Krakatoa

Krakatoa (/ˌkrɑːkəˈtoʊə, ˌkræk-/), also transcribed

Krakatoa
Krakatau (/-ˈtaʊ/), is a caldera[1] in the Sunda Strait
between the islands of Java and Sumatra in the Indonesian
province of Lampung. The caldera is part of a volcanic
island group (Krakatoa archipelago) comprising four
islands. Two of them are known as Lang and Verlaten,
another, Rakata, is the only remnant of an island mostly
destroyed by an eruption in 1883 which created the
caldera.

In 1927, a fourth island, Anak Krakatoa, or "Child of

Krakatoa", emerged from the caldera formed in 1883.
There has been new eruptive activity since the late 20th
century, with a large collapse causing a deadly tsunami in
December 2018.

Historical significance
The most notable eruptions of Krakatoa culminated in a
An 1888 lithograph of the 1883 eruption of
series of massive explosions over 26–27 August 1883,
Krakatoa
which were among the most violent volcanic events in
recorded history. Highest point
Elevation 813 m (2,667 ft)
With an estimated Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of
Prominence 813 m (2,667 ft)
6,[2] the eruption was equivalent to 200 megatons of TNT
(840 PJ)—about 13,000 times the nuclear yield of the Little Isolation 21.71 km (13.49 mi)
Boy bomb (13 to 16 kt) that devastated Hiroshima, Japan, Listing Spesial Ribu
during World War II, and four times the yield of Tsar Coordinates 6°06′07″S 105°25′23″E
Bomba, the most powerful nuclear device ever detonated at
Naming
50 Mt.
Native name Krakatau (Indonesian)
The 1883 eruption ejected approximately 25 km3(6 cubic Geography
[3]
miles) of rock. The cataclysmic explosion was heard
3,600 km (2,200 mi) away in Alice Springs, Australia, and
on the island of Rodrigues near Mauritius, 4,780 km
(2,970 mi) to the west.[4] Krakatoa

According to the official records of the Dutch East Indies

colony, 165 villages and towns were destroyed near Location within Indonesia
Krakatoa, and 132 were seriously damaged. At least Location Indonesia
36,417 people died, and many more thousands were
Geology
injured, mostly from the tsunamis that followed the Mountain type Caldera
explosion. The eruption destroyed two-thirds of the island Last eruption 1883[1]
of Krakatoa.

Eruptions in the area since 1927 have built a new island at the same location, named Anak Krakatau (which
is Indonesian for "Child of Krakatoa"). Periodic eruptions have continued since, with recent eruptions in
2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012, and a major collapse in 2018. In late 2011, this island had a radius of roughly
2 kilometres (1.2 mi), and a highest point of about 324 metres (1,063 ft) above sea level,[5] growing five
metres (16 ft) each year.[1] In 2017, the height of Anak Krakatau was reported as over 400 m (1,300 ft)
above sea level;[6] following a collapse in December 2018, the height was reduced to 110 meters
(361 ft).[7][5]

Etymology
One of the earliest mentions of the name Krakatoa is in the Old Sundanese text Bujangga Manik, which
was probably written in western Java in the late 15th century. Here Krakatoa is referred to as "the island of
Rakata, a mountain in the middle of the sea" (pulo Rakata gunung ti tengah sagara, f. 27v).[8] Although
there are earlier descriptions in European sources of an island in the Sunda Strait with a "pointed
mountain," the earliest mention of Krakatoa by name in the western world was on a 1611 map by Lucas
Janszoon Waghenaer, who labelled the island "Pulo Carcata" (pulo is the Sundanese word for "island").
About two dozen variants have been found, including Crackatouw, Cracatoa, and Krakatao (in an older
Portuguese-based spelling). The first known appearance of the spelling Krakatau was by Wouter Schouten,
who passed by "the high tree-covered island of Krakatau" in October 1658.[9]

The origin of the Indonesian name Krakatau is uncertain. The main theories are:

From Sanskrit karka or karkaṭa or karkaṭaka, meaning "lobster" or "crab". The abbreviated
form rakaṭa also means "crab" in the Old Javanese language. The fact that the earliest
recorded mentions of the word closely resemble the pronunciation of these words for crab
(rakata in Bujangga Manik and carcata in Waghenaer's map) makes this Sanskrit etymology
the most likely origin of the word.[9]
Onomatopoeia, imitating the noise made by cockatoos (Kakatoes) which used to inhabit the
island. However, Van den Berg points out that these birds are found only in the "eastern part
of the archipelago" (meaning the Lesser Sundas, east of Java, on the other side of the
Wallace Line).
The closest Malay word is kelakatu, meaning "white-winged ant". Furneaux points out that in
pre-1883 maps, Krakatoa does somewhat resemble an ant seen from above, with Lang and
Verlaten lying to the sides like wings.
Van den Berg (1884) recites a story that Krakatau was the result of a linguistic error.
According to the legend, a visiting ship's captain asked a local inhabitant the island's name,
and the latter replied, "Kaga tau" (Aku enggak tahu)—a Jakartan/Betawinese slang phrase
meaning "I don't know". This story is largely discounted; it closely resembles other linguistic
myths about the origin of the word kangaroo and the name of the Yucatán Peninsula.
The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program cites the Indonesian name, Krakatau, as the
correct name, but says that Krakatoa is often employed.[1][10][11]

Geographical setting
Indonesia has over 130 active volcanoes,[12] the most of any nation.
They make up the axis of the Indonesian island arc system
produced by northeastward subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate.
A majority of these volcanoes lie along Indonesia's two largest
islands, Java and Sumatra. These two islands are separated by the
Sunda Strait located at a bend in the axis of the island arc. Krakatau
is directly above the subduction zone of the Eurasian Plate and the
Indo-Australian Plate where the plate boundaries make a sharp
change of direction, possibly resulting in an unusually weak crust in
the region.[13]

Pre-1883 history
At some point in prehistory, an earlier caldera-forming eruption had
The Sunda Strait
occurred, leaving as remnants Verlaten (or Sertung); Lang (also
known as Rakata Kecil, or Panjang); Poolsche Hoed ("Polish
Hat");[14] and the base of Rakata. Later, at least two more cones (Perboewatan and Danan) formed and
eventually joined with Rakata, forming the main island of Krakatoa.[15] At the time of the 1883 eruption,
the Krakatoa group comprised Lang, Verlaten, and Krakatoa itself, an island 9 km (5.6 mi) long by 5 km
(3.1 mi) wide. There were also the tree-covered islet near Lang (Poolsche Hoed) and several small rocky
islets or banks between Krakatoa and Verlaten.

There were three volcanic cones on Krakatoa island: Rakata, (820 m or 2,690 ft) to the south; Danan,
(450 m or 1,480 ft) near the center; and Perboewatan, (120 m or 390 ft) to the north.

AD 416 event
The Javanese Book of Kings (Pustaka Raja), a 19th-century compilation of historical traditions from Central
Java, records that in the year 338 Śaka (416 AD):

A thundering sound was heard from the mountain Batuwara [now called Pulosari, an extinct
volcano in Bantam, the nearest to the Sunda Strait] which was answered by a similar noise from
Kapi, lying westward of the modern Bantam [(Banten) is the westernmost province in Java, so
this seems to indicate that Krakatoa is meant]. A great glowing fire, which reached the sky, came
out of the last-named mountain; the whole world was greatly shaken and violent thundering,
accompanied by heavy rain and storms took place, but not only did not this heavy rain extinguish
the eruption of the fire of the mountain Kapi, but augmented the fire; the noise was fearful, at last
the mountain Kapi with a tremendous roar burst into pieces and sank into the deepest of the earth.
The water of the sea rose and inundated the land, the country to the east of the mountain
Batuwara, to the mountain Rajabasa [the most southerly volcano in Sumatra], was inundated by
the sea; the inhabitants of the northern part of the Sunda country to the mountain Rajabasa were
drowned and swept away with all property[16] ... The water subsided but the land on which Kapi
stood became sea, and Java and Sumatra were divided into two parts.

The Pustaka Raja does not draw on primary sources for its description of this event, and its historical
reliability is highly dubious.[17] It is therefore impossible to verify its description of this eruption. There is
no geological evidence presented that substantiates this eruption.[18] David Keys, Ken Wohletz, and others
have postulated that a violent volcanic eruption, possibly of Krakatoa, in 535 was responsible for the global
climate changes of 535–536.[19] Drilling projects in Sunda Strait ruled out any possibility that an eruption
took place in 535 AD.[20][21]

Middle Ages
Thornton mentions that Krakatoa was known as "The Fire Mountain" during Java's Sailendra dynasty, with
records of seven eruptive events between the 9th and 16th centuries.[22] These have been tentatively dated
as having occurred in 850, 950, 1050, 1150, 1320, and 1530.

1680
In February 1681, Johann Wilhelm Vogel, a Dutch mining engineer at
Salida, Sumatra (near Padang), on his way to Batavia (now Jakarta)
passed through the Sunda Strait. In his diary he wrote:

...I saw with amazement that the island of Krakatoa, on my

first trip to Sumatra [June 1679] completely green and
healthy with trees, lay completely burnt and barren in front
of our eyes and that at four locations was throwing up large
chunks of fire. And when I asked the ship's Captain when
the aforementioned island had erupted, he told me that this
had happened in May 1680 ... He showed me a piece of
pumice as big as his fist.

Vogel spent several months in Batavia, returning to Sumatra in Simon Winchester maintains that
the 1680 eruption was depicted in
November 1681. On the same ship were several other Dutch travellers,
this eighteenth-century Dutch
including Elias Hesse, a writer. Hesse's journal reports:
etching.[23]

...on the 19th [of November 1681] we again lifted anchor

and proceeded first to the north of us to the island of
Sleepzie (Sebesi), uninhabited, ... and then still north of the
island of Krakatou, which erupted about a year ago and also
is uninhabited. The rising smoke column of this island can
be seen from miles away; we were with our ship very close
to shore and we could see the trees sticking out high on the
mountain, and which looked completely burned, but we
could not see the fire itself.[24]

The eruption was also reported by a Bengali sea captain, who wrote of the event later, but had not recorded
it at the time in the ship's log.[25] Neither Vogel nor Hesse mention Krakatoa in any real detail in their other
passages, and no other travellers at the time mention an eruption or evidence of one. (In November 1681, a
pepper crop was being offered for sale by inhabitants.)[26]
Simon Winchester maintains, in his 2003 book Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded: August 27, 1883,
that the 1680 eruption was depicted in an eighteenth-century etching by Dutch cartographer Jan van Schley
called Het Brandende Eiland, "The Burning Island," writing that "it was a depiction, without a doubt, of
the otherwise little-chronicled eruption that supposedly took place in 1680."[23]

In 1880, Verbeek investigated a fresh unweathered lava flow at the northern coast of Perboewatan, which
he claimed could not have been more than two centuries old.[27]

Visit by HMS Discovery

In February 1780, the crews of HMS Resolution (1771) and HMS Discovery (1774), on the way home
after Captain James Cook's death in Hawaiʻi, stopped for a few days on Krakatoa. They found a freshwater
and a hot spring on the island. They described the natives who then lived on the island as "friendly" and
made several sketches (In his journal, John Ledyard calls the island "Cocoterra").

In 1780, crew Large fan palm in the

members of HMS island; illustration by
Discovery found the John Webber (1751–
island as a friendly 1793)
place whose
vegetation was dense
and lush; illustration
by John Webber
(1751–1793)

Visit by USS Peacock

Edmund Roberts calls the island Crokatoa in his journal. A paraphrased account follows:

On 8 September 1832, US sloop-of-war Peacock anchored off the north end, also visiting Lang Island, in
search of inhabitants, fresh water and yams. It was found difficult to land anywhere, due to a heavy surf and
to the coral having extended itself to a considerable distance from the shore. Hot springs boiling furiously
up, through many fathoms of water, were found on the eastern side of Krakatoa, 150 feet (46 m) from the
shore. Roberts, Captain Geisinger, and marine lieutenant Fowler visited Forsaken island, having mistaken
the singing of locusts for the sound of running water. The boat glided over crystal clear water, over an
extensive and highly beautiful submarine garden. Corals of every shape and hue were there, some
resembling sunflowers and mushrooms, others cabbages from 1 to 36 inches (3 to 91 cm) in diameter, while
a third type bore a striking likeness to the rose. The hillsides were typical of tropical climate; large flocks of
parrots, monkeys in great variety, wild-mango and orange groves—a superb scene of plants and flowers of
every description, glowing in vivid tints of purple, red, blue, brown, and green—but not water or
provisions.[28]

Dutch activity
In 1620, the Dutch set up a naval station on the islands and somewhat later a shipyard was built. Sometime
in the late 17th century, an attempt was made to establish a pepper plantation on Krakatoa, but the islands
were generally ignored by the Dutch East India Company. In 1809, a penal colony was established at an
unspecified location, which was in operation for about a decade. By the 1880s, the islands were without
permanent inhabitants; the nearest settlement was the nearby island of Sebesi (about 12 km or 7.5 mi away)
with a population of 3,000.

Several surveys and mariners' charts were made, and the islands were little explored or studied. An 1854
map of the islands was used in an English chart, which shows some difference from a Dutch chart made in
1874. In July 1880, Rogier Verbeek made an official survey of the islands, but was allowed to spend only a
few hours there. He was able to collect samples from several places, and his investigation later proved
important in judging the geological impact of the 1883 eruption.[29]: 9

1883 eruption
While seismic activity around the volcano was intense in the years
preceding the cataclysmic 1883 eruption, a series of lesser eruptions
began on 20 May 1883. The volcano released huge plumes of
steam and ash lasting until late August.[30]

On 27 August, a series of four huge explosions almost destroyed

the island. The explosions were so violent that they were heard
3,110 km (1,930 mi) away in Perth, Western Australia, and the
island of Rodrigues near Mauritius, 4,800 km (3,000 mi) away.[4]
The pressure wave from the third and most violent explosion was
recorded on barographs around the world.[31] Several barographs
recorded the wave seven times over the course of five days: four Two-thirds of the original Krakatoa
times with the wave travelling away from the volcano to its Island was obliterated by the 1883
antipodal point, and three times travelling back to the eruption.
volcano; [29]: 63 the wave rounded the globe three and a half times.
Ash was propelled to a height of 80 km (260,000 ft). It was
reported that the sound of the eruption was so loud that anyone within 16 kilometres (10 mi) would have
gone deaf.

The combined effects of pyroclastic flows, volcanic ashes, and tsunamis had disastrous results in the region
and worldwide. The death toll recorded by the Dutch authorities was 36,417, although some sources put the
estimate at more than 120,000. There are numerous documented reports of groups of human skeletons
floating across the Indian Ocean on rafts of volcanic pumice and washing up on the east coast of Africa up
to a year after the eruption. Summer temperatures in the northern hemisphere fell by an average of 0.4 °C
(0.72 °F) in the year following the eruption.[32]

Aftermath

Anak Krakatau
Verbeek, in his report on the eruption, predicted that any new
activity would manifest itself in the region which had been
between Perboewatan and Danan. This prediction came true
on 29 December 1927, when a submarine lava dome in the
area of Perboewatan showed evidence of eruptions (an earlier
event in the same area had been reported in June 1927). A new
island volcano rose above the waterline a few days later. The
eruptions were initially of pumice and ash, and that island and
the two islands that followed were quickly eroded away by the
sea. Eventually, a fourth island, named Anak Krakatau
(meaning "child of Krakatoa" in Indonesian), broke water in Evolution of the Krakatoa archipelago
from 1880 to 2018. Note the continuing
August 1930 and produced lava flows more quickly than the
growth of Anak Krakatoa ("Child of
waves could erode them. Krakatoa") after 1927.

Political
On October 2, 1883, five weeks after the eruption, a Dutch soldier was repeatedly stabbed by a bearded,
white-robed man while paying for tobacco in the small town of Serang. The would-be assassin was never
captured, but a similarly-dressed man attacked a sentry at the garrison six weeks later, blaming the Dutch for
bringing divine vengeance upon the area. The "extreme religious zeal" noted by the man's interrogators
seen as widespread, and historians suggest it was exploited by rising Muslim conservatives and anticolonial
leaders (such as Abdul Karim Amrullah) to foment the Banten Peasant's Revolt in 1888, and to prey upon
the Dutch conscience made uneasy by Max Havelaar and subsequent revelations of abuses.[33][23][34]

The explosion was the first natural disaster in history whose effects were definitively felt worldwide and
whose cause was known, following the development of transoceanic communication cables. Winchester
suggests the disaster marks the birth of an era of global awareness.[35]

Biological research
The islands have become a major case study of island biogeography and founder populations in an
ecosystem being built from the ground up in an environment virtually cleaned.[36]
The islands had been little studied or biologically surveyed before the 1883 catastrophe—only two pre-
1883 biological collections are known: one of plant specimens and the other part of a shell collection. From
descriptions and drawings made by HMS Discovery, the flora appears to have been representative of a
typical Javan tropical climax forest. The pre-1883 fauna is virtually unknown but was probably typical of
the smaller islands in the area.

Botanical studies
From a biological perspective, the Krakatau problem[37] refers to the question of whether the islands were
completely sterilized by the 1883 eruption or whether some indigenous life survived. When the first
researchers reached the islands in May 1884, the only living thing they found was a spider in a crevice on
the south side of Rakata. Life quickly recolonized the islands, however; Verbeek's visit in October 1884
found grass shoots already growing. The eastern side of the island has been extensively vegetated by trees
and shrubs, presumably brought there as seeds washed up by ocean currents or carried in birds' droppings
(or brought by natives and scientific investigators). However, the floral ecosystem on Rakata is considerably
vulnerable to environmental factors, and has been damaged by recent eruptions at Anak Krakatau.

Handl's occupancy
In 1914, plans were to set aside Rakata as a nature preserve. In 1916, Johann Handl, a German "pumice
collector", obtained a permit to mine pumice, against "strong community objections",[22] apparently to get
away from World War I.[38] His lease of 8.7 square kilometres (3.4 sq mi) (basically the eastern half of the
island) was to be for 30 years. Handl took up residence on the south coast of Rakata, where he built a house
and planted a garden along with "four European families and about 30 coolies". Handl found un-burned
wood below the 1883 ash deposits while digging, and fresh water was found below 5.5 metres (18 ft). He
and his entourage stayed there for four years, but left due to "violation of the terms of the lease."[22] It is his
party that is believed to have inadvertently introduced the black rat to the island, which quickly
proliferated.[38]

Conservation
Krakatoa was declared as a nature reserve in 1921, corresponding to IUCN management category Ia (strict
nature reserve). Along with several other nature reserves, it was proposed as a national park in 1980. In
1991, "Ujung Kulon National Park and Krakatau Nature Reserve" was inscribed as an UNESCO World
Heritage Site, matching Natural criteria (vii) and (x). Ujung Kulon National Park was officially established
in 1992, including Krakatoa.[39][40][41]

In popular culture
A large part of the 1947 children's novel The Twenty-One Balloons by William Pene du Bois takes place on
Krakatoa, just before and then during the 1883 eruption. In Pene du Bois's tale, 25 families have established
a fanciful colony drawing vast wealth from fictional diamond mines on the island until the eruption scatters
the inhabitants and destroys the mines.

Krakatoa has been featured as a subject and a part of the story in various television and film dramas. In the
1953 film Fair Wind to Java, an American sea captain and a pirate leader race one another to recover a
fortune in diamonds hidden on Krakatoa, which begins its final eruption as they search the island for the
treasure.[43]

In 1961, the anthology series One Step Beyond ended its run with the
episode "Eye Witness," which dramatized the mysterious reporting of
Krakatoa's eruption weeks before the news could have reached the
newspaper in Boston.

The island was a prominent part of the plot of '"Crack of Doom,"

episode six of the Irwin Allen television series The Time Tunnel in
1966.[44]

It was also featured as the main part of the story line in the 1969 film,
Krakatoa, East of Java (retitled Volcano in a re-release in the 1970s;
the title contains a rather large geographical error, as Krakatoa is west In 2004, an astronomer
of Java), which depicts an effort to salvage a priceless cargo of pearls suggested that the blood-red sky
located perilously close to the erupting volcano. shown in Edvard Munch's famous
1893 painting The Scream
Krakatoa is referenced in SpongeBob SquarePants by the character depicts the sky over Norway after
Squidward Tentacles. In the episode Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy the eruption.[42]
V, Squidward adopts the persona of a superhero named Captain
Magma whose catchphrase is "Krakatoa".[45]

An Indonesian martial arts action film, Krakatau (1977), starring

Dicky Zulkarnaen and Advent Bangun, set the story on the
mountain.

It has been the subject of a 2006 television drama, Krakatoa: Krakatoa featured in 100-rupiah
Volcano of Destruction and again in 2008 as Krakatoa. banknote

In Klaus Teuber's board game Seafarers of Catan, the "Krakatoa

Variant" is a scenario involving an island composed of three volcano tiles.[46]

In 1973, the American progressive rock band Styx released a spoken-word track called "Krakatoa" on its
album The Serpent Is Rising. Written by then-guitarist John Curulewski along with Paul Beaver and Bernie
Krause, the song tells the story of Krakatoa's eruption and the subsequent return of life to the island.

The British heavy metal band Saxon also released a song about the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, called
"Krakatoa", on the 2010 re-release of its 1985 album Innocence Is No Excuse.

See also
Volcanoes portal

Indonesia portal

Islands portal

Krakatoa documentary and historical materials

List of volcanic eruptions by death toll
 List of volcanoes in Indonesia

References

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10. Note: This spelling has been attributed to a sub-editor at The Times (who may have
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23. Winchester 2003, p. 136.
24. Note: Vogel returned to Amsterdam in 1688 and published the first edition of his journal in
1690.
25. Winchester 2003, pp. 132–133.
26. Note: Historians Van den Berg and Verbeek both conclude that Vogel must have
exaggerated the extent of the eruption he saw. Even so, there must have been an eruption
around this time.
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Perboewatan bestonden, […] dat zij van de eruptie van 1680 afkomstig is."
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supposer qu'elle date de l'eruption de 1680." (On the subject of the rocks which
composed the cones of Danan and Perboewatan, we possess only very little data. In the
month of July 1880, I collected only samples of the flow of lava which, at the northern
extremity of Perboewatan, were thrown into the sea. This flow still did not present any
trace of degradation by atmopheric agents and was therefore entirely bare, thus
contrasting with all of the rest of the island of Krakatau, which was covered by a thin layer
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Bibliography
See Krakatoa documentary and historical materials
 Winchester, Simon (2003). Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded: August 27, 1883 (https://
archive.org/details/krakatoadaywo00winc). New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-
083859-1.

External links
1883 Eruption of Krakatau (https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Indonesia/description_krak
atau_1883_eruption.html) from the United States Geological Survey's Cascades Volcano
Observatory
Krakatau, Indonesia (1883) (http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Krakatau.ht
ml) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141216203501/http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/ho
w_volcanoes_work/Krakatau.html) 16 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine –
information from San Diego State University about the 1883 eruption
Krakatoa – The Great Volcanic Eruption (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MrEIT66oPqU)
on YouTube – "Naked Science"
Bani, Philipson; Normier, Adrien; Bacri, Clémentine; Allard, Patrick; Gunawan, Hendra;
Hendrasto, Muhammad; Surono; Tsanev, Vitchko (2015), "First measurement of the volcanic
gas output from Anak Krakatau, Indonesia" (http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:01006532
1), Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 302: 237–241,
Bibcode:2015JVGR..302..237B (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JVGR..302..237B),
doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.07.008 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jvolgeores.2015.07.008),
S2CID 128596743 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128596743)

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