultural group divis ions or
locations . It doe s , however , s trengthen the hypothes i s that although little
or no Anas azi se ttlement had taken place north of the Colorado River , there
was contac t between the cultural group s . Add i t ionally , the data do l i ttle
to separate cultural group s by t ime sequence. Gre a t S alt Lake Gray has the
longe s t t ime span (AD 400 to 1350 ) , but all typ e s overlap at c a . AD 900 ,
with overlap c ontinuing for the Fremont types through at lea s t AD 1200 . If

44
a l l three Fremont cultural groups were not actually uti l i z ing the are a , they
d i d , at leas t , maintain s teady contact with one another .

D is cus s ion

A total o f 44 temporally/culturally sens i t ive arti facts or s ites was

recorded during the C i s c o I I I survey . The 2 9 diagnos t ic proj ectile po ints ,
1 b i face , 1 0 s i te s with grounds tone and 6 s i te s w i th ceramics indicate
abo r iginal use of the C isco Desert , between the Book C l i ffs and the C o lorado
Rive r , from the Paleo - I ndian S tage , Plano period , ( p r i o r to c a . 6 5 00 BC )
through the Protohis toric ( c a . 1 8 7 7 ) s tage s . Figure 24 presents a
d i s t r ibution o f s i te typ e s as indicated by temporal/cultural diagno s t i c s .

The Pale o - Indian S tage i s sparsely represented by a s ingle point

fragment of p os s ible Cody Complex aff i l iation . The Archaic S tage i s b e s t
represented , with 1 6 s i tes containing grounds tone or p oints indicative of
Archaic occupation . Other po int s tyles sugges t ing Archaic occupation are
P into , Humboldt , and McKean Lanceolate . Three s i tes appear t o be
mult i component , w i th an Archaic , then a l ater Fremont o r Shoshonean
component . Ten s i te s with grounds tone and five s i te s with l arge c orner ­
notched p oints also indicate Archaic , or late r , occupation . I t i s p os s ib l e
that inhabi tants o f a s ite could have transported a p oint from a n earlier
s ite thus g iving a s ingl e - component s i te the appearance of an ear l ie r period
or mult iple occupati on .

Format ive S tage s i tes , or tho se o f Fremont affil iation , are indicated
by grayware ceramics and d i s t inctive Rose Spring and sma l l s temmed p o ints .
I n add i ti on , Desert S ide - Notched po ints may date to thi s , or the l ater Late
Preh i s toric/Prot oh i s toric t ime period . Trade with the S outhwest culture
area dur ing the Format ive S tage is indicated by the presence of a Mancos
Gray sherd found a s s o ciated with Emery Gray sherds .

Late Preh i s to r ic/Protoh i s toric util ization o f the area i s indicated by

a d i s tinc tive Shoshonean b i face , a s i te containing post - contact glass beads
and a c amp s i te dated to ca . AD 1 840 ( 1l0±50 BP) . S ites containing large
c o rner - notched p o ints and Desert S ide - Notched po ints also sugges t
ut i l i z at i on during thi s t ime span .

HISTORIC RESOURCES

S ite Type s

Historic s i te types , def ined by func tional attribute s , were

categorized as follows : 1 ) short - term hab i tation camp s i tes , 2 ) l imited
activ i ty areas , 3 ) structures , 4) a mine and 5) a railroad s tation . Four
short - term hab i tation camp s i tes were recorded . Limited act ivity areas
included two trash s c atters ( containing glas s , tin c ans and o ther refuse ) ,
three rai l road trash s catters ( trash scatters s imilar to above but located
adj acent to rail road beds ) , two tin can scatters and one glass bead s c atter .
Two s tructures ( one home s tead and one foundation ) , one humate mine and one
railroad s tation (Whi tehouse Station) were a l s o r e c o rded .

45
 0' S o i l u n i t boun d a r i e s
.0 Archaic
.0 F r e m o n t
.. A La te P r e h i s t oric
S o l i d symbols d e n o h c a m p s i t e s
Op e n symbols d e n o t e l i t h i c scatters

T. 1 9 S .

FIGURE 2 4 . C i s c o I I I Preh i s toric Camps ites and Lithic Scatters with

Known Cultural Aff i l iations .

46
Mat erial Culture

H i s to r i c artifacts include the following :

1) t in c ans s o lder - top and modern seamed ; c ontainers for foo d ,

tobacco , op ium .

2) glass - bottles , window , insulator , lantern .

3) nai ls - modern common (wire ) .

4) c eramic s - earthenware crocks , beverage containe r s , s toneware and

porcelain , opium p ipe .

5) le ather - shoe fragments .

6) wire - baling and barbed .

7) ammuni tion - cartridges .

8) wood - milled lumber , railroad t i e s , cedar shake shingl e s .

9) o ther me tal - l i cense plate , sheet tin , Texaco s ign , t in cup , bed
frame s , buckets , stove parts , railroad cons truc tion metal ,
rai lroad s p ikes , shovel , buckles , barrel stay s , s crews , c o ffee
pot , various tools and hardware , footlocke r , wagon parts ,
horse shoe , pressure gauge ( Fi gure 2 5 ) .

10) rubbe r - unidentified fragments .

11) o ther - shel l buttons , glass trade beads , tobacco p ipe , b ricks .

Dat ing H i s toric Art i facts

Dating o f the h i s toric artifact s was based on techno logical and

manufac tur ing data , and functi onal and phys ical attr ibute s . Tin cans were
dated according to s iz e ( condens ed milk cans ) , type of manufac ture ( so ldered
ho l e - in- top or modern seam cans ) , and can contents and shape ( tobacco cans ,
key - opened co ffee cans , s oda/soft dr ink cans ) . Glass bottles were dated by
color and chemical c ontent o f the glas s (purpl e , aqua , b rown , b l ack , dark
green , c lear) , amount o f patina , mode of manufacture ( free b l own , var ious
mold typ e s , s emi - automatic machine , ful ly automatic machine ) , phys ical
attributes ( s iz e , finish , neck , shoulder , body , base typ e s ) , c l osure s ,
embos s ing , manufac turers ' marks and dates of operation , and label ing
technique s . Window glass was dated by thickne s s , and date s for glass
insulators were determined by manufacturer ' s marks and phy s ical attr ibutes
( co l o r , shape , presence of dr ip p o ints , etc . ) . Nai l s were dated by
manufacturing technique ( s quare and wire nai l s ) and ceram i c s by s tyle ,
decorat ion , technology and hallmark . Barbed wire date s were e s tab l i shed by
the type o f barb , number and twi sts o f wires , patent and manufacturing
date s . Cartridges were dated by the head s tamp and manufac turer ' dates o f
produc t i on . The maj o r i ty of the additional artifacts such as bone , leather ,
wo od , rubb er and various metal obj ects were not sp ecifically datable .

47
 Air �
A.
. . . . . ��AT60A!/82\: ·t. �· -.' . . .

: � .
, '
. . . ' � . . \ . '
'

FIGURE 2 5 . IF76 . Circular Brass Pre s s ure Gauge Faceplate .

Drawing actual s iz e .

48
Dat ing the H i storic S ites

The following information is a brief des c r ip tion o f the dates a s s i gned

to the h i s toric s ites based on the artifact analys i s .

42GR15 9 9 i s a sheepherder ' s camps ite containing glas s , t in cans ,

nail s , m i l l e d wood and o ther metal . Based on the presence o f purple glas s ,
the s i te may date as early as 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 2 0 ( Fike 1 9 84 : personal communicat ion) .
The predominance o f so lder- dot tin cans indicates a pre - 1 9 10 date ( Fawcett
1 9 7 9 : 1 ) ; aqua glass found at the s i te was commonly used pre - 19 3 0 ( Firebaugh
1 9 8 3 : 11 ) ; the s iz e o f the condensed milk cans supports a date o f pre - 1 9 3 1
( Fawce t t 1 9 7 9 : 1 ) ; and the c l ear glass bottles can b e dated p o s t - 1 9 3 0
( Ib id . ) . This range o f dates , from ca . 1 8 8 0 to p o s t - 19 3 0 , indicates
p o tential use of the s i te over a peri od of perhaps 5 0 or more years .

42GR1 6 0 0 i s a sheepherder ' s camps ite containing a fragment o f c lear

glas s , tin cans , a s ands tone hearth and milled woo d . The existence o f flat ­
s i ded , hinged tobacco cans imp l i es a p o s t - 1 9 l 0 date ( Berge 1 9 80 : 2 6 1 ) ; key ­
opened vacuum c o ffee cans are dated pos t - 1 9 2 8 ( Fawcett 1 9 7 9 : 1 ) ; and the
condense d milk can s iz e indicates a date of pre - 19 3 1 ( Ib id . ) . Based on
thes e artifacts the s i te was occupied in the late 1 9 2 0 s or very e ar ly 1 9 3 0 s .

42GR16 0 1 is a sheepherder ' s camps ite containing tin cans , a hearth and
wood . Modern seamed t in cans outnumber ho1e - in - top cans , implying a p o st -
1 9 2 2 date ( Fawcett 1 9 7 9 : 1 ) , and the condensed milk cans are dated pre - l9 3 l
( Ib i d . ) . Thes e dates indicate occupation o f the s i te between 1 9 2 2 and 1 9 3 1 .

42GR1 6 0 2 is a trash s catter with glass and tin cans . A small

percentage of the tin cans are s o l der - do t food cans and condens ed milk cans
which date pre - 1 9 3 1 ( Fawcett 1 9 7 9 : 1 ) , however , the maj o r i ty of the cans are
non- s ol dered food cans and/or modern condens ed milk cans . The arti facts
appear to have been depos i ted from approximately the late 1 92 0 s to the
1930s .

42GR1 6 2 1 i s a humate s t r ip mine with two depre s s ions , the remains o f a

load- out and chute , tin cans , nai l s , other metal and milled wood . Datable
arti facts include beverage cans without pul l tabs dat ing 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 6 2 ( Bus ch
19 8 1 : 1 0 1 ) and a 1 9 6 2 l icense p late . A modern 4 2 - inch diameter Texaco s ign
is a l s o on the s i te . Based on the artifactual remains , the s ite appears to
date to the early 1 9 6 0 s .

42GR1640 is a tin can scatter containing one modern seamed can and
e i ght s older - top c ans with p lugs . The predominance o f s older - top over
modern s e amed c ans imp l ies a 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 1 0 date ( Fawcett 1 9 7 9 : 1 ) .

42GR1641 is a tin can scatter containing four s olde r - top cans . Two
are datable condensed milk cans ( Fawcett 1 9 7 9 : 1 ) and two are modern seamed
cans ( Busch 1 9 8 1 : 9 8 ) . These artifacts indicate a date range from the 1 9 2 0 s
to the 1 9 3 0 s .

49
 42GR1672 i s a s ite containing 7 1 5 whole glas s trade b eads , commonly
refe rred to as " p ony beads " , located in 4 ant h i ll s . They were manufactured
in Venice , I taly , with documented production beginning as e arly as AD 1490
( Franci s n . d. ) , and continuing through the pre s ent (Richard Conn
1 9 84 : personal communication) . Bead color and s i ze varieties are presented
in Tab l e s 7 and 8 . No s tructures or o ther art i facts were noted .

TABLE 7 . 42GRl6 7 2 . Bead Var i e t i e s Per H i l l .

I I Ant I
I Color I H i 1 1# 1 2 3 4 I Total
I I I
I I I
I Light b lue/green I 223 2 2 2 I 229
I opaque and translucent I I
I I I
I Br i ght b lue opaque I 163 1 7 I 171
I I I
I Light green opaque I 110 2 I 112
I and translucent I I
I I I
I Whi te opaque I 63 1 I 64
I I I
I Yellow opaque and I 48 I 48
I translucent I I
I I I
I Purple translucent I 36 1 I 37
I ( faceted) I I
I I I
I Black I 27 I 27
I I I
I Green trans lucent I 20 I 20
I I I
I Light b lue trans lucent I 6 I 6
I I I
I Red translucent ! 1 I 1
I I I
I I I
I I I
I Total I 697 5 11 2 I 715
I I I

50
 TABLE 8 . 42GR16 7 2 . Bead Varieties For Ent ire S ite .

I I I I
I Color I Numbe r Percent I S iz e Range I
I I I I I
I B lues I 406 I 56 . 7 8 I . 2 - . 4 cm . I
I I I I I
I Greens I 132 I 1 8 . 46 I . 2 5 - . 45 cm . I
I I I I I
I Whi te I 64 I 8 . 95 I . 25 - . 4 cm . I
I I I I I
I Yel l ow I 48 I 6 . 71 I . 25 - . 4 cm . I
I I I I I
I Purpl e I 37 I 5 . 17 I .3 -
. 4 cm . I
I I I I I
I Black I 27 I 3 . 77 I . 2 5 - . 5 cm . I

1
I I I I I
I Red I I . 13 I . 3 5 cm . I
I
I
I I I I
I I I I
I I I I
I Total I 715 99 . 97 I I
I I I I

The beads were manufactured by dipp ing a wire in mol ten glas s and
drawing the glas s unti l i t cooled . Thi s hollow glass tube was then cut into
bead l engths . The edge - rounding was achieved by mixing the beads in a
mixture o f hot charcoal and fine sand , with the final polishing accomp l i shed
by agitating the beads in bags o f bran (Kidd and Kidd 1 9 7 0 : 49 ) . The
irregular facets o f the purple beads were probably filed onto the glass
tub e s prior to cutting and p o l i sh ing , as the edges o f thes e beads are not
nearly as rounded as the other colors . Additionally , whi le the maj o r i ty of
the beads were probably used for embroidery , the purple faceted beads were
more o ften used on fringes and in necklaces (Richard Conn 1 9 84 : personal
c ommunication) . Mr . Conn also s tated that the larger s iz e beads were
popular among the Plains Indians through the 1840s , while this larger s iz e
w a s predominant in the Intermontane region through the l 8 7 0 s . The b lue
beads were generally preferred , because it was a color the Native Ameri can
technol o gy was incapab l e of reproducing with the materials at hand .

The length o f time these beads were manufactured , their durab i l i ty and
pos s ib i l i ty o f reus e , makes i t difficult to a s s i gn a prec i s e date to the
s i te . I t i s l ikely that beads were introduced to the area on a large scale
in the l 8 2 0 s when trappers and traders entered the region (Athearn 1 9 8 1 : 2 1 ) .
To the s outh , howeve r , Indians had obtained beads at a much earl ier date ,
presumably from the Spani sh . Carlson ( 19 6 5 : 9 2 ) documents 17 types and
colors o f beads that were recovered by Earl Morris from a forti fied Navaj o
s i te in northwes tern New Mexico . The s ite was dated to the l ate 1 7 th/early
1 8 th century , and the description of the beads was s imilar to this
collec t ion , especially the l i ght green translucent type . To the north , Mr .
Conn ( 19 84 : personal communication) theorizes that l i ght green translucent

51
b e ads were traded extens ively by the Northwes t Trade Company in Canada prior
to their takeover by the Hudson Bay Comp any . Al though not fully
s ub s tant i ated , he believes trade of this particul ar bead , especially in
Canada , pract ically came to a hal t by the early 1 9 th century . Howeve r ,
beads o f this c o l or , al though smaller in s iz e , were recovered from a Pawnee
burial in Nebraska , dating 1 8 5 7 - 1 8 7 5 ( Carlson 1 9 7 3 : 40 , 45 ) . In fac t , the
vas t maj ori ty of beads from this bur ial are smaller in s iz e than those
recovered from 4 2GR16 2 7 , p erhaps subs tant iating the s iz e preference
discussed above .

I t appears the mos t reali s t ic date for s i te dep o s i tion fal l s between
the l 8 2 0 s and the l880s , with pos s ible overlap on both ends . Actual s i te
type is difficult to a s s i gn , but the two mos t l ikely p o s s ib i l i ties are a
burial o r the remains of a l o s t/discarded article o f clothing or horse
trapp ings .

42GR1 674 is a h i s toric s tructure/homes tead w i th a four - room l o g hous e ,

corral , two sheds , p r ivy , and wel l . Art i facts include purple and c lear
glas s , t in cans , wire , nails , bone and woo d . Four samples of barbed wire
were col lected and identifie d . One is Spilt Diamond ( Early o r Obvious ) ,
patented December 14 , 1 8 7 5 by Henry N . Frentres s (McCallum 1 9 6 5 : 2 4 6 ) and
three are Baker s Barb (Needle - Po int Variati on) , a p robab le variation o f
p atent No . 2 7 3 2 19 b y George C . Baker , February 27 , 1 8 8 3 ( Cl i fton 1 9 7 0 : 90 ) .
Information obtained from a f i le s earch and informants es tab l i shes the s i te
as the Er ickson home stead , occupied ca . 1900 - 19 2 0 during an attempt at dry­
l and farming .

4 2GR1 6 7 7 i s a h i s toric railroad s tation l ocated along a former and

exi s t ing Denver & Rio Grande We s tern rail road l ine . The s ite , identi fied as
Whi tehouse S tat ion , contains two wooden privies and wooden supports for a
s tructure , probably part o f the railroad s tation . A road at the east end o f
the s i te leads t o a dump atop the ridge behind the s tation . Richard E . Fike
( 19 8 3 : personal communicat ion) identified s everal s eparate surface
concentrations of art i fac t s , one of which is an ass emblage of Chinese
materials including fragments o f an oriental - de s i gned ceramic cup , rice
bowl , soy container , p ieces of op ium t ins and pipes , and a T i ger Whiskey
bottl e cap . dating 1 8 8 0 - 18 9 0 (Munsey 1 9 7 0 : 1 3 8 ) . Two concentrations o f
artifacts a r e identified at dating t o ca . 1 940 ( Fike 1 9 8 3 : personal
communication) . A sample o f the o ther datable remains at the s i te includes
purple glas s ; a brown bottle base manufactured by the Adolphus Busch Glass
Manufacturing Co . , 1904 - 1907 ( Toulouse 1 9 7 1 : 2 6 ) ; a brown bottle with a cork
closure , dating to p re - 1920 ( Fawcett 1 9 7 9 : 2 ) ; a whi te ceramic s aucer
fragment manufactured by the Smith - Phillips China Co . , East Liverpool , Ohi o ,
in the late 1 9 th century ( Thorn 1947 : 148 ) ; aqua glas s ; a brown beverage
b o t tl e fragment produced by the Buffalo Brewing Co . , S acramento , Cal i fornia ,
ca . 1 9 1 0 (Munsey 1 9 70 : 11 9 ) ; a large clear glass food bottle manufac tured by
the Owens - I l l ino is Co . , 19 2 9 - 1940 ( Toulous e 1 9 7 1 : 403 ) ; and a clear
mayonnai s e j ar made by the Hazel -Atlas Glass Co . , 1 9 2 0 - 1 9 6 4 ( Toulouse
1971 : 239) . The concentrat ion of Chines e artifacts is p robably
repres entative of the ear l i e s t occupation of the s i te , mos t likely during
construc t i on of the Denver and Rio Grande Wes tern Rai l ro ad , 1 8 8 0 - 18 8 3
( Athearn 1 9 6 2 : 12 3 ) . Other art i facts sugges t l ater reuse o f the s i te ,
probably as a dump , from the 1 9 2 0 s through at least the 1 940s .

52
 42GR1 6 7 8 i s a railroad trash s catter containing glas s , t i n cans ,
nai l s , o ther metal , bone , wood , ammunition and other refus e . Solde r - dot tin
cans are predominant . The 16 col lected glass art i facts are primarily
medic inal and alcohol i c beverage bottle s , e . g . , Carl Conrad & Co . ,
" Budwe i s er " , 1 8 7 6 - 1 8 8 3 ( Toulouse 1 9 7 1 : 117 , 1 1 8 ) ( Fi gure 2 6 ) , and o ther
probable beer , wine or champagne bottle s . The s e glass items date from ca .
1 8 8 0 - 19 1 8 w i th the maj o r i ty produced dur ing the late l800s to the very early
1 9 00 s . The s e dates indicate that the s ite may have been a railroad
cons truct ion camp s ite , ca . 1 8 8 0 - 18 8 1 (Athearn 1 9 6 2 : 12 3 ) , associated with
42GR9 3 5 , an abandoned narrow gauge railroad bed ( Reed and Nickens 1 9 80 : 3 8 ) .

42GR1 6 7 9 is a railroad trash scatter containing glas s , tin c ans , wire ,

nai l s , ceramic s , and wood . The ceramics are fragments o f Homer Laughlin
Premium S tone China , East Liverpool , Ohio , manufactured from 18 7 9 - 1 8 9 7
( Berge 1 9 8 0 : 17 8 , 2 1 3 ) . Several fragments o f green glas s , panelled medicine
bottle s date 1 8 6 7 - 19 1 5 ( Firebaugh 1 9 8 3 : 11 ) . Thes e art i fact date s , ranging
from the late 1800s to the ear ly 1900s , sugges t that the s i te materials may
have been depos i te d during early railroad related ac tivi ties , e . g. ,
cons truction or maintenance o f 42GR9 3 5 ( Reed and Nickens 1 9 80 : 3 8 ) .

42GR1 6 9 9 i s a trash s catter cons i s t ing o f 100+ c ans and bottles ,

ceramic s , window glas s , and several metal obj ects . The art i facts represent
a variety of domes tic goods , e . g . , food , soda , medicine , cosmetics ( a purple
glass perfume bottle , Figure 2 7 a , b ) , alcohol ic beverage containers , china ,
an iron handle fragment , and a pos s ib le engine par t . The window glass dates
pos t - 1 8 50 ( Fawcett 1 9 7 9 : 1 ) , and two brown glass alcohol ic beverage bottles
are dated pos t - 1 9 0 0 and post - 1903 ( Fawcett 1 9 7 9 : 1 ; Firebaugh 1 9 8 3 : 15 ) . The
maj o r i ty o f the additional glas s art ifacts were manufactured by the I l l ino is
Glas s Co . from 1 9 1 6 - 1 9 2 9 ( Fi gure 28 a b ) , and the Owens - Il l ino is Glass Co .
from 1 9 2 9 - 1 940 ( Toulouse 1 9 7 1 : 264 , 403 ) ( Fi gure 2 9 ) . One bottle dates 1 9 3 0 -
1940 and another may date t o ca . 1947 ( Berge 1980 : 65 , 7 9 ; Toulouse 1 9 7 1 : 29 2 ) .
Solde r - do t tin cans are predominant . Dates for the s i te range from
approximately the early 1 9 0 0 s to the 1940s . The material s may have been
dep o s i te d continuous ly during that t ime span , or the s i te could have been
reused per iodically .

42GR1 700 is a rec tangular s tone cobble foundation , a depress ion , and
an as soc iated trash s catter containing glas s , tin cans , wire , nails ,
cerami c s , bone , wood and o ther refus e . The maj ority o f the tin cans are
modern s e amed . One c lear glas s " Lone S tar Beer" b ottle i s dated pos t - 1 9 3 0
( F irebaugh 1 9 8 3 : 2 7 ) . The art i facts indicated a date range o f 1 9 2 0 - 1 9 3 0 s for
occupation of the s i te .

42GR1 7 14 i s a prehistoric l i thic scatter o f indeterminate age , with an

over lying h i s toric component . The historic camps ite contains purp le glas s ,
t in cans , a hearth , wood , and ammunit ion . Solder - do t tin cans predominate
at a rati o of 2 : 1 over modern seamed cans . A Winches ter Repeating Arms C o .
. 3 8 Smith and Wes son Special cartridge dates pos t - 1940 ( Ib i d . : 2 ) . These
arti fac t s , ranging in date 1 8 8 0 to pos t - 1940 , indicate potential use o f the
s i te over a period o f 40 - 6 0 years .

53
 b

... . :i
.,' , , ' :1 j

"

, ', :

FIGURE 2 6 . 42GR16 7 S . 4 . a ) s ide view " BUDWE I S ER" beer bottle and b )
bottom view " CC&CO" emb o s sed , Carl Conrad & Co . , 1 8 7 6 · 1 8 8 3 ( Toulouse
1 9 7 1 : 11 7 , 1 1S ) . Drawings actual s ize .

54
 a

� - _ . - f

", - �- - � ,

�' : ..:.-
. .. �� -
I
(- ", ' ..�
" . " .
� �f
_ .r' "

.. �-" .' -. ... ....

' .' . :.

,a 1
FIGURE 2 7 . ( above ) 1�
4 2GR1 6 9 9 . 27 . a) s ide view , I ! I,
purp le glass perfume bottle
c a . 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 2 0 ( F ike 1 9 8 4 :
� ,
personal communication)
b) bottom view .
j, ; :
: .
"
,

a
FIGURE 2 8 . ( on r i gh t )
4 2GR1 6 9 9 . 19 .
a ) s ide view , clear glass
medic ine bottle unthreaded
finish , emb o s sed volume
amount s b ) bottom view ,
maker ' s mark , I l l ino i s Glass
Co . , Al ton , I l l ino i s ,
1 9 1 6 - 1 9 2 9 ( Toulouse 1 9 7 1 : 2 6 4 ) .
Drawings ac tual s iz e .
b

55
 b
W@7i1�1 u[� (G t®, ,'
�@:� JfYl&�l(GlfJ (0� ��"

, I '
" �'I
,I
, ,
I
I ,
,
,
I ,
"
,
" ,

I ,

, '

"

, , FIGURE 2 9 . 4 2 GR 1 6 9 9 . 5 .
a ) s id e v ie w , c l ear g l as s
s o d a b o t t l e , 6 . 5 o z . , t e n­
s id ed , Crown t o p f i n i sh .
"GRAND JUNC T ION B OTTLING
C O . , GRAND JUNC TION ,
C OLO . " b) bo t t om v ie w ,
make r ' s mark o f the Owen s
I l l in o i s Gl a s s Co . ,
To l ed o , Oh i o ,
1 9 2 9 - 1 94 0 .

56
 42GR1 7 2 6 i s a rail road trash s catter containing glas s , t in c ans , and a
hearth . Purp l e glas s and fragments of a brown glas s bottle w i th a cork
c lo sure are present . Another brown glas s bottle exh ib i t s an applied top ,
c a . 1 8 5 0 - 1 9 1 8 ( F irebaugh 1 9 8 3 : 2 0 ) . S o lder - top t in cans are pre dominant .
Thes e ar t i facts sugges t that the s i te mate r ials were dep o s ited dur ing the
late l 8 0 0 s to the e arly 1 9 00s . The s i te may have been related to
c ons t ruct i on of 4 2GR9 3 5 (Reed and N ickens 1 9 80 : 3 8 ) , 1 8 8 0 - 1 8 8 3 ( Athearn
1962 : 12 3 ) .

NATIONAL REGISTER CONSIDERATIONS

To aid in land management activities , th i s contract required

s tatements of s i gn i ficance ( recommendations o f s i te t s e l igib i l i ty t o the
National Re g i s ter of H i s toric Place s ) to be o ffered . Spec i f i c guide l ines
for the s e rec ommendat ions are set forth by the Federal government a t 36 CFR
6 0 . 4 o f the U . S . G overnment Code of Federal Regul ations , and are as follows :

The qual i ty o f s i gnificance in Ame rican his tory , architecture ,

archaeology , and cul ture i s present in dis tric t , s ites , bui ldings ,
s truc tures , and obj ects o f s tate and local impor tance that p o s s e s s
integr i ty o f location , de s i gn , s e t t ing , mate rial s , workmansh ip ,
feel ing and associat ion ; and

a) that are assoc iated w i th events that have made a s i gnificant

c ontr ibuti on to the broad patterns of our his tory , o r

b) that are assoc iated with the l ives o f persons s i gnificant i n our
p as t ; o r

c) that embody the dis t inct ive charac ter istics o f a typ e , period , o r
me thod o f cons truc t ion , or that represent the work o f a mas ter , o r
that p o s s e s s high art i s t i c value s , o r that repres ent a s i gnificant and
dis t inguishab l e entity who s e components may l ack individual
d i s t inc t i on ; or

d) that have y i elded , o r may b e l ikely t o yield information important

in prehis tory or h i s tory .

Recommendat ions o f s i gnificanc e , however , remain subj e c t ive j udgments

made from c omparative information in and around the s tudy area . D i fferent
recommendat ions may be o ffered depending on the archaeologist c onsul ted and
the area under c ons iderat i on .

When recommending l i thic s i te s as e l igible , the c r i terion most o ften

used is ( d ) , to p rovide for the po s s ib i l i ty that a s i te may contain
s igni f icant subsurface components . Sub surface po tential b ec omes an
important c ons iderat ion in th i s area when examining the results o f past
surveys . The C i s c o Desert , in general , was a demons trated low s i te dens i ty
area ( Re ed and Nickens 1 9 8 0 : 5 3 ) and as such , has had l i ttle work done to
provide s tratigraph i c contro l for the archaeolo gical resourc e s . S i tes
located in topographic/geologic s i tuat ions favor ing subsurface p otent ial ,
i . e . , s and dune s , al luvial p lains , should then be c ons i dered e l i gib le in
that they may provide ne eded s t ratigraph ic and temporal control to further

57
the under s tanding of aboriginal occupation/uti l i z ation of the s e marginal
areas .

In the case o f th is s tudy , c r i terion ( c ) is also used to provide for

thos e r e s ourc e s l ocated in high s ite dens i ty areas . Resource s cons idered
under thi s c ri ter ion may not be s igni ficant when evaluated alone , but become
s ignificant when viewed in the larger context of an archae o logical dis tr ict .

The following discus s ion summari z e s e l igib i l i ty rec ommendat i ons for
the 1 2 6 recorded s i tes . The numbe r of preh i s to r i c s ites recorded
nec e s s i tates group des c r ipt ion rather than individual s tatements o f
s ignificance . Prehi s to r i c resources will be addr e s s e d fir s t , followed by
h i s to r i c resourc e s .

E l igible Prehistor ic Re s ources

A total of 91 abo riginal s ites is c ons idered e li gib le for nomination

to the NRHP , 63 as part o f 2 archaeological districts and 2 8 on the ir own
mer i t ( F i gure 1 3 ) . Whi l e all 6 3 " di s tr i c t s ites " are not s ignificant in and
o f thems e lve s , all are e l i gible under criteria ( c ) and ( d) , in that they
" repre s ent a s ignificant and distinguishab l e entity who s e components may
lack individual dis t inc tion" and " may be l ikely to yield informat i on
important in prehistory . " The 28 s ites cons idered s ignificant on the ir own
meri t e i ther demons trated o r p o s s e s s a high likel iho o d of containing
subsurface cultural depos its and , therefore , are recommended as e l i gible
under c r i t e ri on ( d) .

Forty - seven s i te s (Appendix 2 ) l ie in the greasewood/des e r t shrub

vege tat ion communi ty on the al luvial plain to e i ther s ide o f C o ttonwo od
Wash , and are included as part of the proposed Cot tonwood Archaeological
D i s tr i c t ( Figure 1 3 ) . Cottonwood Wash i s the only r e gularly flowing body of
water in the C i s c o Deser t , and based on s i te densi ty along the drainage ( 27
s it e s per s quare mile ) , appears to have been a maj or trave l corr idor b e tween
the Colo rado River and the Book C l i ffs , as wel l as a des tination for
r e source procurement . The s ites contain a wide range of art i fact typ e s and
ther efore imp ly a var iety of potent ial func t i ons . Thi r ty - two are camp s i tes
w i th grounds tone or fire cracked/oxidized rock and e i ghte en are l i thic
s catter s , one is a rock shelter . and one i s a quarry ( Figure 1 5 ) . S ites
containing temporally or cul turally diagnos t ic ar t i fact s indicate Archaic ,
Formative ( Fremont ) and Late Preh i s to r i c utilization of the area ( Fi gure
24) .

The proposed We s twater Archaeol ogical D i s tr i c t contains 1 6 s it e s (Appendix

2 ) and is l o cated in the up lands south of the C i s c o Desert ( F i gure 1 3 ) . The
vegetation community i s primari ly j uniper with a few s it e s located in sand
dune or des e r t shrub microenvironments . The s i te s in the propos e d district
contain es s entially s im ilar tool kits compared to those in the proposed
Cottonwood D i s tr ic t . Three rockshelters , e . g . , 42GR16 6 l ( Figure 3 0 ) , and
three camp sites were recorded in the We s twater D i s tr i c t and ten s i tes ,
lacking the requis i te groundstone o r evidence of a hearth , were c l as s i fi e d
a s l i thic scatters ( Fi gure 15) . Temporally diagno s t i c artifacts indicate
Archaic and Late Preh i s toric us e of th i s are a . Diagno s t ic

58
FIGURE 3 0 . 42GR16 6 1 . Rockshe l ter . facing eas t .

59
Formative ( Fremont ) art i facts were no t recorded in thi s area . Grounds tone
artifac ts and p oint types , inc luding large and me dium corne r - notched and
P into vari e t ie s , sugges t Early Archaic and later utilization ( Figure 24) .
S everal s i tes have been previous ly recorded in thi s area during humate mine
surveys ( c f . Lee and Clements 1 9 8 1 ) and the s e , though not noted on forms
accompanying thi s proj ect , also fall within the propos e d district .

Not E l igib l e

The remaining 20 aboriginal s i tes (Appendix 2 ) are not c ons idered

e l i gib le for nomination to the NRHP . Thi s total inc ludes one s ite
( 42GR17 l4 ) containing b o th a prehistoric and h i s toric component . Nei ther
component is cons idered e li gible . In addit ion , the 103 preh i s to r ic i so lated
f inds recorded are cons i dered ine ligib l e . These r e s ources are nei ther
d i s tinc t ive in character , nor do they appear to pos s e s s sub surface cultural
mater ial . As such , there is l ittle l ikel ihood they would yield addi tional
s ignificant data .

E l ig ib l e H i s toric Re s ourc e s

E l i gib i l i ty requirements for h i s to r i c s it e s are s imilar to thos e for

preh i s to r i c s i tes in that they mus t meet one or more of the criteria s e t
forth at 3 6 CFR 60 . 4 . S ix of the fifteen historic s i tes recorded dur ing
thi s s tudy are recommended as e ligible for nomination under c r i te ri on ( c )
and/or ( d ) ( Fi gure 14) (Appendix 3 ) . S it e s 42GR1 67 8 , 42GR1 6 7 9 and 42GR1 7 2 6
a r e e li g ib l e as part of the narrow- gauge railroad sys tem , 4 2GR9 3 5 , recorded
previously in the survey area ( Reed and Nickens 1 9 80 : 38 ) . Thes e s ites , when
cons idered alone , do no t appear to be e l i gib le for the National Reg i s ter ,
howeve r , they may provide data useful for future research o f the narrow­
gauge railroad cons truc t i on . Site 4 2GR1674 , the Er ickson Homes tead , i s
s i gnificant i n that i t s method o f construc tion and integrity may provide
important information on 1 9 20s l ifes tyle in the area . Thes e three s it e s are
e l igib le under c r i teria ( c ) and ( d ) while s i tes 42GR1 6 7 2 ( the bead s it e ) and
42GR1 6 7 7 (Whi tehouse S tation) are el igible under c r i te rion ( d ) . The latter
two s ites have demonstrated sub surface mater ial , and may y i e l d further
information impor tant to the h i s to ry of the region .

Not El igible

The remaining nine historic s i tes , the historic c omponent of 42GR1 7 14

and 2 5 historic i s olated finds are p r incipally tin can scatters or is olated
art ifacts that can provide l ittle additional information for under standing
the area . All are cons idered ins ignificant and no t e l i gible for nomination
to the NRHP .

D i s cu s s ion

Relative ly accurate dates may be ass igned to the h i s to r i c resources

found during thi s proj e c t by us ing temporal indicators such as bottle s , cans
and o ther diagno s ti c s . Due to the s e dates , recommendations of e l i g ib i l i ty
were more obj e c t ive than tho s e offered for the prehis to r i c s ites . S ix s ites

60
are recommended as e l igible for nominati on and ten s ites , l acking p otential
t o yield further important information , are recommended as not e l igib l e . In
addit ion , the 2 5 historic isolated f inds have b een fully recorded and are
not e l igible for inc lus ion in the NRHP .

Management Re commenda t ion s

A b l anket s tatement such as " e l igib le vs . no t e l i g ib l e for nomination

to the NRHP " provides l i ttle informat ion to the spons or ing agency c oncerning
the management direct ion recommended for cultural resource s under
c ons i derati on . There fore , the s it e s found dur ing the C i sco I I I s tudy have
b e en further evaluated in three management categories , de s i gnated s imply as
C atego r i e s 1 , 2 , and 3 . As s ignment o f s i tes t o the s e categories i s intended
to provide the BLM w i th a workabl e management plan in additi on to
recommendat i on s of s ite e l igib il i ty .

Catego ry 1 recommendat i ons identify resourc e s that are e l i gib l e for

nomination to the NRHP based on : 1 ) high surfic ial artifact dens i ty of
var ious flaking s tages and/or , 2) demons trated o r prob ab l e sub s ur face
dep o s i tion as indicated by the s i te / s locat ion on a dune or alluvial plain .
S i tes in th i s category should be avo ided by allowing a buffer z one of at
least 1 5 0 feet from the s ite boundary when cons truction or o ther land
d i s turbing ac t ivity is b e ing undertaken in the vic inity . I f avo idance i s
no t feas ible , a data recovery plan is the preferred alternat ive .

Category 2 recommendat ions ident i fy resources that : 1 ) are not

s i gn i f i c ant on the ir own mer i t , but are s ignificant when cons i dered in the
context of an assoc i ated high s ite dens i ty are a , 2 ) exhib i t h i gh surface
artifac t dens i ty o r , 3 ) p o s s e s s the po tent ial for subsur face cul tural
depos i ts based on surface indications . S ites in th i s category should be
treated as p o tent ially e l i gible and should be extens ively mapped , surface
c o l lected and tested prior to any land dis turb ing activ i ty . I f the se
m i t i gation measures prove unfeas ib le , a buffer z one o f no les s than 150 feet
should be maintained between the s i te boundary and impact are a . In
addi t ion , when c ons truc t ion is planned near any s i tes w i thin the proposed
Cottonwoo d or Wes twater Archaeolo gical D i s tr ic t s , the activities should be
monitored by a profe s s ional archaeologi s t . S i tes are not always vis ible on
the surfac e , and in the s e high s i te dens i ty areas , the p o s s ib i l i ty of
encounter ing sub surface material is extremely high .

Category 3 recommendati ons identify resource s that have b een fully

reco rded and , based on surface indications , have l ittle potent ial for depth
of cultural depo s i t s . Cons truc tion may be undertaken in the vicinity o f
the se s i t e s w i thout addi ti onal prior archaeologic al cons ideration . A note
o f c aution mus t b e inserted here that i f sub surface cultural material is
encountered , work should be halted and the BLM archaeo logist not i fied
immediately .

Table 9 summar izes the management recommenda ti ons for the 1 2 6 s i tes
recorded dur ing th is proj ect .

61
 TABLE 9 . Management Recommendat ions Summary .

I I I
I Category I S i te Numbers I
I I I
I I I
I I 42GR - 1606 , 1607 , 1608 , 1 6 11 , 1612 , 1615 , 1618 , I
I I 1 62 3 , 1625 , 1627 , 1628 , 16 2 9 , 1631 , 1632 , I
I I 1633 , 1 6 34 , 1635 , 1636 , 1637 , 1638 , 1639 , I
I 1 I 1642 , 1643 , 1644 , 1645 , 1 65 3 , 1655 . 1656 , I
I I 1657 , 1658 , 1661 , 1664 , 1667 , 166 8 , 1672 , I
I I 1673 , 1674 , 1676 , 1677 , 1680 , 1 68 2 , 1686 , I
I I 1687 , 1 68 8 , 1689 , 169 2 , 1 6 94 , 1 69 6 , 1 69 7 , I
I I 1702 , 1706 , 1712 , 1720 , 1723 , 1725 , 1732 , I
I I 1733 I
I I I
I I I
I I 4 2GR - 1 6 0 5 , 1609 , 1613 , 1 6 14 , 1 6 16 , 1617 , 1619 , I
I t 1620 , 1 62 2 , 1624 , 1626 , 1630 , 1662 , 1 66 3 , I
t 2 I 1 66 5 , 1666 , 1669 , 1670 , 167 1 , 1678 , 1679 , I
I I 1681 , 1690 , 1691 , 1693 , 1 69 5 , 1698 , 1701 , I
I I 1703 , 1708 , 1709 , 1715 , 1717 , 1718 , 1719 , I
I I 1721 , 1722 , 1 7 24 , 1726 , 1 7 34 I
I I I
I I I
I I 42GR - 1 5 9 8 , 15 9 9 , 1 600 , 1601 , 1602 , 1603 , 1 6 04 , I
I 3 I 1610 , 1 62 1 , 1640 , 1642 , 1646 , 1 6 54 , 1 65 9 , I
I I 1660 , 1 67 5 , 1683 , 1684 , 1 68 5 , 1699 , 1700 , I
I I 1 7 04 , 1705 , 1707 , 1710 , 1711 , 1713 , 1 7 14 , I
I I 1716 I
I I I

62
 CHAPTER V

PREDICTIVE MODELING

ORIGINAL 10% MODEL

As o r i ginally p lanned , the contract required buil ding a predi c t ive

model for preh i s to r i c s i te locat ions , us ing previous ly c o l l e c te d s i te and
env ironmental data from the C isco Gas and O i l Field area . Al though numerous
small surveys had been conduc ted in the are a , Reed and N ickens ( 19 8 0 ) Class
II sample surveys o f the adj acent Danish Flat -W indy Me sa s tudy trac t in 1 9 7 8
and Nash Wash and S tate l ine s tudy tract s i n 1 9 7 9 were u s e d f o r the data
base . Thi s allowed cont inuity of s amp l ing frac t ion ( 10 % ) , samp l e uni t s iz e
( 40 - acre 1 / 2 mile b y 1 / 8 mile trans ects ) and s ite de finit ion ( f ive or more
ar t i fac t s ) dur ing the buil ding and tes t ing phas e s , as we l l as provided
addi t ional data for a cont iguous area of over 200 , 000 acres . The i r work
also provided environmental data for the samp le uni t s enab l ing model
cons truct ion and t e s t ing of " s trata" previously ident i f ied as impor tant to
s it e and nons i te locations . The model woul d , i f nec e s sary , be refined to an
8 0 % accuracy rate dur ing the t e s t ing phase us ing survey data c o ll e c te d at a
1 % , 5 % and f inal ly , 10% sampl ing frac t ion of the 8 0 , 000 acre 1 9 8 3 s tudy
are a . The general obj e c t ive o f the proj ect was the ident ificat ion of
environmental var iables important for accurately predi c t ing preh i s toric s i te
locat ions w i th an emphas is on del ineating tho s e areas o f low s it e dens i ty .
Previous surveys in the C i s c o Desert had encountered extreme ly low s i te
dens i ty in the Manco s Shale/desert shrub areas and i t was as sumed that the
present s tudy would produce s imi lar results . Re finement o f the model to an
8 0 % l evel of ac curacy would aid in the future management of the ent ire
200 , 000 acre Cisco O i l and Gas Field area .

Reed and N i ckens ( 19 8 0 ) presented and partially tes ted hypo the ses
re garding the extremely low s i te dens i ty areas and the s e hypotheses would be
further t e s te d and expanded w i th the additional data base . They
hypo thes ized that the " low" s ite dens ity ( . 3 8 s i tes per square m i le ) ,
"medium" s i t e dens i ty ( 2 . 5 5 s i te s per s quare mile ) and "high " s i te dens i ty
( 9 . 6 s i te s per square mile ) areas were the result of di fferential
dis tributi on o f resources in the region . In the low s i te dens i ty areas
( de s e r t shrub s tratum) and the medium s ite den s i ty areas ( dra inage s tratum )
that dominated mos t of the 1 9 7 8 - 7 9 proj ect areas , the general sc arc i ty o f
cri t ical r e s ourc e s was thought to be respons ible . They hypothe s ized that
the se areas were probably used as tho roughfares for spe c i fi c resourc e
gathe ring , w i th the l arger mo re pe rmanent s i te s be ing located to the north
near the Book C l i ffs and the j uniper covered r idge s at the i r base , and to
the s outh and s outhwe s t along the Col orado River . The se high s i te dens i ty
are as ( j uniper/s age s tratum) were the re sul t o f the more diverse
environmental resource s that occurred there .

The s e s trata were to be further expanded or modified and , i f pos s ible ,

the i r boundar i e s more accurately de termined . S i te and nons ite locat ional
data would then be analyzed relative to the se corrected boundaries us ing a
mul t ivar iate d i s c r iminate analys is computer program . Addi t i onal

63
environmental var iab l e s found to b e important in predictive mode l ing
attempts in s im ilar environments would also be included in the analy s i s .

Res earch Des ign

Laboratory methodology cons i s ted of a discr iminant analys i s te chnique

( Nie et a1 . 1 9 7 5 ) patterned after suc c e s s ful model ing attemp t s by Kvamme
( 19 8 0 ) in the Gl enwood Springs Res ource Area o f wes tern Colo rado , and
Larralde and Chandler ( 19 8 1 ) in the Uinta Bas in of northeas tern Utah .
Environmental var iables important to s ite and nons ite locations in these
areas were encoded for all 3 8 preh i s toric s i tes encountered dur ing Reed and
Nickens ( 19 8 0 ) surveys o f 3 5 2 randomly sampled 40- acre trans e c t s . Fifty ­
s even o f thei r negative 40 - acre transects were randomly s e lected and thei r
center p oints u s e d f o r the nons ite measurements .

Generalized BLM vegetation de s ignations had been prob l ematic in the

1 9 7 8 and 1 9 7 9 s tudy areas nec e s s i tat ing adj us tments of the propor t i onately
s tr at i fied s amp l ing de s igns during fieldwork . Also , a numbe r of sand dune
s it e s had been recorded along the wes tern edge of C o ttonwood Wash in the
1 9 8 3 proj e c t area ( Babcock 1 9 8 1 ) and the ir distribution relative to the
previously defined s trata was unknown . In o rder to more accurately
determine vege tation boundaries for the 1 9 8 3 proj e c t areas , and p o ss ibly
identify the s and dune local i t ies , a spectral qua l i ty analys i s was conducted
on a microcomputer at the Geography Department , Univer s i ty of Colorado ,
us ing LANDSAT mul tidate computer compatib l e tapes acquired from the BLM in
Denver . Due to the low reflec tance of the vege tation in the desert shrub
areas , the analys i s was only partially success ful . I t was dec ided to use a
s impl e random sampl e rather than a predetermined propo r t i onately s trat ified
samp le based on the available vegetation data . Larralde and Chandler / s
( 19 8 1 : 141 ) work analyz ing sand dune local ities in the Uinta Bas in also
supported a random s ample s cheme . I f p o s s ib l e , s trat if ication of the
proj e c t area would be determined after the field test of the mode l , us ing
environmental variables s elected as important by the mul tivar iate analys is
and the add i t i onal environmental data recorded dur ing the survey .

In the init i al analy s i s o f important discr iminating var iables in the

previous 1 9 7 8 and 1 9 7 9 proj e c t areas , 15 var iables (Table 1 0 ) were measured .
All var i ab l e measurements were interval in scale , with dis tance measured to
the neares t ten me ters on 7 . 5 minute USGS topographic .maps and BLM mylar
vege tat i on overlays . Elevation , s lope , exposure , view and r e l i e f
measurement s were determined us ing 7 . 5 minute topographic map contour l ines
following Kvamme ( 19 8 2 ) . Neare st pr imary water included the Colorado River ,
C o ttonwo o d , Sager s , Nash , C i s co , Danish and P into Washes and Wes twate r ,
Sulphur and B i t ter Creeks .

Each data s e t was analyzed at . 05 , . 10 , and unres tricted leve ls o f

confidence . For s tepwise inc lus ion into the final mode l , the . 05 confidence
level was chos en as the required s i gnificance leve l . The l e s s r e s tr icted
l eve l s were included in o rder to determine if any addi tional var iables were
impor tant and what effect thes e would have on clas s i fication accuracy .

64
 TABLE 1 0 . Var iables Coded for the 10% Mode l .

I I I
I VARIABLE I DESCRIPTION I
I I I
I I I
I HDPH20 I Horiz ontal dis tance to near e s t pr imary water I
I I I
I VDPH20 I Ver t ical dis tance to nearest pr imary water I
I I I
I HDNBD I Horizontal dis tance to ne ar e s t named b luel ine drainage I
I I I
I VDNBD I Verti c al dis tance to nearest named b luel ine dra inage I
I I I
I * VANTAGE I Horiz ontal dis tance to ne ar e s t vantage p o int I
I I I
I JUNIPER I D i s tance to nearest j uniper c ommuni ty I
I I I
I SAGE I D i s tance to near e s t s age communi ty I
I I i
I GRA S S I D i s tance to neare st grass c ommuni ty I
I I I
I GREASEW I D i s tance to near e s t greasewood c ommun i ty I
I I I
I DESHRUB I D i s tance to neare s t desert shrub c ommuni ty I
I I I
I ELEV I S i te e l evat ion ( ft . ) I
I I I
I * SLOPE I Percent grade us ing USGS topographic map contour l ines I
I I I
I * EXPOSURE I Prominent s l ope direction with 0 ° indicat ing north , I
I I 9 0 ° east or we s t and 1800 south I
I I I
I * V I EW - I Downh i l l view angle ( 0 - 3 60 ° ) I
I SPREAD I I
I I I
I * RELIEF I Re l ie f with in a 500 meter radius us ing map contour l ine s I
I I I
* Adapted from Larralde and Chandler ( 1 9 8 1 ) and Kvamme ( 1 9 8 0 ) .

65
 Tab l e 1 1 shows the canonical discr iminant func tion coefficients ( CDFC )
and a s s o c iated s i te and nons ite group means for the original 10% p r eh i s toric
model at the . 0 5 confidence l imit ( Data Set 1 ) . The variab l e s selected
repre s ent important dis c r iminators b e tween the s ite and nons ite locations .
When the s ign i s i gnored , each s tandardized CDFC " repres ents the relat ive
contribut ion o f its as s o c iated var iable to that func t ion" ( Nie et al .
1 9 7 5 : 44 3 ) . For example , elevation , viewspread , dis tance to a vantage p o int
and s lope were s e lec ted , in thi s o rder of importance , as variables
discr iminat ing between preh i s toric s ite and nons i te locations . While
viewspre ad , distance to vantage and s lope contribute equally to the
funct ion , with coeffic ients o f approximately . 40 , e levation with a
coeffic ient o f . 8 8 is roughly twice as important as each o f the s e .

An examination o f the s i te and nons i te group means ( Table 1 1 ) ,

indicates that , in general , prehisto r i c s i tes are higher in e levat ion , have
a narrower viewspread , are on gentler s lopes and are closer to po ints o f
vantage than are the nons ites . Separate analy s i s o f the prehistoric s i te
types was not p os s ib l e due to the small numbe r o f camp s ites found during the
19 7 8 - 79 field seasons , however , the discriminating variab l e s indicate that
the prehis to r i c s i tes , in general , are located in tho se areas de s c r ibed by
Reed and Ni ckens ( 19 8 0 ) , i . e . , on gentle s lopes nearer the Book Cl iffs and
the j uniper r i dges near the ir base . Nons i te , on the other hand , tend to be
farther from the Book C l i ff s and vantage points , on s teeper s lope s , and
located in lower , more open terrain .

C l as s if icat ion accuracy results for Data S e t 1 are depi c ted in Table
12 . H i ghes t s i te clas s i fication accuracy i s 8 7 % at the . 05 confidence
l eve l . Assoc iated nons i t e class ificat ion accuracy i s 8 3 % re SUl t ing in an
overall accuracy o f 84% . Highes t nons i te class i ficat ion accuracy i s 9 1% at
the . 10 and unres tr i c ted c onfidence levels . As soc iated s ite c l a s s ificat ion
ac curacy , however , is lower at 84% for an overall accuracy of 8 8 % . D i s tance
to s age and de sert shrub plant communities were selected as addit i onal
dis c r iminators at the . 10 confidence leve l . S ince i t i s preferab l e to
mi s c las s i fy nons ites rather than s i tes , the . 0 5 confidence leve l was us e d .

Field Testing the 10% Model

After only 40 trans e c t s had been surveyed ( 2% o f the s tudy trac t ) ,

proj ected s i te dens i ty throughout the proj ect area was much higher than that
found in the adj acent s tudy tracts surveyed by Reed and N ickens ( 1 9 8 0 ) . The
mos t dramatic difference was along the drainage corr idors where Reed and
Nickens ( Ib id : 5 3 ) predicted a s i te dens ity o f 2 . 5 5 s ites per square mile .
Proj e c t results , to this po int , indicated 24 s i tes in 8 trans e c t s or 48
s ites per s quare mile ; 29 times higher than the previous s tudy . S i te
densi t i e s in the o ther two s trata were also sub stantial ly higher by
compari s on , with four t imes as many s i tes predicted in the j uniper/ sage
s tratum and twelve times as many in the des e r t shrub s tratum . Apparently ,
prehis to r i c occupation o f the newly expanded Cisco Cultural Re source S tudy
Area was concentrated along the lower Cottonwood Wash and Wes twater C reek
drainage s and in the j uniper areas near the r ive r c l i ffs to the s outheas t .

66
 TABLE 11. Canonical Discriminant Funct ion Coe ffic ients and Associated
Group Means for Or iginal 10% Prehistoric Mode l.

I I
I DATA S ET 1 I
I PREHISTORIC SITES I
I I
I Var i ab l e s S tand . CDFC Group Means *Unstand . CDFC I
I ( Nons i t e ) I
1 ____________________________________
S�
� te
i�� _______________________
1
I I
I Elevation - . 8 8465 ( 48 29. 30 ) ft . - .0 0356 I
I 5243.63 ft . I
I I
I Vi ew Spread . 44071 ( 175 . 1 8 ) Degrees .00598 I
I 148 . 0 8 Degrees I
I I
I Di s t . to Vantage .40896 ( 1 . 19 ) KIn . .602 8 7 I
I . 67 KIn . I
I I
I S 10pe .37523 ( 7 . 02 ) % .08464 I
I 4 . 37 % I
I I
I ( cons tant) 15 . 69235 I
I I
I I
1 * All unstandardized values have been rounded to five dec imal places. I
I I

TABLE 1 2 . Clas s i ficat ion Accuracy in % for Original 10%

Preh i s tor i c Mode l .

I
I DATA SET 1
I PREHISTORIC S I TES
I
I Confidence
I Level Nons it es S ites Overall
I
I
I . 05 83 87 84
I . 10 91 84 88
I
I unr e s tr icted 91 84 88
I

67
 At thi s po int . i t was realized that the parameters were c omp l e tely
different than originally assumed by the BLM when preparing the Scope of
Work . The Contracting Officer ' s Representative ( B ruce Louthan) was
contacted and informed of the results and the dens i ty proj e c t ions . I t was
mutually agree d that maj or revis ions in the research des ign and s ampl ing
s trategy would be neces s ary . Cho ices included a reduct ion of the samp l e
s iz e . a cons tric tion o f the proj ect area or a sub s tantial increase in the
contrac t amount and continuance of the sampl ing as planned . After much
discuss ion and ons ite field inspect ion . the contract was modi fied , resul t ing
in what came to be known as " The 5% solution" .

BUILDING THE 5% MODELS

I t was dec ided that the mos t prudent and feas ible alternative would be
to reduce the s ample s iz e to 5 % o f the original 8 0 , 000 acre s tudy are a .
Whi l e thi s would not be directly comparable to the p revious 1 0 % s amples , i t
allowed the maj o r i ty o f the C isco O i l and Gas Field t o b e included i n a
s ample survey . The s i te dens i ty proj ection for 4 , 000 acres ( 100 transe ct s )
was approximately 1 2 5 s i te s , which would provide an adequate s ampl e for
building a model for s i te locations . The contract was modified to allow for
the p r ep aration and testing of a new mode l , due to the difference s of s ample
s i z e , environment and s i te dens i t ie s . The firs t 100 transects o r iginally
s e lected from the random number table were used to del ineate the 4 , 000 acres
for inclus ion in the 5 % sample . This select ion proc e s s included 23 o f the
already surveyed transects . Data collected from the remaining 17 transects
were no t used in model bui lding , but were used to independently test the
predic t ive accuracy of the 5 % model .

The data collected dur ing the initial survey were analyzed with the
aid o f the 7 . 5 minute ace tate overlay s o i l maps init ially us ed in the remote
s ens ing analys i s . S i tes misclas s ified by the 10% model s eemed to correlate
wel l with spec i fic s o i l units . For example , sand dune s ites were
cons i stently associated with s o i l unit 3 ( minor s o i l uni t 6 1 ) . This
encouraged the bui lding o f two separate 5 % mode l s ; one us ing the traditional
vari ab l e s and another based s tr ic tly on maj or and minor s o i l units . The
advantages o f the s o i l data included not only a f iner breakdown o f the
environmental uni t s o f intere s t , i . e . , drainage s , j uniper and des e r t shrub
areas . but also included information on s lope . elevation , landform and
fauna . Used in conj unc t ion with the tradi tionally important variab l e s , i t
was bel i eved that the s o i l model would accurately predict s i te and nons i te
locat ions . I f s o , a ready - made s i te dens i ty and s ens i t iv i ty map . at a 7 . 5
minute scale , would be available for use by BLM cultural resource managers .

Some change s in the traditional var iables to be coded were made from
the one s used in building the original mode l . Exposure and r e l i e f were
dele ted from the var iables measured . These vari ables did not appear as
s igni f i c ant d i s c r iminators at any confidence level in the original mode l .
Hori z ontal and vert ical distance to the Colorado River were added as
vari able s , in that the high s i te dens ity areas were generally closer to the
Colorado River than the previously surveyed areas .

The s o i l s model was cons tructed us ing the s o i l overlays and USGS
topographic map s . S ix o f the twelve general s o i l uni t s were found in the

68
p roj e c t are a , e ach containing numerous subunits de s ignated by field symbols
(Tab l e 1 3 ) . All s i tes reco rded in the 1 9 8 3 proj ect area wer e located in
f ive o f the s e s ix general s o i l units and they we re used as var i ables t o
d i s c r iminate between s ite and nonsite locations . Distance to the nearest
s o i l subuni t for each o f the five general soil groups was then enco ded for
each s i te and nons i te . An addit i onal var iable , " X " ( s andstone c l i ffs ) , was
enco de d to include ac tual and po tent ial rock she l te r locations along the
base o f the Book C l i ffs and r iver c l i ffs .

The tradit i onal and s o i l s var iables were c oded for use in mode l
c ons truc t i on us ing 8 8 preh i s to r ic s i tes ( 40 l i thic s c atters and 48
camps i te s ) and 5 1 nons i te p o ints . Data from 1 3 his toric s ites were
init i al ly enco ded , however , class ificat ion accuracy for all s i t e s comb ined
was l ow and no further analyses were performed us ing the h i s to r i c s i te s .
The nons i te data were measured from the c enter p o int o f the surveyed
trans ects containing no rec orded prehi s toric or h i s toric s i tes . Recorde d
i s o lated f ind locat ions were not encode d , and w e r e not used t o rej e c t a
nons i t e transect from the mode l . Data collec ted from the 17 surveyed
transe c t s not in the 5% model were used as an independent tes t .

S everal mode l s or separate discriminant analyses were prepared once

the data were encoded . Lithic scatters and preh i s toric c amp s i te s were
analyz e d s eparately for both traditional and s o i l var iab le s . Al l c omputer
analy s e s were run at . 0 5 , . 10 and unr e s tri cted c onfidence l eve l s for
c omparat ive purp o s e s ( Tab l e 14) , S ince the c l as s i fication accuracy ranked
at o r above the required 80% for all Data S e t s at all c onfidence leve l s ,
only the highe s t , mos t c onservative level ( . 0 5 ) was used in all subsequent
analyse s and model tes ts .

Table 1 5 summari z e s the imp o rtant discriminat ing vari ab l e s for l i th i c

scatters ( Data S e t 2A) and c amp s i tes ( Data S e t 2B) . The model indicates
that seven var i ab l e s wer e s i gnificant in discriminating l i thic s c atters from
nons i te s and four var i ab l e s were s i gnificant in discr iminating c amp s ites
from nons i te s . As in the 10% mode l , the standardized c anonical discrim inant
func t ion coefficients ( CDFC ) indicate the relative importance of each
envi ronmental var iable , if the negative signs in front o f the values are
i gnored . Therefore , the var iables in each data s e t are l i s ted according to
the ir relative impo rtance as discriminators . For examp l e , in Data S e t 2A­
L i th i c Scatters , distance t o vantage is approximately twice as s ignificant
as s lope . Var i ab l e s not l i s ted proved to have no value for increas ing the
c l as s if icat i on accuracy of the mode l . The unstandardized CDFC values are
r aw data , to be used in the formula when testing the model / s predictive
capab i l i t ie s .

The group means are shown in Tab le 15 to indicate the ac tual

di fference b e tween the s i te and nons i te groups for e ach s i gnifi cant
var i ab l e . For example , in Data S e t 2A - L i thic Scatters , the s i te s average
app roximately one hal f the dis tance to a vantage po int as c ompared to the
nons i tes .

Tab l e 16 ranks the s i gnifi cant discriminating s o i l var i ables in the

same fashion as the traditional var iables were ranked in Table 1 5 . Of the
f ive general s o i l un it s used in model c ons truc tion , only #2 (Manc o s Shale
Lowlands ) was no t a s i gnificant d i s c r iminator in e i ther Data Set 3A- Li th i c

69
 TABLE 1 3 . General S o i l s Uni t s and Corre sponding Field Symbols .

I G eneral I Field Symbols for 7 . 5 minute I

I Soil I Orthophotoquads over lays I
I Uni t I ( C is co I I I ) I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I 1 I 1 , 2 , 10 , 3 8 , 3 9 , 40 , 6 0 I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I 2 I 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 1 6 , 1 9 , 20 , 2 9 , 44 , 60 , I
I I I
I I 66 , 140 , 405 I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I 3 I 3 , 8 , 34 , 6 1 I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I 5 I 1 1 , 14 , 1 6 , 1 7 , 2 2 , 24 , 2 7 , 3 3 , 3 5 , 7 2 I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I 1
I 8 I 6 , 1 6 , 100 , 1 0 5 , 1 3 4 , 1 6 3 , 1 7 0 , 3 1 5 , 3 5 1 , 400 , I
I 1 1
I I 412 , 4 1 3 , 415 , 4 2 2 , 4 2 5 , 4 3 1 , 4 5 1 I
I 1 I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I 9 I 6 , 1 6 , 1 2 6 , 140 , 141 , 4 2 2 , 4 3 1 I
I I I
I I I

70
 TABLE 14 . C l as s ification Accuracy in % for Traditional
and S o i l Var i ab l e s .

, S i te Typ e s , Confidence , , , I
I and variab l e s I Level I Nons i te s I S i te s I Overall I
I I I I I I
I I I , I ,
, Data S e t 2 a , .....QL. I 88 , 87 , 88 ,
, L i thic Scatters - , . 10 , 88 , 90 , 84 I
, traditional , unre s . , 86 , 92 I 89 ,
, , , , I I
I I , , I ,
, Data S e t 2b , .....QL. , 92 , 85 , 89 ,
, Camp s i t e s - , . 10 , 88 , 83 , 86 ,
I tradi tional I unre s . I 88 I 81 , 85 I
I , I I I ,
, , I , I I
, Data S e t 3 a , .....QL. I 92 , 80 I 87 I
I L i thic Scatters - , . 10 , 92 I 80 , 87 I
I soils , unre s . I 92 I 80 I 87 ,
I I I I , I
I I , I , ,
, Data S e t 3b I .....QL. , 90 I 81 I 86 I
I Camp s i t e s - I . 10 , 90 I 81 I 86 ,
I soils I unres . I 90 I 81 I 86 I
I I I , I I
I I I , I I

71
 TABLE 1 5 . Canonical Discriminant Function Coefficients
and As soc iated Group Means for Tradi tional
Var iables at the . 0 5 Confidence Level .

I I
I DATA SET 2A- LITHIC SCATTERS I
I I
I VARIABLES STAND . CDFC GROUP MEANS *UNSTAND . CDFC I
I ( NONSITE) I
I S ITE I
I D i stance to : I
I I
I Vantage . 65 6 1 9 ( 1 . 5 8 ) KIn . . 69919 I
I . 80 KIn . I
I Other H2O - . 58951 ( 28 . 14 ) Ft . - . 00 8 6 0 I
I (Vertical} 7 1 . 43 Ft . I
I S age - . 53873 ( 6 . 19 ) KIn . - . 11 7 84 I
I 8 . 48 KIn . I
I Greasewood . 48 7 7 6 ( . 7 3 ) KIn . . 64549 I
I . 5 8 KIn . I
I Desert Shrub - . 46 5 0 7 ( . 04 ) KIn . - 2 . 3 1 150 I
I . 2 6 KIn . I
I Colorado River . 43195 ( 16 . 54 ) KIn . . 06 6 7 9 I
I 9 . 31 KIn . I
I S lope . 34015 (6 . 22) % . 06 0 9 2
I 4 . 20 % I
I I
I (Cons tant � - 9 . 3391 I
I I
I DATA S ET 2 B - CAMPS ITES I
I I
I D i s tance to : I
I I
I Desert Shrub - . 59438 ( . 04 ) KIn . - 2 . 7 39 8 2 I
I . 3 3 KIn . I
I Colorado River . 53262 ( 5 3 0 . 40 ) Ft . . 00 2 7 4 I
I (Vert ical} 3 5 5 . 2 1 Ft . I
I Pr imary H2O . 504 5 7 ( 3 . 80 ) KIn . . 22289 I
I 1 . 1 3 KIn . I
I O ther H2O - . 3 5045 ( 2 8 . 14 ) Ft . - . 00 3 8 1 I
I (Vertical ) 5 1 . 3 0 Ft . I
I I
I ( Cons tant ) - 1 . 1 3 1 5 2 I
1 * A l l uns tandardized values have been I
I rounded to five dec imal places . I
I I

72
 TABLE 1 6 . Canonical Discriminant Function Coefficients
and Assoc iated Group Means for S o i l Variab les
at the . 05 Confidence Level .

I I
I DATA SET 3A� LITHIC S CATTERS 1
1 I
I VARIABLES STAND . GDFG GROUP MEANS *UNSTAND . CDFG I
1 ( NONS ITE ) I
1 S ITE I
I D i s tance to : I

( 3 . 38 ) Km .
I 1
1 #8 . 67 8 0 2 . 26 3 9 3 I
1 1 , 34 Km . I

( . 9 8 ) Km .
1 1

. 5 8 Km ,
1 #3 . 64 8 6 1 . 65396 I
I I

( 2 . 19 ) Km .
1 1
1 #1 � . 5 1169 � . 20966 1
I 5 , 1 5 Km . I

( 10 . 6 1 ) Km .
1 I
1 #5 . 49 9 9 8 . 08 6 34 1
I 4 . 14 Km .
I
I 1
1 �Cons tant� - 1 . 12801 1
\ \
\ DATA SET 3 B � CAMPS ITES I
\ \
1 D i stance to : I

( 3 . 3 8 ) Km .
1 \

1 , 81 Km .
\ #8 1 . 89576 . 76307 1
I I
( 3 . 16 ) Km .
1 I
IX - l . 42639 - . 59481 1
1 2 , 44 Km . I
( . 98 ) Km .
I 1
1 #3 . 5 9019 . 63 7 7 0
. 40 Km .
1
I I
( 1 0 . 6 1 ) Km .
1 1
1 #5 . 54174 . 09 5 9 0 1
1 5 . 08 Km . I
( 2 . 12 ) Km .
I 1
1 #1 � . 45 4 7 1
4 . 04 Km .
- . 18 7 9 0 I
1 I
1 I
I ( Constant ) - . 95486 1
1 * All uns tandardized values have been 1
I rounded to five dec imal places . I
I I

73
S catters or Data S e t 3 B -Camp s ites . Thi s s o i l uni t has been i denti fied as
having the lowe s t s i te dens ity in the proj ect area .

Inclus ion o f one additional landform variable ( de s i gnated as X) proved

fortuitous in that it is the second mos t s ignificant d i s c r iminator in Data
Landform S e t 3 B . The s igni ficance of thi s discriminator is that Uni t X i s
comprised o f s teep c l iffs ; pr ime areas for rockshelter locations .

Te s t ing the 5% Models

Independent te s ts were performed on all four Data S e t s . Thes e tests

used data collected dur ing the C i s co I I I proj ect as wel l as data recorded by
Reed and N ickens ( 19 8 0 ) dur ing thei r surveys o f 1978 and 1 9 7 9 .

Data S e t 2A-Lithic Scatter s - Traditional Variab l e s

D i s c r iminant s cores for 11 l i thic scatters no t u s e d in buil ding the 5 %

model wer e cal culated . N ine o f the se s i tes were accurately predicted as
s ites for a rate o f 8 2 % .

Data S e t 2 B - Camp s i te s - Traditional Variables

D i s c r iminant s cores for 17 camp s i tes not used in buil ding the 5 % model
were calculated . Only s even of these s ites wer e accurately predicted for a
rate o f 4 1 % . Two o f the misclass i fied s ites were rockshe l ters . The small
s ample of rockshelters relative to other prehi s toric camp s i te s used in model
cons truct ion and the unique nature of thei r locat ions are thought to be
factors in the i r m i s c lass i fication .

Data S e t s 3A and 3 B - Lithic Scatters and Camp s i te - So i l Var iab l e s

The 5 % s o i l s model s were tes ted by us ing the 7 . 5 minute overlays .

Although discriminant scores can be calculated for any s i te and nonsi t e test
location , this would be tedious relative to us ing the soil overlays i f , in
fac t , they c ould predict s i te and nons ite locations accurately .

According to the mo del for prehis toric camp s ites and l i thic scatter s ,
thes e s ites should l ie c l o s e to o r within general s o i l uni ts 3 , 5 , and 8 and
far from o r outs ide o f s o i l unit 1 . S o i l unit 2 was not s e le c ted as an
impor tant discr iminating variable . Prehis toric camp s i tes and l i thic
s catters , as wel l as nons ites , sometime s occur in this general soil uni t .
Howeve r , i t was apparent that the maj o r i ty of s ites lo cated in s o i l unit 2
were ac tually distributed al ong the edges of the al luvium ( so i l uni t 3 ) and
j uniper ( so i l unit 8 ) . Landform X ( c l iffs ) , an important var iable for
camp s i te s , could not be tes ted in that thi s landform doe s not corre spond to
a spe c ific general s o i l cate gory . I t was , ther e fore , dec i ded to test the
hypothe s i s that prehistoric s i tes , regardless o f type , will be loc ated in
general s o i l uni t s 3 , 5 , and 8 , but not in s o i l units 1 and 2 . Nons ites , on
the o ther hand , will be located in s o i l uni t s 1 and 2 , but no t in s o i l units
3 , 5 and 8 .

74
 Three tests we re made us ing data generated independently from the data
used to bui l d the mode l . A total of 57 s ites and 57 nons i te s no t used in
model c onstruc t ion was tes ted by s imply plac ing the app ropr i ate 7 . 5 minute
s o i l over l ay on the USGS topographic map of intere s t and not ing the s o i l
f i e l d symb o l o r symb o l s o f the s ite o r trans e c t area o f intere s t . I f more
than one symb o l o ccurred , then all symbols with in the area of interes t were
recorded . The field symbols were then c onverted to the ir corresp onding
gene ral s o i l uni t number ( s ) us ing Table 1 3 . In all cases , if an area o f
interest included even a small portion o f a s ite assoc iated s o i l , i t would
be c l as s i fied as the s ite assoc iated s o i l type . For examp l e , 42GR1 6 0 9 , the
f i r s t s ite recorded outs i de the 5 % s amp le area , fel l w i thin the area o f
field symb o l 4 1 3 . Tab l e 1 3 clas s ifies field symbol 413 as be longing to unit
8. Therefore , 42GR1 609 ( the area o f its locat ion) was correctly i dent i fied
as b e longing to the prehis toric s i te group .

T e s t 1 included the determination o f general s o i l typ e s for 2 0

prehis to r i c s it e s recorded b y Goodson & As s o c iate s , Inc . S eventeen o f the s e
s it e s we re accurately identified f o r 8 5 % predic t ive accuracy .

Test 2 c ons i s ted of visually inspecting the s o i l/s ite relationship for
37 preh i s to r i c s it e s recorde d by Nickens and As s o c iates in 1 9 7 8 and 1 9 7 9 .
Thi r ty - two o f the thi r ty - seven were accurately predicted for an accuracy
rate o f 8 6 % . One of the m i s c l as s ified s ites was assoc iated w i th a s o i l that
did no t o ccur in our proj ect area ( fi e ld symbol 500) .

T e s t 3 was c onduc ted on 5 7 nons ite ( negat ive ) transects recorded

during the 1978 and 1979 field seasons ( Reed and Nickens 1 9 8 0 ) . Th irty -
s even of the fifty - s even trans ects we re accurately predicted ( 6 5 % ) .

Discus s ion

Al though the traditi onal mode ls indicate imp ortant individual

d i s c r iminat ing var i ables , they are c omp l i cated for use al one as a management
tool . The s o i l var iab l e mode l s are more informative and easier to test and
us e in that they p rovide more accurate and specific b oundar i e s as we l l as
reflec t ing many of the s ame var iables important in trad i t i onal mode l s .
Whe reas the trad i t i onal discr iminating var iables are o ften hard to measure
( dis tance to vantage p o int) and interpret ( the importance of high elevation
above intermittent water ) , the s o i l group boundar ies are easy t o measure and
interpret using the s o il re ference mate r ials on landform , vegetation and
drainage . However , the use o f the traditional discriminating var iables in
c onj unc t i on w i th the s o i l groups can provide specific informat i on on
microenvironmental factors , e . g . , mean and s tandard deviation o f dis tance t o
p rimary wate r .

The s im i l ar i t ie s between many of the tradi ti onal and s o i l group

discr iminat ing var iables show the interp re t ive power and ut i l i ty as we l l as
the e c o l o gical s i gnificanc e of the general s o i l uni ts . For examp le , vantage
d i s tance and s o i l unit 8 , dis tance to desert shrub and s o i l uni t s 1 and 2
and d i s t ance to p r imary water and s o i l uni t 3 apparently are measures o f the
s ame phenomena . Thes e groups correspond respectively to j uniper areas on
the benches , cue s tas and r idges in the Book Cl iffs and r iver c l iffs , desert

75
shrub areas in the Manco s Shale p l a ins and alluvial fan pediments , and
greasewood in the quaternary alluvium o f the primary drainages ( Tab le 1 7 ) .

In general , preh i s to r i c s i tes are located along the

northeas t/southwe s t trending j uniper for e s t s j us t below the Book C l i ffs and
above the r iver c l i ffs , and along the intermittent and pr imary drainage s .
Spec i fically , the maj o r i ty are concentrated in the southwes te rn port ions of
the primary drainages near the sand dune fie lds of Cottonwo od Wash and rock
alcove/j unipe r areas adj acent Wes twater Creek . Thes e relationships are easy
to d i scern us ing the s o i l mode l s , but are difficult to interpret us ing the
tradit i onal model alone , due to the numerous imp or tant variab l e s . Table 1 5
indicates that the only two traditional di s c r iminators s ignificant to b o th
l i thic s catters and c amp s ites are desert shrub and ver t i cal dis tance above
o ther water . Examinat i on o f Tab l e 1 6 , howeve r , shows that c amp s i te s and
l i thic s catters share all s igni ficant s o i l discriminators except for
l andform X ( s andstone c li f fs ) . Therefore , interpretation of prehis to r i c
s ite l oc a t i on i s s impler uti l iz ing the s o i l s mode l s ( Data S e t s 3A and 3 B ) .

Management deci s ion - making i s also further s imp l i fi e d by us ing the

s o i l mode l . The t e s t s performed on Data S e t s 3A and 3 B without encoding
add i t i onal data y i elded s ite prediction rates o f 8 5 % and 8 6 % , wel l above
ontract requirements . Thes e rates can b e increased w i th the addit ion o f
"buffer zone s " extending into low s ens i t ivity s o i l uni t s ( 1 and 2 ) from the
high s ensi t iv i ty units ( 3 , 5 and 8 ) . For example , many of the misclas s i fied
s i tes in soil unit 2 are close enough to the edge o f uni t 3 that they are
accurately predicted as s i te locations with the addition of a . 8 mile buffer
z one .

U t i l iz ing the s o i l model s and s o i l overlays , in conj unc tion with the
t radit i onal mode ls when additional information on microenvironmental fac tors
i s o f intere s t , s impl if i e s both res our c e management and addit ional
archae o lo gical research in the C isco Desert . Thi s report demons trates the
c l o s e relationship between tradit i onal and s o i l mode l s and that us ing the
latter is a l o g ical and s impler cont inuation of the predic t ive model ing
process .

76
 TABLE 1 7 . General Landform , S o i l , Vegetation and Location
Data for S ite Types and Dens i ty Zone s .

I I I I
I S ITE TYPES I SOIL I LOCATION LANDFORM I VEGETATION
I AND DENSITY I UNIT I I
I ZONES I I I
I I I I
I I I I
I Low dens it;:x: I I I
I I I I
I Lithic scatters I 2 I Mancos shale I des ert shrub
I and c amp s i tes I I Shale p lains plains I
I I I I
I I I I
I Medium dens i t;:x: I I I
I I I I
I L i thic scatters I 1 I intermittent quaternary I desert shrub
I I I drainages pediments , I
I I I shale p lains I I
I I I I I
I I I I I
I High dens i t;:x: I I I I
I I I I I
I Li thic s catters I 3 I pr imary quaternary I greas ewood I
I and camp s i tes I I drainages alluvium I I
I ( s and dune areas ) I I I I
I I I I I
I I I I I
I High dens i t;:x: I I I I I
I I I I I I
I Lithic scatters I 5 I r iver c l i ffs I rock outcrops I barren to I
I and camp s ites I I I I minimal I
I ( quarry areas ) I I I I gra s s e s and I
I I I I I desert shrub I
I I I I I I
I I I I I I
I High dens i t;:x: I I I I I
I I I I I I
I Lithic scatters I 8 I Book C l iffs I structural I j uniper I
I and c amp s i te s I I and river I benches and I I
I ( rockshel ter I I c l i ffs I cues tas I I
I areas ) I I I I I
I I I I I I

77
 CHAPTER VI

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The 1 9 8 3 Class I I survey of portions of the C isco O i l and Gas Field by

Goodson & Assoc iate s , Inc . re sulted in the locat ion and recordation of 1 2 6
s i te s , a much larger number of cultural r e s ourc e s than o r i g inally
anti c ipate d . Due to th is high s ite dens ity ( 1 6 . 4 s it e s per s quare mile
ove ral l ) , the research de s i gn was modi fied and two new predictive mode l s
were const ructed us ing s ite and nons i te data c o l l ected from a 5 % random
survey o f 8 0 , 000 acre s . Rather than bui lding a model on the p r evi ous 10%
s amp le data and t e s t ing its predictive accuracy on the new survey data as
o r i g inal ly planned , the oppos ite was done . One hundred 40 · acre ( 1/2 mile by
1/8 m i l e ) samp l e uni t s were used to build four 5 % mode l s and the previous
survey data was used in the tes t . The di ffering environmental factors
b e tween the 1 9 8 3 proj e c t area and the previous s tudy areas , as well as the
concurrent s ite type and s i te dens ity di ffe rences dictated the devel opment
of more than a s ingle mode l .

In an attempt to find c ommon discriminating fac tors for a l l the s tudy

areas , two types o f mode l s were cons tructed . The f i r s t used tradit ional
environmental var iables fol lowing succ e s s ful mode l ing attempts by Larralde
and Chandler ( 1 9 8 1 ) and Kvamme ( 19 8 0 ) ; the second type utilized BLM s o i l
overlay orthophotoquads . Both mode l s resulted i n c l as s i f ication accuracy
rates of over 80% , ful f i l l ing that part icul ar contract requirement .
However , upon t e s t ing the two mode l s , only the s o i l var iab l e model ( Data Set
3A and 3B) accurate ly predicted the locat ion o f preh i s to r i c s ites above 8 0 % .

A s imp l i fied method o f predi c t ing potenti a l s ite locat ions , us ing the
s o i l mode l s , was deve loped and tested succe s s fully us ing the BLM s o i l
overlay maps . Rather than calculating discr iminant s c o r e s for an unknown
location , the acetate 7 . 5 minute s o i l maps were s imply laid over the area
plo tted on a 7 . 5 minute USGS topographic map . I f the area o f intere st
occurred within a soil type des ignated " s i te " , it was predi c ted as such and ,
i f it fel l within a s o il unit c l as s i fied as " nons ite " , the opp o s i te was
predicte d . U t i l i z ing s o i l s a s a management tool t o predic t the probab i l i ty
of locating preh i s toric s i tes in the proj ect area i s s ta t i s t ically val id and
a l s o has the benefits of offering addi tional information over and above
type s of s o i l s p r e s ent . For example , depth o f the s o i l o f intere s t and data
on e l evat ion , prec ip itation , landform , temperature , s lope , drainage ,
ve getati on and fauna are availab l e for each s o i l type w i thin the general
s o i l uni t s . The ecological relationships among the s e fac tors are important
for under standing the c omplex of var i ables involved in aboriginal s e l e c tion
of s ite l ocations . Speci fic data such as s o i l depth and s trat i graphy may
also prove valuable for predic t i on and evaluation o f s ite s ignificance and
National Reg i s ter e l i gib i l i ty .

Intens ive survey o f the 100 randomly selected 40 · acre sample uni t s
( to tal ing 6 . 2 5 square m i le s ) resul ted in the reco rding o f 1 0 4 s i tes .
E i ghty . e ight preh i s toric s i tes recorded in thi s 5% sample were used dur ing
the model building s tage . Forty of thes e were l i thic s c atters and forty ­
e i ght were camp s ites , defined by the presence/ab s ence o f hearths , f i re ­
cracked rock and/or grounds tone tools . Prehistoric c amp s ites and l i thic

78
s c atters were analyzed s eparately agains t the s ample o f 5 1 nons i t e s in order
to determine if different environmental variab l e s were factors in the i r
locations .

The two sets o f s i te groups : preh i s toric l i thic scatters and

prehi s toric camps ites , were analyzed s eparately in the two mode l s ( so i l and
t radit ional vari ab l e s ) . Data S e t 2 represents the traditional variab le
analys i s and Data S e t 3 , the s o i l variab le analys i s .

A random unstratified s ampl ing des i gn was used to select a l l 40 - acre

trans e c t s . All areas w i thin the proj ect sampl e univer s e had an e qual
probab i l i ty o f be ing selected . A random sys tematic proportionally
s tratifie d s ample , used previous ly in the adj acent s tudy tracts , was
cons idered inappropr iate in that generalized BLM environmental data , i . e . ,
vegetation boundar i e s , had been problematic in the previous s tudie s . The
random s amp l e method also enabled areas o f unknown distributi on , e . g . , s and
dune s , rock she l ters and quarry areas , to be s ampled . Thi s p rovided the
repres entative data needed to bui ld the s o i l s mode l . The resul t s sugges t
that further work o n the s o i l uni t model may enable later s amp l ing
s trategies to use a proportionally s tratified s ampl e based on general s o i l
units in the area , rather than on vegetation .

Discriminant analysis identi fied five o f the s ix general s o i l uni t s as

indicators of preh i s toric s ite locations . S i te dens i ty figures for thes e
s o i l uni t s a r e shown i n Table 1 8 . Extremely high preh i s toric s i te dens i ty
figures for s o i l units 5 , 8 and 3 ( 2 2 . 40 to 2 7 . 35 s ites per s quare mi le)
were used to define the high sens i t ivity zone . S o i l uni t 1 , with a
prehi s toric s ite dens i ty o f 2 . 66 , i s defined as the medium s ens i t ivity zone
and s o i l uni t 2 ( . 9 6 s i te s per s quare mile ) is the low s ens i t ivity zone .
F i gure 3 1 depicts the location o f thes e zones in the 1 9 8 3 proj e c t area .

S o i l uni t 3 , o f the high s ens itivity zone , cons i s ts o f quaternary

alluvium along Cottonwood Wash , Wes twater Creek , Sulphur Creek , Ci sco Wash
and Sagers Wash . S i te dens ity in this s o i l uni t , which comp r i s e s 13 . 4% o f
the s tudy trac t , i s the highes t i n the proj ect area a t 2 7 . 3 5 s ites per
s quare mile . S o i l unit 8 , covering 1 9 . 6% o f the proj ect area , and located
in the j uniper areas along the Book C l i ffs and r iver c l i ffs , is als o in the
high sens i t ivity zone with 24 . 93 s ites per square mile . S o i l uni t 5 , also
in the h i gh s ens itivity zone , covers 2 . 7% of the s tudy area , and cons i s ts of
a rock outcrop area at the base o f the river c l i ffs s outhwes t o f Cottonwood
Wash . I t supports a s i te dens i ty of 22 . 40 s i tes per s quare mile . The total
area covered by the three s o i l units making up the high s ensi t ivity zone i s
43 . 6 % o f the s tudy trac t .

The medium s ens i t ivity zone , represented by s o i l uni t 1 ( quaternary

pediments of the intermittent drainages ) , has a s i te dens ity o f 2 . 6 6 s i tes
per s quare mile . Thi s compares favorably with Reed and Nickens ( 19 8 0 )
medium sens i t iv i ty zone s i te dens i ty figure o f 2 . 5 5 s i te s p e r s quare mile
for the ir drainage s tratum . Th is s tratum inc lude s many intermi ttent
drainages of this s o i l uni t . In the 1 9 8 3 proj ect area , thes e zones of
medium s ens itivity occur in an unnamed area below the Book Cl iffs s outhwes t
o f Sulphur Creek and in Nash Wash . These areas comprise 8 . 1% o f the proj ect
are a .

79
 TABLE 1 8 . S i te Dens i ty in the Proj ect Area .

S o i l Uni t Number o f S i tes* S i tes/Square Mile

and
Total Acres Pre . Hist . Total Pre . His t . Total

2 ( 38 , 652) 2 2 4 . 96 . 95 l . 90 Low Dens ity

1 ( 6 , 494) 2 0 2 2 . 66 0 2 . 66 Medium
Dens i ty

5 ( 2 , 18 3 ) 7 0 7 2 2 . 40 0 2 2 . 40

8 (15 , 689) 34 5 3 24 . 9 3 3 . 66 28 . 59 High

Dens i ty

3 ( 10 , 7 1 8 ) 45 7 52 27 . 35 4 . 25 3 l . 60

9** ( 6 , 2 64 ) 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
1
Over 1
All ( 80 , 000 ) 1 90 14 104 14 . 40 2 . 24 1 6 . 64
1

* includes only s ites recorded in the 5 % sample

** only two transects were surveyed in thi s s o i l uni t

80
 h':i::%1
� Soil
IllnillY
Soil u n i t 3 : 2 7 . 3 5 sites/ s4.mi.

u n i t 8: 2 4 . 9 3 s i t e s / sq. m i .
] Sensitivity

High

CJ S o i l u n i t 5 : 2 2 .40 s i t e s / s q . m i .

C3 S o il unit I : 2 . 6 6 sites/sq.mi. 1 Medium T. I 8 S .

o Soil unit 2: 0 . 9 5 s i t e s / s q . m i . 1 Low

EEB S o i l unit 9: 0 s i t e s / s q . m i.

1 9 8 3 Project A r e a Bou n d ary

R.24E.

Figure 3 1 . Preh i s toric S i te Dens i ties and Sens i t ivity Zones

within the C i sc o I I I Proj ect Area .

81
 The low s ens i t ivity z one , s o i l unit 2 , corresponds to Reed and Nickens
( 19 8 0 ) des e r t shrub s tratum of the Mancos Shale plains . S i te dens i ty is . 9 6
s it e s p e r s quare mile and inc ludes 48 . 3 % o f the survey area . In thei r
previous surveys , corrected for erroneous ly clas s i fied s tratum , Reed and
N i ckens recorded . 3 8 s i tes per s quare mile in thi s s o i l unit . Again , the
f i gures compare favorab ly .

Although no s i te s were recorded in s o i l unit 9 , thi s general s o i l type

is the s ame as that at the mouth of Nash Wash on the we s t end o f the proj ect
area , where numerous prehis to r i c s i tes have b e en recorded and where Reed and
N ickens c l as s ified the s ens i t ivity as high ( 9 . 6 s i tes per square mile) .
Thi s s o i l unit included only 7 . 8 % o f the 1 9 8 3 s tudy area , and the small
sample ( two transe c t s ) may no t be representative of this uni t . S o i l unit 9
in the C i s c o proj ect area comp r i s e s mos t ly gra s s and s agebrush areas ,
whereas thi s unit near the mouth o f Nash Wash include s numerous j uniper
r i dge s . Further work in s o i l unit 9 i s needed to determine its s ite dens i ty
in the central and northeas tern portions o f the C i s c o are a .

Data collected during thi s C i s co I I I proj e c t indicate that the C i s c o

De s e r t h a s very high s i te dens ity areas as well a s the very low s ite dens i ty
areas as previous ly hypothe s i zed ( Reed and Nickens 1 9 8 0 ) . The s e high s i te
dens i ty areas are not uniformly s cattered throughout the area , but are
concentrated in local i ties having a variety o f de s irab l e re s ource s including
food , wate r , shel te r and raw l ithic mater ial . Camp si t e s are as numerous as
l i th i c s catte r s with fairly even d i s t r ibut ion throughout the h i gh s i te
dens i ty areas ( Figure 1 5 ) . The more diverse environmental zone s lo cated in
the C i s c o I I I proj e c t area as compared to the previous survey areas
undoub tedly account for the great differenc e s in s i te dens i ty f i gures and
the much h igher percentage o f camp s i te s . The se z ones include permanent
wate r and a s s o c iated resourc e s , e . g . , Cottonwood Wash , s and dunes , outcrops
of l i th i c s ource mater ials and geologic formations c onduc ive to
rockshe 1 ter s .

Examinat i on o f the diagnos tic artifact distributions sugges ts s everal

patterns . The maj ority of s ites yielding Fremont di agno s t i c s ( s even) were
located on the j uniper terrace j us t below the Book Cli f fs . Two Fremont
s i tes were recorded in the Cot tonwood Wash corridor , but none were recorded
in the We s twater Archaeological D i s trict or along the s outheas tern edge o f
the proj ect area ( Figure 24) . I t i s qui te pos s ib l e that the se s i tes , b o th
camp s ites ( four) and l i thic scatters ( five ) , were assoc iated with the nearby
Turne r - Look Format ive village s i te . I f th is i s true , then i t appears to
subs tantiate the theory that hunting and gather ing were important segments
of Fremont sub s i s tence strategy . Col lected foods tuffs may have included
cattai l s , rushes and Indian r icegras s ( on dune areas ) along Co ttonwood Wash .
The hunting o f mule deer dur ing the ir annual migration through the j uniper
areas woul d , o f cours e , al s o support this interpretation ( Gr ady 1 9 80 : 8 2 ) .

The Archaic and Late Preh i s toric diagnos t ic s ites o ccur princ ipal ly in
the Cottonwoo d and Wes twater Archaeo logical D i s tricts , with only a s ingle
Late Preh i s toric camps ite recorded on the firs t terrace below the Book
Cl i ffs ( Fi gure 2 4 ) . Two hypothe ses are sugge s ted by this d i s t r ibution . The
nomadic populations may have been moving north to south between the h i gher
e l evat ions of the Book Cl i ffs and the lower e l evations j us t above and along
the Colorado River . Cot tonwood Wash and Wes twater Creek drainages c ould

82
have b een utili z e d as migrat ion corridors concurrent w i th seasonally
available resourc e s . Another pos s ib ility is that the seasonal migration
routes p aralleled the Colorado River in a northeast/southwe s t fashion . A
w i der var i e ty of re source s and shelter would have b een available t o the
aboriginal populat ion i f they remained near the juniper/ s age/de sert shrub
ecotone above the Colorado River , than if movement was ac tually w i thin the
c anyon .

E i ther or both patterns of seasonal migrat ion might explain the

relative pauc i ty of Archaic and Late Prehi s toric s i te s along the terrace s
b elow the Book Cliffs . Summer occupation might have been at higher
elevat ions northwe s t of the projec t area and interm i t tent s tops would not be
needed on the s e terraces between the Book Cliffs and Cottonwood or We s twater
drainage corridors . The rock format ions near the Colorado River provide
ample shelter for small bands of people as evidenced by the rockshelters
recorded during thi s proje c t . I f suff ic ient resource s could be collected
along the r iver cliffs and lower reaches of the major dra inages , ac c e s s to
h i gher elevat ions may not have been nec e s s ary. Addit ional data colle c t ion ,
especially in the Book Cli ffs and on the firs t terraces below and along the
Colorado R iver , will be necessary to te s t these and other hypothe s e s .

RECOMMENDATIONS

I f the BLM land managers choose to use this s tudy as a tool for
determining prob ab ilities of prehi s toric s i te occurrence in the C i sco are a ,
two models have b een pres ented for the ir cons i derat ion . However , based on
the results of the s e s tudies , only one me thod is recommended . While the
tradi tional variables can be measured and encoded for any 4 0 - acre s tudy
trac t , re sulting in a discriminant score for that are a , the te s t s of this
model have resulted in a le s s than 80% predictive rate . The method i s also
t i me - consuming and s omewhat cumbersome to use . There fore , a much s impler
and more accurate me thod i s recommende d .

The correlation b e tween s ites and soils has been demons trated and
te s te d , and a s i t e s ens i t ivity map pre s ented ( F igure 31 ) . For spec i f ic
areas of concern , it i s recommended that the soil overlays be used in
conjunction w i th the BLM ' s soils data and the results of th i s s tudy . Any
area that i s included in the high sens i t ivity zones of general soils units
3, 5 and 8 should b e surveyed. Areas in soil un it 9 should also b e surveyed
prior to ground - dis turb ing ac t ivities , as th is was included in Re ed and
N i ckens ( 198 0 ) h i gh den s i ty zone and the result s of s ampling during th i s
projec t are inconclus ive due t o the small s ample s i z e .

Soil uni t numb er 1 is clas s i f ied as a medium s i te sens i tivity zone ,

although s i te dens i ty i s subs tanti ally lower than uni ts 3 , 5 , and 8 . It
corresponds closely to Reed and Nickens ( 1 9 8 0 ) medium sens i t iv i ty zone ,
encompass ing the interm i ttent dra inages of the proje ct are a . Management
recommendat ions for this zone remain cons i s tent w i th those in the previous
proje ct areas , and land within the zone should be surveyed prior to surface
modificat ions

Soil uni t 2 , the low sens i t ivity zone , generally corresponds with Ree d
and N ickens ' low s i te dens i ty zone , i . e . , the de s er t shrub s tratum . If

83
survey requirements in thi s zone are waived by the B1M , i solated e l igible
s ites may be endangered . It is recommended that all areas within a . 8 mile
buffer z one of soil uni t s 3 , 5 , 8 and 9 continue to be surveyed in order to
protect the s e s ites and further test the model ' s accuracy . Thi s . 8 mile
buffer z one includes s i te s misclass i fied by the soils mode l ( Fi gure 3 2 ) .

Initial ly , i t i s recommended that all locations o f potential land­

dis turb ing activities be surveyed . Thi s would be an excellent check of the
model and theories , and help to refine the B1M ' s land managing policies .
Additionally , s o i l model s have not been as widely used as vegetation models
and the addit i onal data would be very us eful .

Add i t ional care should be taken when act iv it i e s are p l anned w i th in the
two p ropo s e d archaeological districts due to the high p otential for
encountering cultural resources . Thi s i s espec ially appl icable in the
propo sed Cottonwood D i s trict because o f the type o f s o i l ( alluvium) .
Monitor ing certain ac tivi t ie s , such as road construc tion , i s recommended , as
there i s a high l ikel ihood o f buried s i tes .

In ant ic ipation o f future model ing p roj ects , several recommendations

are pre s ented . Any area targeted for such inves tigat ion should be examined
c l o s e ly p r ior to model development . Environmental factors vary greatly from
region to region , and what may be appropriate in one model , e . g . , shel ter
qua l i ty , may not be s i gnificant in another . The s i te type vari ab il i ty
with in a p roj e c t area should also be cons i dered and the p o ss ib il i ty o f
developing more than a s ingle model inve s t i gated . Known s i te typ e s should
be analyzed s eparately , as thi s too may lead model building in a specific
d i rect i on . I f po s s ible , a prel iminary model should be developed from
exi s t ing s ite and nons i te data prior to any fieldwork . Undoub tedly , thi s
model will b e refine d , however , i t may give a good indication o f problems
that migh t be encountered , or focus attention on speci fic approaches or
s igni ficant environmental variables . Thi s s tudy indicated that s o i l groups
are good discriminators in the C i s c o area , and it is recommended that thi s
vari ab l e be tes te d f o r s i gnificance i n future model s i n o ther areas .

S o i l maps are avai lable for many areas , especial ly when l arge tract s
o f Federal land are involved . S o i l map s , however , are not nec e s s ar ily a
p anacea for predict ive models . As demons trated , a s t at i s ti cally val id model
mus t be developed and tested with independent data p r i or to reli ance solely
on map information .

The model should be tes ted during the fieldwork i f i t i s developed

w i th previously collected data . I f survey i s nece s sary prior to model
construction , add i t ional data should be collected to tes t and refine the
mode l . Inves t i gators need to be flexible and tailor thei r model s to the
environmental condi t ions and cultural resource typ e s found in the i r spec i fic
proj e c t areas . Addi tionally , i t i s recommended that model s be cons truc ted
us ing a conservative confidence level . While broader confidence l imits may
yield higher clas s i fication percentages , the resul t ing func t ions may not
nec e s s ar i ly produce a better prediction rate . The idea i s to have a
working , usable model , not inflated class ification percentage s .

84
 o S o il unit 1

o Soil unit 2

� S 0 '1 I u n 'lt "...

m;:"1

o Soil unit 5
� Soil unit 8
EEB S o i l u n it 9
C) Buffer zone: . 8 m i .

Cross Section
(Figure 5)

R.25E.

Figure 3 2 . General S o i l Uni ts within the Cisco Area with , 8

mile Buffer Zone .

85
 Predict ive mode l s can be a bene f i t to archaeologists and l and managers
a l ike , if they are cons tructed and use d in a proper fashion . The final
reminder s are to be flexib l e , be p roj ect or area specific , and to keep it as
s impl e as pos s ib l e .

86
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 APPENDIX 1

A MAP OF GENERAL SOIL UNITS

B DESCRIPTION OF GENERAL SOIL UNITS

94
 Appendix lA

MAP OF GENERAL SOILS UNITS

95
 Appendix lB

General S o i l Uni t s , Grand County , Utah , Central Par t

1 General Unit Number/ 1

1 Maj or S o i l Components
General Descrip t i on 1
1 ---------------------------------------------- ________ 1
1 I
I 1. Mes a - Mack - Chipeta Shallow to very deep , wel l drained , 1
I gently s loping to moderately s teep ( 2 to I
I 5 0 % ) loamy s o i l s located on al luvial fan 1
I pediments and shale plains . Elevation I
I ranges from 4 , 100 to 5 , 200 fee t . Maj or I
1 vegetation typ e s include shadscale , I
I galleta and Indian r icegras s . 1
I 1
I !
I 2. Chipeta - Killpack - Shallow to moderately deep , wel l drained , 1
1 B lueflat gently s loping to s teep ( 1 to 5 0 % ) clayey 1
1 s o i l s located on shale p lains , pediments 1
1 and cues tas . Elevat i on ranges from 4 , 000 1
I to 5 , 000 feet . Maj o r vege tation types I
1 are mat s a l tbush , Nuttall s al tbush , I
I gall e ta and winterfat . I
I I 1
I I I
I 3. Toddler - Ravola - I Very deep , wel l drained , gently s loping !
I G lenton fam i l i e s 1 ( 0 to 3 % ) loamy s o i l s located o n fans , 1
1 1 flood plains , and along drainage s . I
1 I Elevation ranges from 4 , 000 to 5 , 000 1
I I fee t . Mat saltbush , shadscale , s eepweed , I
I I alkali sacaton , and gall e ta w i th I
I I s cattered b lack greasewood are the maj or 1
I I vegetation type s . I
I 1 I
I I I
I 4. Badland - Rock Outcrop I Badland , Rock outcrop , and shall ow , wel l I
I Moenkopie I drained , gently s loping to moderately I
I I s teep ( 3 to 2 0 % ) l oamy s o i l s formed in I
I ! res iduum from s ands tone and inte rbedded I
I I shale on s tructural benches , r idgetop s , 1
I I and s ides lope s . Elevation ranges from 1
I I 4 , 000 to 4 , 9 00 fee t . Maj o r vegetation I
I 1 types include shadscale , Indian r icegrass l
I I and s ome b lackbrush . Approximately 5 0 % I
I I of the area i s vo id of vege tation . I
I ! !
I I I
1 5. Moenkopie - Nakai - Rock I Shallow to deep , wel l drained , gently I
I outcrop I s lop ing to moderately s teep ( 1 to 20% ) I
I I loamy s o i l s , formed in res i duum , I
I I alluvium , and s ome eol i an material s from 1
I ! s ands tone , on cue s tas , s tructural I
1 I benches , and valley s ides lope s ; and rock I
1 I outcrop . Elevation ranges from 4 , 000 to I
1 I 5 , 000 fee t . Maj or vegetat ion type s are I
I I shadscale , gal le ta , Indian ricegras s , 1
1 1 four - wing saltbush , and s ome b lackbrush . 1
96
 Appendix lB

General S o i l Uni t s , Grand County , Utah , Central Part ( Continued)

1 General Uni t Number/ 1

1 Maj or S o i l Components General Descrip tion 1
1_______
1
I 1 I
1 6 . Thedalund fami ly , I Shall ow to deep , well drained , s lop ing 1
1 s tony - Walkno l l s 1 t o very s teep ( 3 to 7 0 % ) s tony s o i l s on 1
1 family - Pennel l I cues tas , benches and i n canyons . I
1 1 Elevation ranges from 4 , 2 00 to 6 , 10 0 I
I I fee t . Maj or vegetati on types include I
I I Sal ina wildrye , shadscale , Nuttall I
1 I saltbush , and gal l e ta . 1
I 1 I
1 I 1
I 7 . Rizno - Begay - Rock I Shall ow to very deep , wel l drained , I
I outcrop 1 gently s loping to moderately s te ep ( 2 to I
I 1 40% ) loamy s o i l s on s tructural benche s , 1
I I cue stas , and mesas . Elevation ranges I
1 I from 4 , 7 0 0 to 6 , 40 0 fee t . Maj or 1
I I vegetati on types are b lackbrush , Mormon- I
1 1 tea , j uniper , galleta , Indian r icegras s , I
1 1 needle - and- thread gras s , four - wing I
1 I saltbush , and s ome b i g s agebrush . I
1 1 I
I I I
1 8 . Shalako , dry - Thedalund 1 Shal low to deep , well drained , gently I
I family , stone - Hanksville 1 s lop ing to very s teep ( 3 to 7 0 % ) loamy I
I family I and s tony s o i l s on benches , cue s tas , I
1 I alluvial fans , and canyon e s carpments . I
I I Elevation ranges from 4 , 400 to 6 , 50 0 I
I I fee t . Maj or vegetation types include 1
I I j uniper , shads cale , b i g s agebrush , I
I I s al ina wildrye and Nuttall saltbush . I
I I I
I I I
I 9 . Barz - S trych - S andoval I Shall ow to very deep , well drained , I
I I gently s loping to moderately s teep I
I I ( 1 to 1 5 % ) loamy s o i l s on alluvial fan I
I I pediments , al luvial fans , and shale I
I I pediments . Elevation ranges from 5 , 00 0 I
I I to 6 , 000 feet . Maj o r vegetation types I
I I are b i g sagebrush , gall e ta , sp iny hop - I
I 1 s age , j uniper , p inyon and s al ina wildrye . 1
I I I
I I I
1 10 . Thedalund family , I Moderately deep to deep , wel l draine d , I
I mo i s t - Thedalund family I s teep to very s teep ( 5 0 to 7 0 % ) loamy and 1
I s tony - Das t family I s tony soils on canyon escarpments and I
I I mountains ides . Elevation ranges from 1
1 I 4 , 400 to 7 , 7 0 0 feet . Maj or vegetation I
I I types include Utah j uniper , p inyon and I
I I s a l ina wildrye . t
I I I

97
 Appendix IB

General Soil Units , Grand County , Utah , Central Part ( Cont inued)

I General Uni t Number/ I

I Maj or S o i l Components General D e s c r ip t i on I
I I
I I I
I ll . D a s t family - Reva I Shallow to very deep , wel l drained , I
I fam i ly - Shalako I s l op ing to very s teep ( 3 to 80% ) loamy I
I I and s tony s o i l s o n benche s and I
I I mountains i de s . Elevation ranges from I
I 1 5 , 700 to 8 , 600 fee t . Maj o r vegetation I
1 I types are p inyon , j uniper , Douglas fir , I
I I mountain-mahogany , and s e rviceberry . I
I I I
I I I
1 12 . Sula family - Razorba I Shallow to very deep , wel l draine d , I
I fam i ly , Reva family I s teep and very s teep ( S O to 8 0 % ) l oamy I
I I and s tony s o i l s on mounta ins ide s . I
I I Elevation ranges from 7 , 000 to 9 , 100 I
I I fee t . Maj or vegetation typ e s include I
I I Douglas fir , p inyon , snowbe rry , Gambel I
I I oak , and mountain big s agebrush . I
I I I

98
 APPENDIX 2

PREHISTORIC SITE SUMMARY

99
APPENDIX 2 . The fol l owing sect ion tabulates cul tural features recorded at
each o f the I I I aboriginal s i tes . Symbols us ed to ident ify s i te type s , and
the frequency of each s ite type is as fo l l ows :

I I I I
I SYMBOL I S ITE TYPE I TOTAL I
I I I I
I LS I Lithic S c atter I 46 I
I I I I
I LC I Lithic/ceramic s catter I 3 I
I I I I
I CH I Camps i te with hearth ( s ) I 42 I
I I I I
I CG I Camp s i te with grounds tone I 5 I
I I I I
I GH I C amp s i te with hearth ( s ) and grounds tone I 4 I
I I I I
I Q I Quarry I 2 I
I I I I
I Q/CH I Quarry and Camp s i t e with hearth ( s ) I 3 I
I I I I
I RS I Rockshelter I 6 I
I I I I
I TOTAL I I 111 I
I I I I

100
 APPENDIX 2 . PREHISTORIC S ITE SUMMARY

I I I I S i te I I I I I Dune
I S ite I S i te ! Elevation ! S i� e I I I I I I Alluvial I N . R . I
I Numbe r I Type I ( feet ) I (m ) I Tool s I Groundstone l Sherds I Hearth ! Core l or Aeolian I s tatus I
I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I ! I I I
I 4 2GR15 9 8 I LS I 4565 I 725 I I I I I I No I
I I I I I I I I I I I
I 42GR1 6 0 3 I LS I 5320 I 10 I I I I I I No I
I I I I 1 I I I I I I
I 4 2GR1 6 04 I LS I 5280 I 45 I I , I 1 I I No I
I I I I I 1 I I I I
I 42GR1 6 0 5 I LC I 5280 I 544 1 1 b i face I I + , I Yes I
, I I I I , 1 1 I
I 42GR1606 I GH , 4560 , 1 2 , 100 1 2 b i faces 1 3 metate I + 1 1 Aeol ian I Yes*
I 1 I I I I fragments , I I I
I I I I 1 1 2 mano I , I
I-'
0 I I I 1 I , fragments I I I
I-'
I I I I I I I I I
I 42GR1 6 0 7 I CH , 4560 I 5 , 000 1 3 points I I + 1 1 Aeolian 1 Yes*
I I I I 12 s crapers I I I
1 I I I 1 1 1 I
I 42GR1608 I CG I 4560 I 3 , 600 1 1 b i face 1 mano , I I Aeo l i an I Yes *
I 1 1 I I 1 metate I I I
I I I I I frag . I I I
I 1 I I I 1 unidenti - I I I
I I I I I f ied frag l I I
I 1 I I I I I I
I 42GR1609 I LC I 5240 I 1 , 050 I I + I I Yes
I I I I I I I I
I 4 2GR1 6 10 I CH I 5050 I 50 I I 1 I Aeol ian 1 No
I I 1 I I I I I
I 4 2GR16 1 1 I LS I 4520 I 26 , 325 I I I I Yes*
I I I I I I I I
I 42GR16 1 2 I LS I 4500 I 2 , 100 12 b i faces I I I Yes*
I I I I 11 :Qo int I I I
* Denotes part o f Cottonwood Archae o l ogical D i s tr i c t
** Denotes part o f Wes twater Archaeological D i s tr i c t
 APPENDIX 2 . PREHISTORIC S ITE SUMMARY ( CONTINUED)

I I S ite I I I Dune
S i te S i te I Elevat ion I S i� e I I I I I Alluvi al I N . R . I
Numbe r Type I ( fe e t ) I (m ) Tools I Grounds tone l Sherds I Hearth I Core l or Aeo l i an l s tatus I
I I I 1 I 1 I I I
I 1 I 1 I
4 2 GR1 6 l 3 I LC I 4510 1 , 2 5 0 1 2 b i faces + 1 Yes* 1
1 I I I 1
42GR16 l4 I LS 1 4 5 10 80 I 1 Yes* I
I 1 I I I
42GR16 l 5 1 LS I 4500 8 9 , 3 04 1 1 b i face 1 Yes** 1
1 I 1 1 p oint 1 I
1 I I I I
42GR1 6 l 6 1 LS 1 4560 1 2 , 8 0 0 1 1 p oint 1 Yes** 1
1 I 1 2 b i faces I 1
I I I 1 I
42GR1 6 l 7 1 LS I 4620 1 , 05 0 1 1 p o int I Yes** 1
1-'
0 1 I 1 1 I
N
I 42GR1 6 18 I CH I 4720 9 9 0 1 2 b i face 1 Alluvial Yes** 1
I 1 1 fragments I I
1 1 1 I I
42GR1 6 l 9 I LS I 4 7 20 3 , 60 0 1 I Yes** 1
I I I I
4 2GR1 6 2 0 I CH I 4640 750 I + 1 Yes** 1
I I I I
42GR1 6 2 2 I LS I 4600 2 , 800 I 1 I Yes** 1
I 1 I I I
4 2 GR1 6 2 3 I RS I 4480 50 I I Yes** 1
I I I I I
4 2GR1 6 2 4 I LS I 4 6 00 80 I I Yes** 1
I I I I I
42GR1 6 2 5 I LS I 4 540 6 , 000 1 2 p oints I Yes** 1
I I 1 4 b i faces 1 I
I I I 1 1
4 2 GR1 6 2 6 I LS I 4520 6 , 05 0 I I Yes** 1
I I I I 1

* Denotes part o f Cottonwoo d Archaeological D i s tr i c t

* * Deno t e s p a r t o f Wes twater Archaeo lo gical D i s tr i c t
 APPENDIX 2 . PREHISTORIC S I TE SUMMARY ( CONTI NUED)

I I I I S ite I I I I , Dune ,
S i te Si e , I I Alluvial I N . R . I
, , S i te , Elevati on ' � , I ,
I Numbe r I Type , ( feet) , (m ) I Tool s I Grounds tone l Sherds I Hearth , Core l or Aeo l i an l s tatus '
I I I I I I , I , I I I
I , I I , I , , , , , I
, 42GR1 6 2 7 I CG , 4720 I 3 , 60 0 1 1 b i face/ I + , I + I I I Yes I
I , , I I chopper , I , I I I I
I I I I I I I I I , I ,
I 42GR16 2 8 I CH , 4490 , 14 , 000 , I I I + I I I Yes I
I I I I , I I , , I , I
I 42GR1 6 2 9 I GH I 4490 I 5 , 510 I 1 1 metate I 1 + 1 2 I I Yes I
1 I I I I I fragment I I I I I I
I J J 1 I 1 2 manos I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I
I 4 2GR1 6 3 0 I LS I 4500 , 2 , 4 90 1 1 b i face , I I I 1 I Yes* I
I I , I I I I I I I ,
I-'
0 I 42GR1 6 3 1 I CG I 4520 I 2 7 , 000 2 b ifac e s , I unidenti - I I I Yes* ,
w
, I , I 1 knife , fled frag . , , I I
I I I I I I I ,
I 42GR16 3 2 , LS I 4510 I 9 , 000 I I I Yes* I
I I I I I I I I
I 42GR1 6 3 3 I LS I 4490 I 600 I I I Aeol i an Yes* I
I I I I I I I
I 42GR1 6 34 I LS I 4520 I 5 6 0 1 b i face I I Aeol i an Yes* I
I I I I I I I
I 42GR1 6 3 5 I CH I 4520 I 7 , 200 1 biface I I + Aeo l i an Yes * I
I I I I 2 points I I I I
, I I I I I I I
I 42GR16 3 6 I LS I 4520 I 3 , 600 1 1 b i face I I Aeo l i an I Yes * I
I I I I I I I I I
I 42GR1 6 3 7 LS I 4520 I 144 I I I Alluvial I Yes* I
I
I I I I I I I I ,
, 42GR1 6 3 8 , LS I 4520 2 , 600 I I , 1 I Yes* ,
,
I I
42GR1 6 3 9 I
I , I
I
I , I ,
I LS � 4640 100 I I I + , Yes ,

* Deno te s part o f Cottonwoo d Archaeological D i s tr i c t

* * Denotes part o f Wes twater Archaeological District
 APPENDIX 2 . PREHISTORI C S ITE SUMMARY ( CONTINUED)

, I I I S i te I I , I Dune
I S i te I S i te I E levation ' S i� e , , , , , Al luvial I N . R .
I Number , Type I ( fe e t ) I (m ) Tools I Grounds tone , Sherds , Hearth , Core l or Aeo l ian ' s tatus I
, I I I I , I I I I ,
I I I I I I I I I I I
I 42GR1642 I LS , 4515 I 9 , 600 1 p o int , , I , 1 , Aeol i an , Yes* ,
, I I I 1 b i face , I I I , I
I I , I 1 chopper I I I I I
I I I I I I , I I
I 42GR1 6 4 3 I LS , 4510 , 2 , 49 6 , , , Aeo l i an , Yes* ,
I I I I I I I I ,
I 4 2GR1644 I LS I 4520 I 10 , 200 1 b i face I I I Aeo l i an I Yes* I
I I I I fragment I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
I 42GR1 645 I CH I 4510 I 4 , 800 1 po int I + I Aeol i an I Yes* I
I I I I I I I I
t-'
0 I 42GR1646 , LS I 4530 , 280 I I I No I
�
I I I I I I I I
I 42GR1 6 5 3 I CH I 4740 I 726 I + 2 I I Yes I
I I I I I I I
I 42GR1654 I CH I 4580 I 40 I + I I No I
I I I I I I I I
I 42GR1 6 5 5 I CH I 4780 I 2 , 800 1 1 mano +C/14 I I Yes* I
I I I I I Samp l e I I I
I I I I I I I I
I 42GR1 6 5 6 I CH I 4780 I 125 I + I I Yes* I
I I I I I , I ,
, 42GR1 6 5 7 I CH I 4820 I 675 1 1 metate + I I Yes* I
I , I I I fragment I I I
I I I I I I I I

* Denotes part of Cottonwoo d Archaeo logical District

** Denotes part o f Wes twater Archaeo logical District
 APPENDIX 2 . PREHISTORIC S ITE SUMMARY ( CONTINUED)

I , , I S i te I , I I I Dune I
, S i te , S i te , Elevati on l S i�e I I I I I I Alluvial I N.R. I
I Number I Type I ( feet) I (m ) , Tools I Groundst one l Sherds I Hearth I Core l or Aeo l i an I s tatus I
I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I , I I I I I I I I I
I 4 2GRl 6 5 8 I CH I 5060 I 5 , 100 I I I I +C/14 , I I Yes* I
I I I , I I I I S ample ' , I I
, , I I , I I I I I I I
I 42GR1 6 5 9 I LS I 5480 , 1 , 645 1 1 p o int I , I I I I No I
I I I I I I I I I I I I
I 4 2GR1 6 6 0 I LS I 4540 I 4 , 675 1 1 scraper I I I I I , No ,
I I I , I I I I I I I I
I 42GR1 6 6 1 I RS I 4600 I 72 I I I I I I I Yes** 1
I I 1 1 I I 1 I 1 I 1
, 4 2GR1 6 6 2 I LS I 4580 I 4 , 12 5 I I I I 1 I I Yes** 1
I I I I I I I I I I
t-'
0 I 42GR1 6 6 3 RS I 4600 I 7 I I I I I I Yes** 1
VI
I I I I I I I I I I
I 42GR1 6 6 4 LS I 4620 I 7 , 140 2 b i face s I I I I 10 I I Yes** 1
I I I 1 hammer - I I I I I I I
I I I s tone I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I
I 42GR1 6 6 5 CH I 5 5 8 0 I 14 , 400 2 p o ints I I + I + I I I Yes I
I I I I I I I I I I
I 42GR1 6 6 6 CH I 4 3 6 0 I 640 1 b i face I I I + I 1 I I Yes I
I I I I I I I I I I
I 4 2GR1 6 6 7 Q/CH I 4320 1 105 , 000 3 b i faces I I I + I 20 I I Yes I
I 1 I I 1 I I I I I
1 42GRl 6 6 8 LS 1 4 3 2 0 1 7 , 200 2 b i faces 1 I I 1 2 1 1 Yes I
1 I I I I I 1 I 1 I
I 42GRl 6 6 9 LS I 4420 1 2 , 800 1 b i face 1 I I I 2 1 I Yes 1
I I I I I I I I I I

* Denotes part o f C o ttonwood Archaeological D i s trict

** Deno te s part o f Wes twater Archaeo l ogical D i s tr i c t
 APPENDIX 2 . PREH IS TORIC S ITE SUMMARY ( CONTINUED)

S it e 1 I I I Dune
S ite S ite 1 Elevation 1 S i� e I I I I I Alluvial I N . R . I
Numbe r Type I ( feet) I (m ) Tools 1 Grounds tone I Sherds I Hearth I Core l or Aeo l ian l s tatus I
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I '
4 2GR1 6 7 0 , LS 4400 1 , 332 2 s c rapers ' I I 2 I Yes I
I I I I I I
42GRl 6 7 1 I CH 4600 1 , 750 1 po int I I + I 1 I Yes** 1
, I I ' I I
42GR1 6 7 3 I CH 4830 2 , 97 5 1 s craper I + I + I I Yes* I
I I I I I I
42GR1 6 7 5 I GH 4480 3 , 6 00 1 1 mano I + I 1 I No I
I I fragment I I I I
I I I I I
42GRl 6 7 6 I CH 5220 8 7 , 500 3 p o ints 1 metate I + I I Yes I
I 4 b i faces fragment I I I I
t-'
0 I I I I I I
0\ 2
I 4 2GRl6 8 0 I CH 4600 30 , 250 1 2 points I +C/14 1 I Yes I
I 11 uniface I S ample I I I I
1 12 b i faces I I I I I
I 1 hamme r - I I I I I
I s tone I I I I I
1 I I I I
42GRl 6 8 l I LS 5320 8 , 80 0 2 points I I I I Yes
I 2 b i faces I I I I
I 1 knife I I I I
I , I 1 1
42GR1 6 8 2 1 RS 4700 720 1 knife , + I I I Yes
I 2 b i faces I I I I
I 1 hammer - I I I I
I s tone I I I I
I I 1 1 I
42GRl6 8 3 I CH 443 0 6 , 00 0 3 b i faces I No
I
I + I I
I 1 I I

* Deno t e s part o f Cottonwood Archaeological D i s trict

** Denot e s part of Wes twater Archaeological D i s tr ic t
 APPENDIX 2 . PREHI STORI C S ITE SUMMARY ( CONTINUED)

I I I I S i te , , I , Dune ,
I S i te I S i te , Elevati on l S i� e , I I , I Alluvial I N . R . I
I Numbe r I Type 1 ( fe e t ) I (m ) Too ls I Groundstone l Sherds , Hearth I Core l or Aeo l i an l s ta tus I
I I I I I I I I I I I
, I I , , , , I I I
I 42GR1 6 8 4 I LS I 447 5 , 3 , 500 I I I , I No I
I , J / I I I / I I
I 42GR1 6 8 5 , CH I 4440 , 900 , , + , , , No I
I / I / / / / / / /
/ 42GR1 6 8 6 / GH I 5080 I 3 0 , 000 1 1 mano + / + / 1 / Ye s /
/ / I / / I I / / /
/ 42GR16 8 7 I CH / 4500 I 2 , 475 1 uniface / / + / 1 / / Yes* /
/ / I I I / I I / I
/ 42GR1 6 8 8 I CH / 4520 / 3 , 000 2 b i faces I I + I 1 I I Yes* /
I I I I I I / / /
/ 42GR1 6 8 9 , CH 4520 I 4 , 000 I , +C/14 / I I Yes* I
I"-'
0 / I I / , S ample I I I I
-...J /
/ I / / I 1 / I
/ 42GR1 6 9 0 CH 4520 / 1 , 250 I I + 1 1 I Ye s* I
I , I I I / I I
, 42GR1 6 9 1 LS 4520 I 675 1 1 b i face I I I I / Yes* /
I I I fragment , I I 1 I I
I I 1 I I I I / I
I 42GR1 6 9 2 CH 4480 I 8 , 00 0 / 2 b i face s I / + / / I Yes* /
/ I 11 triface I I I / / /
/ I / I I / I / 1
/ 43GR1 6 9 3 Q 4520 1 247 , 500 I / 1 / test / / Yes I
, , / / , / c ob - I I I
/ I I I I , bles I I I
, I I I I I / I I

* Deno tes part o f C o ttonwood Archaeological D i s tr i c t

* * Deno tes p ar t o f Wes twater Archae o log ical D i s trict
 APPENDIX 2 . PREHISTORIC S ITE SUMMARY ( CONTINUED)

S i te I I I I Dune
S ite S ite I E levation I S i�e I I I 1 I Alluvial I N.R. 1
Number Type I ( feet) I (m ) Tools I Groundstone l Sherds I Hearth J Core l or Aeo l ian l status J
I I I I I I I I
I I I
42GR1694 I CH 4520 1 , 350 2 b i faces I + I I Yes*
I I I
42GR1 6 9 5 I CH 4520 400 1 b iface I + 1 I Yes*
I c o rel I I
I chopper I I
I I I
42GR1 6 9 6 I CH 4 540 2 , 2 50 3 b ifaces I + 1 I Yes*
I I I
42GR1697 I CH 4520 2 , 47 5 I + I Aeo l i an I Yes*
I I I
42GR1 6 9 8 I CH 4520 5 , 600 1 p oint I + I Yes*
I-' 1 chopper
o I I I
co 1 b i face
I I I
I I I I I
4 2GR17 0 l I CH 4540 3 50 I + I I Yes* I
I I I I I
4 2GR1702 I CH 4480 5 , 52 5 I + I I Yes* I
I I I I I
4 2GR1 7 0 3 I CH 4580 1 , 225 I + I I Yes* I
I I I I I
42GR1704 I CH 4550 375 1 b i face I + I I No I
I I I I I
4 2GR1705 I LS 4700 198 1 b iface I 1 I I No I
I I I I I
42GR1706 I CH 4640 5 , 700 1 p oint I + 1 I I Yes I
I 1 hammer - I I I I
I stone I I I I
I 2 b i faces I I I I
I I I I I
42GR1707 I CH 4680 900 1 point 1 metate I + I I No I

* Denotes part o f Cottonwood Archaeological D i s trict

** Denotes part of Wes twater Archaeological D i s tr i c t
 APPENDIX 2 . PREH I STORIC S ITE SUMMARY ( CONTINUED )

I I I I S ite I I I , Dune I
I S i te I S i te I Elevat ion , S i� e I I , I , I Alluvial I N . R .
I Numbe r I Type I ( feet) I (m ) , Tool s I Groundstone l Sherds I Hear th , Core l or Aeo l ian I s tatus I
, I I I I I I I I , I
I I I I I , , I I I
I 4 2GRl 7 0 8 I LS I 4600 I 255 , , I I Yes I
I , I I , I I I ,
I 42GRl 709 I LS I 4650 I 3 , 5 00 , , I I 4 Yes I
I , , I I I I I ,
I 42GRI 7 1 0 I CG I 4640 , 200 I 1 1 mano I I 1 No I
I I I I I , , I I
, 42GR1 711 I LS I 4680 I 8 , 250 I I I , 2 No I
, I I I I , I I I
I 42GRI7 1 2 I CH I 4680 I 1 0 , 000 I I I + I 12 Yes I
I I I I I I I I
I-'
I 42GRl713 I LS I 4640 I 750 I I I No I
0 I I I I I I I
""
, 42GRI714 LS/HC I 4660 600 I I 1 No I
I I I I I
, 42GRl715 Q I 4 6 80 2 5 , 200 I I test I Yes I
I , I I cob - I I
I I I I bles I I I
I , I I , , I
I 42GRl 7 1 6 RS I 4400 220 1 b i face I I 5 I I No I
I I I I I I I
I 42GRl7 1 7 CH I 4480 3 , 1 50 I I + I I Yes * I
I I I I I I I
I 42GRl 7 1 8 CH , 4640 9 , 100 I b i face I I + I I Yes* I
I , , I , , ,
I 42GRI 7 1 9 LS , 4600 425 I b i face I I 1 I I Yes* I
I I 1 hammer - I I I I I
, I s tone I , I I I
I I I I I I I

* Deno tes part of Cot tonwood Archaeological D i s tr i c t

* * Deno tes p a r t o f We s twater Archaeol ogical D i s tr i c t
 APPENDIX 2 . PREHISTORIC S ITE SUMMARY ( CONTINUED)

, , S i te , I I Dune '
S ite S ite , Elevat ion l S i�e , I I I , Alluvial I N . R .
Number Type I ( fe e t ) I (m ) Tools I Groundstone l Sherds I Hearth I Core l or Aeo l ian l s tatus I
I _ . I I I I I ' I I
I I I I I I I
42GRl 7 2 O I LS , 4 6 6 0 I 1 , 5 00 1 1 point I 6 I Yes I
I , I 1 1 b i face I I I
I I I I I I I
42GRl 7 2 1 I CH I 4 7 6 0 I 2 2 , 100 1 1 b i face + I I Yes I
, I I I I I I
42GRl 7 2 2 I QjCH I 4 5 20 I 40 1 10 ham- + I 20 Aeo l i an I Yes I
I I I acres+ merstone s I I I I
I I I I I I I
42GRl 7 2 3 I RS I 4640 I 4 3 , 7 5 0 1 b i face 1 1 mano + I 1 I Yes I
I 1 I I I I I
42GRl 7 2 4 I LS I 4480 I 4 , 400 1 b i face I I I Yes* I
t-'
I-' I I I I I I
0
I 42GRl 7 2 5 I Q/CH I 4480 I 1 8 , 000 2 points I + I Yes* I
I I I 6 b i faces I I I I
I I I I I I I
42GR1 7 3 2 I CG I 4 6 2 0 I 8 , 500 3 b i faces \ 2 metates I Aeol ian I Yes* I
I I I 2 chopper s I I I I
I I I 1 hammer - I I I I
I I I s tone I I I I
I I I I I I I
42GRl 7 3 3 I CH I 4 6 2 0 I 7 , 000 1 b i face I + I Aeol i an I Yes* I
I I I 1 I I I
42GRl 7 34 I LS I 4 6 2 0 I 2 , 500 1 p oint I I I Yes* I
I I I I I I I

* Denotes part o f Co ttonwoo d Archaeo logical District

** Deno te s part o f Wes twater Archaeological District
 APPENDIX 3

HISTORIC S ITE SUMMARY

111
APPENDIX 3 . This sec tion tabulates cultural features recorded at the 16
p o s t - contact(h i s toric s i tes . The fol l owing symbols are used to key s i tes ,
art i facts and features as follows :

I
SYMBOL I S I TE TYPE TOTAL
I
HC I Historic Camps ite 4
HT I H i s toric Trash Scatter 2
HS I Historic Structure 2
MN I Mine 1
TC I Tin Can S c atter 2
RR I Rai l r oad S tation 1
RT I Railroad Trash S c atter 3
BS I Bead Scatter 1
I
TOTAL I 16
I

I I I
I SYMBOL I ARTI FACTS I
I I I
I B I Bottle I
I TC I T in Cans I
I GL I Glass I
I WD I Woo d I
I ME I Metal I
I NC I Common Nails I
I TCU I Tin Cup I
I BO I Bone I
I CS I Ceramics I
I LE I Leather I
I WI I Wire I
I AM I Ammuni tion I
I RB I Rubber I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I SYMBOL I FEATURES I
I I I
I HE I Hearth/c ampfire I
I MT I Mine tail ings I
I DE I Depress ion I
I TR I Trai l/Road I
I DU I Dump I
I I I
I ! I

112
 APPENDIX 3 . H ISTORIC S I TE SUMMARY

I / I / S i te I / Historic I H i s toric / I Solder top / /

/ S i te / S ite I Elevationl Si e I D iag- I feat . non- I archi - , Purple / Hol e - in ' condense d 1 0ther Deb r i s / N . R . I
�
, Number , Type ' ( fe e t ) I (m ) ' nos ti c s , arch i tectural l te c tural , Gla s s , top cans ' milk , ' s t atus '
, " I , , I I I pre - 1 9 3 l , I '
I ' I I , I I , , , I I
I 42GRl 5 9 9 , HC , 5180 I 6 , 00 0 B , TC I I I + I I + I G L , NC , WD I No I
I ' " , " I I I ' I
I 42GRl6 0 0 I HC I 5 200 I 1 , 40 0 TC I HE I I I I + I GL , WD I No I
I I I I / , I I I , I '
I 42GR1 601 I HC / 5200 731 TC / HE , / I + , + I WD I No ,
, I / " / / , I / /
/ 42GRl6 0 2 I HT I 5 2 80 1 , 60 0 TC , ' I I + I + I GL I No /
/ I I I I I I I I I I
I 42GR1 6 2 1 I MN I 4 640 1 , 35 0 TC I MT , I loadout I I I I WD , ME , NC , TC I No I
/ I / I DE ( 2 ) I chute / I I / / I
/ I I I I I I I I / I
� I 42GR1640 I TC I 4760 100 TC I I / I + I + I TC I No /
W / ' I I I ' I I , I I
I 42GR1641 I TC I 4740 110 TC I , ' I ' + I TCU , N o I
, " " I I I I I '
, 42GR1 6 7 2 I BS I 4760 1 , 200 174 I , I / I / I Yes I
I I I glass I I / I I I "
, ' I b eads , , ' I I , , /
, / , / I ' I / / / I
, 42GR1674 / HS I 4577 1 , 500 B , 1 2 sheds , / + I I / W I , TC , I Ye s /
, " I ' log I / , , WD , GL , / I
, " / I hous e , / / , , ME , NC I ,
I / / I I pr ivy , I I I I ' I
I I I
I I corral , I I , I I '
I I fenc e , / / I I / /
I I we l 1 , / I I I I
I I / I / / / '
42GR1 6 7 7 RR I 4490 1 1 9 0 , 000 / B , TC I TR / 2 / + / I / GL , ME , NC , BO , I Ye s ,
I I privies , / I / , CS , LE , WI , T C , I ,
I / wooden I , , l AM , WD , RB I I
I I support / I I I I '
I , / posts ' I I I I I
_ __ L_
_ I , I I I I I I
 APPENDIX 3 . HI STORIC S ITE SUMMARY ( CONTINUED)

, , S i te , I H i s toric , H i s toric l I S o lder top I ,

S it e S ite I E l evation I S i�e I Diag- I feat . non - I arch i - I Purp le l Ho le - in ' condensed I Other Deb r i s I N.R. I
Number Type I ( feet) I (m ) I no s t ic s l architectural l te c tural l Glass I top cans I m i lk I I s tatus I
_ _ 1 _ . L 1 1 i __ 1 I 1 pre - 1 9 3 1 1 1 I
I I I I I I I I I I
42GR16 7 8 RT I 4440 7 , 700 I B , TC I narrow guage l , - I , + I GL , ME , NC , TC , I Yes I
I I I rai lroad bed l I I , l AM , WD I I
I I I I I I I I I I
42GR1 6 7 9 RT I 4460 1 , 40 0 I B I I I - I I I GL , ME , NC , CS , I No I
I I I I I I I I WI , TC I I
I I I I I I I I I I
42GR1 6 9 9 HT I 4530 250 I B , TC I TR I I + I I I GL , ME , CS , WI , I No I
I I I I I , I I TC I I
, I I ' I I I I I I
42GR1700 HS I 4530 1 , 650 I TC I DE , DU I founda - I - I I + I GL , ME , NC , BO , I No I
I I I I t i on I I I I CS , WI , TC , WD , I I
I-'
I-' I I I I I I I I RB I I
+:-
I I I I I I I I I I
4 2GRl 7 14 HC , LS I 4660 600 I TC I HE I I + I I + I AM , wn I No I
I I I I I I I I I I
l} 42GR1 7 2 6 RT I 4380 I B , T C I rai lroad I I + I I + I GL, CS , TC I Yes I
c
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