ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIT II
ANGLE MODULATION

FREQUENCY & PHASE MODULATION

Introduction
Besides using the amplitude of carrier to carrier information, one can also use the angle of
a carrier to carrier information. This approach is called angle modulation, and includes frequency
modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM). The amplitude of the carrier is maintained
constant. The major advantage of this approach is that it allows the trade-off between bandwidth
and noise performance. he other type of modulation in continuous-wave modulation is the Angle
Modulation. Angle Modulation is the process in which the frequency or the phase of the carrier
varies according to the message signal. This is further divided into frequency and phase
modulation.

 Frequency Modulation is the process of varying the frequency of the carrier signal linearly
with the message signal.

 Phase Modulation is the process of varying the phase of the carrier signal linearly with the
message signal.

Frequency Modulation

In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the carrier varies. But in Frequency Modulation
(FM), the frequency of the carrier signal varies in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude
of the modulating signal. The amplitude and the phase of the carrier signal remains constant
whereas the frequency of the carrier changes. This can be better understood by observing the
following figures Figure 2.1.1, Figure 2.1.2, Figure 2.1.3 represents Base band Signal , Carrier Signal
and FM Signal.

EC8491 COMMUNICATION THEORY

 ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Figure 2.1.1 base Band Signal

Diagram Source Electronics Tutorials

Figure 2.1.2 Carrier Signal

Diagram Source Electronics Tutorials

Figure 2.1.3 FM Signal

Diagram Source elprocus.com

EC8491 COMMUNICATION THEORY

 ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

EQUATIONS OF FM AND PM WAVES

An angle modulated signal can be written as

s (t )= Acosθ(t) (1)

where θ(t) is usually of the form θ t = 2πfct + ∅(t) and fc is the carrier frequency. The
signal ∅(t) is derived from the message signal m(t) . If ∅ t = kpm(t) for some constant kp ,the
resulting modulation is called phase modulation. The parameter kp is called the phase
sensitivity.In telecommunications and signal processing, frequency modulation (FM) is the
encoding of information in a carrier wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave.
(Compare with amplitude modulation, in which the amplitude of the carrier wave varies, while
the frequency remains constant.) Frequency modulation is known as phase modulation when

the carrier phase modulation is the time integral of the FM signal.

Modulation index:

As in other modulation systems, the value of the modulation index indicates by how much
the modulated variable varies around its unmodulated level. It relates to variations in the carrier
frequency. The modulation index of FM is defined as the ratio of the frequency deviation of the
carrier to the frequency of the modulating signal

mf = Modulation Index of FM = ∆f/fm (2)

The FM equation include the following
v = A sin [ ωct + (Δf / fm) sin ωmt ]

= A sin [ ωct + mf sin ωmt ] (3)

A = Amplitude of the FM signal. Δf = Frequency deviation

mf = Modulation Index of FM
mf = ∆f/fm

EC8491 COMMUNICATION THEORY

 ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

mf is called the modulation index of frequency modulation.

m = 2π fm ωc = 2π fc (4)

The Bandwidth of Frequency Modulation Signal

Bandwidth is one of the main elements of FM signal. In FM signal, the sidebands will extend either
side which will extend to infinity; however, the strength of them drops away. Auspiciously, it is
the potential to restrict the BW of an FM signal without changing its value excessively. Recall, the
bandwidth of a complex signal like FM is the difference between its highest and lowest
frequency components, and is expressed in Hertz (Hz). Bandwidth deals with only frequencies.
AM has only two sidebands (USB and LSB) and the bandwidth was found to be 2 fm. In FM it is
not so simple. FM signal spectrum is quite complex and will have an infinite number of sidebands
as shown in the Figure. This figure 2.1.4 gives an idea, how the spectrum expands as the
modulation index increases. Sidebands are separated from the carrier by fc ± fm, fc ± 2fm, fc ±
3fm, and so on.

Figure 2.1.4 The Band width of FM Signal

Diagram Source elprocus.com

EC8491 COMMUNICATION THEORY

 ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Only the first few sidebands will contain the major share of the power (98% of the total power)
and therefore only these few bands are considered to be significant sidebands.
As a rule of thumb, often termed as Carson’s Rule, 98% of the signal power in FM is contained
within a bandwidth equal to the deviation frequency, plus the modulation frequency-doubled.

Carson’s rule: Bandwidth of FM BWFM

= 2 [ Δf + fm ].
= 2 fm [ mf + 1 ]
BT = 2(δ+fm (max)) (5)
With a tone-modulated FM wave, if the modulation frequency is held constant and the
modulation index is increased, the (non-negligible) bandwidth of the FM signal increases but the
spacing between spectra remains the same; some spectral components decrease in strength as
others increase. If the frequency deviation is held constant and the modulation frequency increased,
the spacing between spectra increases.

Frequency modulation can be classified as narrowband if the change in the carrier frequency is
about the same as the signal frequency, or as wideband if the change in the carrier frequency is
much higher (modulation index >1) than the signal frequency. [6] For example, narrowband FM
is used for two way radio systems such as Family Radio Service, in which the carrier is allowed to
deviate only 2.5 kHz above and below the center frequency with speech signals of no more than
3.5 kHz bandwidth. Wideband FM is used for FM broadcasting, in which music and speech are
transmitted with up to 75 kHz deviation from the center frequency and carry audio with up to a
20-kHz bandwidth.

The frequency of the modulated wave remains constant as the carrier wave frequency
when the message signal is at zero. The frequency increases when the message signal reaches its
maximum amplitude.

Which means, with the increase in amplitude of the modulating or message signal, the
carrier frequency increases. Likewise, with the decrease in the amplitude of the modulating signal,
the frequency also decreases.

Mathematical Representation
Let the carrier frequency be fc

EC8491 COMMUNICATION THEORY

 ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

The frequency at maximum amplitude of the message signal = fc + Δf

The frequency at minimum amplitude of the message signal = fc − Δf
The difference between FM modulated frequency and normal frequency is termed as Frequency
Deviation and is denoted by Δf.
The deviation of the frequency of the carrier signal from high to low or low to high can be termed
as the Carrier Swing.
Carrier Swing = 2 × frequency deviation
= 2 × Δf
Equation for FM WAVE
The equation for FM wave is
s(t) = Ac Cos[ωc t + 2π kfm(t)] (6)
Where,
Ac = the amplitude of the carrier
ωc = angular frequency of the carrier = 2πfc
m(t) = message signal
FM can be divided into Narrowband FM and Wideband FM.
Narrowband FM
The features of Narrowband FM are as follows −
 This frequency modulation has a small bandwidth.
 The modulation index is small.
 Its spectrum consists of carrier, USB, and LSB.
This is used in mobile communications such as police wireless, ambulances, taxicabs, etc.

Wideband FM

The features of Wideband FM are as follows −

 This frequency modulation has infinite bandwidth.
 The modulation index is large, i.e., higher than 1.
 Its spectrum consists of a carrier and infinite number of sidebands, which are located
around it.
 This is used in entertainment broadcasting applications such as FM radio, TV, etc.
Phase Modulation

EC8491 COMMUNICATION THEORY

 ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

 In frequency modulation, the frequency of the carrier varies. But in Phase Modulation
(PM), the phase of the carrier signal varies in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude
of the modulating signal.

 The amplitude and the frequency of the carrier signal remains constant whereas the phase
of the carrier changes. This can be better understood by observing the following Figure
2.1.5 Base Band Signal, Figure 2.1.6 , Carrier Signal and Figure 2.1.67 Phase Modulated Sigal

Figure 2.1.5 Base Band Signal

Diagram Source Electronics Tutorials

Figure 2.1.6 Carrier Signal

Diagram Source Source Brain Kart

EC8491 COMMUNICATION THEORY

 ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Figure 2.1.7 Phase Modulated Signal

Diagram Source Brain Kart

The phase of the modulated wave has got infinite points where the phase shift in a wave can
take place. The instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal, changes the phase of the carrier.
When the amplitude is positive, the phase changes in one direction and if the amplitude is
negative, the phase changes in the opposite direction.

 In frequency modulation, the frequency of the carrier varies. Whereas, in Phase

Modulation (PM), the phase of the carrier signal varies in accordance with the
instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.

 So, in phase modulation, the amplitude and the frequency of the carrier signal remains
constant. This can be better understood by observing the following figures.

The phase of the modulated wave has got infinite points, where the phase shift in a wave can
take place. The instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal changes the phase of the carrier
signal. When the amplitude is positive, the phase changes in one direction and if the amplitude is
negative, the phase changes in the opposite direction.

Mathematical Representation
The equation for instantaneous phase ϕiϕi in phase modulation is
ϕi=kpm(t) (7)

Where,

EC8491 COMMUNICATION THEORY

 ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

 kp is the phase sensitivity

 m(t) is the message signal

The standard equation of angle modulated wave is

s(t)=Accos(2πfct+ϕi) (8)
Substitute, ϕi value in the above equation.
s(t)=Accos(2πfct+kpm(t)

This is the equation of PM wave.

If the modulating signal, m(t)=Amcos(2πfmt), then the equation of PM wave will be

s(t)=Accos(2πfct+βcos(2πfmt) (10)

Where,

 β = modulation index = Δϕ=kpAm

 Δϕ is phase deviation

Phase modulation is used in mobile communication systems, while frequency modulation is used
mainly for FM broadcasting.

Relation between PM and FM

The change in phase, changes the frequency of the modulated wave. The frequency of the
wave also changes the phase of the wave. Though they are related, their relationship is not linear.
Phase modulation is an indirect method of producing FM. The amount of frequency shift,
produced by a phase modulator increases with the modulating frequency. An audio equalizer is
employed to compensate this.

The other type of modulation in continuous-wave modulation is Angle Modulation. Angle

Modulation is the process in which the frequency or the phase of the carrier signal varies
according to the message signal.
The standard equation of the angle modulated wave is
s(t)=Accos θi(t)
Where,

EC8491 COMMUNICATION THEORY

 ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Ac is the amplitude of the modulated wave, which is the same as the amplitude of the carrier
signal
θi(t)θi(t) is the angle of the modulated wave

Angle modulation is further divided into frequency modulation and phase modulation.

 Frequency Modulation is the process of varying the frequency of the carrier signal
linearly with the message signal.

 Phase Modulation is the process of varying the phase of the carrier signal linearly with
the message signal.

 In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the carrier signal varies. Whereas, in Frequency
Modulation (FM), the frequency of the carrier signal varies in accordance with the
instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.
 Hence, in frequency modulation, the amplitude and the phase of the carrier signal remains
constant. This can be better understood by observing the following figures.
 The frequency of the modulated wave increases, when the amplitude of the modulating or
message signal increases. Similarly, the frequency of the modulated wave decreases, when
the amplitude of the modulating signal decreases. Note that, the frequency of the
modulated wave remains constant and it is equal to the frequency of the carrier signal,
when the amplitude of the modulating signal is zero.

Mathematical Representation

The equation for instantaneous frequency fifi in FM modulation is

fi=fc+kfm(t) Where, fc is the carrier frequency

kt is the frequency sensitivity

m(t) is the message signal
We know the relationship between angular frequency ωi and angle θi(t) as
ωi = dθi(t)/dt
⇒2πfi = dθi(t)/dt (11)
⇒θi(t) = 2π∫fidt (12)

EC8491 COMMUNICATION THEORY

 ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Substitute, fi value in the above equation.

θi(t)=2π∫(fc+kfm(t))dt
θi(t)=2πfct+2πkf∫m(t)dt (13)

Substitute, θi(t) value in the standard equation of angle modulated wave.

s(t)=Accos(2πfct+2πkf∫m(t)dt) (14)

This is the equation of FM wave.

If the modulating signal is m(t)=Amcos(2πfmt), then the equation of FM wave will be

s(t)=Accos(2πfct+βsin(2πfmt)

Where,

β = modulation index =Δf/fm

=kfAm / fm (15)

The difference between FM modulated frequency (instantaneous frequency) and normal carrier
frequency is termed as Frequency Deviation. It is denoted by Δf, which is equal to the product
of kf and Am. FM can be divided into Narrowband FM and Wideband FM based on the values
of modulation index β.

EC8491 COMMUNICATION THEORY