Solution Manual for AVR

Microcontroller and Embedded

Systems: Using Assembly and C
Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Sarmad Naimi,
Sepehr Naimi
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 18. EEPROM does not lose its data when power is off, whereas SRAM does. So, the
EEPROM is used for storing data that should rarely be changed and should not be lost
when the power is off (e.g., options and settings); whereas the SRAM is used for storing
data and parameters that are changed frequently.
19. Yes
20. No, each microcontroller should have general purpose registers and I/O registers.
21. From $60 to $FFFF
22. 65,536 bytes

“The AVR Microcontroller and Embedded Systems” 14

SECTION 2.3: USING INSTRUCTIONS WITH THE DATA MEMORY
23.
LDI R20, $30
STS $105, R20
LDI R20, $97
STS $106, R20
24.
LDI R20, $55
STS $300, R20
STS $301, R20
STS $302, R20
STS $303, R20
STS $304, R20
STS $305, R20
STS $306, R20
STS $307, R20
STS $308, R20

25.
LDI R16, $5F
OUT PORTB, R16

26. True
27.
LDI R30, $11
STS $100, R30
STS $101, R30
STS $102, R30
STS $103, R30
STS $104, R30
STS $105, R30

LDS R20, $100

LDS R16, $101
ADD R20, R16
LDS R16, $102
ADD R20, R16
LDS R16, $103
ADD R20, R16
LDS R16, $104
ADD R20, R16
LDS R16, $105
ADD R20, R16

28.
LDI R30, $11
STS $100, R30
STS $101, R30
STS $102, R30
STS $103, R30
STS $104, R30
STS $105, R30

“The AVR Microcontroller and Embedded Systems” 15

 LDS R20, $100
LDS R16, $101
ADD R20, R16
LDS R16, $102
ADD R20, R16
LDS R16, $103
ADD R20, R16
LDS R16, $104
ADD R20, R16
LDS R16, $105
ADD R20, R16

STS $105, R20

29.

STS $67, R16

LDI R16, $15
LDI R19, 0
LDS R20, $67
ADD R19, R20
ADD R19, R20
ADD R19, R20
ADD R19, R20
ADD R19, R20

30.

STS $67, R16

LDI R16, $15
LDI R19, 0
LDS R20, $67
ADD R19, R20
ADD R19, R20
ADD R19, R20
ADD R19, R20
ADD R19, R20

STS $67, R19

31.

LDُ
S
ُ R27, $68
32. COM R27

LDُ
S
ُ R19, $68
OUT PORTC, R19
SECTION 2.4: AVR STATUS REGISTER

33. 8
34. 0, 5

“The AVR Microcontroller and Embedded Systems” 16

 35. 3, 2
36. When there is a carry beyond the D7 bit.
37. When there is a carry from the D3 to the D4 bit.
38. C = 1 because there is a carry beyond the D7 bit.
Z = 1 because the R20 (the result) has value 0 in it after the addition.
39.
(a)
$54 0101 0100
+ $C4 1100 0100
$118 10001 1000 R20 = $18
C = 1 because there is a carry beyond the D7 bit.

(b)
$00 0000 0000
+ $FF 1111 1111
$FF 1111 1111 R23 = $FF
C = 0 because there is no carry beyond the D7 bit.

(c)
$FF 1111 1111
+ $05 0000 0101
$FF 10000 0100 R30 = $04
C = 1 because there is a carry beyond the D7 bit.

40.
LDI R16, $55
LDI R20, $55
ADD R16, R20
ADD R16, R20
ADD R16, R20
ADD R16, R20
ADD R16, R20

SECTION 2.5: AVR DATA FORMAT AND DIRECTIVES

41.
.EQU MYDAT_1 = $37
.EQU MYDAT_2 = $62
.EQU MYDAT_3 = $47
.EQU MYDAT_4 = $50
.EQU MYDAT_5 = $C8
.EQU MYDAT_6 = $41
.EQU MYDAT_7 = $AA
.EQU MYDAT_8 = $FF
.EQU MYDAT_9 = $90
.EQU MYDAT_10 = $7E
.EQU MYDAT_11 = $0A
.EQU MYDAT_12 = $0F

“The AVR Microcontroller and Embedded Systems” 17

 42.
.EQU DAT_1 = $16
.EQU DAT_2 = $56
.EQU DAT_3 = $99
.EQU DAT_4 = $20
.EQU DAT_5 = $F6
.EQU DAT_6 = $FB
43.
.EQU TEMP0 = $60
.EQU TEMP1 = $61
.EQU TEMP2 = $62
.EQU TEMP3 = $63
.EQU TEMP4 = $64
.EQU TEMP5 = $65

LDI R16, $11

STS TEMP0, R16
STS TEMP1, R16
STS TEMP2, R16
STS TEMP3, R16
STS TEMP4, R16
STS TEMP5, R16

LDS R20, TEMP0

LDS R21, TEMP1
ADD R20, R21
LDS R21, TEMP2
ADD R20, R21
LDS R21, TEMP3
ADD R20, R21
LDS R21, TEMP4
ADD R20, R21
LDS R21, TEMP5
ADD R20, R21

SECTION 2.6: INSTRUCTION TO AVR ASSEMBLY PROGRAMMING AND

SECTION 2.7: ASSEMBLING AN AVR PROGRAM

44. Low, High

45. Assembly
46. Assembler
47. True
48. False
49. False
50. No
51. Because they do not produce machine instructions. They just give directions to the
assembler.
52. True
53. hex
54. hex, eep, lst, map, and obj

“The AVR Microcontroller and Embedded Systems” 18

SECTION 2.8: THE PROGRAM AND PROGRAM ROM SPACE IN THE AVR

55. 0
56. It executes whatever is at location 0 which could be garbage in this case.
57. a) 2 bytes b) 2 bytes c) 2 bytes d) 2 bytes
e) 2 bytes f) 2 bytes g) 2 bytes h) 4 bytes
58. (a)
LDIُR20,‘1’
STS 0x100, R20
LDIُR20,‘9’
STS 0x101, R20
LDIُR20,‘5’
STS 0x102, R20
LDIُR20,‘1’
STS 0x103, R20
LDIُR20,‘2’
STS 0x104, R20

(b)
LDI R19,0
LDS R16, 0x100
ADD R19,R16
LDS R16, 0x101
ADD R19,R16
LDS R16, 0x102
ADD R19,R16
LDS R16, 0x103
ADD R19,R16
LDS R16, 0x104
ADD R19,R16
STS 0x306, R19

(c)

59. In AVR, each location of the program memory holds 2 bytes; therefore:
a) Memory locations = 32 K / 2 = 16 K = 16 * 1024 = 16384 Î Last location = 16383
= $3FFF

“The AVR Microcontroller and Embedded Systems” 19

 b) Memory locations = 8 K / 2 = 4 K = 4 * 1024 = 4096 Î Last location = 4095 = $FFF
c) Memory locations = 64 K / 2 = 32 K = 32 * 1024 = 32768 Î Last location = 32767
= $7FFF
d) Memory locations = 16 K / 2 = 8 K = 8 * 1024 = 8192 Î Last location = 8191 =
$1FFF
e) Memory locations = 128 K / 2 = 64 K = 64 * 1024 = 65536 Î Last location = 65535
= $FFFF
60. In ATmega32, the program memory is 32K bytes. Since the 32K is organized as 16K x 2
Bytes, the last location has the address of $3FFF. Therefore the program counter can have
values between 0 and $3FFF.
61. $7FFF = 32767 Î the program memory has 32767 + 1 = 32768 locations. Therefore, it
has 65536 = 64K bytes.
62. $3FF = 1023 Î the program memory has 1024 locations. Therefore, the size of program
memory is 2 Kbytes.
63. (a) $1FFF + 1 = 8,192 words = 16,384 bytes = 16 KB
(b) $3FFF + 1 = 16,384 words = 32 KB
(c) $7FFF + 1 = 32,768 words = 64 KB
(d) $FFFF + 1 = 65,536 words = 128 KB
(e) $1FFFF + 1 = 131,072 words = 256 KB
(f) $3FFFF + 1 = 262,144 words = 512 KB
(g) $FFF + 1 = 4096 words = 8 KB
(h) $1FF + 1 = 512 words = 1 KB

64. (a) $3FF + 1 = 1024 words = 2 KB

(b) $7FF + 1 = 2048 words = 4 KB
(c) $7FFFF + 1 = 524,288 words = 1,048,576 KB
(d) $FFFFF + 1 = 1,048,576 words = 2048 KB = 2 MB
(e) $1FFFFF + 1 = 2,097,152 words = 4096 KB = 4 MB
(f) $3FFFFF + 1 = 4,194,304 words = 8192 KB = 8 MB
(g) $5FFF + 1 = 24,576 words = 49152 bytes = 48 KB
(h) $BFFFF + 1 = 786,432 words = 1,572,864 bytes = 1536 KB = 1.5 MB

65. 2 bytes
66. 2 bytes
67. As shown in Figure 2-14, 8 bits are set aside for K. Therefore, K can be between 0 and
255.
68. $0C01 = 0000 1100 0000 0001. According to the figures of page 92, it is the machine
code for the ADD instruction.
69. It is a 4-byte instruction. 16 bits of it are set aside for K. Therefore, K can be between 0
and 65535. In AVR, the data memory is 64 KB; as a result, STS can address the entire
memory space.
70. It is a 4-byte instruction. 16 bits of it are set aside for K. Therefore, K can be between 0
and 65535. In AVR, the data memory is 64 KB; as a result, LDS can address the entire
memory space.
71. In the JMP instruction, 22 bits are set aside for K. Therefore K can be between 0 and
4,194,303.

“The AVR Microcontroller and Embedded Systems” 20

SECTION 2.9: RISC ARCHITECTURE IN THE AVR

72. RISC is reduced instruction set computer; CISC stands for complex instruction set
computer.
73. CISC
74. RISC
75. RISC
76. CISC
77. False

“The AVR Microcontroller and Embedded Systems” 21

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 CHAPTER XI.
The settling in the giant tree.

I had thought it necessary to keep watch during this first night, for
the protection of my family. Every leaf that stirred, gave me the
apprehension that it was the approach of a jackall or a tiger, who
might attack some member of my family. As soon as one of the
heaps was consumed, I lighted another; and at length, finding that
no animal appeared, I by degrees became assured, and at last fell
into so sound a sleep, that I did not awake early enough for the
execution of my project for that day. The boys were all up and about
me. We took our breakfast, and fell to our work. My wife, having
finished her daily occupation of milking the cow, and preparing the
breakfast for the family, and for all the animals, set off with Ernest,
Jack, and Francis, attended by the ass, to the sea-shore; they had
no doubt of finding some more pieces of wood, and they thought it
would be prudent to replenish our exhausted store. In her absence, I
ascended the tree with Fritz, and made the necessary preparations
for my undertaking, for which I found it in every respect convenient;
for the branches grew extremely close to each other, and in an
exactly horizontal direction. Such as grew in a manner to obstruct my
design, I cut off either with the saw or hatchet, leaving none but what
presented me with a sort of foundation for my work. I left those which
spread themselves evenly upon the trunk, and had the largest circuit,
as a support for my floor. Above these, at the height of forty-six feet,
I found others, upon which to suspend our hammocks; and higher
still, there was a further series of branches, destined to receive the
roof of my tent, which for the present was to be formed of nothing
more than a large surface of sail-cloth.
 The progress of these preparations was considerably slow. It was
necessary to raise certain beams to this height of forty feet, that
were too heavy for my wife and her little assistants to lift from the
ground without great effort. I had, however, the resource of my
pulley, which served to excellent purpose. My wife and her little boys
fastened the beams to pieces of cord above, while Fritz and I
contrived to draw them up to the elevation of the tent one by one.
When I had already placed two beams upon the branches, I
hastened to fix my planks upon them; and I made my floor double,
that it might have sufficient solidity if the beams should be in any way
warped from their places. I then formed a wall something like a park-
paling, all round, to prevent accidents to ourselves or children. This
operation, and a third journey to the sea-shore to collect the timber
necessary, filled our morning so completely, that not one of us had
thought about dinner. For this once it was requisite to be content with
a simple provision of ham and milk. Dinner ended, we returned to
work to finish our aërial palace, which now began to make an
imposing appearance. We unhooked our hammocks, &c. from the
projecting roots from which they had at first been suspended; and,
by means of my pulley, contrived to hoist them up to our new
habitation. The sail-cloth roof was supported by the thick branches
above; and as it was of great compass, and hung down on every
side, the idea occurred to me of nailing it to the paling on two sides,
and thus getting not only a roof, but two walls also; the immense
trunk of the tree forming a third; while a fourth side contained the
entrance of our apartment; and this I left entirely open, both as a
means of seeing what passed without, and for admitting a current of
air to cool us in this burning temperature. We also on this side
enjoyed an extensive and uninterrupted view of the vast ocean, and
its lengthening shore. The hammocks were soon suspended from
the branches above, and now every thing was ready for our
reception that very evening. Well satisfied with the execution of my
plan, I descended with Fritz, who had assisted me throughout the
whole; and as the day was not far advanced, and I observed we had
still some planks remaining, we set about contriving a large table to
be placed between the roots of the tree, and surrounded with
benches; and this place, we said, should be called our dining-
parlour. For this time, we performed our task but slightly, for I
confess I was much fatigued. The table, on the whole, however, was
such as might be well endured, and the view of it gave my wife
considerable satisfaction as she looked on, busied with preparations
for our supper. In the mean time, the three youngest boys collected
all the pieces of wood we had thrown down from the tree, and put
them together to dry in a heap, at a small distance from our fire-
place. I also tied together a quantity of small wood which we had
collected, and which served to augment our store for making fires.
Entirely exhausted by the fatigues of the day, I threw myself at full
length on a bank, saying to my wife, that as I had worked like a
galley-slave to-day, I should allow myself some rest to-morrow. My
wife answered, that not only I was entitled to a day of rest, but that it
was a duty incumbent on me to take it on the following day; for, said
she, I have calculated that to-morrow is Sunday. Unfortunately we
had already passed one sabbath-day without recollecting that it was
so.
Father.—I thank you, my dear, for making this discovery, and I
promise you that the day shall be celebrated by us, as it ought to be.
It was not unknown to me that we had passed over one Sunday
without a due observance of the duties it imposes; but I confess it
appeared to me, that being caused by the extraordinary exertions we
had to make for the preservation of our lives in a desert place, to
which it had pleased God to conduct us, it was a pardonable
omission; but now that we seem to have surmounted many
difficulties, and to have secured ourselves an habitation, we should
indeed be culpable not to celebrate in a solemn and particular
manner, the day he has consecrated to himself.
My Wife.—Be assured, my dear, that I shall heartily join you in
rendering thanks to God, who in so imminent a danger preserved all
that was dear to me, and affords us here, in a strange and desert
land, not only the necessaries of life, but many of its comforts also. I
could no where have met with an habitation more to my fancy, than
that you have effected for us in the tree. I will mount the ladder this
evening with you, for I feel almost a child’s joy at the idea of passing
the night up in the air, as we may call it. Let us quickly eat our supper
and go to bed, without dropping a word about its being Sunday to-
morrow. It will be a great pleasure to me to surprise the boys with the
news of a day of rest from labour, which they did not expect.
And I, for my part, said I, am rejoiced to find you thus contented
and resigned to your fate, and entertaining no contempt for our
imperfect contrivances. But now let us see what you have prepared
for our reward; and let us call the children round us; I feel in want of
such a restorative after my fatigue.
The little company was soon assembled round the table. Their
mother followed, holding in her hand an earthen pot, which we had
before observed upon the fire, and the contents of which we were all
curious to be informed of. She took off the cover, and with a fork
drew out of it the flamingo which Fritz had killed. She informed us
that she had preferred dressing it this way, to roasting, because
Ernest had assured her that it was an old bird, which would prove
hard and tough, and had advised her to improve it by stewing. We
rallied our glutton boy on this foible of his character, and his brothers
gave him the name of the cook. We, however, had soon reason to
know, that he had conferred upon us an important obligation; for the
bird, which roasted we perhaps should not have been able to touch,
now appeared excellent, and was eaten up to the very bones.
While we were thus enjoying our repast, the live flamingo stalked
up to the place where we were sitting, in the midst of our flock of
fowls, to receive his part of the repast, little thinking that it was his
late companion that had furnished it. The live flamingo had now
become so tame, that we had released him from the stake. He took
his walks gravely from place to place, and looked perfectly contented
with his company. His fine plumage was a most pleasing sight; while,
on the other hand, the sportive tricks and the grimaces of our little
monkey, afforded the most agreeable spectacle imaginable. The little
animal had become quite familiar with us; jumped from the shoulder
of one to that of another; always caught adroitly the meat we threw
him, and ate it in so pleasant a way as to make us laugh heartily. To
increase our merriment, the old sow, which hitherto had shown an
unconquerable aversion to our society, and which we had missed for
two whole days, was now seen advancing towards us, grunting at
every step. For this time, however, her grunting indicated her joy at
having found us once more: and the joy was mutual; of which my
wife gave her a substantial proof, by serving her instantly with what
remained of our daily allowance of milk.
I confess I thought her a little too generous, till she explained to
me that it was necessary to contrive some utensils proper for making
butter and cheese, and that till this was done, it was better to turn the
milk to profit in this way, than, in so hot a climate, to let it be spoiled.
And it was the more necessary, she added, as our grain began to
run short, and that, as pigs are very fond of milk, it might be a means
of preventing her wandering from us again.
I always find you right, my dear, said I. It shall not be long ere we
again undertake another visit to the vessel, to fetch a new provision
of grain for your poultry.
Again the subject of the vessel, said she, with a sort of reproachful
regret; I shall never enjoy a moment’s happiness till it is gone to the
bottom, and you shall have entirely banished it from your thoughts!
You never make a voyage that does not leave me filled with
agonizing alarm for your safety.
I cannot deny, replied I, that there may be some reason for this;
but I must remind you that we always choose a day of calm and
settled weather for our excursion; and in my opinion we should be
unpardonable, if we allowed ourselves to be so subdued by
causeless alarms, as to neglect the means of obtaining a variety of
useful things, which Providence seems to have reserved for our use.
During this conversation, the boys, by my direction, had lighted
one of the heaps of wood for the protection of our animals. This
being done, we tied long ropes loosely round the necks of our dogs,
purposing to mount to our tent with the ends in my hand, that I might
be able to let them loose upon the enemy at the first barking I should
hear. Every one was now eager to retire to rest, and the signal for
ascending the ladder, was given. The three eldest boys were up in
an instant; then came their mother’s turn, who proceeded slowly and
cautiously, and arrived in perfect safety. My own ascension was the
last, and the most difficult; for I carried little Francis on my back, and
the end of the ladder had been loosened at the bottom, that I might
be able to draw it up in the tent during the night: every step,
therefore, was made with the greatest difficulty, in consequence of its
swinging motion. At last, however, I got to the top, and, to the
admiration of the boys, drew the ladder after me. It appeared to them
that we were in one of the strong castles of the ancient chevaliers, in
which, when the draw-bridge is raised, the inhabitants are secured
from every attack of the enemy. Notwithstanding this apparent safety,
I kept our guns in readiness for whatever event might require their
use. We now abandoned ourselves to repose; our hearts
experienced a full tranquillity; and the fatigue we had all undergone,
induced so sound a sleep, that day-light shone full in the front of our
habitation, before our eyes were opened.
 CHAPTER XII.
The Sabbath and the parable.

On awaking in the morning, we were all sensible of an unusual

refreshment, and a new activity of mind. Well, young ones, cried I
jocosely, you have learned, I see, how to sleep in a hammock, I
heard not a single complaint all the night! no disputing about room
from any one of you; all was still and tranquil. Ah, answered they,
stretching and yawning as they spoke, we were so heartily fatigued
yesterday, that it is no wonder we slept so soundly.
Father.—Here then, my children, is another advantage derived
from labour; that of procuring a sweet and peaceful sleep.
Yes, yes, father, that is very true, said they, so let us go to work
again to-day: What is there to do? What will you give each of us to
do?
Father.—Nothing at all; you will do no work with your hands for the
whole day.
The Boys.—Oh, father, you are joking now, I see you are; you are
laughing at us because we slept a little too long.
Father.—No, my dear boys, I am not joking. This day is Sunday,
and God said, Six days shall thou labour, but the seventh is the
Sabbath of the Lord thy God; and we will therefore celebrate it as we
ought.
Jack.—Sunday! What, are there Sundays here? That is quite
delightful! Oh, I will go and shoot my arrows, and I will walk about
and play, and I will do no work the whole day.
Father.—Do you think, then, that it was solely for the purpose that
people might amuse themselves, and indulge in idleness, that God
reserved Sunday to himself? You mistake; what he intended was,
that there should be a day set apart for worship and thanksgiving for
all his goodness, and such an employment of our time ought to be
our greatest pleasure.
Ernest.—I thought, father, that the worship of God consisted in
going to church to hear a sermon and sing hymns: we have no
church here, how then can we properly observe Sundays?
Francis.—And we have no organ either, and I am very sorry, for I
like very much to hear it.
Jack.—You see then, papa, that it is not possible for us to
celebrate Sunday in the way you propose.
Fritz.—How childishly you talk! Do you think that papa, who made
sermons for us in our own country, cannot make them here? Is not
God in every place, as certainly as in a church? And what should
hinder us from singing without an organ? When there were soldiers
encamped near our town, they had neither church nor organ, and yet
the service of the church was performed to them: we have a good
minister, and that is the principal thing.
Father.—Your brother is quite right, my boys; God is indeed every
where, and the best worship consists in thinking of him, and of his
holy will, and resolving to fulfil it. In this sense, there is no place in
the world that may not serve for a church, because we may entertain
pious sentiments every where; and this majestic arch of heaven, the
immediate work of the Almighty, ought more effectually to raise the
soul and touch the heart, than an edifice of stone made by the hand
of man! We will, therefore, perform divine service this morning; we
shall have no sermon to-day, those I know by heart being beyond
your comprehension: young persons should be addressed on the
subject of the Supreme Being, according to their feeble
understanding, and not as we would address an audience whose
judgement and reason are matured. I will hereafter compose a
sermon that shall be suitable for you: today we will repeat the
prayers, and sing one of those affecting hymns of adoration which
your mother taught you. I will then relate to you a parable of the
Great King, which is well adapted to awaken pious thoughts and
sentiments in your minds.
 The Boys.—A parable, a parable! What, like that of the Sower in
the Testament. Ah, yes, do, papa; we will listen for ever to that; do
begin directly.
Father.—Every thing in its turn, if you please: first, let us perform
our usual morning devotions; then we will descend to breakfast, and
take care of our animals, a work which God permits us to engage in
even on Sundays: in the meanwhile, I will reflect a little on the history
I am to relate, and then I will call you round me.
Accordingly, after prayers, we descended the ladder, and
breakfasted on warm milk; we served the animals also with their
meal, and then we all sat down on the tender grass; the boys full of
impatient curiosity; their mother absorbed in silent reflection, her
hands joined and her eyes sometimes turned towards the sky; while
I was penetrated with the most lively desire to impress upon the
young minds of my children, a subject I considered of the highest
importance for their well-being, both in this world and in that which is
to come.
All now standing up, I repeated aloud the church service, which I
knew by heart, and we sung some verses from the hundred and
nineteenth psalm, which the boys had before learned; after which we
sat down, and I began as follows:
“My dear children, there was once a Great King, whose kingdom
was called The country of Light and Reality, because the purest and
softest light of the sun reigned there continually, which caused the
inhabitants to be in a perpetual state of activity. On the furthest
borders of this kingdom, northward, there was another country which
also belonged to the Great King, and the immense extent of which,
was unknown to all but himself. From time immemorial, a plan the
most exact of this country, had been preserved in the royal archives.
This second kingdom was called The kingdom of Obscurity or of
Night, because every thing in it was gloomy and inactive.
“In the most fertile and agreeable part of his empire of Reality, this
Great King had a residence called the Heavenly City, in which he
lived and kept his court, which was the most brilliant that the
imagination can form an idea of. Millions of guards, and servants
high in dignity, remained for ever round him, and a still larger number
held themselves in readiness to receive his commands. The first of
these were clothed in robes of cloth that was lighter than silk, and
white as snow; for white, the image of purity, was the favourite colour
of the Great King. Others of his attendants carried flaming swords in
their hands, and their garments displayed the most brilliant colours of
the rainbow; each of these stood in waiting to execute the will of the
King, with the rapidity of lightning, on receiving from him the slightest
sign. All were happy to be admitted into his presence; their faces
shone with the mildest joy, and wore the impression of a calm
serenity, and of the absence of all inquietude and pain: there was but
one heart, and one soul among them; the sentiment of paternal
concord so united these beings, that no envy or jealousy ever arose
among them. The common centre of all their thoughts, and all their
sentiments, was devotion to their sovereign: it would have been
impossible either to see or converse with them, without passionately
desiring, even at any sacrifice, to obtain their friendship, and to
partake their lot. Among the rest of the inhabitants of the Heavenly
City, there were some less close in their attendance upon the Great
King; but they were all virtuous, all happy, all had been enriched by
the beneficence of the monarch, and, what is of still higher price, had
received constant marks of his paternal care; for his subjects were
all equal in his eyes, and he loved them and treated them as if they
had been his children.
“The Great King had, besides the two kingdoms I have been
describing, an uninhabited island of considerable extent; it was his
wish to people and cultivate this island, for all within it was a kind of
chaos: he destined it to be for some years the abode of such future
citizens as he intended to receive finally into his residence, to which
only such of his subjects were admitted, as had rendered
themselves worthy by their conduct. This island was called Earthly
Abode; he who should have passed some time in it, and by his
virtues, his application to labour, and the cultivation of the land,
should have rendered himself worthy of reward, was afterwards to
be received into the Heavenly City, and made one of its happy
inhabitants.
“To effect this end, the Great King caused a fleet to be equipped,
which was to transport the new colonists to this island. These he
chose from the kingdom of Night, and for his first gift bestowed upon
them the enjoyment of light, and the view of the lovely face of nature,
of which they had been deprived in their gloomy and unknown
abode. It will easily be imagined that they arrived joyful and happy, at
least they became so, when they had been for a short time
accustomed to the multitude of new objects which struck their feeble
sight. The island was rich and fertile when cultivated. The beneficent
King provided each individual who was disembarked upon it, with all
the things he could want in the time he had fixed for their stay in it,
and all the means for obtaining the certainty of being admitted as
citizens of his magnificent abode, when they should leave the Earthly
Island. All that was required to entitle them to this benefit was, that
they should occupy themselves unceasingly in useful labour, and
strictly obey the commands of the Great King which he made known
to them. He sent to them his only son, who addressed them from his
father in the following terms:
“‘My dear children, I have called you from the kingdom of Night
and Insensibility to render you happy by the gifts of life, of sentiment,
and of activity. But your happiness for the most part will depend upon
yourselves. You will be happy if you wish to be so. If such is your
sincere desire, you must never forget that I am your good king, your
tender father; and you must faithfully fulfil my will in the cultivation of
the country I have confided to your care. Each of you shall receive,
on his arriving at the island, the portion of land which is intended for
him; and my further commands respecting your conduct, will be soon
communicated to you. I shall send you wise and learned men, who
will explain to you my commands; and that you may of yourselves
seek after the light necessary for your welfare, and remember my
laws at every instant of your lives, it is my will that each father of a
family, shall keep an exact copy of them in his house, and read them
daily to all the persons who belong to him. Further, each first day of
the week, I require to be devoted to my service. In each colony, all
the people shall assemble together as brothers in one place, where
shall be read and explained to them, the laws contained in my
archives. The rest of this day shall be employed in making serious
reflections on the duties and destination of the colonists, and on the
best means to fulfil the same: thus, it shall be possible to all, to
receive instruction concerning the best manner and most effectual
means, of improving the land which has been confided to your care:
thus, you will each day learn to manure, to sow, to plant, to water,
and cleanse the land from tares, and from all evil weeds that may
choke the good seed. On this same day, each of you may present
his supplications, may tell me what he stands in need of, and what
he desires to have, to forward the perfection of his labour; all these
requests will appear before me, and I shall answer, by granting such
as I shall think reasonable, and tending to a salutary end. If your
heart tells you that the various benefits you enjoy, deserve your
gratitude, and if you will testify it by doubling your activity, and by
consecrating to me the day I have chosen for myself, I will take care
that this day of rest, instead of being an injury to you, shall become a
benefit, through the salutary repose of your body, and that of the
animals given you to assist your labours, and who, as well as
yourself, should enjoy repose on that day to recruit their strength.
Even the wild animals of the field, and of the forests, ought on that
day to be protected from the pursuit of the hunter.
“‘He, who in his Earthly Abode shall most strictly have observed
my will, who shall have best fulfilled the duties of a brother towards
his fellow inhabitants, who shall have preserved his land in the best
order, and shall show the largest produce from it, shall be
recompensed for his deeds, and shall become an inhabitant of my
magnificent residence in the Heavenly City. But the neglectful and
the idle man, and the wicked man, who shall have spent their time in
interrupting the useful labours of others, shall be condemned to pass
their lives in slavery, or, according to the degree of their wickedness,
shall be condemned to live in subterraneous mines, in the bowels of
the earth.
“‘From time to time, I shall send ships to fetch certain individuals
from the Earthly Island, to reward or punish them, according as they
have done well or ill; and as none will be warned beforehand, of the
time of the coming of my messenger, it will be well for you to keep
watch, that you may be ready to perform the voyage, and worthy to
be received into the Heavenly City. It will not be permitted for any
one to pass by stealth on board the ship, and leave his abode
without my orders; for such a one shall be severely punished. I shall
have the most certain knowledge of all that passes in the Earthly
Island, and no one will be able to deceive me. A magical mirror will
at all times show me the actions of each individual in the island, and
you shall be judged according to your most secret thoughts and
acionst.’
“All the colonists were well satisfied with the discourse of the Great
King, and made him the most sacred promises. After a short time
allowed for repose from the fatigue of the voyage, a portion of land
and the proper instruments for labour, were distributed to each of the
strangers. They received also seeds, and useful plants, and young
trees for producing them refreshing fruits. Each was then left at
liberty to act as he pleased, and increase the value of what was
confided to his care. But what happened? After some time, each
followed the suggestions of his fancy: one planted his land with
arbours, flowery banks, and sweet-smelling shrubs; all pleasing to
the sight, but which brought forth nothing. Another planted wild
apple-trees, instead of the good fruit as the Great King had
commanded; contenting himself with giving high-sounding names to
the miserable fruit he had caused to be brought forth. A third had
indeed sown good grain; but not knowing how to distinguish the
tares that grew up along with it, he pulled up the good plants before
they were mature, and left only the tares in his ground. But the
greater part let their land lie fallow, and bestowed no labour upon it,
having spoiled their implements, or lost their seed, either from
negligence or idleness, or liking better to amuse themselves than to
labour; many of them had wilfully misunderstood the instructions of
the Great King, and sought by subtleties to change their meaning.
“Few, very few, worked with diligence and courage, and seeking to
improve their land, according to the orders they had received. The
great fault of these was, that they would not believe what the Great
King had sent to tell them. All the fathers of families, had indeed a
copy of the laws of the Sovereign, but most of them omitted to read
in the book: some saying that it was useless to read it, for they knew
it by heart, while they never employed their thoughts upon it. Others
pretended that these laws were good for times past, but were no
longer beneficial for the present state of the country. Some had even
the audacity to assert, that it contained many inexplicable
contradictions; that the laws it prescribed were merely supposed or
falsified, and that they had therefore a right to deviate from them.
Others among them maintained, that the magical mirror was a mere
fable; that the King was of too merciful a nature to keep galleys; that
there was no such place as the subterranean mines; and that all
would at last enter the Heavenly City. From habit they continued to
celebrate the first day of the week, but by far the smallest part of it
was consecrated to the honour of the Great King. Great numbers of
them dispensed with going to the general assembly, either from
idleness, or to employ themselves in occupations which had been
expressly forbidden. By far the greater part of the people considered
this day of repose as intended for pleasure, and thought of nothing
but adorning and amusing themselves as soon as daylight appeared.
There were only then a small number of persons who kept the day
according to the decree; and even of those who frequented the
assembly, many had their thoughts absent, or were sleepy, or
engaged in forming empty projects, instead of listening to the words,
which fell from the lips of the minister of the sovereign. The Great
King, however, observed unalterably the laws he had laid down and
announced, respecting them. From time to time, some frigates
appeared on their coasts, each bearing the name of some disastrous
malady; and these were followed by a large ship of the line, named
the Grave, on board of which, the admiral, whose name was Death,
caused his flag of two colours, green and black, to be constantly
floating in the air. He showed the colonists, according to the situation
in which he found them, either the smiling colour of Hope, or the
gloomy colour of Despair.
“This fleet always arrived without being announced, and seldom
gave any pleasure to the inhabitants. The admiral sent the captains
of his frigates, to seize the persons he was ordered to bring back
with him. Many who had not the smallest inclination were suddenly
embarked, while others, who had prepared every thing for the
harvest, and whose land was in the best condition, were also seized.
But these last took their departure cheerfully, and without alarm; well
knowing that nothing but happiness awaited them. It was those who
were conscious they had neglected to cultivate their land, who felt
the most regret. It was even necessary to employ force to bring them
under subjection. When the fleet was ready for departure, the
admiral sailed for the port of the Royal Residence; and the Great
King, who was present on their arrival, executed with strict justice
both the rewards and punishments which had been promised to
them. All the excuses alleged by those who had been idle, were of
no avail. They were sent to the mines and to the galleys, while those
who had obeyed the Great King and well cultivated their land, were
admitted into the Heavenly City, clothed in robes of brilliant colours,
one exceeding the other according to the degree of merit.”—Here,
my dear children, ends my parable. May you have thoroughly
understood its meaning, and may you reap the advantage it is
capable of affording you! Make it the subject of your reflections the
whole of this day. You, Fritz, I see, are thoughtful; tell me what struck
you most in my narration.
Fritz.—The goodness of the Great King, and the ingratitude of the
colonists, father.
Father.—And you, Ernest, what is your thought?
Ernest.—For my part, I think they were great fools to have made
so bad a calculation. What did they get by conducting themselves as
they did? With a little pains they might have passed a very agreeable
sort of life in the island, and would have been sure of going
afterwards to the Heavenly City.
Jack.—To the mines, gentlemen, away with you! you have well
deserved it.
Francis.—For my part, I should have liked best to have lived with
the men who were drest in the colours of the rainbow. How beautiful
they must have looked!
Father.—This is well, my boys. I perceive that each of you,
according to his age and character, has seized the meaning of my
parable. I have by this image endeavoured to represent to you the
conduct of God towards man, and that of man towards God: let us
see now if you have completely seized the sense.—I then put
different questions to them, and explained what they had not
perfectly comprehended; and after a short review of the principal
parts of my discourse, I concluded it by a moral application.
 “Human creatures, said I, are the colonists of God; we are
required to perform the business of probation for a certain period,
and sooner or later are destined to be taken hence. Our final
destination is Heaven, and a perfect happiness with the spirits of just
men made perfect, and in the presence of the bountiful Father of us
all. The piece of land intrusted to each is the soul! and according as
he cultivates and ennobles it, or neglects or depraves it, will be his
future reward or punishment. At present, dear children, that you
know the true sense of my parable, each of you should make the
application of it according to his own consciousness. You, Fritz,
should think of the subjects who planted the wild apples, and wished
to make them pass for sweet savoury fruit of a superior kind. These
represent persons who make a parade of the natural virtues
belonging to their character, and which are consequently exercised
without any trouble to themselves; such as courage, strength, &c.
who prefer them to more essential qualities acquired by others, with
sacrifices and labour to themselves; and who, full of presumption
and arrogance, consider themselves as irreproachable, because
nature has given them personal courage, and bodily strength, and a
certain skill in the use of these qualities.
“You, Ernest, should think of the subjects of the Great King who
cultivated their land so as to produce arbours, flowery banks, and
sweet-smelling shrubs, and such productions in general as would
please the eye, but which produced no fruit. These are they, who
give their whole attention to the acquiring unfruitful knowledge,
sciences, &c., and consider with a sort of contempt the things more
immediately required for the conduct of life; who exert themselves
solely for the understanding, and neglect the heart; whose principal
aim it is, to obtain self-indulgences, and who neglect what is useful in
society.
“You, Jack, and you, Francis, should apply to yourselves the case
of those men who let their land lie fallow, or, in their thoughtlessness,
mistook the grain, and sowed tares instead of wheat. These are the
neglectful subjects, who neither think nor learn, but give to the winds
what is taught them, or entirely forget instruction; who reject virtuous
sentiments, and let the bad ones grow in their hearts. But for
ourselves, one and all, we will adopt the model of the good and
zealous labourers; and should our exertions be a little painful, we
shall think of the reward which awaits us, when we shall have
adorned our souls with all that is good, just, and praiseworthy. Thus,
when death, which cannot fail to come at last, shall summon us, we
may follow him with joy to the throne of the Good and Great King, to
hear him pronounce these sweet and consoling words: O good and
faithful servant! thou hast been tried, and found faithful in many
things; enter thou into the joy of thy Lord.” With these words, and a
short prayer of benediction, I concluded the solemnity of our Sunday;
and I had the satisfaction of seeing, that my four sons had not only
listened attentively, but that they were struck with the application I
had made to each of them. They remained for a short time reflecting
in silence. Jack was the first to break it: You have explained to us
every part of the parable, father, except the copy of the laws of the
Great King, which was to be kept and read in every family: have you
one of these copies? for you never read it to us.
Father.—Alas! my children, I have never been without such a
copy; and not only one, but several, and we have read in it almost
every day. This copy is the Holy Bible, which contains all God’s laws,
and which we ought constantly to study carefully. I cannot forgive
myself for not having thought of bringing it from the vessel. Should
we not be able to go another voyage, we shall for ever be deprived
of this divine doctrine. I can hardly imagine how it could be possible
for me, a minister of the Holy Gospel, and the father of a family, to be
so occupied about things for the comfort of our poor mortal bodies,
and forget what might console and sustain our immortal souls, and
which was so necessary for the conduct of my children!
My Wife.—Have you then forgot my enchanted bag, which I have
promised shall furnish every thing you can desire? You wish for a
Bible. In a minute I will put one into your hands; and heartily do I
rejoice in having the power to bring you so great a satisfaction.
Father.—O best and most excellent of women! how ashamed I am
of myself in the comparison! While, in the midst of confusion and
horrors, you thought of so many little things conducive to our
comfort, and which we as males disdained to be occupied about,
have you then also taken care of the most essential of all, the health
of our souls? A thousand thanks are due to you! Give me the
inestimable book, these laws of the Great King, which I have
mentioned in my parable, and which from this moment, we will take
for the rule of our lives. She opened her bag, and with joy I received
from her the book of life. I opened it, and immediately read some
passages from it to my family. In this solitude, in which for so long a
time we had heard only our own thoughts expressed in an
appropriate language, we were singularly affected with the voice
from heaven, which now seemed to address us: we felt forcibly that,
notwithstanding our exile, we were still connected with the
community of mankind: by the invisible tie of the same religion, and
the same Father, we were for ever numbered among the children of
God, to whom he enjoins laws, and on whom he bestows his care,
no less in a desert, than in an immense capital; our island,
containing only our own family, was no doubt as interesting in his
eyes, as whole nations of people. I explained with the utmost care
what I read to them, and I gave the book in turn to each of the boys,
that they might have the pleasure of reading for themselves.
I chose in preference, such passages as were applicable to our
circumstances. We then raised our hearts to God, to thank him for so
signal a benefit as the preservation of our Bible! My young folks still
remained thoughtful and serious; but by and by the gaiety natural to
their age, prevailed, and each slipped away to seek the recreation he
liked best. But as it had been enjoined them not to undertake any
kind of labour, they rambled about from place to place, with more
appearance of listlessness than of reflection. This gave me an
opportunity of observing, that at their age, the soul is too feeble to
sustain herself through the whole day without occupation. I recalled
them, therefore, and observed that the Great and Good King did not
require complete inaction from them, and that they might amuse and
occupy themselves the rest of the day, without giving him offence,
provided they should avoid unruly sports. Jack desired me to lend
him my bow and arrows, as he wished to see how they would fly,
now that they had been completed from the quills of his porcupine.
Fritz had a great desire to be employed about the case he was to
make of the skin of the tiger-cat, and asked my advice how to
proceed. Little Francis, also, laid my activity under contribution, by
requesting me to make him a bow and arrows, he being yet too
young to be intrusted with a gun. I began with giving Jack the bow
and arrows as he desired, and told him how to make the sand run
out, and to put on the sharp points at the end, and tie them securely
round with packthread, and then to dip them into some glue.
Yes, yes, I understand, said Jack wagging his head knowingly; I
know how to do it very well, father. But will you be kind enough to tell
me where there is a glue-shop, that I may step and buy some glue in
a minute?
I will show you where, said little Francis, laughing as he spoke:
ask mamma to give you one of her soup cakes, which are exactly
like good strong glue.
Little blockhead! replied Jack, you think then it is enough to be
like; what I want is glue, and not soup.
Father.—Not so much of a blockhead as you think, Jack,
interrupted I. The truth often comes from the lips of children, and you
will do well to follow his advice. I am of opinion, that one of the
cakes, dissolved in a little water, and afterwards thickened upon the
fire, would produce what would be an excellent substitute for glue;
give yourself therefore the trouble of making the experiment. Put a
soup cake over the fire in one of our cocoa-shells, and you will soon
know the event.
While Jack was preparing his glue, and Francis, proud of being the
inventor, was busied in assisting his brother, blowing the fire &c.,
Fritz came to me for my advice about the making of his case. Run,
said I, and fetch your skin, and we will work at it together. I sat down
on the grass, took out my knife, and with the remains of a bamboo
cane, began to make a bow for Francis. I was well satisfied to
observe them one and all, take a fancy to shooting with an arrow,
having been desirous to accustom them to this exercise, which
constituted the principal defence of the warriors of old, and might
possibly become our only means of protection and subsistence: our
provision of powder must at last be exhausted; we might even, from
moment to moment, be deprived of it by accident; it therefore was of
the utmost importance to us, to acquire some other means of killing
animals, or attacking our enemies. The Caribees, I recollected, were
taught at a very tender age, to strike an object at the distance of
thirty or forty steps; they hit the smallest birds perched on the top of
the tallest trees. Why then should it not be possible for my boys to
learn to do the same? I will at least, said I, provide them with bows
and arrows, and try what can be done.
While I was silently reflecting on the subject, employed in finishing
a bow for Francis, Ernest, who had been observing me for some
time, slipped suddenly away; and Fritz coming up at the same
moment, with the wetted skin of the tiger-cat in his hand, I paid no
attention to the circumstance. I began my instructions to my eldest
boy, respecting the trade of a tanner. I told him the method of getting
rid of the fat of the skin, by rubbing it over with sand, and placing it in
running water till it had no longer any appearance of flesh, or any
smell; next to rub it with soft butter, to make it supple, and then to
stretch the skin in different directions; and also to make use of some
eggs in the operation, if his mother could spare them. You will not at
first produce such excellent workmanship as I have seen of this kind
from England; but with a little patience, regretting neither your time,
nor your labour, you will have completed some decent-looking cases,
which will give you the more pleasure, from being made from an
animal of your own taking, and by the work of your own hands.
When your skin shall have thus been prepared, cut certain small
cylinders of wood of the size and length required; scoop these
cylinders hollow, so as to form a convenient case for a knife, a fork,
or a spoon; then stretch your softened skin upon the surface of the
cylinders, in such a manner, that the skin may stretch a little beyond
the extremity of the wood, and close at the top; you have then
nothing more to do, than to let the skin cling to, and dry upon these
moulds. Your work will then be finished, and will turn out a neat and
masterly production.
Fritz.—I understand perfectly, and I hope I shall succeed; but if I
were to take some cork for my moulds, the cases would be lighter,
and more convenient for carrying.
Father.—No doubt they would, but where can you get any cork?
and how would you be able to cut it and scoop it out? It is a wood
singularly impracticable, and would resist the knife.