This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D7336/D7336M − 22

Standard Test Method for

Static Energy Absorption Properties of Honeycomb
Sandwich Core Materials1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7336/D7336M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This test method determines the static energy absorption 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
properties (compressive crush stress and crush stroke) of C271/C271M Test Method for Density of Sandwich Core
honeycomb sandwich core materials. These properties are Materials
usually determined for design purposes in a direction normal to D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
the plane of the face sheets (also referred to as the facing plane) D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
as the honeycomb core material would be placed in a structural D5229/D5229M Test Method for Moisture Absorption Prop-
sandwich construction. erties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix
1.2 Permissible core materials are limited to those in hon- Composite Materials
eycomb form. E4 Practices for Force Calibration and Verification of Test-
ing Machines
1.3 This test method is not intended for use in crush testing E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
of stabilized honeycomb core materials (for which the facing E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-
plane surfaces of the honeycomb core material are dipped in terials
resin to resist local crushing) or sandwich specimens (for E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With
which facings are bonded to the honeycomb core material). Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch- Lot or Process
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equiva- ASTM Test Methods
lents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
system shall be used independently of the other, and values
from the two systems shall not be combined. 3. Terminology
1.4.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in 3.1 Definitions—Terminology D3878 defines terms relating
brackets. to high-modulus fibers and their composites, as well as terms
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the relating to sandwich constructions. Terminology D883 defines
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the terms relating to plastics. Terminology E6 defines terms
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- relating to mechanical testing. Terminology E456 and Practice
--`,,,`,,`,`,``,`,`,,```,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- E177 define terms relating to statistics. In the event of a
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. conflict between terms, Terminology D3878 shall have prece-
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor- dence over the other terminologies.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- NOTE 1—If the term represents a physical quantity, its analytical
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the dimensions are stated immediately following the term (or letter symbol) in
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- fundamental dimension form, using the following ASTM standard sym-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical bology for fundamental dimensions, shown within square brackets: [M]
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. for mass, [L] for length, [T] for time, [θ] for thermodynamic temperature,
and [nd] for non-dimensional quantities. Use of these symbols is restricted
to analytical dimensions when used with square brackets, as the symbols
may have other definitions when used without the brackets.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.09 on
2
Sandwich Construction. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2022. Published May 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D7336/D7336M – 16. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D7336_D7336M-22. the ASTM website.

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 D7336/D7336M − 22
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 5.2 The procedures contained within this test method are
3.2.1 cell size [L], n—in a honeycomb core, the distance intended to assess the crush stress and crush stroke properties
between two parallel and opposite cell walls at node bond of the sandwich honeycomb core material under static com-
areas, measured transverse to the ribbon direction. pressive loading. The dynamic crush stress of the honeycomb
core material may vary from that measured under static
3.2.2 node bond area, n—in a honeycomb core, the area
loading, depending upon factors such as honeycomb core
between two cells at which the component walls of the cells are
material thickness, core material density, impact velocity, etc.
bonded or attached.
5.3 This test method provides a standard method of obtain-
3.3 Symbols: ing the compressive crush stress and crush stroke for sandwich
A = cross-sectional area of a test specimen prior to com- honeycomb core material structural design properties, material
pressive crush testing specifications, research and development applications, and
CV = coefficient of variation statistic of a sample population quality assurance.
for a given property (in percent) 5.4 This test method is not intended for use in crush testing
KA = initial chord slope of the force versus displacement/ of stabilized honeycomb core materials (for which the facing
deformation curve plane surfaces of the honeycomb core material are dipped in
KB = post-crush slope of the force versus displacement/ resin to resist local crushing) or sandwich specimens (for
deformation curve which face sheets are bonded to the honeycomb core material).
Pcr = average force carried by test specimen during com-
pressive crushing 5.5 Factors that influence the compressive crush stress and
scr = crush stroke in percent crush stroke and shall therefore be reported include the
Sn-1 = standard deviation statistic of a sample population for following: honeycomb core material, methods of material
a given property fabrication, core material geometry (nominal cell size), core
ti = thickness of a test specimen prior to compressive material density, specimen geometry, specimen preparation,
crush testing specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen
x1 = test result for an individual specimen from the sample alignment, pre-crush procedure, pre-crush depth, loading
population for a given property procedure, and speed of testing.
x̄ = mean or average (estimate of mean) of a sample
population for a given property 6. Interferences
δ = recorded displacement/deflection
δA = displacement/deflection at which the initial chord 6.1 Material and Specimen Preparation—Poor material fab-
--`,,,`,,`,`,``,`,`,,```,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

slope intersects the displacement/deformation axis rication practices and damage induced by improper specimen
δB = displacement/deflection at which the post-crushing machining are known causes of high data scatter in composites
slope equals the initial chord slope and sandwich structures in general. Important aspects of
δcr = crush stroke sandwich core material specimen preparation that contribute to
∆ = normalized displacement/deflection data scatter include the existence of joints, voids or other core
σcr = average compressive crush stress material discontinuities, out-of-plane curvature/warpage, and
surface roughness.
4. Summary of Test Method 6.2 System Alignment—Non-uniform loading over the sur-
4.1 This test method consists of subjecting a sandwich face of the test specimen may cause premature or uneven
honeycomb core material to a uniaxial compressive force crushing. This may occur as a result from non-uniform
normal to the plane of the face sheets as the honeycomb core thickness, failing to locate the specimen concentrically in the
material would be placed in a structural sandwich construction. fixture, or system or fixture misalignment.
The force is transmitted to the sandwich honeycomb core 6.3 Geometry—Specific geometric factors that affect com-
material using loading platens attached to the testing machine. pressive crush stress and crush stroke include honeycomb core
Compressive force is applied past the initial failure force, such material cell geometry, core material thickness, and specimen
that the honeycomb core material is crushed under continuous shape (square or circular). Thicker specimens are generally
displacement of the loading platens. Force versus loading desirable, as the crush stroke is greater for thick specimens
platen displacement data are recorded and used to determine compared to thin specimens.
the crush stress and crush stroke.
6.4 Pre-Crushing—It is recommended to pre-crush honey-
comb core material specimens prior to test, as historical crush
5. Significance and Use
force versus displacement data for pre-crushed specimens have
5.1 Sandwich honeycomb core materials are used exten- displayed greater uniformity (consistency of the crush force
sively in energy absorption applications, due to their ability to level for varying crush stroke) than have similar data for non
sustain compressive loading while being crushed. Proper pre-crushed specimens. If tests are performed using analog
design of energy absorption devices utilizing sandwich honey- equipment to record force versus displacement data, pre-
comb core materials requires knowledge of the compressive crushing may be necessary to ensure the crush force is recorded
crush stress and crush stroke properties of the honeycomb core on a high sensitivity force scale (if not pre-crushed, the peak
material. force to initially fail the specimen may be substantially higher

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 D7336/D7336M − 22
than the crush force). Pre-crushing also aids interpretation of
force versus displacement data and calculation of crush stroke
values. Results are affected by the pre-crush depth and unifor-
mity of pre-crushing.
6.5 Environment—Results are affected by the environmental
conditions under which specimens are conditioned, as well as
the conditions under which the tests are conducted. Specimens
tested in various environments can exhibit significant differ-
ences in both crush stress and crush stroke. Critical environ-
ments must be assessed independently for each honeycomb
core material tested.

7. Apparatus
7.1 Micrometers and Calipers—A micrometer having a flat
anvil interface, or a caliper of suitable size, shall be used. The
accuracy of the instrument(s) shall be suitable for reading to
within 1 % of the sample length and width (or diameter) and
thickness. For typical specimen geometries, an instrument with
an accuracy of 6250 µm [60.010 in.] is desirable for
thickness, length and width (or diameter) measurement.
7.2 Loading Platens—Force shall be introduced into the
specimen using fixed flat platens (58 HRC minimum as
specified in Test Methods E18). One platen may be of the
spherical seat (self-aligning) type, if it is capable of being
locked in a fixed position once the platen has contacted and
aligned with the specimen. The platens shall be well-aligned
(centered with respect to the drive mechanism loading train)
and shall not apply eccentric forces. A satisfactory type of FIG. 1 Platen with Transducer and Rod Setup
apparatus is shown in Figs. 1 and 2. The platen surfaces shall
extend beyond the test specimen periphery. If the platens are
not sufficiently hardened, or simply to protect the platen
surfaces, a hardened plate (with parallel surfaces) can be
inserted between each end of the specimen and the correspond-
ing platen.
7.3 Testing Machine—The testing machine shall be in ac-
cordance with Practices E4 and shall satisfy the following
requirements:
7.3.1 Testing Machine Configuration—The testing machine
shall have both an essentially stationary head and a movable
head.
7.3.2 Drive Mechanism—The testing machine drive mecha-
nism shall be capable of imparting to the movable head a
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controlled velocity with respect to the stationary head. The

velocity of the movable head shall be capable of being
regulated in accordance with 11.6.
7.3.3 Load Indicator—The testing machine load-sensing FIG. 2 Close-up of Specimen Between Loading Platens
device shall be capable of indicating the total force being Being Crushed
carried by the test specimen. This device shall be essentially
free from inertia lag at the specified rate of testing and shall
indicate the force with an accuracy over the force range(s) of
interest of within 61 % of the indicated value. displacement. A transducer and rod setup, shown in Figs. 1 and
7.3.4 Crosshead Displacement Indicator—The testing ma- 2, has been found to work satisfactorily. In the example shown,
chine shall be capable of monitoring and recording the cross- a small hole is drilled in the center of the bottom loading
head displacement (stroke) with a precision of at least 61 %. platen, and a transducer rod is inserted through the hole and the
If machine compliance is significant, it is acceptable to honeycomb core test specimen, such that it contacts the upper
measure the displacement of the movable head using a LVDT, loading platen. If such an apparatus is used, the transducer rod
compressometer or similar device with 61 % precision on diameter shall be no greater than the cell size, so that the

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 D7336/D7336M − 22
transducer rod can be inserted through the test specimen 8. Sampling and Test Specimens
without distorting the core cell geometry. 8.1 Sampling—Test at least five specimens per test condi-
7.4 Conditioning Chamber—When conditioning materials tion unless valid results can be gained through the use of fewer
at non-laboratory environments, a temperature/vapor-level specimens, as in the case of a designed experiment. For
controlled environment conditioning chamber is required that statistically significant data, consult the procedures outlined in
shall be capable of maintaining the required temperature to Practice E122. Report the method of sampling.
within 63 °C [6 5°F] and the required relative humidity level 8.2 Geometry—Test specimens shall have a square or cir-
to within 63 % RH. Chamber conditions shall be monitored cular cross-section and a minimum thickness of 25 mm
either on an automated continuous basis or on a manual basis [1.0 in.]. The required facing area of the specimen is dependent
at regular intervals. upon the cell size, to ensure a minimum number of cells are
7.5 Environmental Test Chamber—An environmental test tested. Minimum facing areas are recommended in Table 1 for
chamber is required for testing environments other than ambi- the more common cell sizes. These are intended to provide
ent testing laboratory conditions. This chamber shall be ca- approximately 60 cells minimum in the test specimen. The
pable of maintaining the gauge section of the test specimen at largest facing area listed in the table (5625 mm2 [9.0 in.2]) is a
the required test environment during the mechanical test. The practical maximum for this test method. Core materials with
test temperature shall be maintained within 63 °C [65 °F] of cell sizes larger than 9 mm [0.375 in.] may require a smaller
the required temperature, and the relative humidity level shall number of cells to be tested in the specimen.
be maintained to within 63 % RH of the required humidity NOTE 2—The specimen’s cross-sectional area is defined in the facing
level. plane, in regard to the orientation that the honeycomb core material would
be placed in a structural sandwich construction. For a honeycomb core
7.6 Pre-Crushing Device—Crush strength and stroke data material, the cross-sectional area is defined in the plane of the cells, which
for pre-crushed honeycomb core materials typically display is perpendicular to the orientation of the cell walls.
greater uniformity than have similar data for non pre-crushed 8.3 Specimen Preparation and Machining—Prepare the test
specimens. Serrated plates have been used successfully as specimens so that the reference loading surfaces are parallel to
pre-crushing devices for honeycomb core materials; acceptable each other and perpendicular to the sides of the specimen. Take
reference serrated plate configurations are shown in Figs. 3 and precautions when cutting specimens from large sheets of
4. The pre-crushing device must be capable of providing a honeycomb core material to avoid notches, undercuts, rough or
relatively uniform pre-crush depth of 1.0 6 0.5 mm uneven surfaces due to inappropriate machining methods.
[0.03 6 0.02 in.]. Obtain final dimensions by water-lubricated precision sawing,

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FIG. 3 Representative Serrated Plate for Honeycomb Core Material Pre-Crushing (SI Version)

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 D7336/D7336M − 22

FIG. 4 Representative Serrated Plate for Honeycomb Core Material Pre-Crushing (Inch-Pound Version)

TABLE 1 Recommended Minimum Specimen by Test Method D5229/D5229M; however, if the test requestor
Cross-Sectional Area does not explicitly specify a pre-test conditioning environment,
Minimum no conditioning is required and the test specimens may be
Minimum Cell Size Maximum Cell Size
Cross-Sectional Area
(mm [in.]) (mm [in.])
(mm2 [in.2])
tested as prepared.
— 3.0 [0.125] 625 [1.0] 10.2 The pre-test specimen conditioning process, to include
3.0 [0.125] 6.0 [0.250] 2500 [4.0]
6.0 [0.250] 9.0 [0.375] 5625 [9.0]
specified environmental exposure levels and resulting moisture
content, shall be reported with the test data.
NOTE 3—The term moisture, as used in Test Method D5229/D5229M,
includes not only the vapor of a liquid and its condensate, but the liquid
milling, or grinding. The use of diamond tooling has been itself in large quantities, as for immersion.
found to be extremely effective for many material systems.
Record and report the specimen cutting preparation method. 10.3 If no explicit conditioning process is performed the
specimen conditioning process shall be reported as “uncondi-
8.4 If honeycomb core material density is to be reported, tioned” and the moisture content as “unknown.”
samples used to determine density shall be obtained from the
same sheet of honeycomb core material being tested. Density 11. Procedure
may be evaluated in accordance with Test Method C271/
C271M. 11.1 Parameters to Be Specified Before Test:
11.1.1 The specimen sampling method, specimen geometry,
8.5 Labeling—Label the test specimens so that they will be
and conditioning travelers (if required).
distinct from each other and traceable back to the sheet of
11.1.2 The properties and data reporting format desired.
origin, and will neither influence the test nor be affected by it.
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NOTE 4—Determine specific material property, accuracy, and data

9. Calibration reporting requirements prior to test for proper selection of instrumentation
and data recording equipment. Estimate the specimen crush stress to aid in
9.1 The accuracy of all measuring equipment shall have transducer selection, calibration of equipment, and determination of
certified calibrations that are current at the time of use of the equipment settings.
equipment.
11.1.3 The environmental conditioning test parameters.
10. Conditioning 11.1.4 The method of pre-crushing and target pre-crush
10.1 The recommended pre-test condition is effective mois- depth, if performed.
ture equilibrium at a specific relative humidity as established 11.2 General Instructions:

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 D7336/D7336M − 22
11.2.1 Report any deviations from this test method, whether 11.10 Loading—Apply a compressive force to the specimen
intentional or inadvertent. at the specified rate while recording data. Load the specimen as
11.2.2 Following final specimen machining, but before the core material is crushed (see Fig. 5), and monitor the force
conditioning and testing, measure the specimen length and versus head displacement or force versus LVDT/
width (or diameter) and thickness. Measure the specimen compressometer deflection data. For honeycomb core material
thickness, length and width (or diameter) with an accuracy of specimens, a nearly constant force magnitude will be main-
6250 µm [60.010 in.], ensuring the accuracy of the measure- tained as the core material is compressed and crushed (see Fig.
ments is within 1.0 % of the dimension. Record the dimensions 6). Load the specimen until the applied force begins to increase
to three significant figures in units of millimeters [inches]. significantly above the crush force, and attains a magnitude at
11.3 Condition the specimens as required. Store the speci- least 50 % greater than the constant force magnitude initially
mens in the conditioned environment until test time, if the test observed.
environment is different than the conditioning environment. 11.11 Data Recording—Record force versus head displace-
ment or force versus LVDT/compressometer deflection data
11.4 Following final specimen conditioning, but before
continuously, or at frequent regular intervals; for this test
testing, re-measure the specimen length and width (or diam-
method, a sampling rate of 5 to 10 data recordings per second,
eter) and thickness as in 11.2.2.
and a target minimum of 300 data points per test are recom-
11.5 Pre-Crushing—Pre-crushed specimen crush stress data mended.
for honeycomb core materials typically display greater unifor-
11.12 Failure Modes—Uniform compressive failure of the
mity than have similar data for non pre-crushed specimens. If
sandwich core material is the only acceptable failure mode.
a honeycomb core material specimen is to be pre-crushed,
Compressive failures confined to one corner or edge of the
pre-fail the upper surface of the specimen by pressing the
specimen shall be considered invalid.
serrated plate prepared in 7.6 into the core material surface.
Press the plate into the core material multiple times, in multiple 12. Validation
directions, until the surface of the core is uniformly pre-
crushed. The pre-crush depth shall be 1.0 6 0.5 mm 12.1 Values for ultimate properties shall not be calculated
[0.03 6 0.02 in.]. After pre-crushing, the surfaces of the for any specimen that breaks at some obvious flaw, unless such
honeycomb core material specimen shall be parallel and flaw constitutes a variable being studied. Retests shall be
perpendicular within 0.5 mm [0.02 in.]. performed for any specimen for which values are not calcu-
lated.
11.6 Speed of Testing—Set the speed of testing so as to
12.2 A significant fraction of failures in a sample population
completely crush the honeycomb core material within 1 to
occurring along one corner or one edge shall be cause to
3 min. The suggested standard head displacement rate is
reexamine the means of force introduction into the specimen.
25 mm ⁄min [1.0 in./min].
Factors considered should include the loading platen
11.7 Test Environment—If possible, test the specimen under alignment, specimen surface characteristics, and uneven ma-
the same fluid exposure level used for conditioning. However, chining of specimen surfaces and edges.
cases such as elevated temperature testing of a moist specimen
place unrealistic requirements on the capabilities of common 13. Calculation
testing machine environmental chambers. In such cases, the 13.1 Thickness Designation—For the following
mechanical test environment may need to be modified, for calculations, use of the pre-crush honeycomb core material
example, by testing at elevated temperature with no fluid
exposure control, but with a specified limit on time to failure
from withdrawal from the conditioning chamber. Record any
modifications to the test environment.
11.8 Specimen Installation—Mark a rectangle or circle (de-
pending upon the specimen’s cross-sectional shape) on the
lower platen to help center the specimen between the platens.
Place the specimen on the lower platen, accommodating the
LVDT or compressometer if utilized.
NOTE 5—Take care to align specimens well between the platens (such
that the specimen is centered along the line of the drive mechanism
loading train), in order to distribute the applied force as uniformly as
possible over the entire loading surface. This will help to ensure that the
specimen edges are loaded uniformly. Non-uniform loading often results
in failures that are confined to one corner or one edge of the specimen.
--`,,,`,,`,`,``,`,`,,```,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

11.9 Pre-Loading—Move the actuator or crosshead such

that the loading platen contacts the LVDT/compressometer (if
utilized) and specimen, and apply a standard initial load of 45
N [10 lbf]. Zero and balance the displacement indicator, and FIG. 5 Honeycomb Core Material Specimens Prior to and After
lock the spherical seat platen in position if utilized. Crush Testing

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 D7336/D7336M − 22

FIG. 6 Definitions Describing Sandwich Core Material Crush Force Versus Displacement/Deflection

thickness, ti, in the determination of normalized displacements δ(∆=0.003) = recorded displacement value at which ∆ is clos-
is acceptable, as subsequent calculations are intended to est to 0.003, mm [in.]; and
provide a relative assessment of the stiffness, and are not δ(∆=0.001) = recorded displacement value at which ∆ is clos-
intended to provide rigorous assessments of the core material est to 0.001, mm [in.].
modulus.
13.4 Post-Crush Chord Slope—Calculate KB, the post-crush
13.2 Normalized Displacements—For each recorded dis- chord slope of the force versus displacement curve, working
placement value, calculate the corresponding normalized dis- backwards from the end of the test using Eq 3 and report the
placement and report the results to three significant figures. results to three significant figures. Perform this calculation for
δ all data points until the point is reached where KB equals KA,
∆5 (1)
ti the initial chord slope. Determine the values of Pi, P(∆i+0.002),
δi and δ(∆i+0.002) for this point and report the results to three
where:
significant figures. This value of δ(∆i+0.002) shall be designated
∆ = normalized displacement, mm/mm [in./in.]; as δB which shall be reported to three significant figures.
δ = recorded displacement, mm [in.]; and
ti = measured thickness of honeycomb core material speci- ~~ P ~ ∆i10.002! 2 P i !!
KB 5 (3)
men prior to loading and pre-crushing, mm [in.]. ~~ δ ~ ∆i10.002! 2 δ i !!
13.3 Initial Chord Slope—Calculate the initial chord slope where:
of the force versus displacement curve using Eq 2 and report KB = core material post-crush chord slope, N/mm
the results to three significant figures. Chord slopes are to be [lbf/in.];
determined between two specific force-displacement points of Pi = applied force corresponding to δi, N [lbf];
the force versus displacement curve. The displacement values P(∆i+0.002) = applied force corresponding to δ(∆i+0.002), N
selected are intended to represent the lower half of the core [lbf];
material’s force versus displacement curve. For honeycomb δi = recorded displacement value at ith data point
core materials which fail below ∆ = 0.006, a deflection range after crushing, mm [in.]; and
of 25 to 50 % of ultimate is recommended. However, for some δ(∆i+0.002) = recorded displacement value after crushing at
other materials, another range may be more appropriate; an which ∆ is at least 0.002 greater than ∆i (corre-
alternative range may be necessary if the force versus displace- sponding to δi), mm [in.].
ment behavior is nonlinear prior to the onset of crushing.
13.5 Onset of Crush Stroke—Calculate KC, the pre-crush
~~ P ~ ∆50.003! 2 P ~ ∆50.001! !! slope of the force versus displacement curve, beyond δ(∆=0.003)
KA 5 (2)
~~ δ ~ ∆50.003! 2 δ ~ ∆50.001! !! using Eq 4 and report the results to three significant figures.
Perform this calculation for all data points until the point is
where:
reached where KC equals 0.75 KA. Determine the value of δj for
KA = core material initial chord slope, N/mm [lbf/in.]; this point. This value of δj shall be designated as δC which
P(∆=0.003) = applied force corresponding to δ(∆=0.003), N [lbf]; represents the onset of the crush stroke and shall be reported to
P(∆=0.001) = applied force corresponding to δ(∆=0.001), N [lbf]; three significant figures.
--`,,,`,,`,`,``,`,`,,```,,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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 D7336/D7336M − 22

~~ P j 2 P ~ ∆50.001! !! Pcr = average applied crush force, between 25 and 75 % of

KC 5 (4)
~~ δ j 2 δ ~ ∆50.001! !! the crush stroke (see Fig. 6), N [lbf]; and
A = cross-sectional area, mm2 [in.2].
where:
KC = core material pre-crush chord slope, N/mm [lbf/in.]; 13.10 Statistics—For each series of tests calculate the aver-
Pj = applied force corresponding to δj, N [lbf]; age value, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation (in
δj = recorded displacement value at jth data point prior to percent) for crush stress and crush stroke:
crushing, mm [in.]; and
δC = recorded displacement value representing the onset of
the crush stroke, mm [in.]. x̄ 5
S( D
n

i51
Xi
(9)
n
NOTE 6—Alternatively, KC can be calculated directly from KA, and δC

!S ( D
n
can be determined graphically from the force versus displacement plot.
x i2 2 nx̄ 2
i51
13.6 Completion of Crush Stroke—Calculate KD, the post- S n21 5 (10)
crush slope of the force versus displacement curve, working ~n 2 1!
backwards from δB using Eq 5 and report the results to three S n21
CV 5 100 3 (11)
significant figures. Perform this calculation for all data points x̄
until the point is reached where KD equals 0.75 KB. Determine where:
the value of δi for this point. This value of δj shall be
x̄ = sample mean (average);
designated as δD which represents the completion of the crush
Sn-1 = sample standard deviation;
stroke and shall be reported to three significant figures. CV = sample coefficient of variation, %;
~~ P B 2 P i !! n = number of specimens; and
KD 5 (5) xi = measured or derived property.
~~ δ B 2 δ i !!
where:
14. Report
KD = core material post-crush chord slope for δD
determination, N/mm [lbf/in.]; 14.1 Report the following information, or references point-
PB = applied force corresponding to δB, N [lbf]; ing to other documentation containing this information, to the

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δB = recorded displacement value of δ(∆i+0.002) as desig- maximum extent applicable (reporting of items beyond the
nated in 13.4, mm [in.]; and control of a given testing laboratory, such as might occur with
δD = recorded displacement value representing the comple- material details or panel fabrication parameters, shall be the
tion of the crush stroke, mm [in.]. responsibility of the requestor):
NOTE 7—Alternatively, KD can be calculated directly from KB, and δD 14.1.1 The revision level or date of issue of this test method.
can be determined graphically from the force versus displacement plot. 14.1.2 The name(s) of the test operator(s).
13.7 Crush Stroke—Calculate the flatwise crush stroke us- 14.1.3 Any variations to this test method, anomalies noticed
ing Eq 6 and report the results to three significant figures. during testing, or equipment problems occurring during testing.
14.1.4 Identification of all the materials constituent to the
δ cr 5 δ D 2 δ C (6)
honeycomb sandwich core specimen tested, including for each:
where: material specification, material type, manufacturer’s material
δcr = crush stroke, mm [in.]. designation, manufacturer’s batch or lot number, source (if not
from manufacturer), date of certification, and expiration of
13.8 Crush Stroke in Percent—Calculate the flatwise crush certification.
stroke in percent using Eq 7 and report the results to three 14.1.5 Description of the fabrication steps used to prepare
significant figures. the sandwich core material including: fabrication start date,
s cr 5 S D
δ cr
ti
3 100 (7)
fabrication end date, process specification, and a description of
the equipment used.
where: 14.1.6 If requested, core material density test method,
specimen sampling method and geometries, test parameters
scr = crush stroke in percent [%.].
and test results.
13.9 Crush Stress—Calculate the average flatwise crush 14.1.7 Method of preparing the test specimen, including
stress using Eq 8 and report the results to three significant specimen labeling scheme and method, specimen geometry,
figures. Honeycomb core materials typically demonstrate rela- sampling method, and specimen cutting method.
tively constant crush force/stress levels between 25 and 75 % 14.1.8 Results of any nondestructive evaluation tests.
of the crush stroke. 14.1.9 Calibration dates and methods for all measurements
P cr and test equipment.
σ cr 5 (8)
A 14.1.10 Details of loading platens and apparatus, including
dimensions and material(s) used.
where:
14.1.11 Type of test machine, alignment results, and data
σcr = average flatwise compressive crush stress, MPa [psi];
acquisition sampling rate and equipment type.

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 D7336/D7336M − 22
14.1.12 Type, range and sensitivity of displacement 14.1.22 Individual average crush stress and average value,
indicator, LVDT or compressometer, or any other instruments standard deviation, and coefficient of variation (in percent) for
used to measure loading platen deflection. the population.
14.1.13 Measured length and width (or diameter) and thick- 14.1.23 Individual values of KA, KB, KC, KD, δB, δC, and δD
ness for each specimen (prior to and after conditioning, if for each specimen.
appropriate). 14.1.24 Force versus crosshead displacement data for each
specimen so evaluated.
14.1.14 Weight of specimen.
14.1.25 Force versus recorded LVDT/compressometer de-
14.1.15 Conditioning parameters and results. flection data and normalized deflection values for each speci-
14.1.16 Relative humidity and temperature of the testing men so evaluated.
laboratory. 14.1.26 Failure mode for each specimen.
14.1.17 Environment of the test machine environmental
15. Precision and Bias
chamber (if used) and soak time at environment.
15.1 Precision—The data required for the development of a
14.1.18 Number of specimens tested.
precision statement is not available for this test method.
14.1.19 Method of pre-crushing (if performed) and descrip-
15.2 Bias—Bias cannot be determined for this method as no
tion of pre-crush device.
acceptable reference standards exist.
14.1.20 Speed of testing.
14.1.21 Individual crush strokes, crush stroke in percent, 16. Keywords
and average value, standard deviation, and coefficient of 16.1 core material; crush stress; crush stroke; flatwise com-
variation (in percent) for the population. pression; honeycomb; sandwich

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