Class 12th Political Science

New Centres of Power

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 Introduction
In this chapter, we take a look at some of
these emerging alternative centres of
power and assess their possible role in the
future.
Both the EU and the ASEAN have
developed alternative institutions and
conventions that build a more peaceful and
cooperative regional order and have
transformed the countries in the region into
prosperous economies.
The economic rise of China has made a
dramatic impact on world politics
 New Contents (2020-21)
Organizations:
 European Union
 ASEAN
 SAARC
 BRICS
Nations:
 Russia Studywithmanish.blogspot.com
 China
 Israel
 India..
 European Union
 Marshall Plan:- After the World War-2, “European states” infrastructure
& Economy declined continuously. Under the “Marshall Plan” the USA
provided financial help to revive European economy.
 Under the Marshall Plan, the “Organisation for European Economic
Cooperation” (OEEC) was established in 1948.
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Council Members
of OEEC
 In 1949, The Council of Europe, established & step forward in political
cooperation.
 In 1957, formation of the European Economic Community.
 After collapse of the Soviet bloc establishment of the European Union
in 1992. Studywithmanish.blogspot.com

Signing of the
OEEC Charter
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 European Union has its own foreign & security policy, Cooperation on
justice & single currency.
 The European Union has changed from an economic union to
increasingly political one.
 In 2003, European Union tried to make Constitution for the EU but failed.
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 Features of European Union

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 The EU (European Union) has
good economic, political &
military influence.
 The EU is the world’s biggest
economy with a GDP of more
than $12 trillion in 2005.
 Euro can be dangerous for US
dollar.
 Its share of world trade is 3
times larger than that of the US.
 Britain & France hold permanent seats in the UN Security Council.
 Its total expenditure on military is second to the US.
 They have 550 nuclear weapons.
 They occupy 2nd place in space & communications technology.
 Flag
 The circle of gold stars stands for
solidarity and harmony between the
peoples of Europe. It has 12 stars, as the
number 12 is traditionally the symbol of
perfection, completeness and unity.
 Originally 12 nations were the members
of European Union, Later it was joined
by some post Soviet republics also.
 Over time, more and more countries
decided to join. The Union currently
counts 28 EU countries in 2019.
 Strength of European Union’s Military
 EU’s combined forces are the
second largest in the world.
 Its total spending on defence is
second after US.
 Two EU members Britain and
France also have nuclear arsenals
of approximately 550 nuclear
warheads.
 Its also the world’s second most
important source of space and
communication technology.
 Association of South East Asian Nations
(ASEAN)

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ASEAN was established in 1967
by 5 countries of this region
(Indonesia, Malaysia, the
Philippines, Singapore and
Thailand) by signing the
Bangkok Declaration.
Later 5 countries included which
are Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam,
Lao PDR, Myanmar (Burma) and
Cambodia.
 Objectives
 Territorial disputes should not
escalate into armed confrontations.
 To accelerate economic growth
through social progress and cultural
development.
 To promote regional peace and
stability. Studywithmanish.blogspot.com
 To create “Free Trade Areas” for
investments, labour and services. US
& China have already signed FTA
with ASEAN. India signed with two
countries i.e. Singapore and Thailand.
 ASEAN WAY
 It is an interaction that is informal, confrontationist and cooperative to
promote super national structures in the “Association of South East Asian
nations” (ASEAN).
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 In 2003, the ASEAN community established the following three pillars:
1. The ASEAN Security Community:- Solve Territorial disputes and not to
escalate into armed confrontations and also promote regional peace.
2. The ASEAN Economic Community:- Common market for ASEAN
countries and produce goods.
3. The ASEAN Socio-cultural Community:- Main motive of ASEAN to
increase social progress and cultural development.
 THE ASEAN VISION 2020
 The ASEAN VISION 2020 is rapidly
growing as a regional organization

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with the VISION 2020 including.
1. An outward looking role in
international community
2. To encourage negotiations over
conflicts in the region.
3. To control to end the conflicts i.e.
Cambodian conflict, East Timor
Crisis, annual discussion on East
Asian Cooperation through
meetings.
 SAARC
 It stands for “South Asian
Association for Regional
Cooperation” having seven members
and aims at mutual trust and
understanding. Studywithmanish.blogspot.com
 India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri
Lanka, Nepal, Pakistan and Maldives.
 In 2005, Afghanistan began
negotiating their accession to
SAARC and formally applied for
membership on the same year.
 Afghanistan joined the SAARC as its eighth member state in April 2007.
 The 20th SAARC summit is the 20th meeting of the heads of state or
heads of government of the eight SAARC countries. The 2020 SAARC
Summit will take place in Islamabad. Pakistan is aggressively seeking
support from smaller South Asian nations to host the SAARC summit in
Islamabad. Studywithmanish.blogspot.com

18th
SAARC summit,
Kathmandu
(26-27 Nov 2014)
 Two Objectives of SAARC
1. To provide an integrated programme for regional development.
2. To accelerate economic growth, social progress in the region.

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 Role of SAARC
 South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation” (SAARC) is a
regional initiative among South Asian states to evolve cooperation since
1985 onwards.
 It consists of 8 members to encourage mutual harmony and
understanding.
 SAARC has initiated SAFTA (South Asian Free Trade Agreement) to
free trade zones for whole South Asia for collective economic security.
 SAARC has projected on economic development of its member states
to reduce their dependencies on the non- regional powers.
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 Limitations of SAARC
 SAARC is growing slowly due to
political differences among its member
state:-
1. Only the conflicts led to bilateral issues
as Kashmir problem between India and Studywithmanish.blogspot.com
Pakistan.
2. Some of the India’s neighbours fear that
India intends to dominate them by
influencing their societies and politics.
3. SAARC members are from among the
developing or least developing countries
which creates insufficiency of funds.
 BRICS
 The term BRICS refers to Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa
respectively.
 BRIC was founded in 2006 in Russia. BRIC turned into BRICS after
the inclusion of South Africa in its first meeting in the year 2009.
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 The key objectives of BRICS are primarily to cooperate and distribute
mutual economic benefits among its members besides non-interference
in the internal policies of each nation and mutual equality.
 The 11th conference of the BRICS concluded in Brazil in 2019, chaired
by Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro.
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 list of BRICS summits
Host Nation Date Chairmanship

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1. Yekaterinburg, Russia 16 June 2009 Dmitry Medvedev
2. Brasília, Brazil 15 April 2010 Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva

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3. Sanya, China 14 April 2011 Hu Jintao
4. New Delhi, India 29 March 2012 Manmohan Singh
5. Durban South Africa 26–27 March 2013 Jacob Zuma
6. Fortaleza , Brazil 4–17 July 2014 Dilma Rousseff
Host Nation Date Chairmanship
7. Ufa, Russia 8–9 July 2015 Vladimir Putin
8. Benaulim, (Goa) India 15–16 October 2016 Narendra Modi
9. Xiamen, China 3–5 September 2017 Xi Jinping
10. Johannesburg , South
25–27 July 2018 Cyril Ramaphosa
Africa Studywithmanish.blogspot.com
11. Brasília, Brazil 13–14 November 2019 Jair Bolsonaro
12. Saint Petersburg Russia July 2020 Vladimir Putin
 Sub-Unit: ‘Russia’
 Russia has been the largest part of the former Soviet Union even before
its disintegration. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in late 1980s
and early 1990s, Russia emerged as the strong successor of USSR
[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]. Russia's GDP is currently 11th in
the world. Studywithmanish.blogspot.com
 Russia has reserves of minerals, natural resources and gases that make it
a powerful country in the global world. In addition, Russia is a nuclear
state with a huge stock of sophisticated weapons. Russia is also a
permanent member of the UN Security Council, called P-5.
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 Sub-Unit: ‘India
 The 21st century India is
being seen as an important
emerging global power. The
world is experiencing the
power and rise of India in a
multidimensional way.
 The economic, cultural,
strategic position of the Studywithmanish.blogspot.com
country with a population of
more than 135 crores is very
strong.
 From an economic perspective, targeting the
goal of a $5 trillion economy, a competitive
huge market, an ancient inclusive culture with
200 million people of Indian Diaspora
spreading across the globe impart distinct
meaning and salience to India as a new centre
of power in the 21st century. Studywithmanish.blogspot.com
 From a strategic perspective, the military of
India is self-sufficient with indigenous nuclear
technology making it another nuclear power.
‘Make in India’ scheme in technology and
science is another milestone of Indian economy.
 All these changes are making India an
important centre of power in the present world.
 Sub-Unit: ‘Israel’
 Shown on the world map with a pointer, Israel has emerged as one of the
most powerful nations in the 21st century world in terms of science and
technology, defence, intelligence besides economy.

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 Situated in the middle of the burning politics of West Asian countries, Israel has
reached to the new heights of global political standing by virtue of its
indomitable defence prowess, technological innovations, industrialization and
agricultural development.
 Sustaining against adversity is the principle with which a small Jewish-Zionist
nation, i.e., Israel is placed in the contemporary global politics in general and the
Arab-dominated West Asian politics in particular.
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Zionism
 The Rise of Chinese Economy
 In starting , China was not a developed
country like today. China’s economic
success increased sine 1978 as a great
power. It is projected to overtake the US
as the world’s largest economy by 2040.
 The factors of increasing its economy
such as population, land mass, resources,
regional location and political influence.
 In 1949, “People Republics of China”
(PRC) came into being after the
communist revolution under the
leadership of Mao, its economy was People Republics of China
based on the Soviet model.
 China adopted socialism and not chose its links to capitalist world.
 So, they have no choices to use their own resources.
 With the help of USSR, they invested their capital from agriculture to
industries.
 They had no foreign currency so they could not trade with other countries to
buy technology & goods. China decided to make goods at domestic level.
 China provided educating its citizens and ensuring better health for them to
move developed country.
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 China established its relations with the United States in 1972.
 In 1973 Zhou Enlai proposed the “Four Modernisations” i.e. agriculture,
industry, science & technology and military.
 In 1978, leader Deng Xiaoping announced the “Open Door” policy and
economic reforms in China.
 After that China’s Trade was increased rapidly and no lack of foreign currency
and now investing money in other countries.
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 India – Sino
Relations
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 India – Sino Relations
 Border dispute between India and China regarding Arunachal Pradesh and
Akshai Chin regions of Ladakh in India.
 Chinese takeover of Tibet in 1950 which was protected by India against
China. Give shelter to Dalai Lama by India, & China told to break
Panchsheel agreement. China attacked on India in 1962.
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 The privatization of agriculture in
1982 and industry in 1998.
 Trade barriers were eliminated only
in Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
where foreign investors could set up
enterprises.
 Privatisation of agriculture led to rise
in agricultural production & rural
incomes. Studywithmanish.blogspot.com
 In 2001, China became the member
of WTO.
 Due to influence of China-Japan, US,
ASEAN and Russia neglecting the
Controversies among them and ready
to trade with China.
 Rajiv Gandhi’s visit to China in Dec
1988 to improve Indo-China
relations.
 They have also signed agreements
on cultural exchanges and
cooperation in science and
technology. After 1999, trade
increased by 30% annually. Studywithmanish.blogspot.com
 China’s assistance to Pak’s nuclear
programme also created differences.
 China’s military relations with
Bangladesh and Myanmar were
negative viewed as to Indian
interest.
 Limitations of China
 Unemployment has risen in China with nearly 100 million people looking
for jobs.
 Female employment and conditions of work are as bad in Europe of the
18th and 19th centuries.
 Environmental degradation and corruption have increased.
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