CHAPTER 1

1.1 ABSTRACT

In our project we fabricate the grass cutting machine for

the use of agricultural field, to cut the crops in the field. This is a new
innovative concept mainly used in agricultural field. It is simple in
construction and its working is easy. The components that are used, gear
arrangement, cam, and sprocket, lead screw, wheel, control unit. Below
the gear arrangement cutting blade is fixed. When the roller starts running
by the, the shaft also rotates and that rotates the cutter arrangement
which is coupled with the motor .The sickle bar has one is fixed cutter
and another one is movable cutter which is placed on it. The whole set up
is placed on a movable base which has a wheel arrangement.

1
1.2 INTRODUCTION

➢ Cutting is the separation of a physical object, or a portion of a

physical object, into two or more portions, through the application
of an acutely directed force.
➢ Implements commonly used for cutting are the knife and saw, or in
medicine and science the scalpel and microtome.
➢ However, any sufficiently sharp object is capable of cutting if it has
a hardness sufficiently larger than the object being cut, and if it is
applied with sufficient force.
➢ Even liquids can be used to cut things when applied with sufficient
force.
➢ Cutting is a compressive and shearing phenomenon, and occurs
only when the total stress generated by the cutting implement
exceeds the ultimate strength of the material of the object being cut.
➢ The simplest applicable equation is stress = force/area: The stress
generated by a cutting implement is directly proportional to the
force with which it is applied, and inversely proportional to the area
of contact.
➢ Hence, the smaller the area (i.e., the sharper the cutting implement),
the less force is needed to cut something.

2
 CHAPTER 2

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Electric power

Ac motor

CUTTING TOOL

Handle Roller
BED

GRASS

FIGURE 2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

3
2.2WORKING PRINCIPLE

The Cutting machine consists of column in which the electric motor

is provided. At one end of the handle of the Cutting tool is attached. The
Cutting machine consists of a base plate in which the wheel rollers is
placed. When the handle is rotated the lead screw moves down and the
cutting tool press the grass and the grass is cut. Different size & shape of
the cut can be cut using various tools.

2.3 TOOLS COMMONLY USED FOR CUTTING

• Abrasive saw
• Axe
• Blade
• Bandsaw
• Chainsaw
• Circular saw
• Cutting tool (machining)
• Diamond blade
• Diamond tool
• Drill bit
• File
• Front teeth
• Glass cutter
• Hacksaw
• Hand saw
• Hole saw

4
• Knife
• Lesar

2.4 NEED FOR PROJECT

❖ To achieve mass production

❖ Higher safety

❖ Saves the life of man and machine

❖ To reduce manpower

❖ To increase the efficiency of the plant

❖ To reduce the work load

❖ To reduce the production cost

❖ To reduce the production time

❖ To reduce the material handling

❖ To reduce the fatigue of workers

❖ To achieve good product quality

❖ Less Maintenance

5
 CHAPTER 3

3.1 GRASS CUTTING

Grass fabrication is a classification of manufacturing processes that
shape a piece of grass into the desired part through material removal and/or
material deformation. Grass, which acts as the workpiece in these
processes, is one of the most common forms of raw material stock.
The material thickness that classifies a workpiece as grass is not
clearly defined. However, grass is generally considered to be a piece of
stock between 0.006 and 0.25 mm thick.
A piece of metal much thinner is considered to be "foil" and any
thicker is referred to as a "plate". The thickness of a piece of grass is often
referred to as its gauge, a number typically ranging from 3 to 38.
A higher gauge indicates a thinner piece of grass, with exact
dimensions that depend on the material.

3.2 PROCEDURE FOR CUTTING

Precision grass cutting is not always easy operation. Poor cutting

tool design and manufacturing can result in the following cutting defects.

1. Insufficient angle on cut part due to spring back

2. Scratch mark on part

• In order to avoid these common defects try one of the following

tips mentioned below.
• Choose the correct cutting operation. L cutting is more accurate
than V cutting in most cases.

6
 • Verify the clearance between cutting punch and die. There should
be a clearance of at least one sheet thickness+10% of Sheet
Thickness between cutting punch and die.
• Provide adequate cutting radius and polish it to high surface finish.
Cutting radius is the radius on the cutting die on which the sheet
material flows to form the desired profile. Hence it is important to
have very good surface finish at this area for smooth flowing of
material.
• Use corner setting if possible. In case of 90° cutting, it is a good idea
to provide corner setting to eliminate spring back. Corner setting is
the process of coining the material to a small depth along the cutting
line to overcome spring back. Please note that corner setting may
not be possible on very think sheet materials and grass with very
high hardness.

3.3 CUTTING TOOL MATERIALS

• Aluminum • Stainless steel

• Brass • Steel

• Bronze • Tin

• Copper • Titanium

• Magnesium • Zinc

• Nickel

7
3.4 Deformation processes
Grass can be cut, bent, and stretched into a nearly any shape. Material
removal processes can create holes and cutouts in any 2D geometric shape.
Deformation processes can cut the sheet numerous times to different
angles or stretch the sheet to create complex contours. The size of grass
parts can range from a small washer or bracket, to midsize enclosures for
home appliances, to large airplane wings. These parts are found in a variety
of industries, such as aircraft, automotive, construction, consumer
products, HVAC, and furniture.

3.5 TOOL FABRICATION

Tool fabrication processes can mostly be placed into two categories
- forming and cutting. Forming processes are those in which the applied
force causes the material to plastically deform, but not to fail. Such
processes are able to cut or stretch the sheet into the desired shape. Cutting
processes are those in which the applied force causes the material to fail
and separate, allowing the material to be cut or removed. Most cutting
processes are performed by applying a great enough shearing force to
separate the material, and are therefore sometimes referred to as shearing
processes. Other cutting processes remove material by using heat or
abrasion, instead of shearing forces.

8
3.6 Types of tool fabrication
• Forming

• Cutting

• Roll forming

• Spinning

• Deep Drawing

• Stretch forming

• Cutting with shear

• Shearing

• Blanking

• Cutting

• Cutting without shear

• Laser beam cutting

• Plasma cutting

• Water jet cutting

9
3.7 TOOL FORMING PROCESS

Tool forming processes are those in which force is applied to a piece

of grass to modify its geometry rather than remove any material. The
applied force stresses the metal beyond its yield strength, causing the
material to plastically deform, but not to fail. By doing so, the sheet can be
bent or stretched into a variety of complex shapes. Grass forming
processes include the following:
Cutting is a metal forming process in which a force is applied to a
piece of grass, causing it to cut at an angle and form the desired shape. A
cutting operation causes deformation along one axis, but a sequence of
several different operations can be performed to create a complex part.
Bent parts can be quite small, such as a bracket, or up to 20 feet in length,
such as a large enclosure or chassis. A cut can be characterized by several
different parameters, shown in the image below.

3.8 Roll forming

Roll forming, sometimes spelled roll forming, is a metal forming

process in which grass is progressively shaped through a series of cutting
operations. The process is performed on a roll forming line in which the
grass stock is fed through a series of roll stations. Each station has a roller,
referred to as a roller die, positioned on both sides of the sheet. The shape
and size of the roller die may be unique to that station, or several identical
roller dies may be used in different positions.
The roller dies may be above and below the sheet, along the sides,
at an angle, etc. As the sheet is forced through the roller dies in each roll
station, it plastically deforms and cuts. Each roll station performs one stage
in the complete cutting of the sheet to form the desired part. The roller dies
are lubricated to reduce friction between the die and the sheet, thus
reducing the tool wear.

10
 Also, lubricant can allow for a higher production rate, which will
also depend on the material thickness, number of roll stations, and radius
of each cut. The roll forming line can also include other grass fabrication
operations before or after the roll forming, such as Cutting or shearing.

FIGURE 3.7 ROLL FORMING DIAGRAM

The roll forming process can be used to form a sheet into a wide
variety of cross-section profiles. An open profile is most common, but a
closed tube-like shape can be created as well. Because the final form is
achieved through a series of cuts, the part does not require a uniform or
symmetric cross-section along its length. Roll forming is used to create
very long grass parts with typical widths of 1-20 inches and thicknesses of
0.004-0.125 inches. However wider and thicker sheets can be formed,
some up to 5 ft. wide and 0.25 inches thick. The roll forming process is
capable of producing parts with tolerances as tight as ±0.005 inches.
Typical roll formed parts include panels, tracks, shelving, etc. These parts

11
are commonly used in industrial and commercial buildings for roofing,
lighting, storage units, and HVAC applications.

3.9 SPINNING
Spinning, sometimes called spin forming, is a metal forming process
used to form cylindrical parts by rotating a piece of grass while forces are
applied to one side.
A grass disc is rotated at high speeds while rollers press the sheet
against a tool, called a mandrel, to form the shape of the desired part. Spun
metal parts have a rotationally symmetric, hollow shape, such as a
cylinder, cone, or hemisphere. Examples include cookware, hubcaps,
satellite dishes, rocket nose cones, and musical instruments.
Spinning is typically performed on a manual or CNC lathe and
requires a blank, mandrel, and roller tool. The blank is the disc-shaped
piece of grass that is pre-cut from sheet stock and will be formed into the
part.
The mandrel is a solid form of the internal shape of the part, against
which the blank will be pressed. For more complex parts, such as those
with reentrant surfaces, multi-piece mandrels can be used. Because the
mandrel does not experience much wear in this process, it can be made
from wood or plastic.
However, high volume production typically utilizes a metal
mandrel. The mandrel and blank are clamped together and secured
between the headstock and tailstock of the lathe to be rotated at high speeds
by the spindle. While the blank and mandrel rotate, force is applied to the
sheet by a tool, causing the sheet to cut and form around the mandrel. The
tool may make several passes to complete the shaping of the sheet.
This tool is usually a roller wheel attached to a lever. Rollers are
available in different diameters and thicknesses and are usually made from
steel or brass. The rollers are inexpensive and experience little wear
allowing for low volume production of parts.

12
 FIGURE 3.9 Spinning Lathe

CHAPTER 4

4.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF CUTTING MACHINE

The cutting machine is characterized by parameters such as:

• Construction

• Mechanism of delivering power to the ram (mechanical, electro-

mechanical or hydraulic)

• Size of working area

• Single or multiple station

13
• Force rating (for example, 20 tons)

• The type of tool shop and its capacity (e.g., store revolving type,

capacity 34 tool)

• Speed or productivity (typically characterized by the speed of

strokes with a step movement of 25 and 1 mm)

• Speed of movement without shock (speed-load displacement)

• Maximum weight of workpiece

• Safety features

FIGURE 4.1 CUTTING DIAGRAM

14
4.2 Cutting Diagram

• Cut line - The straight line on the surface of the sheet, on either side

of the cut, that defines the end of the level flange and the start of the

cut.

• Outside mold line - The straight line where the outside surfaces of

the two flanges would meet, were they to continue. This line defines

the edge of a mold that would bound the bent grass.

• Flange length - The length of either of the two flanges, extending

from the edge of the sheet to the cut line.

• Mold line distance - The distance from either end of the sheet to the

outside mold line.

• Setback - The distance from either cut line to the outside mold line.

Also equal to the difference between the mold line distance and the

flange length.

• Cut axis - The straight line that defines the center around which the

grass is bent.

• Cut length - The length of the cut, measured along the cut axis.

• Cut radius - The distance from the cut axis to the inside surface of

the material, between the cut lines. Sometimes specified as the

15
 inside cut radius. The outside cut radius is equal to the inside cut

radius plus the sheet thickness.

• Cut angle - The angle of the cut, measured between the bent flange

and its original position, or as the included angle between

perpendicular lines drawn from the cut lines.

• Bevel angle - The complimentary angle to the cut angle.

The act of cutting results in both tension and compression in the

grass. The outside portion of the sheet will undergo tension and stretch to

a greater length, while the inside portion experiences compression and

shortens. The neutral axis is the boundary line inside the grass, along which

no tension or compression forces are present.

As a result, the length of this axis remains constant. The changes in

length to the outside and inside surfaces can be related to the original flat

length by two parameters, the cut allowance and cut deduction, which are

defined below.

16
 Neutral Axis

• Neutral axis - The location in the sheet that is neither stretched nor

compressed, and therefore remains at a constant length.

• K-factor - The location of the neutral axis in the material, calculated

as the ratio of the distance of the neutral axis (measured from the

inside cut surface) to the material thickness.

• The K-factor is dependent upon several factors (material, cutting

operation, cut angle, etc.) and is typically greater than 0.25, but

cannot exceed 0.50.

17
• Cut allowance - The length of the neutral axis between the cut lines,

or in other words, the arc length of the cut.

• The cut allowance added to the flange lengths is equal to the total

flat length.

• Cut deduction - Also called the cut compensation, the amount a

piece of material has been stretched by cutting. The value equals the

difference between the mold line lengths and the total flat length.

FIGURE4.2.1AIR BENDING

FIGURE 4.2.2 BOTTOMIMG

18
4.3 V CUTTING

In addition to V-cutting, another common cutting method is wipe

cutting, sometimes called edge cutting. Wipe cutting requires the sheet to

be held against the wipe die by a pressure pad.

The punch then presses against the edge of the sheet that extends

beyond the die and pad. The sheet will cut against the radius of the edge

of the wipe die.

FIGURE 4.3 Wipe Cutting

19
 CHAPTER 5

5.1Design rules
• Cut location - A cut should be located where enough material
is present, and preferably with straight edges, for the sheet to be secured
without slipping. The width of this flange should be equal to at least 4
times the sheet thickness plus the cut radius.

• Cut radius

• Use a single cut radius for all cuts to eliminate additional

tooling or setups

• Inside cut radius should equal at least the sheet thickness

• Cut direction - Cutting hard metals parallel to the rolling

direction of the sheet may lead to fracture. Cutting perpendicular to the
rolling direction is recommended.

• Any features, such as holes or slots, located too close to a cut

may be distorted. The distance of such features from the cut should be
equal to at least 3 times the sheet thickness plus the cutting radius.

• In the case of manual cutting, if the design allows, a slot can

be cut along the cut line to reduce the manual force required.

20
 CHAPTER 6

6.1 TYPES OF CUTTING MACHINE

Grass Cutting Machine

This cutting machine is used to cut the sheet of small thickness.

Tube Cutting Machine

This cutting machine is used to cut the tubes or pipes of various

diameter

Mechanical Cutting Machine

Mechanical cutting machine fall into two distinct types, depending

on the type of clutch or braking system with which they are equipped.
Generally older presses are "full revolution" presses that require a full
revolution of the crankshaft for them to come to a stop. This is because the
braking mechanism depends on a set of raised keys or "dogs" to fall into
matching slots to stop the ram.

A full revolution clutch can only bring the ram to a stop at the same
location- top dead center. Newer presses are often "part revolution" presses
equipped with braking systems identical to the brakes on commercial
trucks. When air is applied, a band-type brake expands and allows the
crankshaft to revolve. When the stopping mechanism is applied the air is

21
bled, causing the clutch to open and the braking system to close, stopping
the ram in any part of its rotation.

Hydraulic Cutting Machine

Hydraulic cutting machine, which power the ram with a hydraulic

cylinder rather than a flywheel, and are either valve controlled or valve
and feedback controlled. Valve controlled machines usually allow a one
stroke operation allowing the ram to stroke up and down when
commanded.

Controlled feedback systems allow the ram to be proportionally

controlled to within fixed points as commanded. This allows greater
control over the stroke of the ram, and increases Cutting rates as the ram
no longer has to complete the traditional full stroke up and down but can
operate within a very short window of stroke.

Automatic Cutting Machine

To start a cycle, the CNC controller commands the drives to move

the table along the X and the Y axis to a desired position. Once in position,
the control initiates the Cutting sequence and pushes the ram from top dead
center (TDC) to bottom dead center (BDC) through the material plane.
(The terms BDC and TDC go back to older presses with pneumatic or
hydraulic clutches. On today's machines BDC/TDC do not actually exist
but are still used for the bottom and top of a stroke).

On its stroke from TDC to BDC, the punch enters the material,
pushing it through the die, obtaining the shape determined by the design
of the punch and die set.

22
 The piece of material (slug) cut from the workpiece is ejected
through the die and bolster plate and collected in a scrap container. [1] The
return to TDC signals to the control to begin the next cycle.

The Cutting machine is used for high volume production. Cycle

times are often measured milliseconds. Material yield is measured as a
percentage of parts to waste per sheet processed.

A die is a specialized tool used in manufacturing industries to cut or

shape material using a press. Like molds, dies are generally customized to
the item they are used to create. Products made with dies range from simple
paper clips to complex pieces used in advanced technology.

6.2 TYPES OF CUTTING DIES

A cutting tool must be decided depending on the shape and severity

of cut. Following are the different types of cutting commonly used for
precision grass cutting.

"V" Cutting
"L" Cutting
"U" Cutting

V Cutting Dies

V Cutting dies have the simplest cutting die design. The cutting die
have the shape of V with an included angle of 90° in most cases. The

23
cutting punch is also in the shape of V, but with a lesser angle than the die.
And in some cases the cutting punches may have a relief after a straight
land to a certain length.

L Cutting Dies

L Cutting dies are used for 90° cutting. L cutting dies can produce

more accurate and consistent parts compared to V cutting. This is due to

the presence of spring loaded clamping pads which will hold grass closer

to the cutting line and then the cutting punch pushes the grass into the

cutting die along the cutting line. L cutting dies can also be used for cutting

angles smaller than 90° by providing suitable punch profiles and by

controlling the travel of the punch. We may need a series of L cutting

operations to be done in a progressive metal stamping die to produce

complex parts.

6.3DIE COMPONENTS

The main components for Die Toolsets are:

• Die block - This is the main part that all the other parts are attached
to.

24
• Punch plate - This part holds and supports the different punches in
place.

• Blank punch - This part along with the Cutting Die produces the
curved part.

• Stripper plate - This is used to hold the material down on the Blank/
Pierce Die and strip the material off the punches.

• Pilot - This is used to keep the material being worked on in position.

• Guide / Back gage / Finger stop - These parts are all use to make
sure that the material being worked on always goes in the same
position, within the die, as the last one.

• Setting Block - This part is used to control the depth that the punch
does into the die.

6.4 DIE OPERATIONS AND TYPES

Die operations are often named after the specific type of die that
performs the operation. For example a cutting operation is performed by a
cutting die. Operations are not limited to one specific die as some dies may
incorporate multiple operation types:
The cutting operation is the act of cutting blanks at a predetermined
angle. An example would be an "L" bracket which is a straight piece of
metal bent at a 90° angle. The main difference between a forming
operation and a cutting operation is the cutting operation creates a straight
line cut (such as a corner in a box) as where a form operation may create
a curved cut (such as the bottom of a drink can).
A blanking die produces a flat piece of material by cutting the
desired shape in one operation. The finish part is referred to as a blank.

25
Generally a blanking die may only cut the outside contour of a part, often
used for parts with no internal features.
Three benefits to die blanking are:
1. Accuracy. A properly sharpened die, with the correct amount
of clearance between the punch and die, will produce a part that holds close
dimensional tolerances in relationship to the parts edges.
2. Appearance. Since the part is blanked in one operation, the
finish edges of the part produces a uniform appearance as opposed to
varying degrees of burnishing from multiple operations.
3. Flatness. Due to the even compression of the blanking
process, the end result is a flat part that may retain a specific level of
flatness for additional manufacturing operations.
Compound operations:
Compound dies perform multiple operations on the part. The
compound operation is the act of implementing more than one operation
during the press cycle.

Compound die:
A type of die that has the die block (matrix) mounted on a punch
plate with perforators in the upper die with the inner punch mounted in the
lower die set. An inverted type of blanking die that punches upwards,
leaving the part sitting on the lower punch (after being shed from the upper
matrix on the press return stroke) instead of blanking the part through. A
compound die allows the cutting of internal and external part features on
a single press stroke.
Curling:
The curling operation is used to roll the material into a curved shape.
A door hinge is an example of a part created by a curling die.

26
Cut off:
Cut off dies are used to cut off excess material from a finished end
of a part or to cut off a predetermined length of material strip for additional
operations.
Extruding:
Extruding is the act of severely deforming blanks of metal called
slugs into finished parts such as an aluminum I-beam. Extrusion dies use
extremely high pressure from the punch to squeeze the metal out into the
desired form. The difference between cold forming and extrusion is
extruded parts do not take shape of the punch.
Forming:
Forming dies cut the blank along a curved surface.
Cold forming (cold heading):
Cold forming is similar to extruding in that it squeezes the blank
material but cold forming uses the punch and the die to create the desired
form, extruding does not.

FIGURE 6.4 Roll Forming Stand

• Roll forming: a continuous cutting operation in which sheet
or strip metal is gradually formed in tandem sets of rollers until the desired
cross-sectional configuration is obtained. Roll forming is ideal for
producing parts with long lengths or in large quantities.
• Horning: A horning die provides an arbor or horn which the
parts are place for secondary operations.

27
 • Hydroforming: Forming of tubular part from simpler tubes
with high water pressure.
• Pancake die: A Pancake die is a simple type of
manufacturing die that performs blanking and/or piercing. While many
dies perform complex procedures simultaneously, a pancake die may only
perform one simple procedure with the finished product being removed by
hand.
• Piercing: The piercing operation is used to pierce holes in
stampings.
• Progressive die: Progressive dies provide different stations
for operations to be performed. A common practice is to move the material
through the die so it is progressively modified at each station until the final
operation ejects a finished part.
• Shaving: The shaving operation removes a small amount of
material from the edges of the part to improve the edges finish or part
accuracy. (Compare to Trimming).
• Side cam die: Side cams transform vertical motion from the
press ram into horizontal or angular motion.
• Sub press operation: Sub-press dies blank and/or form small
watch, clock, and instrument parts.
• Swaging: Swaging (necking) is the process of "necking
down" a feature on a part. Swaging is the opposite of bulging as it reduces
the size of the part. The end of a shell casing that captures the bullet is an
example of swaging.
• Trimming: Trimming dies cut away excess or unwanted
irregular features from a part, they are usually the last operation performed.

Steel-rule die
Steel-rule dies, also known as cookie-cutter dies, are used to
cut grass and softer webs, such as plastics, wood, cork, felt, fabrics, and
cardboard. The cutting surface of the die is the edge of hardened steel

28
strips, known as steel rule. These steel rules are usually located using saw-
cut grooves in plywood. The mating die can be a flat pieces of hardwood
or steel, a male shape that matches the workpiece profile, or it can have a
matching groove that allows the rule to nest into. Rubber strips are wedged
in with the steel rule to act as the stripper plate; the rubber compresses on
the down-stroke and on the up-stroke it pushes the workpiece out of the
die. The main advantage of steel-rule dies is the low cost to make them, as
compared to solid dies; however, they are not as robust as solid dies, so
they usually only used for short production runs.
Rotary die
In the broadest sense, a rotary die is a circular shaped die that may
be used in any manufacturing field. However, it most commonly refers to
circular shaped dies used to process soft webs, such as paper and
cardboard. Two dies are used, one has cutting and creasing rules, while the
other acts as the anvil. Rotary dies are faster than flat dies, but not as
accurate.
Wire pulling
Wire-making dies have a hole through the middle of them. A wire
or rod of steel, copper, other metals, or alloy enters into one side and is
lubricated and reduced in size. The leading tip of the wire is usually
pointed in the process. The tip of the wire is then guided into the die and
rolled onto a block on the opposite side. The block provides the power to
pull the wire through the die.
The die is divided into several different sections. First is an entrance
angle that guides the wire into the die. Next is the approach angle, which
brings the wire to the nib, which facilitates the reduction. Next is the
bearing and the back relief. Lubrication is added at the entrance angle. The
lube can be in powdered soap form. If the lubricant is soap, the friction of
the drawing of wire heats the soap to liquid form and coats the wire. The
wire should never actually come in contact with the die. A thin coat of
lubricant should prevent the metal to metal contact.

29
 For pulling a substantial rod down to a fine wire a series of several
dies is used to obtain progressive reduction of diameter in stages.
Standard wire gauges used to refer to the number of dies through
which the wire had been pulled. Thus, a higher-numbered wire gauge
meant a thinner wire. Typical telephone wires were 22-gauge, while main
power cables might be 3- or 4-gauge.

CHAPTER 7

7.1Factors affecting Cutting force

• Station Size & Land Distance

• Cut radius

• Material factor

• shear strength of the material,

• Material Factor

• Material thickness

• Shear factor

• The face of the punch tip

• Die Clearance

• More Cutting pressure reduce tool life

30
7.2 DESIGN CALCULATION

Cutting force,
F= A x Tß
F = Cutting force
S = Material thickness
L = Total cutting length
A = L x S = Shear area
Tß = Shear strength
Note : Shear strength = 80% of tensile strength
The required force to cut a piece of grass using V-cutting a process
in which a V-shaped punch presses the sheet into a V-die. The cutting
force can be calculated from the sheet thickness, die opening, cut length,
and the ultimate tensile strength of the material.
The die ratio may be entered to calculate the die opening, which is
typically 6 to 18 times the sheet thickness. The calculated tonnage can be
used for the selection of a machine, such as a press brake, to perform the
cutting operation.

F = BA x t x l x 
Where
F = Cutting Force in Newton
l = Cutting length
t = Thickness of sheet
 = Ultimate tensile strength
F = BA x t x l x 
F = (1.2) x. 0.004 x 0.01 x 410 x 106 = 19680 N

31
7.3ADVANTAGES

• Low cost .

• Less maintenance.

• Simple in construction

• Operating Principle is very easy.

• Installation is simplified very much.

• It is possible to operate Manually.

• Higher accuracy

7.4 DISADVANTAGES

1. Heavy load needed

2. Noisy operation

32
FINAL LAYOUT

33
 CONCLUSION

With the idea on view, we have completed the project titled

“DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MOVABLE GRASS

CUTTER”. This project is very much A for Cutting the grass. Thus by

means of the Cutting machine, we can cut the grass. This is one of the most

reliable and simple machine in the machine shop in which many number

of operations can done. By means of this project, cutting force also be

calculated.

34
 REFERENCES

1. Production technology by P.C. Sharma

2. Todd, Robert H.; Allen, Dell K. Manufacturing Processes

Reference Guide

3. Industrial Press Inc., ISBN 0-8311-3049-0,

4. Colvin, Fred H. (1947), Sixty Years with Men and Machines,

McGraw-Hill,

5. Floud, Roderick C. (2006) [1976], The British Machine Tool

Industry,

6. Hounshell, David A. : The Development of Manufacturing

Technology in the United States,

7. Noble, David F. (1984), Forces of Production: A Social

History of Industrial Automation

35