ft ain moring al 20-0ms A coloumb an be de

emits tnes o
rts a chsle cf requtrcy 2c0he fhe cmount st chaqe he
Flows th rough
aqtvern conde
find tho fraquency chserve in one second i
Hneres C ote
statrcnany chserver cuNent ol IA lowo in q m fhe
eonductor
-Current
t- tim e
Solo
The observed F en adance ok appac
Coulombis la
I4 states that the force F
330-20
bfcon 2 chqes 4, and 42 ctn
DA- Timon ah prepotonc Fo he product
Electre statics the'2chages cnd inversely
propotronal to the sqre Bf tho
toloumbls law, electru c Pield, electrrc duskence r sepaNa tinq the bw
potentral, res is tos capacitanca, chages
permita, electrostahc cnerq4
maqnetie heid due to conductors.
Drect taNent! curent; votta q¬, r2
res stance and ther
dc circuits and measuremen ts.
onalyss, ohms
lauw, knchops lcau, supeipositon, mesh
K= constamt ot propohonal1ig
Charqe cxAsts due to either
or b inducticn.
kle thave toote
rubbing 2o = 8.os x o
tye ande tapes c/Nm
lke chargs permitivaty ot hee spac
repel,un lilce tthact
Charqe S quantised.ie F 2
discrete quanti ties and os not
eKIshsas
continuous.
he Fndamental unit ot Colcumbls law aplies only to
chage u
where point charges ie. "Chaqpbbjecs
whose Sizes are much sallu
than he dstcnce btuyn them
Charge is
(nzinteger)
also
created norconserved ie, ik
for
tor severL charges'N in 0., the
Cantor be force F, on chaqe q,a, cue to
but can only be trarsfered
form to anthe
destrçyed
Prom Onc cfher charges S a,given by
he SI Unit of chaqe is thc
cOulcmb CC).
wher f (s the force on 4. cae
 Eample
Calculate- the a(ue of oo
2 they vepei The dechon o eleckrrc heid LS
oth a fercebi oIN when
iluaked SD em appah in Yacun the direchion or a lÓice . s the
divechon of dtust chage paced
ih the hed
2

Exam ple .ot the

khat is the mac nttude
such that an
electric ed
electron placed in the. fie ld expeehcg
to ibs
an ele cerical lorce equal
wtiqht.
2
Solo
Gut F- Meq
=l:67x(o$C

IC fhe chauqes in fhe qUestion aboye

were plaed in an insulatnq lg:
itiku £z 102e,Cdttulae
dthepeini
valueticik
of the chauges ::
Electric Potentia l
" Ican be used to define
electric heid n terms oh o
Scalay.
he potenhal dfr btwn posn e
= S-3x(O and 'b is Ve- VA
{f w 1s the cooik done to
move atve test charg e
qe hrom point A to B in q
lectric Fiejd lecme fied ÉÉ then the
4 charge Q pioduces an elechne potenliaL Ference bhon 4an od
leld round' it.And iis thes elecirc B s Hhe cook dont, vided
Held that interacts with other by he chauge
chavqes uhen brouaht oithin its
The eiectic freid E can be delrecb
as force /unit chg e
nfrnite
pouni A polenla
dustance fiom B and the
polenha/
4E 2 ah AV -O, then he
at B, Va:
 skhal is the maanltude ofa pon
chaige Such Hho the
qenerallq herefore, al a
the polenhalmovng Soom away has
clectne heid
oint the cook done in c maqnthude
test chag homby ininite to tha'
point ided the best cha

CAPAC(TANCE
Acapacito
Fuoo
System of
conducior harinq op osie
But cw fl chayqes nd placecd agveh
ds apaít
they aue uscd to store chaIce
and the capac kan Ce of a
A Cipacilor is iis abily
charqe
Capaétance s measuied a fared
cohere i f lc
But hcwever lF very biq value
and thérefore, we noma uwe
uf. n F or pt

larale l plate capacttors

i: 1he charge GnC is 8tcm hom

oncter hcuqnC, Calculale the A
resutiani fo rce tha otll be extited
cn a charge o 21c place
buon them doay
24 point charae 3xtoC ts
oncther pointcharqt ol frO5C om
n
ot Calculate Hie torce It conssis of too panale(
bton them plats o cuea A place d a
3 uo cheuges2xeach, a dista nce'd' part and hain
(o BuoC
N Gn each exeilsa cpr chags Ctve and - ve)q
when are othei
e fece ie CaSsume
the dst btun them Cne aea
ylaige cmpartd
to the ofei
pc like chavges ce mapait ieid ¬ bton the plaes S
ar and repell each othti wh unnfom

1s 00u C calculale (he Valve

cf fhe other
 n

is a4ng a best
cook doneIrcm where Cn Is ihe nth capac1tul
age cne Plake to (s paratlel aranqment
othtr 6 gven by oo éd
wher Vz Ed Capacitors in Series

Ron his equalhon, } can be secn

har capacibance of a parallel paie for the Gn Cuit above, the chaqes
capaci to ok each o the apuctu wit b w
he capucitace ota ppc depends
1Aea of each plale
2 destance or seperaton of the
plate C
3 Kind ct matey ial btCon thc
plate (di electric mat)

For capact tor s n seiits s

(apacitocs tn Paatlef Cn

stored tn a Capzeiei,
store of
Achaiged apactler
hs
(s
fom Hhe cuit cbove, the charge elechrical enetoy can bseen
hom fhe spark it may qeve cut
tored-in each capaafer ol bo
Since Y us the same Sncedscharge
chage 4 s poponl al, lo
ar any snstan'. Then tho,gaph o
sthayght lne

C3.

tor capacitors n paralel,

qchercl, Racttance C iS given
bg
(nirctore wt mays considei thal thd Cz
fnal chage huough an aLaVqge pd
to anothe
move d rom ore plale
C Ciz C4

Since there s Orpd aaess fhe plas

at the stait and Y po tenha S
drop at the end, ht ooik donie
n
hansleng the charge coul be
qaen by
ent(g4 stored
charce trqnstred x P-d CaC2-Ci
to- S SuF

Sxio-6 X 40

QxSxo-B

13 capacilors Cre connech d Cn

$rres ccYass a 75r SuPply.
he p-d acrosS each
(s
25 and 30 r ies peehrey
V=400 and the chayge on each 3b
Calcalae the ca pac tanct ol each
Capaclor an d fotal ca ataee
el the combinaton

R.Capactos
Connect d
of k0 and 30 ot
|n sennes
he eqanalenl capactance ot .the Pocwer supp ly Calcu late
Curculk S Suf. the cquivalent capacilanl,and
Calculare chag aernss eachcapaitor
on each
l: Capactance of C 2 apaalh.
e3 Gruga sortd in C
Pdcros C,
(onnechd m paralelh com bìnale
 ot
alln c acllor ohere measue tn C
(alcalale he toial Ca m Ls
cICULt. teslas(T)

paalt plahe cajpact kor has an from ths equatron, lor a chcge a
r e O0cm and the plates al moving at rqht anqlks to the heie
an apcit in yacuam. Calculate the Fonce cxpevenctd by q depnds
gchauqe stere fa 200y
upplg5 Pplred aOvSs he Quantitylmaenttude el chaige
plares Velocil4 of charqcd pait ce
3 Mgqmitde of maanetwc fietd
Plats o densty bt K-|

oye lecic
t the oncc foy
plais Calcu lae he

"aqnekuc held
|ays Pho loelectrre cfet
produckron
fNe
t
of elech ors n Ine
conductoy
Since we can assume that the
conducor s uniforn Hhen hrom
oY one elcctron

magnetic fed
drct on Ne loci ts lul
Lre
chauged paincle q is plated subsh tutnq
hesits v. fhen the lorce acthg
Perbrcle i's faV and

toy maz loce to cCcurmus r be

a ght angle Io
 eliciors /lourng 3tlectuc lorce does oork
dsplacnq a chargd patse,
Cohere a a maonetre
associcted wth steady
chere Ne Q maqnehc heid dos no La
when aa pavticie
paiticie is
sspbced
Craulatng Changs
Example XX X X X X
An electrc rotlzy cable ca Ccurries q X
drect Curent oY 350A In a reqion X
where, Fhe vertical componenl c Fhe X X
earth mqgnetc he id cs Sa lorbT
khat s The horizon lal force on g Charqel patkcle
section o tht coire due lo
the magnetrc ePect The relatonship F qvxB
Shows tha t fhe paiticle co|
expenence Sideoay s de leciy
: Sx10bx 380 x 12 Porce ot maqnlude lav6
Thus Force cotl| lve in lhe plot
From the equationF-
on
fhe iqcre whch means fhol
seen Hhat he horce on S) it con be
a con ductor
the porticte cannol ltcace lhe
plane
Camying Cument in a magnetrc he chaITge parcte l mDe in
on
l2 magneticIn luc density S which wnl depend án cenlnpee
Currnt a con duclo Foree
length of the cond ucior L from
4 Angle o Crrcular moon
Con ducl or an
orientaon,, ben
magnc hre hecd from neoton ls Law
bien Electic and
he elechvic Force m
derecrOn of the electrc.
IS
alooysre id in Fhe

where as the magne hc lorce (s h

to the magnetic Aeld
r- m
Rhe elechie FDrce acts on a
chauged B
paiticle Tes pchve o i Yeloctte hs qvs the radus o
whereas mçiqnetre lorce acts ont Hhe crcular parth
cha racd patrcie only when it
in mo ton
 velccly wl be qreh

-02IOx |0x0T

Ncke thaf fhe Ficqe hay oes ot

depins cn he specdet He patcde X |.0x (0
4

iast pifcies more n le =l6x(0

But cl mote the me rerekulons

hane the same

he
F or charqed palbcles in a bilow calculae
ho m the cC uit
the alue ok
Catec Cycie hon
PaitLcle n the heid

Exampe (S OCcil Cl on in
A10ey eleclycn
a plane at rqhi cngles lo a 24Y
unrform magne irc red 3- JO
x lof 7.
Calcu late
|.The cibit dres
RThe cqclohron requency
3:The percd er revolubon
-O6A

V3 :01SA
Ke my 3

2ke

(D

Y
 MUlli-locp cicuits.
Kinchopls ule
The kucho p's Grst ule
that
ol fhe (untens
'n lo the
nchon
cOmn
equal thtanc
sumticn je CuIren,
no Cu
ledv1nq the
iS lost at the junctib
.hs rule s also called fhe
(he aboe ciicuit s an eaGmple o junc tron rule or kirchop
muttr loop cir Cåit. ln the myltil CUren law kcl
C
lop ciiit, thene aie im potnt Jhs ule s a
conse quence ol
tims conservaion el charqe
clese d path in a iiCult S
utled a lecp Knchops second tule stabe Iha
2A mèsh s a speial brcnch
locp hal a The Sum o all pd qrouhd
does not con tain a complete locp 1s equal fo zer
inside -A lso catled the loop rule of
(henetoR the above cicull has two knchop voltce law KrL
mesheS but three loops constquence ol conServalon
1he outside path con
because tt has a
ikining,
not a mth
bianch
o enigy
Use the kuchops rule fo delemin
conhaning Rs insid e he current throuqh an el laqes
CtCCOSS ecch o the resstor m
3 Anode () an e<eceric circct S the abore arcuit.
Fhe point at oh1ch too oI more
compontnls are conneckec teqether
4-A brach
Method(
ans clement connece d Simply Pick a duecton for cuntnt
befwlen 2 nods. Ths elemen Ls In cach path, ^ he duecton s
could be sources, res(S tors or anq CorrecE the' cunent s tve, il nor
ofher o element Hhe value s -Ye.
is t pcint ohee at least 2. Use kirchops ist rule to conie
thrt ctrcut Pa hs neet. down the crenl cquahon ei
fhere are seyeral methods of aralynq each junctron
3 Use Krchops secor ule fo cele
a muctuloop cicuib. down the loop equalons y
4e shall discuss bastd
checsing t SBaibinq point ano
t:Kirchopls rule theorem down the loop unt1ll
2 Superpesitron the
theorem back As dow
3- (he meSh or loop aralyss bcl tenes and reSslors, wrte
mehod edch rolaqe che, add them @
Set the m equal

NG hom
( When u CCSS a bttfery
posilve
-Ve to tve side