KjyhtJ mj;jpahak;

mwpKfk;

Ma;Tg; gpur;rid

21k; E}w;whz;bd; fy;tp vd;gJ G+Nfhs Nghf;fpd;gb etPd cyf nghUshjhu>

njhopy;El;g> r%fj; Jiwfspy; epyTfpd;w tpiuthd khw;wq;fSf;F Jsf;fk;
fhl;Lfpd;w fy;tpahFk;. cyfpy; Vw;gLfpd;w murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f
khw;wq;fspd; Gjpa Nghf;Ff;F Vw;g ghlrhiy Nghd;w fy;tp epWtdq;fs; ghupa
khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. ghlrhiy mjpgu;fs; 21k; E}w;whz;L jpwd;fis
jd;dpy; tsu;j;Jf;nfhz;L Mrpupau;fisAk;> khztu;fisAk; mjw;F mikthf
nray;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,f;$w;W " ,Wjpapy; gad; jUk; ghlrhiyia cUthf;Fk;"
vd vupf; (Erick 1988 : 98) Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. mj;Jld; ,ilepiy tFg;Gfspy; fy;tp
fw;Fk; khztu;fspd; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;by; tpQ;Qhd ghl milT kl;lj;ij
Nkk;gLj;j ghlrhiy mjpgu;fspd; jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fs; gpur;ridahf milahyk;
fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t; milT kl;lj;ij mila Kbahikf;F 21k; E}w;whz;Lf;F
nghUj;jkhd fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F mjpgu;fs; jk;ik jahu; gLj;jp
Mrpupau;fs;> khztu;fis <LgLj;jhik xU Kf;fpa jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; xU
fhuzpahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,e;j epiy ghlrhiyfspy; fy;tp Jiwapy;
tpahgpj;Js;sij fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.

xU ghlrhiyapd; rfy nray;KiwfisAk; ed;F jpl;lkpl;L mky;gLj;jp cau;

milit ngwf;$ba xU fw;Fk; rKjhaj;ij fl;b vOg;Gtjw;F mu;g;gzpg;Gld;
$ba jiyikj;Jtk; ghlrhiyf;F mtrpakhfpd;wJ. jiyikj;Jtk; vd;gJ. "xU
nghJthd tplaj;ij nra;J Kbg;gjpy; kw;wtu;fsplkpUe;J fpilf;fpd;w Mjuit
gad;gLj;jp xUtu; r%f jhf;fj;jpw;F Mshfpd;w epfo;Kiw" vd;W $wyhk;.
ghlrhiyapy; KfhikahsuhfTk; kw;Wk; jiytuhfTk; ghlrhiyapd; mjpgu;
fhzg;gLtNjhL mjDld; ,ize;Jnray;gLtjw;fhf Mrpupau;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;whu;fs;. vkJ ehl;ilg; nghWj;jtiuapy; ghlrhiy mjpgu;fs; ,yq;if
fy;tp epu;thf Nrit(SLEAS) kw;Wk; ,yq;if mjpgu; Nrit(SLPS) Nghd;w
guPl;irfspy; rpj;jile;NjhWk;> flik epiwNtw;W mjpgu;fshf Mrpupau; Nritapy;
gzpahw;Wfpd;w rpNu\;l Mrpupau;fSk; epakpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fsplk; 21 Mk;
E}w;whz;Lf;F nghUj;jkhd fy;tp jiyikj;Jtk;> rpf;fyhd gpur;rid jPu;j;jy;>
rpwe;j njhlu;ghly; jpwd; cilatuhfTk;> jd;idAk; VidNahiuAk; ,w;iwg;
gLj;jf; $batuhfTk; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. vd Kd;dhs; [dhjpgjp Nfhl;lhga
uh[gf;\ mtu;fs;.(2019) ntspapl;l [dhjpgjp gupe;Jiuapy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

1
vdNt ,ilepiy tFg;G khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jiy
Nkk;gLj;j jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fs; nfhz;l mjpgu;fs; ifahSk; cj;jpfs;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; kl;lj;jpw;F ,y;yhik ,q;F Ma;T gpur;rpidahf
Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,ilepiy tFg;G tpQ;Qhd ghl fw;wy; fw;gpj;jiy.
Nkk;gLj;j mjpgu;fspd; jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fs; vd;ndd;d tpjq;fspy; <LghL
fhl;lyhk;. ,ilepiy tFg;GfSf;fhd tpQ;Qhd ghl tpUj;jpf;fhf mjpgu;fspd;
tpopg;Gzu;T vt;thW fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;fhf Mrpupau;fis jahu;gLj;j
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; eltbf;iffs; ahit. Nghd;w tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd xU njsptw;w
epiyapy; fpz;zpah tyaj;Jf;Fl;gl;l gy ghlrhiy mjpgu;fsplk; fhzf;$bajhf
,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,J Ma;T gpur;rpidahf fUjg;gl;Ls;sJ. fpz;zpah tyaj;jpy; 1AB>
1C ghlrhiyfspy; mjpgu;fspd; nray; jpwd;fis fzpg;gpl;L mjid
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa eltbf;iffis rpghupR nra;tNj ,t;tha;T gpujhd
Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

Ma;Tg; gpd;dzp

21 Mk; E}w;whz;L rthy;fSf;F jk;ik jahu;gLj;Jk; tifapy; khztu;fis

cUthf;Ftjw;F ghlrhiyfs; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. 21 Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;fhd fy;tp
gw;wp A+dpnrg; epWtdk; (2000) "khztu;fs; GJg;GJ tplaq;fis gy topKiwfspy;
mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F toptFg;gNj rpwe;j fy;tp nray;ghL" vd njspTgLj;Jfpd;wJ.
xU ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd mtrpakhd fhuzpahf
fy;tp tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. jukhd fy;tp> mwpT> rpe;jid> njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gpuNahfk;>
tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; tsu;r;rp Nghd;wtw;iw nghUshjhuj;jpy; gad;gLj;jp Fwpj;j ehl;bd;
cw;gj;jpapYk;> mgptpUj;jpapYk; tsu;r;rp mila nra;Ak; nghUl;L vy;yh
ehLfspdJk; "nghUshjhuj;jpd; Kjy; gad;ghLmwpthFk;" (re;jpuNrfuk;>Nrh.2009)
vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. 21k; E}w;whz;by; fhyb itf;Fk; xt;nthU khztu;fSk;
jkJ mwpT> jpwd;fspy; tpUj;jp mila Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa nraw;ghLfis
ghlrhiy fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w Mrpupau;fs; Clhf ghlrhiyia
Kfhik nra;fpd;w 21k; E}w;whz;Lf;F nghUj;jkhd jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fs; kpFe;j
mjpgu;fs; <LghL fhl;LtJ mtrpakhd tplakhFk;.

,d;W tpQ;QhdKk; njhopEl;gtpaYk; gw;wpa mwpTk;> mtw;wpd; gpuNahfq;fSk;

kdpjdJ r%f tho;f;ifAlDk;>fyhrhuj;JlDk; gpd;dpg;gpize;Js;sd. kdpjDld;
njhlu;ghd rfy JiwfspYk; tpQ;Qhd mwpT gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;L kdpjdpd;
gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;J itf;Fk; xU rf;jpkpf;f fUtpahf tpQ;Qhdk;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. kf;fs; tpQ;Qhdj;ijAk;>njhopy;El;gj;ijAk; gad;gLj;Jtij

2
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjpy; nghWg;Gzu;Tld; tpQ;Qhdf;fy;tpf;Fg; ngUk;gq;Fz;L. rfy
kf;fsplKk; ,t;twpitAk;> mjidg; gpuNahfpf;Fk; jpwidAk; tsu;f;Fk; NghNj
mtu;fs; Njrj;jpd; mgptpUj;jpapd; ,yf;if miltjpy; nghWg;Gzu;TlDk;>
rpuj;ijAlDk; tpQ;Qhd mwpitg; gad;gLj;Jtu; vdf;fUJk; fhyk; jw;NghJ
te;Js;sJ.

,ilepiyf; fy;tpapy; tpQ;Qhd ghlk; fl;lha ghlkhff; fw;gpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

,jD}lhf khztu;fis cau;fy;tpf;F Maj;jg;gLj;JtJld;> NtiyAyF kw;Wk;
Rw;whly;> r%fg;gpur;rpidfs; vd;gtw;Wld; njhlu;Ggl;ljhf fw;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. tpQ;QhdghlkhdJ nra;J ghu;j;Jf;fw;wy;> r%fg;
nghUj;jg;ghLld; fw;wy;> JUtp MuhAk; jpwid khztuplk; tsu;j;jy;> Rakhff;
fw;wy;> Njbf;fw;wy;> tprhuiz Kiw %yk; fw;wy;> FO Kiwf;fw;wy;>
fsg;gazq;fs; vd gytifg;gl;l mZFKiwfSld; mjhtJ khztu; ika
mZFKiwfSld; fw;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;banjhd;whFk;. Mdhy; ,k;KiwfspD}lhff;
fw;gpg;gjw;Nfw;w tifapy; Mrpupau;fs; jahuhfTk; ,y;iy> mjpgu;fspdhy;
jahu;gLj;jg;glTkpy;iy.

,d;W tFg;giwfis mtjhdpf;fpd;w NghJ nghJthf khztu;fs; FOf;fshfg;

gpupf;fg;gl;L fw;wypy; <LgLtjidAk;> mNjNtis fw;gpj;jy; KiwahdJ gioa
ghuk;gupa KiwapNyNa eilngWtjidAk; fhz Kbfpd;wJ . Mrpupau;fs; jq;fsJ
ghlrhiyf; fhyj;jpYk;> Mrpupau; gapw;rpf; fhyj;jpYk; tpQ;Qhdghlj;ij Nghjpa
nra;KiwfspD}lhf fw;fhjjdhy; nra;Kiwfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fupa
jpwd;fisAk;>kdg;ghq;ifAk; nfhz;buhikAk;> fw;gpj;jypd; NghJ nghUj;jkhd
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; KiwfisAk; khztiu ikakhff; nfhz;l nraw;ghLfisAk;
jpl;lkpl;Lg; gad;gLj;jf; $ba jpwd;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Nfw;w trjp
tha;g;Gf;fSk;>re;ju;g;gq;fSk; topg;gLj;jy;fSk; fpilf;fg; ngwhikAk; ,g;gpur;rpid
vof; fhuzkhfpd;wJ.

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpdhy; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bapDhlhf mjw;fhd

NeuxJf;fLP fSk; tFf;fg;gl;L xt;nthU MrpupaUf;Fk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;Jld;
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkply;> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwia xOq;F nra;jy;> mjid
Kfhik nra;jy;> khztuplk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;wy; NgWfs; vd gytifahd
topfhl;ly;fSk; MNyhridfSk; ,f;ifNal;by; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy;
Mrpupau;fs; Neuk; Nghjhik> Mu;tkpd;ik kw;Wk; gad;ghL njhlu;ghd
Nkw;ghu;itapd;ik Nghd;w gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G
topfhl;biag; gpd;gw;wp fw;gpj;jy; KiwfisAk;>nghUj;jkhd Mrpupau; khztu;
nraw;ghLfisAk; xOq;F nra;J eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; gpd;dpw;fpd;wdu;.
nghUshjhuf; f\;lk;> fw;wypy; Mu;tk; FiwT> FLk;g epiyikfs;> rpW taJj;
njhopy; Nghd;w fhuzpfshy; khztu; tuT ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.,jdhy;

3
Mrpupau;fshy; Kiwahd fw;gpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;s KbahkYs;sJ.tpQ;Qhd ghlf;
fw;gpj;jyhdJ $bastpy; Njbaha;Tld; mZfp nra;KiwfspD}lhff; fw;gpf;f
Ntz;ba ghlkhFk;. ,jdhy; Vida ghlq;fSld; xg;gpLifapy; $basT
nghUl;fs;> cgfuzq;fs;> fUtpfs;> ,urhadg;gjhu;j;jq;fs;> trjp tha;g;Gf;fs;>
Ma;T $l trjpfs; Nghd;wit ,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;gpj;jYf;Fj; NjitahFk;. Mdhy;
xt;nthU ,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyapYk; ,t;thwhd trjpfSk;> tsq;fSk;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sdth vd;gJ Nfs;tpf;FwpahFk;. vkJ tyag;ghlrhiyfspy;
,t;thwhd trjp tha;g;Gf;fs; Fiwthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wikAk; fw;gpj;jy;
Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.

tpQ;Qhd ghlj;ijf; fw;gpg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd tsq;fisAk;> trjpfisAk;

Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLg;gjw;Fupa epjpia ghlrhiyfSf;F toq;fg;gLk; ju cs;sPl;L
epjpapypUe;J ngwf; $bajhf ,Ue;Jk; rpy mjpgu;fs; mjidg; gad;gLj;jp
nfhs;tdT nra;tjpy; jaf;fk; fhl;Lfpd;wdu;. ,jw;fhd fhuzq;fshf epjpiaf;
ifahStjpy; eilKiwr; rpf;fy;fis vjpu;Nehf;Ftjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.

,jdhy; Mrpupau;fshy; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghl;il tpidj;jpwDilajhf

Nkw;nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. ghltpjhd khw;wq;fs; mKy;gLj;jg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
ghl cs;slf;fj;jpw;fhd khw;wq;fs; gw;wpNa Mrpupau;fs; $Ljyhf
topg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdNuad;wp> eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nraw;ghLfspy;
gapw;Wtpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. ,JTk; Mrpupauhy; rpwe;j fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghl;il
Nkw;nfhs;s Kbahikf;fhd xU fhuzkhFk;. fw;ww; NgWfs; milag;gl;Ls;sjh
vd;gjid Mrpupau; mwpe;J nfhs;tJ kpfTk; mtrpakhdnjhd;whFk;. ,jd;NghNj
khztuJ gpd;dilTfs; ,dq;fhzg;gl;L. mjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
gpd;Dhl;ly;fisAk; toq;f KbAk;. Mdhy; mjpfkhd Mrpupau;fsplk; khztu;fsJ
miltpid kjpg;gpLtjw;Fupa nghUj;jkhd kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jk;
Mw;wy; Fiwthf cs;sij mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.

,yq;ifapy; cau;fy;tpiag; nghWj;jtiu fiyj;JiwapNyNa mjpfkhd

khztu;fs; jkJ gl;lg;gbg;ig Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ,jw;F f. ngh.j. (rh/j)g;
guPl;irapy; tpQ;Qhd ghlk; rpj;jpaila Ntz;Lk; vd;w Njit ,y;iy. ,jdhy;
fiyj;Jiwiaf; fw;f tpUk;Gk; khztu;fs; tpQ;Qhd ghlj;ijf; fw;gjpy; ngupjhf
Mu;tk; fhl;Ltjpy;iy. ,yFthfr; rpj;jpailaf;$ba ghlq;fisNa fw;fpd;wdu;.
vdNt 21Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;F nghUj;jkhd jjiyikj;Jt jpwd;fs; nfhz;l
mjpgu;fs; ,ilepiy khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl miltpy; ftzk; nrYj;JtJ
mtrpakhd tpilakhFk;.

4
ghlrhiyapd; fy;tp ju Nkk;ghl;ilAk; mjd;Kfhikj;Jtj; ijAk; Kd;Ndw;wk;
milar; nra;tNj ghlrhiyapd; mjpgu;fspd; mbg;gil ,yf;fhff; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
fy;tp ju Nkk;ghL miltjw;F 21k; E}w;whz;L jiyikj;Jtj;ij jd;dpy; tsu;j;Jf;
nfhs;tjNdhL Mrpupa khztu;fs; gy vjpu;ghu;g;ig mjpguplk; ,Ue;J
vjpu;ghu;g;ghu;fs;. ,jiz toq;Ftjw;F jahuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,f; $l;LwT
,Wjpapy; xU gad; jUk; ghlrhiyia cUthf;Fk; vd vupf; (Erick 1988:98)
$Wfpd;whu;. ghlrhiyapd; fy;tpju Nkk;ghl;il tpUj;jp nra;tjhapd; ghlrhiyia
mjpgu;fs; 21k; E}w;whz;bw;F nghUj;jkhd jiyikj;Jtj; jpwd;fshd fy;tp
jiyikj;Jtk;> rpf;fyhd gpur;rpidfis jPu;j;jy;> njhlu;ghly; jpwd;> jd;ddAk;
Vid Nahu;fis Nkk;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fzzAk; tpUj;jpnra;tjD}lhf 21k;
E}w;whz;bw;fhd jpwd;fshd fw;wy; jpwd;> vOj;jwpTj; jpwd;>tho;ifj;
jpwd;fs;>nghd;wtw;iw Mrpupau;fs;> khztu;fsplk; tpUj;jp nra;J fpz;zpahtya
ghlrhiyfspy; ,ilepiykhztu;fspd; tpQ;Qd ghl tpUj;jpia Ma;thf
Nkw;nfhz;L Nkk;ghL milar; nra;tnjhL Vida ghlrhiyfSf;Fk;
nghJikg;gLj;j KbAk;. vd;w Nehf;fKk; ,e;j Ma;tpw;fhd gpz;dzpahf
mikfpd;wJ.

Ma;tpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

,ilepiy khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jiy Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy;

mjpgu;fspd; jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fspd; <LghL ve;j msTf;F nry;thf;F
nrYj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gJ gw;wpa tplaq;fis Muha;tij ,t;tha;T Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;by; Mrpupau;fs;> khztu;fs; Kf;fpa
,lj;ij itf;fpd;wdu;. mjid nray;gLj;Jtjhf ghlrhiy mjpgu;
fhzg;gLfpd;whu;. xU ghlrhiyapd; cs;sPlhf khztu;fs; cs;shu;fs;. mtu;fNs
vjpu;fhy nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fupa kdpj tsq;fshf fUjg;gLfpd;wdu;.
ghlrhiyfspy; mtu;fis rpwe;j Kiwapy; fy;tpapy; <Lglr; nra;tjw;F ghlrhiy
mjpgu;fs; gq;fspg;G ,d;wp mikahjjhFk;. ,d;iwa fhyj;jpy; njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk;
tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; Njit kpf Kf;fpakhdjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. "tpQ;Qhdk; vd;gJ
cq;fis JUtpa MuhaTk;> tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sTk; cjTk; xU topKiwahFk;."
(re;jpuNrfuk;) 21 Mk; E}w;whz;il md;kpw;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; rfy ehLfSk;
KiwahfTk;> nghWg;Gzu;TlDk; tpQ;Qhdj;ijAk;> njhopy;El;gj;ijAk; gad;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;J NkNyhq;fp tUfpd;wJ. ,jD}lhf mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk;
tho;f;ifj; juj;ij cau;j;Jjy; njhlu;ghd ,yf;Ffis ruptu mile;J nfhs;s
KbAk;.

5
vkJ ehl;ilg; nghWj;jtiuapy; ,ilepiy khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl
tpUj;jpapid Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ,Lj;J khztu;fsplk; tpQ;Qhd Jiwapy; tsu;r;rp
Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F cjtpahf mikAk;. ,jD}lhf vjpu;fhyj;jpy; vkJ ehl;bd;
nghUshjhuj;jpid cau;j;jKbAk;.xU ghlrhiyapd; ,yf;F rKjhaj;jpd;
vjpu;ghu;g;Gfis epiwT nra;af; $bajhf ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk ghlrhiy
rKjhaj;jpdhy; tpUk;Gk; ghlrhiyahf ,Uf;Fk;. ,g;g ghlrhiy xU gad; jUk;
ghlrhiy ,Uf;Fkh? vd rpwg;ghd fy;tp eltbf;iffs; mq;F fhzg;gLtNjhL
,e;j nray;ghLfs; midj;ijAk; newpg;gLj;jp nra;gtu;fs; mjpgu;fSk;>
Mrpupau;fSk; MFk;. tFg;giw fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; vd;W $Wk;NghJ "Mrpupau; xUtu;
jhd; jpl;lkpl;L jahupj;j ghl myif mjw;F xJf;fg;gl;l Neu ,ilntspapy;
khztu;fSf;F fw;gpf;Fk; Kaw;rpahFk;." vdNt vd;Dila khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd
ghl tpUj;jpf;F 21 Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;F nghUj;jkhd Mrpupau;fisAk;>
khztu;fisAk; top elj;jf;$ba mjpgu;fs; jq;fsJ jpwd;fis vt;thW
tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid Muha;tjhFk;.

ghlrhiy mjpgu;fsplk; jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fs; tpUj;jp milAk; ,lj;J ghlrhiy

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nray;ghL> ghlrhiy Kfhikj;Jtk;> ghlrhiy R+o;epiy Nghd;w
midj;Jk; tpidjpwdhf mikag;ngWk;. ,it midj;Jk; xd;whf ,ize;J
nray;gLkplj;J ,ilepiy khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghltpupj;jpid ,yFthd
Kiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.Nkw;$wpa tplaq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; 21Mk;
E}w;whz;Lf;F nghUj;jkhd Mrpupau;fs;> tFg;giwfs;> ghlrhiyfs; Nghd;wtw;iw
ghlrhiyia epu;thfpf;Fk; jiyikj;Jtk; vd;w uPjpapy; ghlrhiyapd; fw;wy; -
fw;gpj;jy; tpUj;jpf;fhf ,e;j E}w;whz;Lf;F nghUj;jkhd trjpfis Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhLg;gjid Mrpupau;fs;> khztu;fspd; vjpu;ghu;g;ghf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. gy
Mrpupau;fs; trjpfs; mw;w epiyapy; jq;fshy; Kbe;jstpy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;il
Nkw;nfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. 21k; E}w;whz;bd; fy;tp juj;jpid tpUj;jp nra;tjd;
Clhf nghUj;jkhd xU rKjhaj;ij fl;b vOg;g KbAk;. me;j tifapy;
,ilepiy khztu;fSf;fhd tpQ;Qhd ghl tpUj;jpia Nkw;nfhz;L nghUj;jkhd
xU rKjhaj;ij fl;b vOg;g 21 Mk; E}w;whz;L fy;tpj;jpwd;fshd fw;wy; jpwd;>
vOj;jwpTj;jpwd;> tho;f;if jpwd; vd;w mbg;gilapy; Nehf;f KbAk;. me;j tifapy;
khztu;fsplj;jpy; ,j;jpuq;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F ghlrhiy mjpgu;fs; Njitahd
jpwd;fis jd;dpy; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhz;l xUtuhf fhzg;gLfpd;whuh? ,y;iyah?
,J gw;wpa epiy mjpgu;fspd; khWgl;ljhf mikayhk;. vdNt 21 Mk;
E}w;whz;Lf;F nghUj;jkhd fy;tp jpwd;fis khztu; ,lj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jp ,ilepiy
khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl tpUj;jpf;F ,t;tha;T mtrpakhd xd;whf
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

6
21k; E}w;whz;Lf;F nghUj;jkhd ghlrhiyfs; gykhd jiyikj;Jtj;ij
nfhz;bUg;gNjhL Mrpupau; jd;dk;gpf;if cilatuhfTk; epiwthdtuhfTk; NkYk;
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nray;ghLfspYk; Vida nraw;ghLfspYk; Gj;jhf;f
mZFKiwfis gad;gLj;JtNjhL fw;wiy typikg;gLj;Jtjw;F ftu;r;rpfukhd
R+oiy nfhz;L fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; FWq;fhy ePz;l fhy Nehf;Ffis
nfhz;ljhf FO NtiyfSf;F nghUj;jkhd fw;wy; R+oiy cUthf;fp
khztu;fSf;F re;ju;g;gj;ij cUthf;Fk; xU ,lkhf ghlrhiy mikg;gjw;F 21k;
E}w;whz;L jpl;lq;fis jd;dpy; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhz;l xU mjpgupdhNyNa
KbAk;. MfNt mjpgu;fs; jq;fsJ jiykj;Jt jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;J ,ilepiy
khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jiy tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F ,t;tha;T
cWJizahf mikAk;.

21k; E}w;whz;by; ghlrhiy mjpgu;fs; fy;tpj;Jiwapy; G+uzj;Jtk; ngw;W nfhz;l

J}uNehf;Fld; fu;kk; Mw;Wk; xU jiytuhf fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. 21 Mk; E}w;whz;by;
nghUj;jkhd jpwd;fis jd;dpy; tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; me;j tifapy; fy;tp
jiyikj;JtKk;> rpf;fyhd gpur;ridfis jPu;ff ; f; $batuhfTk;> ey;y njhlu;ghly;
jpwd; nfhz;ltuhfTk;> Nkk;gLj;j $batuhfTk; ,t;tha;T kpFe;j gadspf;Fk;.
tpQ;Qhd fy;tp tpUj;jpapy; mf;fiu nfhz;l mur> mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fSf;Fk;
mtw;wpd; vjpu;fhy Ntiy jpl;lq;fSf;Fk; ,t;tha;T Jiz GupAk;. mj;Jld;
fpz;zpah fy;tp tyaj;jpy; ,t;thwhd Ma;Tfs; nra;ag;gltpy;iy vd;gjdhYk; >
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; fpz;zpah tyaj;jpy; cs;s midj;J ghlrhiyfSf;Fk; gadspf;ff;
$bajhf mikAk; tifapy; ,t;tha;T Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wJ.

7
Ma;tpd; Nehf;fk;

gpujhd Nehf;fk;

,ilepiy khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jiy Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy;

mjpgu;fspd; jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fis kjpg;gpLjYk;> Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
El;gq;fis>cf;jpfis tpje;Jiuj;jYk;.

cg Nehf;fq;fs;

1. ,ilepiy khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jiy Nkk;gLj;j

mjpgu;fsplk; fhzg;gLk; jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fs; gw;wpa Mrpupau;fspd;
vjpu;ghu;f;if.
2. ,ilepiy khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jiy Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy;
cs;s jilfis ,dq;fhZjy;.
3. ,ilepiy khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl fw;wy; fw;gpj;jiy
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd El;gq;fs;> cghaq;fis tpije;Jiuj;jy;.

Ma;T tpdhf;fs;

1. jiyikj;Jtj; jpwd;fs; nfhz;Ls;s mjpgu;fsplk; fy;tp cupj;jhsu;fspd;

vjpu;ghu;f;iffs; ahit?
1.1 ghlrhiy ikakhff; nfhz;l vjpu;ghu;f;iffs; ahit.?
 Mrpupau;fspd; vjpu;ghu;f;iffs; ahit.?
 khztu;fspd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs; ahit?

1.2. tFg;giwr; R+oiy ikakhff; nfhz;l vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs; ahit?

 Mrpupau;fspd; vjpu;ghu;f;ffs; ahit?
 khztu;fspd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs; ahit?

2. ,ilepiy khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jiy Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy;

jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fs; nfhz;l mjpgu;fs; jkJ gq;fspg;G njhlu;ghf nfhz;Ls;s
kdg;ghq;Ffs; ahit?

2.1. ,ilepiy khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bd;

Nkk;ghl;Lf;F cly; ciog;gpid toq;FtJ njhlu;ghd mjpgu;fspd; kdg;ghq;Ffs;
ahit?

8
2.2. ,ilepiy khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bd;
Nkk;ghl;Lf;F ngsjpf tsq;fis ngw;W nfhs;tJ njhlu;ghd mjpgu;fspd; kd
ghq;Ffs; ahit?

2.3. ,ilepiy khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bd;

Nkk;ghl;Lf;F epjp cjtpfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Kiwfs; njhlu;ghd mjpgu;fspd;
kdg;ghq;Ffs; ahit?

2.4. gps;isfspd; fw;wy; milTfs; njhlu;ghf tif $Wtu; njhlu;ghd

mjpgu;fspd; kdg;ghq;Ffs; ahit?

2.5. ,ilepiy khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghlil miltpy; Mrpupau;fis

jahu;gLj;Jtjpy; mjpgu;fs; nfhz;Ls;s kdg;ghq;Ffs; ahit?

2.6. ,ilepiy khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jiy Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy;

khztu;fis jahu; gLj;Jtjpy; mjpgu;fspd; nfhz;Ls;s kdg;ghlq;fs; ahit?

3. ,ilepiy tpQ;Qhd ghl fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jiy Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; mjpgu;fspd;

<LghLfspy; jilahf cs;s fhuzpfs; ahit.

3.1. mjpgu;fs; tpQ;Qhd ghl tpUj;jpf;F nghUj;jkhd Mrpupau;fis

cUthf;Ftjpy;vt;thwhd jilfs; cs;sJ?

3.2. mjpgu;fs; tpQ;Qhd ghl tpUj;jpf;F nghUj;jkhd khztu;fis cUthf;Ftjpy;

vt;thwhd jilfs; cs;sJ?

3.3. mjpgu;fs; tpQ;Qhd ghl tpUj;jpf;F nghUj;jkhd fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; R+oiy

cUthf;Ftjpy; vt;thwhd jilfs; cs;sJ?

Ma;tpd; tiuaiu

fpz;zpah fy;tp tya ,ilepiy khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;

nray; Kiwia Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fs; nfhz;l mjpgu;fspd;
<Lghl;bd; nry;thf;F kPjhd ,t;tha;T fpz;zpah tya ghlrhiyia ikakhff;
nfhz;l mjpgu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;> khztu;fis ikakhff; nfhz;L ,il epiy
khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl tpUj;jpf;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt
,t;tha;tpd; KbTfs; vkJ ehl;by; fy;tp fw;Fk; ,ilepiy khztu;fs;> fw;gpf;Fk;
Mrpupau;fs;> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jiy Kfhik nra;Ak; mjpgu;fSf;F khj;jpuNk
nghJikg; gLj;j KbAk;

9
Ma;Tg; gpuNjrk;

,yq;ifapd; fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s

fpz;zpah tya ghlrhiyfs; ,e;j Ma;tpw;Fupa gpuNjrkhf mikfpd;wd. ,t;
tyak; %d;W fy;tpf; Nfhl;lq;fs; nfhz;ljhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

2020 Mk; Mz;bd; fpz;zpah tya fy;tpj;jpl;lkply; gpuptpd; fzg;gpd;gb

,t;tiaj;jpy; nkhj;j ghlrhiyfspd; vz;zpf;if 72 MFk;. ,jpy; 3 Njrpa
ghlrhiyfSk;> 05 1AB tif ghlrhiyfSk;> 17 1C tif ghlrhiyfSk;
mlq;Ffpd;wd. nkhj;jkhf 22 mjpgu;fs;>jw;NghJ (2024) to;qf
; g;gl;l mjpgu; epakdk;
gb 40 gpujp mjpgu;fSk; ghlrhiyia epUtfpg;gtuhfTk; 1446 Mrpupau;fs; fw;gpj;jy;
nraw;ghl;by; <LgLfpd;wNjhL 27220 khztu;fs; fw;wy; nraw;ghLfis
nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ,e;j tyaj;jpy; ghlrhiyfspy; Mrpupa> ngsjPf tsq;fspd;
gw;whf;Fiwfs; ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> fl;Lg;ghlw;w gpuNjhq;fspy; mike;Js;s NghjpYk;
,e;j Ma;Tf;fhf ngsjPf> Mrpupa tsKs;s 5 1AB> 17 1C tifg; ghlrhiyfs;
Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L njupT nra;ag;gl;ld.

10
,t;tha;T 1AB> 1C tif ghlrhiyfspSk; Kfhikahsuhf ,Uf;Fk; mjpgu;fis
ikag;gLj;jp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

ml;ltiz Ma;Tf;Fl;gl;l fpz;zpah tya ghlrhiyfspd; tpguk;.

Ma;Tf;fhf
Nfhl;lk; nfhLf;fg;gl;l ghlrhiyfs;
ghlrhiyfspd;
FwpaPLfs;

A T/Kin/Cenral college

B T/Kin/Aqsa college

C T/Kin/Muslim Ladies Collage

fpz;zpah Nfhl;lk;
D T/Kin/Alankeny Vinayagar Maha Vidiyalayam

E T/ Kin/Al Athan maha vidiyalayam

F T/Kin/Al Irfan maha vidiyalayam

G T/Kin/Al hira M.G.M vidiyalayam

H T/Kin/TB Jaya Girls Maha vidiyalayam

ml;ltiz 1.1 Ma;Tf;Fl;gl;l fpz;zpah Nfhl;lk; ghlrhiyfspd; tpguk;

11
 Ma;Tf;fhf
nfhLf;fg;gl;l
Nfhl;lk; ghlrhiyfspd; ghlrhiyfs;
FwpaPLfs;

I T/Kin/Aligar Maha vidiyalayam

J
T/Kin/Kurinchakeny Arafa Maha vidiyalayam

K T/Kin/An Najath Maha vidiyalayam

FwpQ;Qhf;Nfzp
Nfhl;lk; L T/Kin/Al Ahla Maha vidiyalayam

M T/Kin/Al Mina Maha vidiyalayam

N T/Kin/Dharul Uloom Maha vidiyalayam

O T/Kin/Kurinchakeny Girls Maha vidiyalayam

P T/Kin/Van Ela Buhar Maha vidiyalayam

ml;ltiz 1.2 FwpQ;Qhf;Nfzp Nfhl;lk; Ma;Tf;Fl;gl;l ghlrhiyfspd; tpguk;

12
 Ma;Tf;fhf
nfhLf;fg;gl;l
Nfhl;lk; ghlrhiyfspd; ghlrhiyfs;
FwpaPLfs;

P T/Kin/Siraj Muslim Maha vidiyalayam

Q
T/Kin/Mullippothanai centaral college

R T/Kin/Dharussalam Maha vidiyalayam

Ks;spg;nghj;jhid
Nfhl;lk; S T/Kin/Dharussalam Maha vidiyalayam

T T/Kin/Dharussalam Maha vidiyalayam

U
T/Kin/Buhary Nagar Muslim Maha vidiyalayam

V T/Kin/Buhary Nagar Muslim Maha vidiyalayam

ml;ltiz 1.3 Ks;spg;nghj;jhid Nfhl;lk; Ma;Tf;Fl;gl;l ghlrhiyfspd; tpguk;

13
nrhw;gjq;fSf;fhd tpsf;fk;

mjpgu; <LghL
khztu;fspd; fy;tp Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf mjpgu;fs; ghlrhiyapy; Mu;tj;Jld; RWRWg;G
vDk; mu;g;gzpg;GlDk; gq;fspg;G nra;jy;.
,ilepiy khztu;fs;
juk; 6 - 11 tiuapyhd tFg;G khztu;fs
fy;tprhu; cupj;jhsu;fs;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l ghlrhiyapd; mjpgu;> Mrpupau;> khztu;fs; kw;Wk; ngw;Nwhu; ,e;j
gFjpapy; fUjg;gLfpd;wd

rhuhk;rk;

ghlrhiy fl;likg;gpy; ,ilepiy tFg;Gfspy; fy;tp fw;Fk; khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd

ghl fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nray; Kiwapy; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; milT kl;lj;ij miltjw;F
jiyikj;Jtj; jpwd;fs; nfhz;l mjpgu;fspd; <LghL Kf;fpa fhuzkhf
mikfpd;wJ. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; fy;tp nghJ juhju rhjhuz ju khztu;fspd;
fy;tp milTfspy; jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fs; nfhz;l mjpgu;fsJ <LghL
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; kl;lj;jpy; cs;sjh vd;gij kjpg;gPL nra;J mjid
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd El;gq;fis tpje;Jiuj;jy; ,q;F Ma;T gpur;rpidahf
Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf fpz;zpah tya ghlrhiyfspy; ,e;j epiy
mtjhdpf;f $bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j tiyia fy;tp mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l nraw;ghLfSk; ,f;fUj;Jf;F tY nra;fpd;wd. Njrpa fy;tpNahL
xg;gpl;L Nehf;Fk;NghJ tuyhw;W uPjpapy; gpd;jq;fpa epiyapy; cs;sJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. tya ghlrhiy khztu;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; ghlrhiy
mjpgu;fspd; <LghL mjpfk; Njit cs;stu;fshfTk; cs;sNk Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
fy;tp rhjhuz khztu;fspd; milTfis Nkk;gLj;jTk; mjpgu;fs; kj;jpapy; Xu;
tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;j ,j;jifa Ma;T Ma;Tfs; nra;ag;gl tNtz;baJ fhyj;jpd;
Njitahf cs;sJ.

,ilepiy tFg;G khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd ghl fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; tpUj;jpapy;

jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fs; nfhz;Ls;s mjpgu;fspd; nry;thf;fpid kjpg;gpl;L mjid
kNkk;gLj;JtJ ,t;tha;tpd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhf nfhz;Ls;sJ. fy;tprhu;
cupj;jhsu;fshd mjpgu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;> khztu;fs;> ngw;Nwhu;fspd; kdg;ghq;Ffs;
kw;Wk; mjpgu;fspd; <Lghl;Lf;F jilahf cs;s fhuzpfs;> mij
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhdvq;fis tpije;Jiug;gjhf ,t;tha;T mike;Js;sJ. fpz;zpah
tisa ghlrhiyapd; mjpgu;fis ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L ,t;thA
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ

14