4.7 Phase Shift PWM over other Switching Techniques…………..

21
7 level Multi-Level Inverter
5.1 7 level Multi-Level Inverter using constant DC Source ……….22
5.2 Expected Total Harmonic Distortion for different
SPWM Techniques………………………………………………22
5.3 Solar PV with 7 Level Multi-Level Inverter…………………….23-25

Applications
5.1 Renewable Energy Systems….……….….……….….…………..25
5.2 HVDC Systems……………….……….….……….….……….....25
5.3 Uninterruptible Power Supplies……………………………….…25
5.4 High-Quality Power Supplies……………………………………25

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………...26
References…………………………………………………………………………...27
 Chapter 1

Introduction

The worldwide trend towards sustainable energy sources has prompted a growing embrace of
solar photovoltaic (PV) systems for power generation. Renowned for their clean and renewable
energy production, solar PV systems play a crucial role in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.
In the pursuit of optimizing the efficiency and reliability of solar energy utilization, the
integration of multiple inverters in a solar PV system has emerged as a notable subject of
exploration. This study seeks to undertake a thorough performance analysis of a solar PV system
paired with multiple inverters, with a specific focus on essential parameters such as efficiency,
reliability, and overall system performance.

1.1 Title:
Performance analysis of multi-inverter with solar PV system

1.2 Overview

The conventional setup of a solar PV system involves a single inverter responsible for converting
direct current (DC) generated by solar panels into alternating current (AC) for grid or local
consumption. However, as solar installations scale up in size and complexity, there is a growing need
to explore the integration of multiple inverters. This approach aims to distribute the power conversion
load among inverters, potentially improving overall system performance.

1
 CHAPTER 2

2.1 Conventional Inverter

A basic level inverter serves as a fundamental electronic device with a vital function in
converting direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC). This transformation is
indispensable because numerous electronic devices, appliances, and systems function on AC
power, whereas specific power sources, like batteries or solar panels, inherently generate DC
electricity. The principal objective of a basic level inverter is to enable compatibility between
these sources and the devices that necessitate AC power.

Key features and components of a simple level inverter include:

1. Switching Mechanism: At its core, a simple level inverter operates as a switch that
rapidly turns the DC power on and off. This rapid switching generates a waveform that
approximates the shape of AC power. While the resulting waveform may be a basic
square wave, it is sufficient for powering a variety of devices that do not require a
highly refined AC waveform.

2. Square Wave Inverter: Commonly referred to as a "square wave inverter," this type of
inverter produces a waveform that resembles a square-shaped pattern. While it is a
simplistic form of AC power compared to the sine wave produced by more advanced
inverters, square wave inverters are cost-effective and suitable for powering many
standard electronic devices and appliances.

3. Applications: Simple level inverters find applications in various domains. They are
frequently used in scenarios where a cost-efficient solution is needed for basic power
requirements. For example, in automotive systems, a simple inverter can be employed
to convert DC power from a car battery into AC power, enabling the operation of
devices like chargers or small electronic appliances.

4. Limitations: Despite their utility, simple level inverters have limitations. The square
wave output they generate may not be ideal for devices that are sensitive to the quality
of the AC waveform. Sensitive electronics, such as certain types of motors or audio
equipment, may experience inefficiencies or performance issues when powered by a
square wave inverter.

5. Advantages: Simple level inverters are appreciated for their simplicity,

cost-effectiveness, and suitability for powering basic electronic devices. They are often
chosen for applications where the precise characteristics of a sine wave are not critical,
and a straightforward and affordable solution is preferred.
2
2.2 Multi Level Inverter

A multi-level inverter is a sophisticated power electronic device engineered to transform direct

current (DC) into high-quality alternating current (AC) while minimizing harmonic distortion.
Diverging from basic square waveforms generated by simple inverters, multi-level inverters
create output waveforms with multiple voltage levels, leading to heightened performance,
diminished electromagnetic interference, and increased overall efficiency. Below is an
elucidation of the key features, operational principles, and applications of multi-level inverters:

1. Multiple Voltage Levels: The distinguishing feature of a multi-level inverter is its

ability to produce output waveforms with more than two voltage levels. Common
configurations include three-level, five-level, seven-level, or even higher voltage steps.
Each voltage level is achieved by stacking multiple power semiconductor devices in a
specific arrangement.

2. Working Principle: Multi-level inverters operate by synthesizing the desired AC

waveform using multiple voltage levels. This is achieved by controlling the activation
and deactivation of power semiconductor devices such as (IGBTs) or (MOSFETs). The
arrangement of these devices allows for the creation of stepped voltage waveforms that
closely approximate a sine wave.

3. Advantages:

○ Reduced Harmonic Distortion: Multi-level inverters significantly reduce

harmonic distortion in the output waveform compared to traditional inverters
with fewer voltage levels. This results in cleaner and more sinusoidal AC
output, which is particularly important for sensitive electronic equipment.

○ Improved Efficiency: The stepped voltage waveform allows for better

utilization of power semiconductor devices, leading to increased efficiency in
power conversion.

○ Lower Electromagnetic Interference (EMI): The reduced harmonic content in

the output waveform contributes to lower electromagnetic interference, making
multi-level inverters suitable for applications where EMI needs to be
minimized.

3
2.3 Comparision between Simple and Multi Level Inverter

2.3.1 Output Waveform:

Simple Inverter: Generates a square wave or a modified sine wave with a limited number
of voltage levels.

Multilevel Inverter: Generates a stepped approximation of a sine wave using multiple

voltage levels, resulting in a waveform that approaches a pure sine wave.

2.3.2 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD):

Simple Inverter: Tends to have higher THD in the output waveform, leading to harmonic
distortion.

Multilevel Inverter: Offers lower THD, providing a cleaner and more sinusoidal output
waveform.

2.3.3 Applications:

Simple Inverter: Suited for small-scale applications with less stringent requirements for
waveform quality.

Multilevel Inverter: Preferred for high-power applications, grid-tied systems, and

situations where a high-quality sinusoidal output is essential.

2.3.4 Complexity:

Simple Inverter: Less complex in terms of circuitry and control mechanisms.

Multilevel Inverter: More complex due to the additional circuitry needed to achieve
multiple voltage levels.

2.3.5 Efficiency:

Simple Inverter: Generally has a lower efficiency compared to multilevel inverters,

especially in applications demanding high-quality AC power.

2.3.6 Cost:

Simple Inverter: Typically more cost-effective and easier to implement.

Multilevel Inverter: Can be more expensive due to the complexity of the circuit and the
need for additional components.

4
2.4 WAVEFORM ANALYSIS

- The first graph shows the square wave inverter which can be obtained in a simple
inverter.

- 2nd graph shows the idle pure sine wave which can be generated in case of
infinite multilevel inverters.

- 3rd graph shows the modified sine wave, close to pure sine wave which can be
obtained in case of multilevel inverter.

5
 CHAPTER 3
There are three types of multilevel inverters:

3.1 Cascaded H Bridge Multilevel Inverter

The Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter stands out as an advanced power electronic device
designed for the effective conversion of direct current (DC) into high-quality alternating current
(AC). Acknowledged for its capacity to produce output waveforms with multiple voltage levels,
this inverter plays a pivotal role in improving power quality, reducing harmonic distortion, and
enhancing overall efficiency. This comprehensive analysis explores the operational principles,
benefits, and varied applications of the Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter.

Operational Principles:

○ H-Bridge Configuration:At the core of the Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter lies

the H-bridge, comprising four power semiconductor switches, typically
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs).Each H-bridge module is tasked
with generating a segment of the overall output waveform.
○ Cascade Connection:Multiple H-bridge modules are systematically connected
in a series or cascaded arrangement, forming a stack.This cascading technique
facilitates the synthesis of numerous voltage levels by enabling independent
activation and deactivation control of each H-bridge.
○ Voltage Levels:The quantity of voltage levels corresponds to the number of
H-bridge modules in the cascade. For example, a three-level inverter would
involve three H-bridge modules.
○ PWM Control:Precise control of the IGBTs within each H-bridge is achieved
through Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).PWM ensures the creation of a
stepped waveform that closely mimics a sine wave, contributing to improved
output quality.

Fig 1.1

6
3.2 Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter

The Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter stands as an advanced power electronics device
engineered for the conversion of direct current (DC) into high-quality alternating current (AC).
What sets this inverter apart is its utilization of flying capacitors, facilitating the generation of
multiple voltage levels in the output waveform. In this thorough examination, we will explore
the operational principles, advantages, and applications of the Flying Capacitor Multilevel
Inverter.

Operational Principles:

1. Flying Capacitors:
○ The fundamental element of the Flying Capacitor Inverter is the use of flying
capacitors, which are connected in a floating configuration.
○ Each flying capacitor is associated with a specific voltage level, allowing for the
creation of multiple steps in the output waveform.
2. Voltage Levels:
○ The quantity of voltage levels is determined by the count of flying capacitors
incorporated into the circuit. Through meticulous control of the charging and
discharging processes of these capacitors, the inverter synthesizes an output
waveform with multiple discrete voltage levels.
3. Switching Mechanism:
○ Power semiconductor switches, often IGBTs or MOSFETs, are employed to
control the charging and discharging of the flying capacitors.
○ Precise switching, typically facilitated by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
techniques, governs the modulation of the output waveform.

Fig 1.2

7
3.3 Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter

The Diode-Clamped Multilevel Inverter represents an advanced power electronics device

engineered for the conversion of direct current (DC) into high-quality alternating current
(AC). Commonly known as a Neutral-Point Clamped Inverter, this type of inverter utilizes
diodes and capacitors to achieve multiple voltage levels in the output waveform. In this
comprehensive exploration, we will delve into the operational principles, advantages, and
applications of the Diode-Clamped Multilevel Inverter.

Operational Principles:

1. Neutral-Point Clamping:
○ The key feature of the Diode-Clamped Inverter is the use of a neutral-point
clamping technique. This involves clamping the midpoint or neutral point of the
DC source to different voltage levels using diodes and capacitors.
○ The clamping action allows the creation of multiple voltage steps in the output
waveform.
2. Voltage Levels:
○ The quantity of voltage levels is determined by the number of clamping levels
established through diodes and capacitors. Through precise control of the
activation and deactivation of these clamping levels, the inverter generates an
output waveform with several distinct voltage steps.
3. Switching Mechanism:
○ Power semiconductor switches, often Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
(IGBTs) or Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs),
are used to modulate the voltage levels and generate the desired output
waveform.
○ Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) techniques are commonly employed to achieve
precise control over the switching of these semiconductor devices.

8
 Fig 1.3

Solar PV System:

A solar PV (photovoltaic) system is a renewable energy technology that converts sunlight into
electricity. It consists of solar panels, which are made up of photovoltaic cells, that capture
sunlight and generate direct current (DC) electricity. An inverter is then used to convert this
DC electricity into alternating current (AC) electricity, which is compatible with most electrical
appliances and the power grid.

Solar PV systems can be installed on rooftops, ground-mounted arrays, or integrated into

building structures. They are scalable, meaning they can range from small, residential
installations to large, utility-scale projects. Solar PV systems provide clean and sustainable
electricity, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. They
offer numerous environmental, economic, and social benefits, including energy independence,
cost savings on electricity bills, job creation, and promotion of energy security and resilience.

Components of a Solar PV System:

Solar Panels (Photovoltaic Modules): These are the core components of a solar PV system.
Solar panels consist of numerous photovoltaic cells, usually made from semiconductor
materials such as silicon. When sunlight hits these cells, it generates an electric current via the
photovoltaic effect.

Inverter: Since solar panels produce direct current (DC) electricity, but most household
appliances and the electrical grid use alternating current (AC), an inverter is necessary. It
converts the DC electricity produced by the solar panels into AC electricity, making it suitable
for use in homes, businesses, and the grid.

Mounting Structure: Solar panels need to be securely mounted on rooftops, ground-mounted

racks, or other support structures to ensure optimal exposure to sunlight. The mounting
structure must be designed to withstand various weather conditions and to position the panels
at the correct angle for maximum solar irradiance.

Balance of System Components: These include wiring, junction boxes, combiner boxes,
disconnect switches, and other electrical components that connect the solar panels to the
inverter and to the electrical load or grid.

9
Working Principle:

Sunlight Capture: Solar panels absorb sunlight using photovoltaic cells. When photons from
sunlight strike the semiconductor material in the cells, they dislodge electrons, creating an
electric current.

Electricity Generation: The electric current generated by the solar panels is in the form of
direct current (DC). This DC electricity is then sent to the inverter.

Conversion to AC: The inverter converts the DC electricity from the solar panels into
alternating current (AC) electricity, which is the standard form of electricity used in homes,
businesses, and the electrical grid.

Usage or Grid Connection: The AC electricity produced by the solar PV system can be used to
power electrical appliances and devices within the building. Any excess electricity can be
exported to the grid if the system is grid-connected, providing credit or compensation to the
owner through net metering or feed-in tariffs.

Applications of Solar PV Systems:

Residential: Solar PV systems are commonly installed on residential rooftops to provide clean,
renewable energy for homeowners. They can help reduce electricity bills and provide energy
independence.

Commercial: Many businesses and commercial establishments install solar PV systems to

offset their electricity consumption, reduce operating costs, and demonstrate environmental
responsibility.

Utility-scale: Large-scale solar PV installations, often referred to as solar farms or solar parks,
generate electricity on a utility scale. These projects can supply power to the electrical grid and
contribute to meeting regional or national energy targets.

Off-grid: In remote areas where access to the electrical grid is limited or nonexistent, off-grid
solar PV systems can provide reliable electricity for homes, telecommunications equipment,
water pumping, and other applications.

Benefits of Solar PV Systems:

Clean and Renewable Energy: Solar PV systems produce electricity without releasing
greenhouse gases or pollutants, aiding in the fight against climate change and enhancing air
quality.

Energy Independence: Solar PV systems decrease dependence on fossil fuels and imported
energy, offering greater energy security and resilience.

10
Cost Savings: By generating their own electricity, solar PV system owners can significantly cut
or eliminate their electricity bills over the system's lifespan. Additionally, financial incentives
such as tax credits, rebates, and net metering can boost the economic advantages of solar PV.

Job Creation: The solar industry generates employment in manufacturing, installation,

maintenance, and associated services, driving economic growth and job opportunities.

Low Operating Costs: Once installed, solar PV systems incur minimal operating expenses, as
sunlight is free and plentiful. Routine maintenance needs are also comparatively low.

Scalability and Adaptability: Solar PV systems can be adjusted in size to suit various energy
demands, from small residential setups to large-scale utility projects.

Considerations and Challenges:

Initial Cost: While the cost of solar PV systems has decreased significantly in recent years, the
initial investment can still be a barrier for some homeowners, businesses, and governments.

Intermittency and Variability: Solar PV systems depend on sunlight, which can be intermittent
and variable, affecting the consistency of electricity generation. Energy storage solutions such
as batteries can help address this challenge by storing excess energy for use when sunlight is
unavailable.

Space Requirements: Solar PV systems require adequate space with unobstructed access to
sunlight, which may not be feasible for all locations or building types.

Regulatory and Policy Framework: Government policies, regulations, and incentives play a
significant role in the adoption and deployment of solar PV systems. Stable and supportive
policies can encourage investment and innovation in the solar industry.

System Performance and Maintenance: Monitoring and maintaining the performance of solar
PV systems is essential to ensure optimal efficiency and longevity. Regular inspection,
cleaning, and maintenance of components are necessary to prevent issues and maximize energy
production.

Overall, solar PV systems offer a sustainable and cost-effective solution for generating
electricity, with numerous environmental, economic, and social benefits. Advances in
technology, coupled with supportive policies and growing public awareness, are driving the
widespread adoption of solar PV worldwide, contributing to a more sustainable and resilient
energy future.

Maximum power extraction system from solar PV array

The Perturb & Observe (P&O) technique is one of the simplest and most popular methods for
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). In this method, voltage and power are sensed, and
perturbation is adjusted based on the sign of the previous perturbation and the change in power.
If power increases, perturbation continues in the same direction; if power decreases, the
perturbation direction is reversed. This process continues until oscillation occurs at the
maximum power point.
11
Where Pn and Vn is the power and voltage obtained in nth perturbation, While Pn-1 and Vn-1 are
the power and voltage obtained in previous (n-1) perturbation.

Table 1: Algorithm of perturb and observe technique

Perturbation Change in Power Next Perturbation

Positive Positive Positive

Positive Negative Negative

Negative Positive Negative

Negative Negative Positive

12
Fig. 2.1: Working algorithm of perturb and observe technique

Fig. 2.2: Graph of MPPT outputs

13
Boost Converter
A boost converter is a DC-DC converter that increases (boosts) the input voltage to a higher
output voltage. It's commonly employed in various applications, including powering devices
from batteries, photovoltaic systems, and electric vehicles. Here’s a closer look at how a boost
converter functions, its components, and its uses:

Components of a Boost Converter

1. Inductor (L): Stores energy when current flows through it and releases energy when
the current decreases.
2. Switch (usually a transistor, S): Controls the energy transfer. It's typically a MOSFET
or IGBT.
3. Diode (D): Ensures the current flows in the correct direction and prevents backflow.
4. Capacitor (C): Smooths the output voltage.
5. Control Circuitry: Manages the switching of the transistor to regulate the output
voltage.

Fig. 2.3: Circuit Diagram of Boost Converter

Working Principle

A boost converter operates in two main modes:

1. When the switch is closed (ON state):

○ The inductor stores energy by building up a magnetic field.
○ The current through the inductor increases linearly.
○ The diode is reverse-biased, and the load is powered by the capacitor.
2. When the switch is open (OFF state):
○ The inductor releases its stored energy into the circuit.
○ The inductor current flows through the diode, charging the capacitor and
supplying energy to the load.
○ The energy from the inductor adds to the input voltage, boosting the output
voltage.

The switching process happens rapidly, often in the range of tens to hundreds of kilohertz, to

14
efficiently convert the power.

Key Equations

● Output Voltage (V_out):

Vout= Vin/(1-D)

where D is the duty cycle (the fraction of time the switch is ON during one switching
cycle).

● Duty Cycle (D):

D=1−(Vin/Vout)

Applications

● Battery-Powered Devices: To step up the battery voltage to required levels.

● Solar Power Systems: To increase the voltage from solar panels to match the system
requirements.
● Electric Vehicles: To convert the battery voltage to the required levels for various
components.
● Power Supplies: For generating higher voltage from a lower voltage input in various
electronic devices.

Advantages and Disadvantages

● Advantages:
○ Simple design with few components.
○ Efficient power conversion.
○ Versatile and widely used in many applications.
● Disadvantages:
○ Requires careful design to manage switching noise.
○ Output voltage can be susceptible to input voltage fluctuations.
○ High switching frequency can generate electromagnetic interference (EMI).

Design Considerations

● Efficiency: Maximizing efficiency involves selecting low-loss components and

optimizing the switching frequency.
● Thermal Management: High-power applications may need heat sinks or cooling
mechanisms.
● Control Strategy: Using pulse-width modulation (PWM) to control the duty cycle
precisely.
● Component Ratings: Ensuring that all components can handle the expected voltage
and current levels.

The working states of the Boost converter consist of two modes, based on the state of the
switch. The on-mode takes place when Switch Q is turned on and diode D is in a
non-conducting state, while the off-mode follows when switch Q is turned off and diode D is
conducting. With the Assumption of 100% efficiency of Boost converter, its duty cycle can be
expressed as
15
Performance of SPV system with different environmental conditions is observed

• Output Power with different irradiance and temperature of 25° C is shown in Fig., As
irradiance decreases, the generated voltage of the PV cell also decreases, leading to a reduction
in the efficiency of the PV cell.

• Output Power with 1000W/m2 irradiance and different temperatures is shown in Fig. 7. As
the temperature increases, the current of the PV cell decreases, resulting in a reduction in
generated power.

Table 2: Output of MPPT-operated PV array with 100 ohms load in different

environmental conditions

Environmental Voltage Current Power

condition (volts) (amp) (watts)

Case 1 1000 W/m2 25° C 154.8 1.548 239.7

Case 2 1000 W/m2 45° C 146.7 1.467 215.2

Case 3 800 W/m2 25° C 132.8 1.328 176.3

Switching Methods:-
The methodology employed by multilevel inverters utilizes numerous switches to produce a
staircase-like output through controlled switching. The sequence and duration of each step are
pivotal in minimizing Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). Various approaches for generating
gating signals have been proposed, with Sinusoidal-Pulse-Width-Modulation (SPWM) being a
prevalent choice due to its advantages, including low switching losses, fewer output
harmonics, and ease of implementation.

Numerous SPWM methods are available, such as:

- Phase-Disposition-PWM(PDPWM)
- Alternative-Opposition-Disposition-PWM(APODPWM)

16
 - Phase-Opposition-Disposition-PWM(PODPWM)
- Phase-Shift-PWM(PSPWM)
- Multi-Carrier-Sinusoidal-Pulse-Width-Modulation
- Carrier-Overlapping-PWM-(COPWM)
Typically, these approaches entail the utilization of multiple triangular signals, whether at the
same level or with a phase shift. Gating signals for corresponding switches are generated
through the intersection of these triangular signals with a single sine wave. In this research, a
novel method for generalized gating signal generation is introduced, employing only one
modulating and one carrier signal. The resultant signal is subsequently routed to different
switches via a pulse steering circuit developed within the scope of this investigation.
A.Phase-Disposition-PWM (PD):

Among the various SPWM techniques, Phase-Disposition-PWM(PD) stands out. PD involves

comparing carrier signals that have the same frequency, amplitude, and phase but different DC
offsets to a single sine modulating signal.Since all carrier waves have the same phase, this
method is referred to as PD. Figure 3.1 demonstrates this technique, highlighting that the
required number of triangular signals is (n-1), where 'n' represents the number of levels.

Fig 3.1 Phase-Disposition-PWM

B.Phase-Opposition-Disposition-PWM (POD):

This approach also incorporates carrier signals with the same frequency and amplitude but
varying in phase. The carrier signals above the reference zero voltage are 180 degrees out of
phase with the carrier signals below the zero reference voltage. Figure 3.2 provides an
illustration of this method.

17
 Fig 3.2 Phase-Opposition-Disposition-PWM

C. Alternative-Phase-Opposition-Disposition-PWM:

In this approach, carrier signals have the same frequency and amplitude, but each carrier
wave is offset by 180 degrees relative to the one next to it. This method is illustrated in Fig.
3.3

Fig 3.3 Alternative-Phase-Opposition-Disposition-PWM

D. Phase-Shift-PWM:

In this approach, all carrier signals share identical amplitude, frequency, and DC offset, but
they are phase-shifted from each other by 90 degrees. Figure 3.4 provides an illustration of
this configuration.

18
 Fig 3.4 Phase-Shift-PWM

E. Carrier-Overlapping PWM:

In this method designed for an m-level inverter, m-1 carrier signals are employed with
identical frequency and peak-to-peak amplitude. These carrier signals are strategically
arranged so that the bands they occupy overlap each other until half of their amplitude,
with the reference signal centered in the middle of these carrier signals. Figure 3.5
illustrates this approach.

Fig 3.5 Carrier-Overlapping PWM

F. Multi-Carrier-Sinusoidal-Pulse-Width-Modulation-PWM:

This technique is applied in multilevel inverters where the switching frequency of the upper
and lower switches exceeds that of the intermediate switches. The purpose of employing this
method is to equalize the number of switchings. Figure 3.6 provides an illustration of this
approach.

19
 Fig 3.6 Multi-Carrier-Sinusoidal-Pulse-Width-Modulation-PWM

Fig 3.7

In the proposed Novel SPWM technique, the process begins by generating a parent signal
through the comparison of a reference sine wave with a triangular carrier wave, as shown in
Fig. 3.7. Next, pulse trains are sent to the respective switches at the appropriate times using
logic combinations, as depicted in Fig. 3.8 and Fig. 3.9. Fig. 8 illustrates the creation process
of the parent PWM signal, while Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 describe the pulse steering logic for
delivering gating signals to specific switches. As a result, the gating signals for any switch are
generated by logically ANDing the parent signal with a pulse whose duration matches the
switch's conduction period.

20
 Fig 3.8

Fig 3.9
The presented method utilizes a single sine and a lone carrier signal, demonstrating its generic
nature. Consequently, the approach can be extended to various types of multilevel inverters by
creating a parent train of pulses and subsequently directing them to the relevant switches, thus
generating the necessary step signal

Phase Shift PWM over other Switching Techniques

Analysis of the power drawn from each DC source in the cascaded multi-level inverter is an
important parameter for determining the battery size of the stand-alone system with storage.
Each H-bridge inverter extracts power from a separate DC source. This power extraction is
dependent on the inverter's switching behavior. Therefore, the type of switching implemented
influences the power drawn from each particular DC source.
For a seven-level cascaded multilevel inverter, analysis of power drawn from separate sources
gives the following results.

21
 Switching D.C Source 1 D.C Source 2 D.C Source 3
Supplied Technique
Power (in
watts) PD 214.7 233.9 233.5

PS 164 164.9 165

In techniques like PD, POD and APOD switching (level-shifted MC SPWM), unequal power is
drawn from separate DC sources. Conversely, in Phase Shift (PS) switching, equal power is
drawn from each source in both five-level and seven-level MLI. For this reason, PS is the
preferred switching technique over the other three MC SPWM methods. In stand-alone Solar
PV systems, equal power extraction is favorable for maintaining voltage level symmetry and
converter design. Therefore, simple MPPT control will ensure maximum power extraction
from each array at the same voltage level.

7 level Multi-Level Inverter using constant DC Source

CMLI is implemented with dc sources each of 100 volts and a purely resistive load of 100
ohms. THD spectrum analysis with pure resistive load is shown below, 48.34% THD is present
in the 2-level inverter. THD analysis of a three-level inverter current with pure resistive load is
shown below. 41.47% THD is present with a 1.2 modulation index. Using Phase shift as a
modulation technique with a modulation index of 1.2, THD analysis of five-level and
seven-level inverter current with pure resistive load gives 21.81% THD and 15.58% THD
respectively.

Fig 10: Cascade H bridge 7 Level MLI with DC Source

22
 Table : Output Voltage Level for 7 Level MLI

Expected Total Harmonic Distortion for different SPWM Techniques

Method THD
P.D 15.64%
P.O.D 14.85%
A.P.O.D 15.41%
P.S 15.58%

Solar PV with 7 Level Multi-Level Inverter

1. Proposed Solar PV Fed Multi-Level Inverter

In a Solar PV-fed MLI, the standard DC source is replaced by a PV array with an advanced MPPT
technique. Each H-bridge cell of the inverter is powered by its own PV array, each managed by an
independent MPPT technique. For both five-level and seven-level cascaded inverters, the phase
shift modulation technique is used. Additionally, a model can be developed for a five-level
cascaded inverter using two cascaded H-bridge inverters, each powered by a separate PV array.
The illustration below shows a seven-level CMLI, where three H-bridge inverters are cascaded,
each fed by different PV arrays and controlled by independent MPPT techniques.

2. Comparative Analysis of Solar PV Fed Multi-Level Inverter

The Analysis of the Solar PV array-fed inverter of various voltage levels shows the presence of
THDs in current under different load conditions. Specifically, THDs were observed with an
R-load, drawing current with unity power factor. Additionally, THDs present in an R-L load.

23
1. Flow Diagram

2. Result

3.THD

24
4. Power Extraction from Solar PV using MPPT Technique

25
 5. I-V and P-V characteristics of Solar PV Array

Applications
Renewable Energy Systems:

In grid-tied solar power systems, multi-level inverters play a significant role in converting the
direct current (DC) output from solar panels into high-quality alternating current (AC). This
conversion facilitates smooth integration with the grid. The inherent capacity of multi-level
inverters to minimize harmonics is essential for upholding the overall power quality when feeding
electricity back into the grid.

Motor Drives:

Multi-level inverters play a substantial role in high-performance motor drives, especially in

applications like electric vehicles and industrial motor control. Their distinctive capability to
produce low-distortion AC waveforms contributes to the overall efficiency and performance
enhancement of electric motor systems.

HVDC Systems:

Multi-level inverters play a crucial role in high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission
systems by converting DC power to AC, facilitating efficient long-distance power transmission.
This process helps minimize losses and enhances voltage control in HVDC systems.
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Induction Heating:

In industrial settings, multi-level inverters play a crucial role in induction heating systems used for
metal processing. These inverters provide precise control over power delivery to induction coils,
optimizing heating efficiency, and subsequently reducing overall energy consumption in industrial
processes..

Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS):

Multi-level inverters find application in Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) systems. By

providing high-quality and stable AC power during power outages, these inverters ensure the safe
and reliable operation of sensitive electronic equipment.

FACTS Devices:

Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices utilize multi-level inverters to
manage power flow, thereby improving the stability and reliability of electrical grids. Specifically,
in FACTS devices like the Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), multi-level inverters
play a key role in providing voltage support and enabling reactive power control..

CONCLUSION

The performance analysis of a multi-inverter system integrated with a solar PV setup provides
valuable insights into its efficiency, reliability, and overall effectiveness. The distributed
architecture of multiple inverters optimizes energy harvesting, enhancing the system's efficiency
by maximizing the utilization of solar energy. The redundancy in a multi-inverter configuration
increases system reliability, ensuring a consistent energy output even in the event of an inverter
failure. Furthermore, the balanced load distribution prevents component overloading, promoting
the system's longevity. The adaptability of the system to variable environmental conditions
underscores its robust performance in the face of fluctuations in solar irradiance and temperature.
The integration also offers advanced monitoring and control capabilities, allowing for real-time
adjustments and proactive issue identification. Economically viable and scalable, the
multi-inverter system is well-suited for various applications from residential to commercial and
industrial settings. In addition, its positive environmental impact, reducing dependence on
traditional energy sources, contributes to a more sustainable energy ecosystem. In essence, the
integrated multi-inverter system with a solar PV setup emerges as a promising and effective
solution for clean energy generation, with potential for further advancements in research and
development towards a greener and more sustainable future.

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S. Vadhiraj, K. N. Swamy and B. P. Divakar, "Generic SPWM technique for multilevel inverter,"
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N. Ahmed and Z. R. Khan, "A Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter using Phase Control
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