36.

Rate of reaction

Multiple choice questions

1. The progress of the reaction between marble chips and excess hydrochloric acid was studied by measuring
the volume of carbon dioxide gas evolved.
The results are shown in the graph.

What is the average reaction rate during the first 1.5 minutes?
A 0.0250 cm3 min–1
B 4.00 cm3 min–1
C 25.0 cm3 min–1
D 40.0 cm3 min–1

2. In an experiment, N2O4(g) was allowed to dissociate in a reaction vessel according to the following
equation:
N2O4(g) à 2NO2(g)
The table below shows the results of the experiment:

Time (min) 0 5 10
Number of moles of
N2O4(g) in reaction 0.200 0.170 0.140
vessel
What is the number of moles of NO2(g) in the reaction vessel at t = 10 min?
A 0.280 mole
B 0.120 mole
C 0.110 mole
D 0.0600 mole
3. Consider the following reaction:
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) à CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
At a certain temperature, 1.00 mole of CH4(g) is consumed in 4.00 minutes. The rate of production of
H2O(g) is
A 0.250 mol min–1.
B 0.500 mol min–1.
C 2.00 mol min–1.
D 8.00 mol min–1.

4. 2N2O5(g) à 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

At a particular instant, the instantaneous rate of consumption of N2O5(g) is 0.0160 mol dm–3 min–1.

What is the rate of formation of O2(g) at the same instant?

A 0.00800 mol dm–3 min–1
B 0.0160 mol dm–3 min–1
C 0.0320 mol dm–3 min–1
D 0.0640 mol dm–3 min–1

5. 2N2H4(g) + N2O4(g) à 3N2(g) + 4H2O(g)

At a particular instant, the instantaneous rate of consumption of N2H4(g) is 1.80 x 10–3 mol dm–3 s–1.

What is the rate of formation of N2(g) at the same instant?

A 9.00 x 10–4 mol dm–3 s–1
B 1.80 x 10–3 mol dm–3 s–1
C 2.70 x 10–3 mol dm–3 s–1
D 5.40 x 10–3 mol dm–3 s–1

6. Ammonia reacts with oxygen in the presence of a catalyst to give nitrogen monoxide and steam.
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) à 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
At a particular instant, the instantaneous rate of formation of H2O(g) is 0.0240 mol s–1.

What is the rate of consumption of O2(g) at the same instant?

A 0.00480 mol s–1
B 0.0120 mol s–1
C 0.0200 mol s–1
D 0.0360 mol s–1

7. A colorimeter is used to follow the progress of the reaction between bromine and methanoic acid.
Br2(aq) + HCOOH(aq) à 2Br–(aq) + 2H+(aq) + CO2(g)
Which of the following graphs shows the absorbance of the reaction mixture plotted against time?
8. The progress of which of the following reactions can be followed by using a colorimeter?
A 2H2O2(aq) à 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
B Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) à Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)
C 2I–(aq) + 2Fe3+(aq) à I2(aq) + 2Fe2+(aq)
D CH3COOC2H5(l) + OH–(aq) à CH3COO–(aq) + C2H5OH(aq)

9. Consider the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and iodide ions:

H2O2(aq) + I–(aq) + 2H+(aq) à 2H2O(l) + I2(aq)
Which of the following instruments could be used to follow the progress of the reaction?
(1) Balance
(2) Colorimeter
(3) pH meter
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)

10. The progress of the reaction between iodide ions and peroxodisulphate ions was followed by using a
colorimeter.
2I–(aq) + S2O82–(aq) à I2(aq) + 2SO42–(aq)
Consider the following information of two reaction mixtures:
 Reaction mixture 1 2
0.1 mol dm–3 KI(aq) (cm3) 2.0 4.0
Distilled water (cm3) 8.0 6.0
0.1 mol dm–3 K2S2O8(aq) 10.0 10.0
Which of the following curves correctly show the experimental results?

11. Consider the following information on two reactions involving magnesium ribbons of the same shape:
Reaction 1 2 g of Mg + 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 HCl(aq)
Reaction 2 2 g of Mg + 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 H2SO4(aq)
(Relative atomic mass: Mg = 24.3) Which of the following graphs shows the results obtained?

12. Beaker A contains 200 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 HCl(aq) while beaker B contains 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 HCl(aq).
Equal mass of zinc granules are added to the two beakers. Zinc granules in both beakers disappear after
reaction.
Which of the following statements is / are correct?
(1) The initial rate of reaction in beaker A is smaller than that in beaker B.
 (2) The same amount of hydrogen gas is given off in both beakers.
(3) Zinc chloride solutions of the same concentration are produced in both beakers.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only

13. Two identical samples of 5 g of zinc were added to beaker A containing 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 HCl(aq) and
beaker B containing 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 H2SO4(aq) separately.
(Relative atomic mass: Zn = 65.4)
Which of the following statements are correct?
(1) Zinc in both beakers disappeared after reaction.
(2) The initial rate of reaction in beaker B is greater than that in beaker A.
(3) A greater volume of gas is given off from beaker B.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)

14. When 20 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 HCl(aq) are added to 10 g of calcium carbonate chips, carbon dioxide is given
off. Which of the following will NOT increase the initial rate of the reaction?
A Using 10 cm3 of 2 mol dm–3 HCl(aq) instead
B Using 20 cm3 of 3 mol dm–3 HCl(aq) instead
C Using 30 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 HCl(aq) instead
D Using 10 g of calcium carbonate powder instead

15. Consider the following reaction:

NH4HS(s) à NH3(g) + H2S(g)
Which of the following would cause the rate of the reaction to increase?
A Removing some NH4HS(s)
B Decreasing the temperature
C Increasing the surface area of NH4HS(s)
D Increasing the volume of the reaction vessel

16. In the graph shown below, the curve for experiment 1 was obtained by the reaction between 45 cm3 of 1.2
mol dm–3 HCl(aq) and marble chips. Some marble chips remained after reaction.
 Which of the following graphs shows how the rate of reaction varies with time in each experiment?

17. Some carbon dioxide is to be generated by reacting 50 g of calcium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Which of the following actions is least likely to lead to an increase in the rate of formation of carbon
dioxide?
A Grinding the calcium carbonate to a fine powder
B Raising the temperature
C Raising the pressure
D Raising the concentration of hydrochloric acid

18. Curve X shown below shows the results of the reaction between 1.0 g of zinc granules and excess dilute
hydrochloric acid at 30 oC.
 Which of the following changes will produce curve Y?
A Using 1.0 g of powdered zinc at 10 oC
B Using 1.0 g of zinc granules at 50 oC
C Using 0.50 g of zinc granules at 50 oC
D Using 0.50 g of zinc granules at 30 oC

19. Which of the following methods can speed up the reaction between magnesium ribbons and dilute
hydrochloric acid?
(1) Put the flask containing dilute hydrochloric acid and magnesium in an ice bath.
(2) Use magnesium powder instead of magnesium ribbons.
(3) Use more dilute hydrochloric acid.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only

20. Consider the following reaction

Mg(s) + 2HBr(aq) à MgBr2(aq) + H2(g) ΔH < 0
Which of the following will increase the rate of the reaction?
(1) Increasing the concentration of HBr(aq)
(2) Increasing the surface area of Mg(s)
(3) Decreasing the temperature of HBr(aq)
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)

21. Milk is refrigerated in order to slow down the rate of decomposition by bacterial action. The decrease in
decomposition rate is due to
A a decrease in surface area.
B a decrease in ΔH of the reaction.
 C a decrease in the fraction of particles possessing sufficient energy.
D an increase in the activation energy.

22. The chemicals in a lightstick give off light as they react. When the lightstick is placed in warm water, the
glow increases. This is because the
A activation energy for the process is lowered.
B average energy of the reactants increases.
C higher temperature catalyzes the reaction.
D higher temperature changes the wavelength of light emitted.

23. Hydrogen peroxide solution decomposes to form water and oxygen. The formation of oxygen is very slow
at room temperature.
The addition of a small quantity of manganese(IV) oxide, as a catalyst, speeds up the decomposition. At the
end of the reaction, the manganese(IV) oxide can be recovered by filtration.

Which of these changes in the conditions of the reaction increases both frequency and the energy of the
collisions between the reactant particles?
A Increasing the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide solution
B Adding more manganese(IV) oxide
C Increasing the surface area of the manganese(IV) oxide
D Increasing the temperature of the hydrogen peroxide solution

24. Potatoes contain an enzyme. This enzyme can be used to break down hydrogen peroxide. The reaction
releases oxygen. Which of the following graphs shows how this reaction is affected by temperature?

25. Each of the following processes produces ethanol in industry.

 Which of the following combinations is correct?
Process 1 Process 2
A Cr cking
fermentation
B Hydration fermentation
C Cracking dehydration
D Hydration dehydration

26. What is the number of moles of chlorine in 1 440 cm3 of the gas, measured at room temperature and
pressure?
(Molar volume of gas at room temperature and pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol–1)
A 0.0200 mole
B 0.0400 mole
C 0.0600 mole
D 0.0800 mole

27. At room temperature and pressure, if 1 dm3 of hydrogen chloride gas contains x atoms, then 1 dm3 of
methane gas contains

28. Which of the following pairs of substances occupy the same volume at room temperature and pressure?
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, F = 19.0; molar volume of gas at room temperature and
pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol–1; Avogadro constant = 6.02 x 1023 mol–1)

A 13.2 dm3 of fluorine and 22.0 g of carbon dioxide

B 792 cm3 of oxygen and 1.80 x 1023 molecules of sulphur dioxide
C 0.300 mole of chlorine and 7.20 dm3 of sulphur dioxide
D 6.50 g of fluorine and 9.03 x 1022 molecules of carbon dioxide

29. What volume of methane (measured at room temperature and pressure) upon complete combustion gives
0.900 g of water?
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0; molar volume of gas at room temperature and pressure = 24.0
 dm3 mol–1)
A 600 cm3
B 675 cm3
C 750 cm3
D 900 cm3

30. When alanine (CH3CH(NH2)COOH) is burnt in calorimetry experiments, the nitrogen it contains is
transformed to nitrogen molecules.
Consider the following equation for the combustion of alanine in a calorimetry experiment.
wCH3CH(NH2)COOH(s) + xO2(g) à yCO2(g) + 2N2(g) + zH2O(l)

Which of the following combinations is correct?

w x y z
A 2 10 6 7
B 2 15 12 14
C 4 10 6 7
D 4 15 12 14

31. 18.0 dm3 of carbon dioxide, measured at room temperature and pressure, were produced by the complete
combustion of a sample of pentane.
What mass of pentane had reacted?
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0; molar volume of gas at room temperature and pressure = 24.0
dm3 mol–1)
A 10.8 g
B 26.5 g
C 34.2 g
D 56.3 g

32. Carbon disulphide (CS2(l)) gives CO2(g) and SO2(g) upon reaction with oxygen.
In an experiment, 1.37 g of CS2(l) were allowed to react with 900 cm3 of oxygen. What was the total
volume of gas produced in the reaction?
(All volumes were measured at room temperature and pressure.)
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, S = 32.1; molar volume of gas at room temperature and pressure = 24.0
dm3 mol–1)
A 300 cm3
B 431 cm3
C 900 cm3
D 1 300 cm3

33. Hydrazine (N2H4) can be used as a rocket fuel. It reacts with oxygen to produce H2O(g) and N2(g).
In a particular rocket engine, 2.40 g of hydrazine and 3.40 g of oxygen are allowed to react. What is the
volume of nitrogen gas produced, measured at room temperature and pressure?
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, N = 14.0, O = 16.0; molar volume of gas at room temperature and
 pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol–1)
A 1.80 dm3
B 3.60 dm3
C 2.55 dm3
D 5.10 dm3

34. Consider the information about the reaction of hydrogen with nitrogen below:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) à 2NH3(g) ΔH < 0
Which of the following statements can be deduced from the above information?
(1) Heat is liberated when ammonia is formed.
(2) Nitrogen and hydrogen react at high temperature.
(3) When measured at room temperature and pressure, the total gas volume before reaction equals
that after reaction.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only

Assertion-reason questions

Directions: Select one option from A to D according to the following table:

A Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is a correct explanation of the 1st
statement.

B Both statements are true but the 2nd statement is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st
 statement.

C The 1st statement is false while the 2nd statement is true.

D Both statements are false.

1st statement 2nd statement

1. The progress of the reaction Sulphur is produced in the reaction.

between sodium thiosulphate
solution and dilute sulphuric acid
can be followed by measuring the
increase in mass of the reaction
mixture.

2. The progress of the reaction The concentration of H+(aq) ions in

between iodine and propanone can the reaction mixture increases as the
be followed by titrating with a reaction proceeds.
standard alkali.

3. The progress of the hydrolysis of The electrical conductivity of the

urea to form carbon dioxide gas reaction mixture increases as the
and aqueous ammonia can be hydrolysis proceeds.
followed by measuring the
electrical conductivity of the
reaction mixture.

4. 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 Both hydrochloric acid and ethanoic

hydrochloric acid react with 5 g of acid are monobasic acids.
zinc granules at the same rate as
100 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 ethanoic
acid.

5. Two reactant particles colliding in For two reactant particles to collide,

a right orientation must lead to an they must have an energy equal to
effective collision. or greater than the activation
energy.

6. The decomposition of X2(g) to At a higher temperature, a larger

give X(g) is faster at a higher portion of the reactant particles
 temperature. have energy equal to or greater than
the activation energy.

7. When measured at the same The relative molecular mass of

temperature and pressure, 100 cm3 NO2(g) is higher than that of O2(g).
of NO2(g) contains more
molecules than 100 cm3 of O2(g).

Structured questions
1. A student investigated the properties of two acids of concentration 1.0 mol dm–3:
‧ ethanoic acid; and
‧ hydrochloric acid.
25 cm3 of each acid were allowed to react with a lump of calcium carbonate of the same mass. Calcium
carbonate lumps disappeared after reaction in both cases. The following curves show the results obtained,
all volumes were measured at room temperature and pressure.

a) Draw a labelled diagram of the set-up the student could use in the experiment. (2 marks)

b) The reaction between calcium carbonate and ethanoic acid was still happening after 80 seconds.
What would be the total volume of gas collected at the end of this reaction? Explain your answer. (2
marks)

c) Calculate the mass of calcium carbonate reacted with hydrochloric acid. (2 marks)
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Ca = 40.1; molar volume of gas at room temperature and
pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol–1)

d) Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts much faster than dilute ethanoic acid. Explain why. (3 marks)

e) The student repeated the experiment under the same conditions but used 50 cm3, instead of 25 cm3, of
the hydrochloric acid.
What effect, if any, would this have on the rate of reaction? Explain your answer. (2 marks)

2. A student determined the volume of hydrogen evolved when 5.60 g of zinc were allowed to react with 100.0
cm3 of 2.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid.
 Curve X below represents the results obtained.

a) Draw a labelled diagram of a possible experimental set-up for this experiment. (2 marks)

b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid. (1 mark)

c) Calculate whether zinc or hydrochloric acid was in excess. (3 marks)

(Relative atomic mass: Zn = 65.4)

d) Compare the reaction rate at points A and B on curve X. Explain why the rates are different. (2
marks)

e) The experiment was repeated using the same mass of zinc and 100.0 cm3 of 1.80 mol dm–3 hydrochloric
acid.
Sketch on the same graph to show the relationship between the volume of hydrogen evolved and time
under the new set of conditions. Explain your answer. (3 marks)

3. An experiment was designed to investigate the rate at which a certain brand of fizzy drink tablet, which
contain sodium hydrogencarbonate, dissolved in water at 25 oC. Carbon dioxide was evolved in the
experiment. The set-up shown below was used.
 The graph below shows the results obtained in the experiment.

a) Explain why effervescence occurs when a fizzy drink tablet is added to water. Write an ionic equation
for the reaction involved. (3 marks)

b) The mass of sodium hydrogencarbonate in one fizzy drink tablet is 1.25 g. What is the mass of carbon
dioxide given off? (3 marks)(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0)

c) Keeping all other conditions unchanged, the experiment was repeated at 40 oC.
Sketch a curve on the same graph to show the variation of the mass of the conical flask and its content
against time. (1 mark)

d) Suggest ONE advantage of using a data-logger in this experiment.(1 mark)

e) Explain why the fizzy drink tablets should be stored in a dry place. (1 mark)

4. Bromine can react with methanoic acid according to the following equation:
Br2(aq) + HCOOH(aq) à 2Br–(aq) + 2H+(aq) + CO2(g)
 a) What maximum volume of gas, measured at room temperature and pressure, would be produced by
reacting 3.20 g of bromine? (2 marks) (Relative atomic mass: Br = 79.9; molar volume of gas at
room temperature and pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol–1)

b) Suggest how the progress of the reaction might be followed. (2 marks)

c) The variation of concentration of bromine with time shown below is obtained in an experiment.

i) From the graph, determine the instantaneous rate of consumption of bromine at 400 s. (2 marks)

ii) What is the instantaneous rate of formation of H+(aq) ions at the same instant? (1 mark)

5. The reaction between iodide ion and hydrogen peroxide occurs as follows:
2I–(aq) + H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) à I2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
In an experiment to determine the effect of change in concentration of iodide ions on the rate of the reaction,
a student prepared several samples as shown in the table below. The time t taken for the formation of a small,
fixed amount of iodine from each reaction mixture was measured.
 Volume (cm3)
Sample 0.10 mol dm–3 0.10 mol dm–3 1.0 mol dm–3 Time t (s)
H2O(l)
KI(aq) H2O2(aq) H2SO4(aq)
1 1.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 100
2 2.0 3.0 5.0 5.0 48
3 3.0 2.0 5.0 5.0 31
4 4.0 1.0 5.0 5.0 23

a) The student used a colorimeter to follow the progress of the reaction. Describe and explain how the time
t can be found experimentally. (3 marks)

b) Describe how the rate of the reaction can be obtained from the experimental results. (1 mark)

c) Explain why the volume of each sample was kept constant. (1 mark)

d) i) Plot a suitable graph to show how change in the concentration of iodide ions in the sample affects
the rate of the reaction. (3 marks)

ii) Based on the graph, comment on the effect of change in the concentration of iodide ions in the
sample on the rate of the reaction. (1 mark)

e) Describe another method, other than using a colorimeter, which the student could use to follow the
progress of the reaction. (1 mark)
6. A student carried out an experiment to identify a Group II metal carbonate, MCO3.
Approximately 0.3 g of the carbonate was added to 50.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid. The
volume of carbon dioxide collected was measured.

a) i) Draw a labelled diagram of the set-up which could be used to react the metal carbonate with the
hydrochloric acid and collect the carbon dioxide in a gas syringe. (2 marks)
 ii) State ONE observation that could indicate the completion of the reaction. (1 mark)

iii) Suggest why it is better to collect the carbon dioxide in a gas syringe rather than over water. (1
mark)

iv) Explain why the carbon dioxide collected in the gas syringe was NOT pure. (1 mark)

b) The metal carbonate was weighed using a suitable container. State the weighings which should be
made.(1 mark)

c) 0.295 g of the metal carbonate gave 84.0 cm3 of carbon dioxide at room temperature and pressure.
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0; molar volume of gas at room temperature and pressure =
24.0 dm3 mol–1)
i) Calculate the relative atomic mass of M. (3 marks)

ii) Identify M. (1 mark)

7. The composition of a carbon compound X was analyzed.

(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0; molar volume of gas at room temperature and
pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol–1)

a) To determine the empirical formula of X, 1.10 g of X were burnt completely in excess oxygen. 1 368
cm3 of carbon dioxide, measured at room temperature and pressure, were obtained. 1.03 g of water were
also formed.
i) What is the mass of carbon in 1.10 g of X? (2 marks)
 ii) What is the mass of hydrogen in 1.10 g of X? (1 mark)

iii) What is the mass of oxygen in 1.10 g of X? (1 mark)

iv) What is the empirical formula of X? (2 marks)

b) Another sample of X was used to determine its molar mass. It was found that 11.6 g of X occupied the
same volume as 5.60 g of nitrogen gas at the same temperature and pressure.
What is the molar mass of X? (2 marks)
(Relative atomic mass: N = 14.0)

c) Using your answers to (a) and (b), determine the molecular formula of X. (1 mark)

d) Give a possible structure of X. (1 mark)