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Chapter 7 Rate of Reaction

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7.1 Determining Rate of Reaction

rate of reaction 只可以用 low/high 来形容，不可以用 slow/fast

1 (a) Some reactions are slow, for example: decaying of fruit and rusting of iron.

Slow reactions take long time to complete. Hence, the rate of reaction is low.

(b) Some reactions are fast, for example: firework and lighting a match.

Fast reactions take short time to complete. Hence, the rate of reaction is high.

2. The rate of reaction is inversely proportional to the time taken for the reaction.

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Rate of reaction ∝
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛

3. Rate of reaction is defined as change in the quantity of reactant or product per unit time.
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡
Rate of reaction =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛

4. Units for rate of reaction commonly used are:

• g s-1 or g min-1
• cm3 s-1 or cm3 min-1
• mol dm-3 s-1 or mol dm-3 min-1

5. During a reaction, quantity of reactant used decreases while quantity of product formed increases.
reactant 会越用越少，product 会越生产越多
6. The change in selected quantity must be observable and measurable, such as

a. Decrease in the mass of reactant

b. Increase in the mass of product
c. Increase in volume of gas released
d. Formation of precipitate
e. Change in pH values
f. Change in electricity conductivity

Chemical Reaction Observable changes Measurement for rate of reaction

CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 1. Change in mass of 1. Rate of reaction

marble chips 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑝𝑠
= 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
=g s-1
2. Change m volume đ
CO2 gas
2. Rate of reaction
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑂2 𝑔𝑎𝑠
不可以用 HCl, CaCl2, = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
H2O 来算 rate of = cm3 s-1
reaction，因为这三
个同时在 beaker 里，
看不出来
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7. Two types of rate of reaction:

(a) Average rate of reaction 平均

(b) Instantaneous rate of reaction 即时

8. Average rate of reaction is the average value for the rate of reaction that occur in a particular time
interval.

9. Question: Diagram below shows a graph of volume of gas against time for chemical reaction.

Determine the average rate of reaction:

140𝑐𝑚3
(a) for overall reaction =
180𝑠

= 0.78 cm3 s-1

120𝑐𝑚3
(b) in the first two minutes =
120𝑠

= 1cm3 s-1
(120−80)𝑐𝑚3
(c) in the second minute = (120−60)𝑠

= 0.67 cm3 s-1

(140−120)𝑐𝑚3
(d) in the third minute =
(180−120)𝑠

= 0.33 cm3 s-1

要会看题目的关键词哦
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10. Instantaneous rate of reaction is the rate of reaction at a particular point of time.

要算即时的 ror：先画一个直角三角形，三角形越大越好，算了比较准。然后算三角形的
Gradient 就是 instanteneous ror 了

11. Important information obtained from the graph of the change in quantity of product against
time.

(a) The steeper the gradient of the curve, the higher the rate of reaction. 越倾斜，ror 越高

(b) The rate of reaction at the beginning is the highest because of the largest quantity of reactant.
在实验的最开始，ror 是最高的

(c) The rate of reaction decreases with time because the quantity of reactant decreases with time.
实验的时间越长，ror 越低

quantity of reactant→ Mass of solid reactant

→ Concentration of solution

回答的时候直接写：concentration of hydrochloric acid decrease

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(d) The rate of reaction becomes zero at the end of the reaction because all reactants has been used
up/ the reaction has completed. 在实验的最后，ror=0，因为所有的 reactant 都被用完了/实验已
经完成了

example: 如果题目给了一个实验 data

Time(s) 0 30 60
Volume of H2 gas collected (cm3) 0.00 18.00 29.50

question: State the meaning of the rate of reaction in this reaction.

ans: Change in volume of hydrogen gas per second.

要注意，需要自己 pandai、pandai 换答案

7.2 Factor Affecting Rate of Reactions

Factor Statement
Size of reactant • The smaller the size of reactant, the larger the total surface
(Total surface area) area, and the higher the rate of reaction.

Concentration of reactant • The higher the concentration of reactant, the higher the
rate of reaction.

Temperature • The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of reaction.

Catalyst 催化剂 • Presence of catalyst increase the rate of reaction。

Pressure of gas • The higher the pressure of gas, the higher the rate of
reaction.

7.3 Application of Factors that Affect the Rate of Reaction in Daily Life
Examples of application of factors Explanation
affecting the rate of reaction
Size factor • Coal burns faster in smaller chip because of the larger total
surface area that is exposed to oxygen.

Burning of coal
Concentration factor • Petrol vapour and air are compressed in the combustion
chamber before burning.
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• The compression increases the concentration of the petrol

vapour allowing the petrol to burn very quickly until it
explodes.

Combustion of petrol in a car

engine
Temperature factor • In the refrigerator, the low temperature decreases the
growth of bacteria that causes the food decay.
Food storage in a refrigerator

Catalyst factor • Platinum 白金 catalyst is used to convert air pollutants in

the exhaust into non-harmful products for release.

Catalytic converter

7.4 Collision Theory

1. Kinetic theory of matter states that particles are constantly moving and collide with one another.

物质运动理论指出，粒子不断运动并相互碰撞。

2. Not all collisions between reactant particles will result in reactions and form products.不是每次碰
撞都有 product

3. 重要：According to the collision theory, for a reaction to occur, the reactant particles must

(a) collide in the correct orientation.正确的方向

(b) achieve activation energy.足够的启动能量

The collision that cause reactions to occur is known as effective collision.有效碰撞

Activation Energy
1. Activation energy, Ea is the minimum energy required by the reactant particles to start a
reaction. reaction 启动所需的最小能量
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2. Activation energy is represented in the energy profile diagram:

Exothermic reaction releases heat to Endothermic reaction absorbs heat

the surroundings from the surroundings

Total energy of the products is lower Total energy of the products is higher
than total energy of the reactants than total energy of the reactants
because heat energy is released to the because heat energy is absorbed from
surroundings. the surroundings.

Hproducts<Hreactants Hproducrs>Hreactants

Collision Orientation
1. Reactant particles also need to collide in the correct orientation to produce effective collision.

Effective collision and Rate of Reaction

1. The rate of reaction depends on the frequency of effective collisions.

2. The higher the frequency of effective collisions, the higher the rate of reaction
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Effect of Size of Reactant on the Rate of Reaction

Experiment Reaction between marble chips 石灰石, CaCO, and dilute hydrochloric acid,
HCl

Chemical equation CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

1. Fill a burette with water and invert it into a basin

containing water. Clamp the burette vertically.

2. Adjust the water level in the burette so that the water

level reading is 50 cm3.

3. Pour 80 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 hydrochlorte acid into a

conical flask.

4. Put 5 g of small pieces of marble chips into the conical flask.

5. Close the conical flask immediately with a stopper fitted with a delivery tube.

6. At the same time, start the stopwatch. Swirl the conical flask.

7. Record the burette reading at every 30 seconds until the burette is full of gas.

8. Repeat the experiment with 5 g of large pieces of marble chips.

• The rate of reaction of the small size marble chips is higher than the
large size marble chips.
• Small size marble chips have a larger total surface area compared to
large size marble chips.
• The maximum volume of CO2 gas collected in both experiments is
the same. This is because the number of moles of hydrochloric acid
and marble chips used in both experiments are the same

Explanation using collision theory:重要

• When the size of reactant becomes smaller, the total surface area exposed to collision
increase.
• Frequency of collision between hydrogen ions and calcium carbonate increases.要讲是什么和
什么碰撞，但不用讲两次
• Frequency of effective collision between particles incrases.
• Rate of reaction increases.
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Effect of Concentration of Reactant on the Rate of Reaction

Experiment Reaction betveen sodium thiosulphate solution Na2S2O3 and sulphuric aicd,
H2SO4

Ionic equation 2H+ + S2O32- → S + SO2 + H2O

The product is sulphur precipitate (colour: yellow)

1. Pour 50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate

solution into a conical flask.

2. Place the conical flask on the 'X' mark on the white

paper.

3. Pour 5 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid quickly into

the conical flask.

4. At the same time, start the stopwatch. Swirl the conical flask.

5. Observe the 'X' mark vertically from the mouth of the conical flask.

6. Stop the stopwatch once the 'X' mark disappears from view. Record the time taken.

7. Repeat the experiment using different concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution.

• The solution in the conical flask turns milky due to the

formation of sulphur precipitate.
• The rate of reaction is inversely proportional to the time
taken for the ‘X’ mark ro disappear from view.
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• Thus, the rate of reaction = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
• Based on the graph, the rate of reaction is directly
proportional to the concentration of sodium thiosulphate
solution.

Explanation using collision theory (can also be applied in Pressure factor):重要

• When the concentration/ pressure of reactant increases, the number of particles per unit
volume increases.
• Frequency of collision between hydrogen ions and thiosulphate ions increases.
• Frequency of effective collision between particles increases.
• Rate of reaction increases.
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Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Reaction

Experiment Reaction between sodium thiosulphate solution, Na2S2O3 and sulphuric
aicd, H2SO4

Ionic equation 2H+ + S2O32- → S + SO2 + H2O

The product is sulphur precipitate (colour: yellow)

1. Pour 50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3

sodium thisulphate solution into a
conical flask

2. Record the temperature of the

solution.

3. Place the conical flask on the 'X' mark on the white paper.

4. Pour 5 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid quickly into the conical flask.

5. At the same time, start the stopwatch. Swirl the conical flask..

6. Observe the 'X' mark vertically from the mouth of the conical flask.

7. Record the time taken for the 'X' mark to disappear.

8. Repeat the experiment for sodium thiosulphate solution at different temperature.

• The rate of reaction is inversely proportional to the time taken for

the X' mark to disappear from view.
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• Thus, the rate of reaction = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
• Based on the graph, the rate of reaction is directly proportional to
the temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution.
• Sulphuric acid can be replaced with hydrochloric acid because
thiosulphate ions react with hydrogen ions present in all the acid
solutions.主要是要 H+ ions 罢了，只要是 acid 都可以

Explanation using collision theory:重要

• When the temperature of reactant increases, the kinetic energy of particles increases.
• More particles have energy to overcome the activation energy.
• Frequency of effective collision between hydrogen ions and thiosulphate ions increases.
• Rate of reaction increases.

**提到 activation energy 后可以不讲 frequency of collision,直接讲 frequency of effective collision

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Effect of Catalyst on the Rate of Reaction

1. Catalyst is a chemical substance that alter(改变) the rate of reaction without undergoing any
chemical changes at end of the reaction. alter 写成 change 也可以

Example:

Catalyst Process 都是科学家的 Use in industry

名字，可以不用记
Vanadium (V) oxide, V2O5 Contact process To increase the production of sulphuric
acid, H2SO4
Iron, Fe Haber process To increase the production of ammonia,
NH3
Platinum, Pt Ostwald process To increase the production of nitric
acid, HNO3

2. During a reaction, catalyst remains chemically unchanged but may undergo physical changes

(lump 块状→ powder).

3. Catalysts do not change the quantity of products formed.催化剂不会改变 product 的数量

Experiment Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution, H2O2 with catalyst

manganese(V) oxide powder, MnO2

Chemical equation 2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2

Manganese(IV) oxide, MnO2 is used as catalyst.

Test tube I II

Observation • Wooden splinter glows dimly and • Wooden splinter relights brightly
slowly. and rapidly.
• No effervescence occurs. 没有冒泡 • Effervescence occurs.冒泡
泡
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Explanation using collision theory:重要

• The presence of catalyst provides an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy.
• More reactant particles can achieve the lower activation energy.
• Frequency of effective collision between hydrogen peroxide molecules increases.
• Rate of reaction increases.

**提到 activation energy 后可以不讲 frequency of collision,直接讲 frequency of effective

collision

without catalyst 的话所需的 energy 就比较高

Colliding particles can be:

• Hydrogen ions & metal atoms 有 acid 就有 hydrogen ions

• Hydrogen ions & calcium carbonate
• Hydrogen ions & thiosulphate ions
• Hydrogen peroxide molecules 自己撞自己

画 graph:要算

斜度 gradient is determined by four factor(size, concentration, temperature, catalyst)

𝑀𝑉
高度 height is based on the no. of moles of the reactant (n=1000)