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10 : Identify the primary differences between the Doric and Ionic orders.

Correct Answer : Answers may vary?

11 : Where did Greeks typically place architectural sculpture?

Correct Answer : Answers may vary?

12 : Describe Exekiass skill as a black-figure painter.

Correct Answer : Answers may vary?

13 : Which Ionic features appear on the Parthenon, and what theories explain why the Doric

2 / 15
and Ionic orders were blended in this building?

Correct Answer : Answers may vary?

14 : How were the subjects of the Parthenons pediments connected to the temples function?

Correct Answer : Answers may vary?

15 : What reasons did Greek vase painters have for signing their names?

Correct Answer : Answers may vary?

16 : SLIDE QUESTIONSIdentify the civilization that produced this object, and describe its
distinctive features.

Correct Answer : Figurine of a woman, from Syros (2-2)

17 : SLIDE QUESTIONSWhat features suggest that the Minoan Snake Goddess is a deity?

Correct Answer : Snake goddess, from the palace, Knossos (2-8)

18 : SLIDE QUESTIONSWhat makes Minoan figures easy to distinguish from Egyptian and
Mesopotamian figures?

Correct Answer : Bull-leaping, from the palace, Knossos (2-5)?

19 : SLIDE QUESTIONSWhat is the name of the style applied to this sculpture, and what are
the characteristic features of this style?

Correct Answer : Lady of Auxerre (2-15)

20 : SLIDE QUESTIONSAlthough these images both date to the Archaic period, how are they
different?

Correct Answer : Kouros (2-16) and Kroisos (2-17)

21 : SLIDE QUESTIONSAlthough these images both date to the Archaic period, how are they
different?

Correct Answer : Kouros (2-16) and Kroisos (2-17)

22 : SLIDE QUESTIONSWhich features identify this temple as early Archaic? What factors
might explain its unusual or transitional features?

Correct Answer : Temple of Hera, Paestum (2-21, 2-22)

23 : SLIDE QUESTIONSWhat aspects of the imagery reveal that Greek artists were
experimenting with placing figures in the pediment?

Correct Answer : West Pediment, Temple of Artemis, Corfu (2-23)

24 : SLIDE QUESTIONSWhat strides did these artists make in increasing the sense of
illusionism on Greek vessels?
3 / 15
Correct Answer : Euphronios, Herakles wrestling Antaios (2-25) and Euthymides, three revelers
(2-26)

25 : SLIDE QUESTIONSDescribe how these are indicative of the development of the Doric
order in the Archaic period.

Correct Answer : Temple of Hera (2-21, 2-22) and Temple of Aphaia, Aegina (2-27, 2-28)

26 : SLIDE QUESTIONSWhy do these appear to come from different eras?

Correct Answer : Dying Warrior, west pediment, Temple of Aphaia (2-29) and Dying Warrior,
east pediment, Temple of Aphaia (2-30)

27 : SLIDE QUESTIONSIn what respect do these share similar mathematical pursuits?

Correct Answer : Iktinos, Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens (2-1) and Polykleitos, Doryphoros (2-35)

28 : SLIDE QUESTIONSHow does this deviate from standard temples, and what explains the
need for a unique layout?

Correct Answer : Erechtheion, Acropolis, Athens (2-42)

29 : SLIDE QUESTIONSWhat significant break did this make from the Archaic period?

Correct Answer : Kritios Boy (2-31)

30 : SLIDE QUESTIONSWhich new features did this artist introduce to the sculpted male form?

Correct Answer : Lysippos, Apoxyomenos (Scraper) (2-49)

31 : SLIDE QUESTIONSWhat does this monument reveal about ancient Greek society and
gender roles?

Correct Answer : Grave stele of Hegeso (Figure 2-45)

32 : SLIDE QUESTIONSWhich newfound interest in the Hellenistic period does this work
exemplify?

Correct Answer : Sleeping satyr (Barberini Faun) (2-57)

33 : SLIDE QUESTIONSWhat aspects did the artist of this work carefully observe?

Correct Answer : Epigonos (?), dying Gaul, c. 230–220 BCE (Figure 2-54)

34 : SLIDE QUESTIONSWhat is the function of this building? What purposes did the different
parts of the building serve?

Correct Answer : Polykleitos the Younger, theater, Epidauros (2-51)

35 : SLIDE QUESTIONSWhich characteristics that appear here have no parallel in earlier art?

Correct Answer : Athena battling Alkyoneos, gigantomachy frieze of the Altar of Zeus (2-53)
4 / 15
MULTIPLE CHOICE
36 : The dimensions of the Parthenon were calculated on .
A : the Temple of Athena Nike
B : a fixed proportional scheme
C : the dimensions of earlier temples
D : theater designs

Correct Answer : B

37 : Along with the patron goddess of Athens, Athena, the Parthenon celebrated the .
A : Olympian deities
B : Spartans
C : Macedonians
D : Athenian people

Correct Answer : D

38 : was the sculptor who designed the reliefs and sculptures for the Parthenon.
A : Phidias
B : Exekias
C : Epigonos
D : Hegeso

Correct Answer : A

39 : The Greeks created the concept of , or rule by the people.

A : polis
B : a canon
C : democracy
D : Hellenic

Correct Answer : C

40 : did not play a role in public or political life, but were confined to the home.
A : Philosophers
B : Athenian leaders
C : Land-holding males
D : Greek women

Correct Answer : D

41 : Minoan art takes its name from .

A : a Minoan city
B : the legendary King Minos
C : the Homeric epics
D : Socrates

Correct Answer : B

5 / 15
42 : The earliest dated Aegean artworks came from .
A : the Cyclades
B : Tiryns
C : Athens
D : Crete

Correct Answer : A

43 : Most early Cycladic sculptures represent .

A : bison
B : males
C : women
D : composite creatures

Correct Answer : C

44 : Cycladic figures, such as the woman from Syros, are rendered .

A : with bulbous circular forms
B : naturalistically
C : as portraits
D : in a highly schematic manner

Correct Answer : D

45 : The was the central feature of the palace at Knossos.

A : fortifications wall
B : large rectangular court
C : outdoor theater
D : entrance gate

Correct Answer : B

46 : provided illumination and ventilation in the palace at Knossos.

A : Light and air wells
B : Corbeled vaults
C : A timber framework
D : The Lion Gate

Correct Answer : A

47 : The construction of characterize the building efforts on Crete in the early centuries of
the second millennium.
A : theaters
B : beehive tombs
C : architectural complexes
D : cyclopean masonry walls

Correct Answer : C

48 : Well-preserved Minoan frescoes were found at .

A : Sparta
B : Athens
C : Tiryns
6 / 15
D : Akrotiri

Correct Answer : D

49 : Minoan columns are distinguished by a .

A : tapering shape and bulbous capitals
B : pronounced swelling in the center
C : bud-shaped capitals
D : bull-shaped capitals

Correct Answer : A

50 : Minoan painting introduced the first .

A : battle scene
B : pure landscape
C : representations of animals
D : ruler portraits

Correct Answer : B

51 : Why do some scholars believe Snake Goddess is a deity?

A : She displays power over animals.
B : She wears the Minoan goddess dress.
C : She is posed frontally.
D : She was found in a temple.

Correct Answer : A

52 : The use of dark silhouettes against a cream-colored background typifies the decoration of
ceramic pots.
A : Greek red-figure
B : Minoan
C : Mycenaean
D : Cycladic

Correct Answer : B

53 : The positioning of the feet of the figurine of a woman from Syros suggests that it must have
been placed lying down in a .
A : home
B : grave
C : cave
D : citadel

Correct Answer : B

54 : Mycenaean citadels, such as those at Mycenae and Tiryns, we famous in antiquity for their
.
A : murals
B : towers
C : fortification walls
D : domes

7 / 15
Correct Answer : C

55 : Mycenaean masonry is called Cyclopean because of its .

A : color
B : size
C : texture
D : pattern

Correct Answer : B

56 : The tholos at Mycenae was a .

A : throne room
B : temple
C : treasury
D : tomb chamber

Correct Answer : D

57 : The Mycenaean funerary mask was one of the first attempts at by Greek artists.
A : a life-sized human face
B : repouss
C : rendering the human face
D : metalwork

Correct Answer : A

58 : At the time of the Trojan wars, wealthy Mycenaeans were buried in .

A : ceramic urns
B : sarcophagi
C : tholos tombs
D : shaft graves

Correct Answer : C

59 : were among the artifacts found in the shaft graves at Grave Circle A.
A : statues of deities
B : ceramic vessels
C : lyres
D : beaten gold masks

Correct Answer : D

60 : Cantilevered rows of stone formed a above the lintel of the Lion Gate at Mycenae.
A : corbeled arch
B : barrel vault
C : pattern of vines
D : ogee

Correct Answer : A

61 : The so-called Archaic smile likely signified .

A : life
B : joy
8 / 15
C : personality
D : perfection

Correct Answer : A

62 : Greek temples reveal the influence of .

A : Minoan palace plans
B : Neolithic shrines
C : Egyptian columnar halls
D : Persian citadels

Correct Answer : C

63 : Which sculpture employs contrapposto?

A : Kroisos
B : Kritios Boy
C : Lady of Auxerre
D : Peplos Kore

Correct Answer : B

64 : Which Athenian politician reconstructed the Athenian Acropolis?

A : Pausanius
B : Polykleitos
C : Xerxes
D : Pericles

Correct Answer : D

65 : How is the Parthenon imperfect?

A : The columns are not perpendicular to the ground.
B : The pediments are not triangular.
C : The cella is not square.
D : The stylobate is not straight.

Correct Answer : D

66 : Following the Peloponnesian war and the alienation and disillusionment that followed, Late
Classical artists focused on .
A : community values
B : mathematical perfection
C : real-world appearances
D : Polykleitoss Canon

Correct Answer : C

67 : The Altar of Zeus celebrates the .

A : victory of Attalos I over the Gauls
B : life of Alexander the Great
C : birth of Zeus
D : lapiths defeat of the centaurs

Correct Answer : A
9 / 15
68 : The depopulation and poverty that followed the fall of the Mycenaeans is called the .
A : Doric period
B : Dark Age of Greece
C : Golden Age of the Minoans
D : Hellenistic era

Correct Answer : B

69 : Greek vase painting of the consisted mainly of abstract motifs.

A : Geometric age
B : Orienalizing period
C : Hellenistic age
D : Pergamenes

Correct Answer : A

70 : The early Greek style of representing statues with triangular heads and is called the
style.
A : canon
B : Kroisos
C : daedelic
D : Doryphoros

Correct Answer : C

71 : strongly influenced the pose of early Greek kouros figures.

A : Minoan portraits
B : Egyptian statues
C : Persian art
D : Snake goddesses

Correct Answer : B

72 : One of the primary purposes for temples was to house an image of a deity called .
A : an atlantid
B : a caryatid
C : a kouros
D : a cult statue

Correct Answer : D

73 : In the Archaic period, ceramic painters introduced a new painting technique called .
A : white-ground painting
B : kamares ware
C : black-figure painting
D : the Orientalizing style

Correct Answer : C

74 : was the master of the black-figure technique.

A : Philoxenos of Eretria
B : Exekias
10 / 15
C : Kroisos
D : Daedelus

Correct Answer : B

75 : The defeat of the Persians is the historical event that marked the beginning of the
age.
A : classical
B : Minoan
C : Hellenistic
D : Dark

Correct Answer : A

76 : Classical statues departed from the Archaic by abandoning .

A : painted features
B : the Egyptian pose
C : naturalism
D : nudity

Correct Answer : B

77 : Large bronze sculptures were created using the technique.

A : bas relief
B : reduction
C : cloisonn
D : lost wax

Correct Answer : D

78 : Polykleitos created the to accompany a treatise on the ideal statue of a nude male
warrior or athlete.
A : Dying Gaul
B : Centauromachy
C : Doryphoros
D : Dying Warrior

Correct Answer : C

79 : Funds from the were used to finance Pericless rebuilding of the Akropolis.
A : Delian League
B : Peloponnesian war
C : Battle of Actium
D : Athenian senate

Correct Answer : A

80 : The fusion of Doric and Ionic elements in the Parthenon may reflect the Athenian belief that
.
A : Persia would invade Greece
B : they were the leaders of the Greeks
C : eastern Greeks were superior architects
D : there should be a new Greek order
11 / 15
Correct Answer : B

81 : The artist Phidias treated the floor of the Parthenons pediment as .

A : an imitation of the Temple of Aphaia at Aegina
B : a ground line for life-size figures
C : a horizon line through which figures could pass
D : a shallow ledge supporting relief sculptures

Correct Answer : C

82 : The subject of the Parthhenons Ionic frieze is the .

A : extinction of the Amazons
B : battle between the gods and giants
C : the Persian war
D : Panathenaic procession

Correct Answer : D

83 : The irregular form of the Erectheion was necessitated by its .

A : function of housing several sacred sites
B : dedication to Zeus and Hera
C : placement next to the Parthenon
D : multistory form

Correct Answer : A

84 : On the Stele of Hegeso, the deceased is represented .

A : teaching her children
B : taking leave of her husband
C : with her parents
D : in a domestic setting

Correct Answer : D

85 : The white-ground technique was used almost exclusively on .

A : amphora
B : kraters
C : lekythoi
D : mosaic pavements

Correct Answer : C

86 : took the unprecedented step of representing the goddess Aphrodite nude.

A : Epigonos
B : Praxiteles
C : Euphronios
D : Lysippos

Correct Answer : B

87 : The cultural centers of the Hellenistic period were .

A : court cities of Alexanders successor
12 / 15
B : Athens and Sparta
C : Macedonia
D : Greek colonies in Italy

Correct Answer : A

88 : Unlike their Early Classical predecessors, Late Classical artists focused on .

A : community values
B : mathematical perfection
C : real-world appearances
D : Polykleitoss canon

Correct Answer : C

89 : Unlike Classical sculptors, Hellenistic artists created .

A : monumental images
B : a variety of physical types
C : idealized figures
D : relief and full-round sculpture

Correct Answer : B

90 : SLIDE IDENTIFICATION(Figure 2-7)

A : Cycladic
B : Minoan
C : Assyrian
D : Mycenaean

Correct Answer : B

91 : SLIDE IDENTIFICATION(Figure 2-9)

A : Tiryns
B : Knossos
C : Athens
D : Mycenae

Correct Answer : D

92 : SLIDE IDENTIFICATION(Figure 2-1)

A : Erechtheion
B : Temple of Athena Nike
C : Parthenon
D : Temple of Hera

Correct Answer : C

93 : SLIDE IDENTIFICATION(Figure 2-35)

A : Charioteer
B : Diskobolos
C : Doryphoros
D : Apoxyomenos

Correct Answer : C
13 / 15
94 : SLIDE IDENTIFICATION(Figure 2-2)
A : Cycladic
B : Minoan
C : Mycenaean
D : Helladic

Correct Answer : A

95 : SLIDE IDENTIFICATION(Figure 2-5)

A : Chalk
B : Oil
C : Fresco secco
D : True fresco

Correct Answer : D

96 : SLIDE IDENTIFICATION(Figure 2-18)

A : Peplos Kore
B : Lady of Auxerre
C : Kouros
D : Athena

Correct Answer : A

97 : SLIDE IDENTIFICATION(Figure 2-59)

A : Pericles
B : Odysseus
C : Herakles
D : Laocon

Correct Answer : D

98 : SLIDE IDENTIFICATION(Figure 2-21)

A : Temple of Aphaia
B : Temple of Hera, Paestum
C : Porch of Maidens, Erechtheion
D : Temple of Athena Nike

Correct Answer : B

99 : SLIDE IDENTIFICATION(Figure 2-32)

A : Charioteer
B : Diskobolos
C : Doryphoros
D : Apoxyomenos

Correct Answer : B

100 : SLIDE IDENTIFICATION(Figure 2-13)

A : Minoan
B : Mycenaean
C : Geometric Greek
14 / 15
D : Archaic Greek

Correct Answer : B

101 : SLIDE IDENTIFICATION(Figure 2-34a)

A : Apollo
B : Herakles
C : Charioteer
D : Kritios Boy

Correct Answer : C

102 : SLIDE IDENTIFICATION(Figure 2-42)

A : Erechtheion
B : Propylaia
C : Parthenon
D : Temple Athena Nike

Correct Answer : A

103 : SLIDE IDENTIFICATION(Figure 2-54)

A : Dying Greek
B : Dying Gaul
C : Dying Athenian
D : Dying Roman

Correct Answer : B

104 : SLIDE IDENTIFICATION(Figure 2-40)

A : Parthenon, Acropolis
B : Temple of Zeus, Olympia
C : Temple of Aphaia, Aegina
D : Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis

Correct Answer : A

ESSAY
105 : Compare and contrast the dominant architectural features of the Minoan palace at
Knossos and the Mycenaean citadels. What do the differences reveal about their respective
societies?

Correct Answer : Answers may vary?

106 : Both the Palace at Knossos and houses at Akrotiri are adorned with mural paintings. What
are the distinctive stylistic features of Minoan art? What new themes did Minoan artists explore?

Correct Answer : Answers may vary?

107 : Citing specific examples explain how Mycenaean monuments art objects promote the
power of the king.

15 / 15
Correct Answer : Answers may vary?

108 : Discuss the changes in vase painting from the Geometric period to the Classical era in
Greece. Consider the manner in which artists treated the surface and the techniques employed.
Please provide examples.

Correct Answer : Answers may vary?

109 : Citing specific examples examine the development of the male figure in Greek sculpture
from the Archaic to the Classical period.

Correct Answer : Answers may vary?

110 : How did Hellenistic sculpture deviate from the Classical period? Please provide examples.

Correct Answer : Answers may vary?

111 : Describe the three different vase painting techniques used from the Archaic to the
Classical periods. What were the advantages of each?

Correct Answer : Answers may vary?

112 : Describe the development of the Doric order in temple architecture. How did it change
from the Archaic to the Classical period?

Correct Answer : Answers may vary?

113 : What did the sculptors Lysippos and Praxiteles contribute in the Late Classical period of
sculpture?

Correct Answer : Answers may vary?

114 : How did the female form develop from the Archaic to the Hellenistic period? Please
provide examples.

Correct Answer : Answers may vary?

115 : UNKNOWN IMAGESAttribute the images on the screen to a culture and give an
approximate date. Give the reasons for your attributions, using complete sentences and
referring to specific works discussed in class. Suggested images, not in the text:

Correct Answer : 1. Minoan landscape fresco with undulating contours possibly from Akrotiri. 2.
Another Archaic kouros figure possibly the Argive Twins (Kleobis and Biton) or Sounion kouros.
3. Detail of frieze from the Siphnian Treasury. 4. Another fifth-century Classical female figure,
possibly Athena. 5. Another Hellenistic sculpture, possibly another old woman or young child.

16 / 15
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wound, it obviously became necessary to take the greatest pains in
securing identification. Two of his tribe, who had been brought from
Greytown in April in anticipation of difficulty in connection with matters
of identification, happened to be still at Empandhleni. These were
conducted on the 13th to the spot where the body was lying, namely,
at the very bottom of the gorge, within half a dozen yards of the right
bank of the Mome, and just where the Dobo or 'pear-shaped' forest
abuts on the stream. Although the inspection took place five days
after death, the features, by reason of the extreme cold in the gorge
at that time of year—mid-winter—were remarkably well preserved.
The two Native informants, who were intimately acquainted with
Bambata, had no difficulty in recognizing the body as that of their
Chief. Such peculiarities as had been described beforehand by these
and other relatives and acquaintances as characteristic of Bambata,
were found about the body—tallying exactly. Among them were: a
gap between the two middle upper teeth; slight beard, rather under,
than on the front of, the chin; a scar immediately below one eye, and
another on the cheek opposite; a high instep. As, however, the officer
in charge wished to put the matter beyond all doubt, and as to carry a
corpse already five days old up the sides of a gorge, about whose
steepness so much has already been written, was out of the
question, he directed the head to be removed and brought instead.
As a result of this, decisive corroborative evidence was secured. This
must have been wanting had timidity been permitted to usurp the
ordinary dictates of common sense. It was, of course, of the utmost
importance to prove that the principal ringleader in a serious
rebellion, a man then still believed by many of his followers to
possess supernatural powers, was really dead. Care was taken to
keep the head in a decent manner until the plain and necessary
object, solely on account of which it had been removed, was served.
At no time whilst it was in charge of the troops, was there the slightest
act of disrespect towards it or the deceased's memory. It was not
exposed to public view, but kept by one of the medical officers in a
manner the most proper under the circumstances. It was, moreover,
impossible for anyone to see it without permission, which, again, was
withheld, except for the necessary purpose of identification. In
addition to the two Natives referred to, three others, viz. a prisoner
who had come from Natal with Bambata, and two men of Sigananda's
tribe who knew Bambata well, were sent by the Acting Magistrate to
see the head; this they at once recognized as Bambata's.
As soon as identification had been completed, the head was taken
back to the gorge and there buried along with the body.[253]
After the finding of Bambata's body and the surrender of Sigananda,
General Stephenson, who had witnessed the operations at Nkandhla
for nearly three weeks, left with his staff for the Transvaal, viâ
Pietermaritzburg.
Before proceeding with his chief staff officer and bodyguard to
Empandhleni on the 16th, McKenzie, convinced that the Rebellion
was then practically over, allowed the levies to return to their homes
for three days. During this period, he gave out, all operations would
be suspended, to afford those in hiding an opportunity of
surrendering. The levies were accordingly told to try and induce
rebels of their respective tribes to come in. Sigananda was, at the
same time, directed to send messengers to members of his and
Ndube's tribes who had rebelled, by way of bringing about speedy
and general surrenders. Among those who were successful in this
connection was Sergt. E. Titlestad, of the Intelligence Department,
and for long a storekeeper at Ntingwe. Proceeding to Qudeni forest
he, in a couple of days, managed to induce 284 men to return with
him to camp. McKenzie's column, then taken command of by
Royston, moved to Ndikwe stream, north-east of and below
Ensingabantu store.
With the Rebellion in Zululand at an end, nothing remained but to
clear the country in the direction of Qudeni, Mfongozi and towards
Nqutu, that is, to receive surrenders or make arrests where rebels,
generally the most culpable, were unwilling to come in. Woolls-
Sampson, having returned from his visit to Pietermaritzburg,[254] was,
on the 20th, given command of a column.[255] He was instructed to
form a depôt at Ensingabantu and to operate in that part of the
country.
It was at this stage that news of the outbreak at Mapumulo on the
19th was received. In addition to instructing Leuchars to push forward
the U.F.F. to the scene of disturbance, Mansel was ordered by the
O.C. Troops to camp at Middle Drift, from which place patrols were to
be thrown out in all directions, particularly up and down Tugela valley,
so as to intercept movements towards Zululand of rebels then stated
to be collecting on the right bank of the Tugela, between Middle Drift
and Bond's Drift.
Mackay and Royston proceeded, in the meantime, to clear country in
the vicinity of their respective camps. On the 22nd, two squadrons
N.C., with the mounted section, L and Y, and a Native levy, left on a
patrol in the direction of the Buffalo river. Very difficult country was
traversed. A remarkable gorge, known as Emlola-mazembe (where
axes are ground), was come upon in a small and peculiarly-secluded
valley, through which the Gubazi stream passes. At the lower end of
the valley, the stream runs through a huge cleft, the stone walls of
which are about 150 feet high and only about 12 feet apart at the top.
The cleft extends some 100 or so yards before the water flows from a
large dark pool at this uncanny spot into another valley beyond. No
wonder that such place had, until that very day, been occupied by
rebels.
A notable arrest was made about this time near Empandhleni, viz.
Bekuzulu, brother of the late Mehlokazulu. This man, who was a
rebel, was being harboured at a kraal. The head of the kraal was, of
course, also arrested.
At Empangeni on the coast, a Chief Bejana had recently failed to
comply with the orders of the local Magistrate. Without informing
Colonel McKenzie of what was taking place, a small party of N.P.
proceeded to Empangeni to effect the man's arrest, but, feeling later
on they were not strong enough, applied for reinforcements. The idea
of sending a small party on such a mission appeared more likely to
provoke than suppress rebellious tendencies, consequently Barker
was directed to assume command and make the arrest. Owing,
however, to instructions received from headquarters, the expedition
did not take place, although Barker's orders were not definitely
cancelled until he had got as far as Entumeni.
The Government, as stated in Chapter IX., felt it necessary for
Dinuzulu "to take some action to show his loyalty." It was thought he
and Meiteki should visit Pietermaritzburg and advise as to the state of
affairs in Zululand. The proposal, however, was allowed to drop for
the time being. On the 29th May, the Governor again strongly urged
it. Mr. Saunders then acquiesced. An invitation was conveyed to
Dinuzulu, who replied (2nd June) that he was in bad health, and that
he wished to discuss the matter with his headmen. The headmen
were summoned, but, owing to the alleged death of one of the Chief's
children just at that moment, his meeting with them was delayed. The
headmen saw the necessity for making the visit, but remarked that "in
Dinuzulu's present state of health, they feared he would never reach,
but die on the road." Permission was sought to send a large
deputation of indunas instead. In acceding to the request, the
Governor suggested that the Chief should himself go to the telephone
at Nongoma and be there to refer to whilst the interview lasted. About
twenty indunas, headed by Mankulumana, accordingly proceeded to
Pietermaritzburg, accompanied by the Commissioner and the local
Magistrate. They had three interviews with Sir Henry McCallum on
the 20th, 21st and 22nd. The latter reported that the men had replied
in a straight-forward and satisfactory manner to questions put to
them, so much so that he and the Minister for Native Affairs were
persuaded "that Dinuzulu's name had been used as a 'stalking-horse'
by different malcontents to incite their neighbours to rebellion." It was
in this way, they believed, that many of the false rumours of which the
Chief complained had arisen. It transpired from the interviews that
messengers had reached Dinuzulu from three Natal Chiefs, whose
coming he had failed to report in accordance with instructions
previously given him by the Governor. The indunas were told to
inform Dinuzulu that he had disobeyed orders, and that he was to be
more careful in future.
On account of ill-health, Dinuzulu did not proceed to the telephone
office at Nongoma, as desired by the Governor.
The situation at Mapumulo now began to grow more serious. It
developed with the same remarkable rapidity that had been
witnessed at Nkandhla. At such a time, given a few weeks of
incubation, a Zulu is nothing if not swift and vigorous in his
movements. To organize is, with him, instinctive. To-day the country
may be still and deserted, to-morrow it is overrun by great 'swarms,'
called impis, sprung from nobody knows where.
McKenzie made up his mind to withdraw from Zululand all troops that
could be spared and proceed with them towards Mapumulo, so as to
confine the Rebellion as much as possible to the vicinity of the fresh
outbreak.[256] Royston's brigade remained at Ndikwe, with orders to
operate through Mehlokazulu's ward towards Nqutu, clearing up
generally and receiving as many surrenders as possible. The
Commissioner for Native Affairs was at first of opinion the latter action
might be misunderstood by loyal Zulus, but, after further
consideration, concurred in it.
Woolls-Sampson left Empandhleni on the 23rd June,[257] and,
marching viâ Fort Yolland, took up a position on the northern side of
the Tugela at or near the precipice known as Isiwasamanqe, with the
object of preventing Natal rebels from breaking into Zululand. The
loyal tribes of that part, including that of Mtonga,[258] assisted with
levies. Strict orders were, at the same time, given to Woolls-Sampson
to take every precaution to prevent looting of property, or damage to
crops, kraals, etc., of friendly Natives.
As, at this juncture, everything pointed to a peaceful state of affairs in
Zululand, the O.C. Troops left Empandhleni on the morning of the
25th. By this date, the majority of rebels in Nkandhla district had
surrendered. The garrisons at Empandhleni and Ensingabantu were,
nevertheless, allowed to remain, owing to the inadvisability of entirely
and suddenly denuding the country of troops. Just before he left, the
indunas and Native messengers at the magistracy asked to see
Colonel McKenzie, when they expressed their gratitude for the
Rebellion having been so rapidly suppressed and peace restored
once more. They, at the same time, warned him "just to glance back
occasionally, as a grass fire, when put out, often starts again in rear."
This McKenzie took to mean that Dinuzulu was still in his rear and
might have to be dealt with.
These facts are sufficient to show that, to the action at Mome, must
be attributed the complete and almost immediate collapse of the
Rebellion in Zululand. After that fight, there was no further opposition
in any direction in Zululand. Throughout Nkandhla and Nqutu districts
peace and good order were restored almost at a single stroke. A
decisive blow, and all was over. That was what McKenzie constantly
aimed at, that was what the Government desired him to aim at,
because the more summary the punishment, the sooner would peace
be restored and destruction of life put an end to. War is not a pastime,
as some people seem to think, but a reality, as stern in operation as
any law of nature. At any rate, that is how it is viewed by Zulus, and
the sooner Europeans look at it in the same way when at war with
these tribes, the better for them and the tribes.
Although, for a few days, many rebels remained in hiding, none
ventured to take refuge in the stronghold which, having become a
place of bad omen, was entirely deserted. It had become the home of
the dead. Nor did the few more prominent rebels like Cakijana,
Mangati and Magadise, fearing the consequences of their misdeeds,
make further use of it during the many weeks they roamed about from
one place of hiding to another.

It will be remembered that Mapumulo district was visited by a column

(under Leuchars) during March, when a large cattle fine was levied
on Ngobizembe and members of his tribe for defiant conduct towards
the Magistrate.
As part of the general plan for coping with the Rebellion, the
Commandant of Militia decided at the end of April to establish a
garrison at Mapumulo. This took place simultaneously with the Z.F.F.
leaving Dundee for Nkandhla, and the garrisoning of such other
places as Helpmakaar, Krantzkop, and Greytown in Natal, and
Empandhleni, Fort Yolland, and Eshowe in Zululand.
It was known that the Natives at Mapumulo were liable to rise at any
moment, hence the question as to how the outbreak could be delayed
at once occurred to the Commandant, for he had not sufficient troops
to operate in that part as well as at Nkandhla and other places.
Calling to mind what he had read and studied of Cape and other
Native wars as to how Natives, setting no value on time, had often
been prevented from precipitating a conflict through troops being
frequently moved about in such a way as not to run risks of being
ambushed, he decided to garrison the place with a small force which,
strongly entrenched behind wire entanglements, would be adequate
in case of a rush, though not strong enough should the O.C., losing
his head, feel inclined to act on the aggressive. Lieut.-Col. H. Sparks,
V.D., was the officer selected for the post, firstly, because he was
intimately acquainted with the district, and secondly, because of his
being a cautious leader. He was instructed to have the district well
patrolled, but on no account to come into collision with the enemy
unless his lager was attacked. Stores, etc., were to be drawn from
Stanger, but, unless a strong escort accompanied the waggons,
drivers and voorloopers were to have no escort at all.
The force, consisting of 120 N.M.R. and 50 D.L.I., arrived at
Mapumulo on the 2nd May. Sparks found the Natives, barely fifty
miles from Nkandhla as the crow flies, with the Tugela between, in a
very disturbed state, notably the tribes of Ndhlovu, Meseni, and
Ngobizembe. They were all palpably in sympathy with Bambata. A
lager of wire entanglements was erected about the gaol and court-
house. Patrols were sent out daily to Balcomb's and Allan's stores,
i.e. north and north-west, as well as to Thring's Post and Umvoti Drift,
in Meseni's ward. On the 15th May, a large one went into the latter
ward, where armed Natives were observed on the hills. These were
said to be awaiting an opportunity of joining Bambata at Nkandhla.
Reports were continually brought in by scouts that Natives of certain
tribes were being doctored for war, after which they proceeded to
Nkandhla. One of the Chiefs concerned helped to ascertain the kraals
of those who had so gone off. Sparks adopted the ingenious
expedient of distraining all cattle belonging to these kraals until the
rebels who ordinarily lived there had been surrendered, and, in
several instances, with every success. The O.C., moreover, ably
assisted by the Magistrate (Colonel T. Maxwell),[259] got into touch
with a number of loyal Chiefs and headmen. In these and other ways,
these two officers succeeded in maintaining order until after the
decisive blow had been struck at Mome.
Of the Chiefs in Mapumulo, Lower Tugela and Ndwedwe[260]
divisions, two or three, apart from those already referred to, call for
special mention.
Meseni was head of the Qwabe tribe, one of the most ancient and
famous tribes in Natal and Zululand.[261] On the death of his father
Musi, some years before the Rebellion, a dispute arose as to the heir,
when the Governor, after inquiry, decided to divide the tribe. Meseni
was appointed Chief over the principal section, whilst his nephew,
Siziba (a minor), was awarded another section, as well as the
property left by Musi. This decision, however, caused considerable
dissatisfaction. The Magistrate of Lower Tugela (Mr. F.P. Shuter), was
shortly after made Chief over Siziba's section. This gave great
offence to Meseni. A fight took place between the two factions.
Although, in Meseni's view, one party was as guilty as the other, his
men were more severely punished than those presided over by the
Magistrate. This Meseni felt to be unjust. He became disrespectful to
Mr. Shuter. Such offence, as well as his assembling men with the
alleged intention of attacking another Chief, with whom some
difference had arisen, were reported, when nearly 1,000 huts of his
tribe (i.e. the section in Lower Tugela division), were detached and
put under other Chiefs.
When those of Meseni's tribe in Mapumulo division were called
together by the Magistrate for the purpose of the poll tax being
explained, they behaved in an insolent and defiant manner. This
occurred at Gaillard's store, Umvoti, whilst the Chief himself was at
Stanger in connection with the faction fight referred to. Such absence
did not, of course, prevent his being called on for an explanation by
Leuchars in March. He was ordered to arrest and hand over all such
as had misbehaved. This Meseni said it was impossible to do within
the three days allowed, especially as many weeks had elapsed since
the affair. He, however, brought in a number, who were punished. For
failing to hand over about 200, he was later on arrested and
imprisoned at Mapumulo. After being in gaol for about six weeks, he
was released by order of the Government, without, however, having
been brought to trial. When, with the fighting going on at Nkandhla,
the people at Mapumulo began to assume a rebellious attitude,
Meseni was ordered to come in but did not do so. In May and June,
when larger numbers of troops came to the district, he called up his
people, as he says, to protect himself. Action of that kind, of course,
at once gave the impression that he was in rebellion.
Ndhlovu ka Timuni, of the Zulu tribe, was a Chief with considerable
influence in Mapumulo division.[262] Owing to a mistake, he was
summoned to Stanger in April. On instructions from Mapumulo, he
was placed under arrest and subsequently removed to that place,
where he was detained for a time and then released.
The people of both these tribes broke into rebellion in June.
Associated with them were the Chiefs Matshwili and Mlungwana, also
portions of Ntshingumuzi's, Swaimana's and other tribes.
Ntshingumuzi himself did not rebel, though a relation of his, a young
man Mahlanga, vigorously coerced many to rise and join Matshwili.
But although, as in the cases of Meseni and Ndhlovu, there was
apparently some cause for complaint, purely Native influences of a
distinctly disloyal character were at work, and this prior to either of the
arrests referred to.
As far back as January and February, for instance, a large portion of
Ntshingumuzi's tribe had been doctored for war, whilst practically the
whole of those of Mlungwana and Matshwili had gone through the
same performance.[263] There is no act, passive in its nature, which a
Native can commit that betrays hostile intent more plainly than being
doctored for war. Once such ceremonies are held, all that remains is
to await the signal for a simultaneous rising.
Early in June, two messengers (one a headringed man) arrived from
Siteku, an uncle of Dinuzulu, living near Melmoth in Zululand. This
man (Siteku) incited the tribes of Ndhlovu, Matshwili and Meseni to
rebel and kill all the white people; "Bambata has not been killed," he
said, "but is in hiding in the Tugela valley." He threatened Ndhlovu
with violence if his people did not rise. Calling to mind an occasion on
which a relation of that Chief had, some seventy years before, failed
to assist the Zulus against the Boers, Ndhlovu was warned that
although his relation had escaped punishment at the hands of the
Zulus, he (Ndhlovu) was not to be too sure such luck would be his
own during the existing crisis. Ndhlovu states that a messenger from
the tribe of Mtonga (another uncle of Dinuzulu, living in Eshowe
district), also came and incited him to take up arms.
It was in these and other ways, too numerous to be noticed in detail,
that the majority of the Native population at Mapumulo decided to
rebel. Those who did, began by arming and organizing themselves
quietly in their respective wards. And the more they massed and
organized, the more confident they were of success. To such a pitch
did the excitement grow, that Ndhlovu resolved to step forth and give
the required signal.
It so happened that on Monday, the 18th June, a convoy of nine
waggons, drawn by oxen, left Stanger for Mapumulo. The waggons
outspanned for the night 200 yards from Oglesby's store, near the
Otimati stream, and some six miles from Mapumulo. On receipt of
news of the locality being in a greatly disturbed state, an early start
was made on the following day. The usual Native driver and
voorlooper (leader) accompanied each waggon, also a European
conductor (Q.-M.-Sergt. L.E. Knox, N.M.R.), Trooper Albert Powell, of
the same regiment (who was returning from sick leave), and a
Griqua. Just as the waggons had begun to descend a white cutting,
some fifty or sixty rebels of Ndhlovu's tribe, wearing tshokobezi
badges, sprang up on either side and made for the leading waggon.
Knox was struck with a knobstick, and stabbed in the right thigh (the
assegai penetrating to the stomach). He jumped from the waggons,
dashed through his assailants and made off for Mapumulo along the
road as hard as he could go. Being a good athlete, he quickly out-
distanced the rebels and arrived at the magistracy shortly before 9. In
the meantime, Powell, who was on the last waggon, ran to Oglesby's
store. The Oglesbys (father and son), did what they could. The former
was in the act of conducting Powell to a cave a few hundred yards
off, when the impi came in sight and overtook them. Powell, who, like
Knox, was in uniform, was immediately stabbed to death, but Oglesby
and his son, well known to the Natives of that part, were not touched.
The drivers and voorloopers ran off for a time as soon as the attack
began, although the rebels shouted that, being Natives and having
been commandeered for service, they would not be molested. The
oxen were not interfered with, nor were any contents of the waggons
worth referring to looted.
Early the same morning (19th), Corporal J. Koster, N.M.R., rode off
from Mapumulo towards Stanger on leave. After going about eight
miles, and at 7 a.m., when on a short-cut, he was suddenly attacked
from the lower side of the path by eight rebels of Ndhlovu's tribe. The
telegraph wire between Mapumulo and Stanger had just been cut. It
was possibly in anticipation of a despatch-rider going that way, that
the Natives lay there in ambush. Assegais were flung at Koster, who
narrowly escaped being killed as he rode past. One of them struck his
horse, piercing a kidney. After galloping about 300 yards, he
dismounted and fired several shots at the enemy, who at once
decamped. These shots were heard by the rebels then engaged with
Knox some three miles off, and to this may be due their not having
pursued Knox further than they did. Koster then passed on to Thring's
Post, where he was informed that a Norwegian storeman, Sangreid,
and Mr. W.C. Robbins (Stock Inspector), had been murdered during
the night in Mr. Thring's dwelling-house, some 400 yards from the
store. After obtaining a trap and pair at Bull's some miles nearer
Stanger, Koster returned to Thring's. He found Sangreid dead, but
Robbins living, though severely wounded.
The impi that attacked Sangreid and Robbins was also from
Ndhlovu's tribe, evidently the same men that subsequently attacked
Knox. Robbins' life was saved by one of the rebels, owing to his being
well known in the district. Sangreid was brutally murdered in his
bedroom, late at night, for no offence whatever.
The stores at Thring's Post and Oglesby's were looted, as also the
cattle belonging to the former place. Oglesby's store was not looted
until it had been vacated by the owners.
On Knox reaching Mapumulo, it so happened a patrol was about to
leave for Balcomb's, six miles north-west of the magistracy. A hurried
account of what had occurred was given to Lieut.-Col. J. Ritchie, V.D.,
who, after directing others to follow in support, left with Capt. W.H.
Smith and eleven N.M.R. at a gallop for the spot at which the convoy
had been attacked. On getting within a couple of hundred yards of
Oglesby's store, a large track, evidently of the impi, was come upon.
Following this, the men passed through a Mission Station
(Norwegian), about a thousand yards from the store. Near this
station, which was still being occupied by the missionary, four armed
Natives, evidently scouts, were seen on a hill on their left front. These
immediately disappeared into a large valley and towards a kraal
belonging to Chief Ndhlovu (Ezintandaneni). Ritchie galloped to a
high ridge overlooking the valley. A solitary horse was observed some
distance below tied to a tree, whilst a number of cattle, which
afterwards turned out to be those seized at Thring's Post, were seen
grazing within the immediate vicinity of the kraal. The men
dismounted and descended the rocky, steep slopes towards the
kraal. This, in respect of the position they then occupied, lay between
them and the magistracy. After proceeding about 120 yards, and
when about the same distance from the kraal, they were suddenly
surprised by an impi about 200 strong, up to that moment concealed
near a bed of reeds in one of the two forks at the head of a kloof or
small valley running past, and on the immediate north of, the kraal.
As soon as the enemy showed himself, he charged upwards at them,
shouting Dinuzulu's war-cry "Usutu!" The troops opened fire at once
at fifty yards. This had the effect of checking the advance for the time
being. "They attempted several times," says Ritchie, "to get round our
flanks and ... in fact had almost succeeded, when Knox and Campbell
came up with the supports.... The rebels had again to take shelter
under the cliff and behind the rocks. Shortly after this, they made one
more determined rush to get up over the rocks, where eight or ten of
us were standing. They came to within five yards, but, although all
had their assegais poised ready for throwing, only one was actually
thrown. The fire seemed to paralyse them. The assegai that was
thrown just grazed the head of one of the men."
 OTIMATI
Sketch Plan

Reference

A. Ndhlovu's Kraal.

C. Those of Enemy that escaped fled past B in this direction. Others

went down stream on left.

D. Bed of reeds

Enemy.
 Point where troops were attacked when moving towards A from X.

X Point from which sketch was made.

It was but a few minutes after Ritchie had gone off from Mapumulo,
that Capt. A.G. Knox, brother of the man already referred to, and
Capt. W.A. Campbell left with about fifty men in support of Ritchie as
directed. They arrived on the ridge referred to just before the charge.
Their appearance was most opportune as, having descended as far
as they had done, Ritchie and the others would probably have been
annihilated had the rebels not been checked as they were from the
ridge. Finding the supports too strong, the enemy retreated down the
valley up which they had come, many being shot as they ran. The
locality being 'thorn-country' afforded cover—even though it was
winter—of which full advantage was taken by the enemy. The troops
now combined and drove the valley from which the attack had come,
as well as a similar one 120 yards from the kraal on the south, in
which other rebels were found concealed. One or two of the ridges
were also driven.
During the drives, which extended over about a mile of country, many
armed Natives withdrew from their hiding-places and were shot as
they ran down the streams towards the still more rugged country
below. Lieut. R. Armstrong and another, who had become detached
from the main body, took up a position below Luhoho's kraal and
commanded the fugitives' main route at C (vide plan) with
considerable effect.
Towards the conclusion of the drives, intelligence was received that
Ngobizembe's men, under Sambela, about 600 strong, were
approaching from the direction in which the rebels had just fled.
Owing to accounts subsequently received from the fugitives, they
decided not to continue the advance.
The total strength of the N.M.R. engaged on this occasion was sixty-
six (made up of the Stanger and Greenwood Park troops, exclusive of
twelve men sent by Sparks to Nyamazana to expose themselves to
the enemy in Meseni's ward, and thereby prevent the latter from
joining the impi at Otimati). About 150 rebels were killed and four
prisoners captured during the operations, which lasted an hour and a
half. There were no casualties among the N.M.R. Powell's body was
found later the same day in a horribly mutilated and scarcely
recognizable condition, having been dragged by the rebels some 300
yards from where he had been killed to a place where it was
supposed it would not be found. It was then removed to Oglesby's
store.
The number of rebels killed in this action was greater, in proportion to
the number of troops engaged, than in any other action of the
campaign. From start to finish, the proceedings reflect the greatest
credit on Ritchie and his men, not the least remarkable feature being
the rapidity with which the men got into action. Only fifty minutes
elapsed between their leaving camp and firing the first shot, although
the distance travelled was fully seven and a half miles.
It afterwards transpired that the rebels, led by Ndhlovu himself, were
expecting Ritchie and the few with him to go to the kraal, when the
plan was to cut them off in rear. No doubt the horse and cattle had
been purposely left as baits. Before the arrival of the troops, the
enemy were in the cattle-kraal. They slipped into the valleys on either
side at the last moment.
After the action, Ritchie sent Smith with sixteen men to investigate
what had occurred at Thring's Post. As many of the enemy were still
lurking about the broken country in the vicinity of Oglesby's, the
reconnaissance caused both sections of the troops to run
considerable risks.
When Sparks ascertained that the wire between him and Stanger had
been cut, he sent telegrams asking for reinforcements to Kearsney,
for transmission to headquarters. The men who carried the
despatches were Sergts. A.J. Wadman and J.E. Sjöblom. Leaving at
10 a.m., they found the wire had been cut a few yards from the store
at Thring's Post. When proceeding along the short-cut on which
Koster had, unknown to them, been attacked the same morning, they
found some fifty or sixty of the enemy, who attempted to cut them off.
On reaching Thring's Post, they found the store upside down, a great
many goods having been looted and the rest scattered on the floor. "I
noticed," says Wadman, "about ten mice which I had previously seen
at the store had been let out of their cage and then stabbed with
assegais." After delivering the despatches, the men returned to
Mapumulo the same night.
On this same eventful day (19th), Sub-Inspector A.S. Clifton, of the
Natal Police, arrived at Thring's Post with about a dozen men, and
removed the deceased Mr. Sangreid, as well as Mr. Robbins, to
Stanger.
The troops ordered by Leuchars at this juncture to concentrate at
Mapumulo were N.M.R., under Murray-Smith; U.F.F., under Major
W.J.S. Newmarch; two squadrons B.M.R. mobilized on the 14th and
originally directed to proceed, with D squadron, N.C. (Capt. J.W.V.
Montgomery), to Helpmakaar;[264] and C.M.R. Maxim detachment
(Capt. M. Humphery). The first-named regiment, receiving orders at 2
p.m. on the 20th, left at 5 p.m. in light marching order, and, after off-
saddling for four hours at Balcomb's, reached Mapumulo before dawn
on the following day. A portion of the regiment made a
reconnaissance the same morning in the neighbourhood of Oglesby's
store. Powell's body was brought back and buried at the magistracy.
Further reconnaissances took place towards Otimati and
Isiwasezimbuzi, near the Tugela, on the 22nd and 23rd respectively.
A patrol under Knox proceeded on the 25th to Hlonono Mission
Station, when many of the enemy in the low country of Meseni's ward
were located.
Arnott's column reached Otimati drift on the 24th. As the camp was to
be a standing one, the waggons were formed into a lager,
strengthened with barbed-wire entanglements.
Leuchars, who reached Arnott on the morning of the 27th with the
greater portion of the Mapumulo force, now decided that a
reconnaissance in force should take place in the direction of the hill
Peyana, some three miles to the south-west of Thring's Post, and two
from Hlonono Mission Station. The troops, including a section of C
Battery, N.F.A. (Currie); four C.M.R. Maxims (Humphery), and two
Maxims and one Rexer, N.M.R., left camp at 9.30 a.m. under the
command of Lieut.-Col. Arnott.[265] The N.M.R., 350 (Murray-Smith),
were in advance, N.C., 100 (Montgomery), on the left, and B.M.R.,
100, supporting. The Carbineers, besides supporting on the left,
covered a convoy of waggons then on the way to Kearsney, escorted
by a troop B.M.R.
After branching off due west from the main road at Thring's Post,
some difficulty was experienced in getting the two field guns down a
rough incline. These guns, with a troop N.M.R. as escort, took up a
position and unlimbered at C (vide plan), which covered some 2,000
yards to right and left front; N.C. took high ground to the left at D,
from where a deep kloof to their front was commanded; N.M.R.
moved in extended order to neck A, and halted on the ridges to right
and left thereof, with B.M.R. supporting in immediate rear on the right.
These dispositions were made owing to the broken nature of the
ground, which favoured ambuscade, and had up till then been held
daily by the enemy's outposts. The track along which the column had
to advance skirted to the right of, and under, Peyana hill (B), by which
it was commanded.
When the troops were engaged occupying the ground referred to, the
time now being about noon, some half a dozen of the enemy's
decoys were observed on hill E to the west of Peyana, freely
exposing themselves. This was almost a certain indication that the
enemy was in ambush somewhere, most probably behind Peyana,
and overlooking the route along which the troops were moving.
After the ridges referred to had been properly held, two troops N.M.R.
were sent forward to scout before the column proceeded further
towards the decoys. One troop advanced to within 100 yards of the
crest of Peyana, the other halted in support, about 150 yards in rear.
Lieut. P. Addison, in command of the advanced troop, then went
forward alone mounted, accompanied by his dog. He rode to a neck
near the crest and to within thirty yards of the enemy, who were about
400 strong, lying concealed in a slight depression out of sight of the
troops at A. In the immediate rear of the enemy, was a bushy krantz.
On seeing the rebels, Addison shouted "Here they are," and, turning
immediately, rode back to rejoin his troop, and then on to the main
position at A. The troops supporting had already been ordered to
retire. As Addison was turning, the enemy rose en masse, then
crouched, only to rise again in an instant, crying "Usutu! Usutu!" as
they charged down the steep, grassy slopes in open order at the
retiring troops. N.M.R. at A, with three Maxims (C.M.R. and N.M.R.),
and the Rexer,[266] could not open fire because of the enemy being
masked by the retiring troops. In the meantime, however, the two 15-
pounders on higher ground opened with shrapnel at about 1,800
yards, over the troops at A, as well as those retiring. One of the two
or three shells fired struck right in the middle of the swiftly-moving
mass, but, failing to burst, did no harm. In a few seconds, heavy rifle
and machine fire broke from the N.M.R., who were reinforced at the
same moment by a squadron of their own regiment, up till then kept
in reserve, but which, on seeing the charge, was at once pushed
forward to assist on the left.
The combined fire had the effect of checking the rush and breaking
the rebels into three bodies. One of these (i.e. the larger portion) ran
into a valley immediately below the ridge south of the neck referred
to, where it hid in scrub and such other cover as could be found;
another fled to the left of N.M.R. position and disappeared into a
kloof, but, when making down the kloof, was met by a hot fire from
N.C. at D, when a number of casualties was sustained. The centre
portion continued the charge, and came within a few yards of A
before it was stopped; the rebels then turned and fled to the south-
west. At this particular moment, the N.M.R., as well as the ridge on
which they were, masked the fire of the field guns at C, which had, for
a few seconds, been directed at the charging rebels.[267]
After the rush had been broken, N.M.R. galloped in line of squadrons
up Peyana, accompanied by the machine guns. It so happened that a
large portion of the enemy (about 300), had taken no part whatever in
the charge. They preferred to lie in wait, that, no doubt, being part of
the plan. They were discovered a few yards from where the first lot
had started. For the most part, they turned right about and fled, under
rifle and shell fire, down the precipitous and bushy country in rear of
B.
When the position at the kop had been taken, Arnott ordered the
B.M.R. (by this time strengthened by C squadron, under Capt. J.L.
Gordon),[268] to descend on foot into the small valley of scrub, etc.,
on the right of, and below, A. This was thereupon driven from top to
bottom by C squadron at the point of the bayonet. Gordon sighted a
large impi in Mvoti valley that had not been engaged; he continued to
watch its movements until recalled to the column.
Arnott now marched in open order, with as broad a front as the
country would permit, until Hlonono Mission Station was reached.
Here the ridges overlooking low ground on the south-west were lined,
with a front of about half a mile. The main body of the rebels,
estimated at 3,000 to 4,000 strong, was presently seen about one
and a half miles off, and between the station and Meseni's principal
kraal, evidently trying to get round the column's right flank. As soon
as it came within artillery range, fire was opened from Itshelensimbi
hill. This, in a few minutes, succeeded in checking the advance.
The object of the reconnaissance having been achieved, viz. locating
the position and strength of the enemy, the column began to withdraw
to the camp at Otimati. During the retirement, which was carried out
in good order, the field guns shelled the impi whenever it appeared,
thereby preventing the rear-guard from being harassed in any way.
Some seventy Natives were killed during the engagement. The
casualties among the troops were of a minor description, no one
being killed.
Examination of the plan will show that the ambush was of a very
ingenious character, the locality selected being exactly suited for the
purpose. Troops less wary would probably have been trapped. The
plan evidently was to draw them towards E, when the two impis,
barely fifty yards from one another at B, would have pounced upon
them front and rear.
The rebels, who were under the command of a brother of Meseni,
Muziwenkosi, carried ordinary shields and assegais. One of them
used a rifle, whilst others had shot-guns. All wore the tshokobezi
badge.
The decoys, who were seen before the action began, openly
signalled to the two impis on Peyana, visible to them, but invisible to
the advancing column. This was done by sweeping the grass to right
and left with their shields. Such action, of course, immediately
aroused the suspicions of the troops.
On Addison galloping back to rejoin his men, the dog, a white pointer,
missed him and got in amongst the rebels. These he followed,
barking at them in the liveliest manner.