Week -5

1.i) Write a python program that defines a matrix and prints the matrix.

Program:

matrix = [
[1, 2, 3, 4],
[5, 6, 7, 8],
[9, 10, 11, 12]
]
print("Matrix =", matrix)

OUTPUT:
Matrix = [[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8], [9, 10, 11, 12]]

(OR)

Row = int(input("Enter the number of rows:"))

Column = int(input("Enter the number of columns:"))
matrix = []
print("Enter the entries row-wise:")
for row in range(Row):
a = []
for column in range(Column):
a.append(int(input()))
matrix.append(a)
# Print the matrix
for row in range(Row):
for column in range(Column):
print(matrix[row][column], end=" ")
print()

OUTPUT:
Input:
Enter the number of rows: 2
Enter the number of columns: 2
Enter the entries row wise:
56
78
Output:
56
78

ii) Write a python program to perform addition of two square matrices.

Program:

n = int(input("Enter the size of the square matrix: "))

# Initialize matrices X and Y with zeros
X = [[0] * n for _ in range(n)]
Y = [[0] * n for _ in range(n)]
print("Enter elements for matrix X:")
for i in range(n):
X[i] = list(map(int, input().split()))
print("Enter elements for matrix Y:")
for i in range(n):
Y[i] = list(map(int, input().split()))
# Initialize the result matrix with zeros
result = [[0] * n for _ in range(n)]
# Perform matrix addition
for i in range(n):
for j in range(n):
result[i][j] = X[i][j] + Y[i][j]
print("Resultant matrix after addition:")
for row in result:
print(row)

OUTPUT:
Enter the size of the square matrix:
3
Enter elements for matrix X:
123
456
789
Enter elements for matrix Y:
987
654
321
Resultant matrix after addition:
10 10 10
10 10 10
10 10 10

iii)Write a python program to perform multiplication of two square matrices.

Program:

n = int(input("Enter the size of the square matrix: "))

# Initialize matrices X and Y with zeros
X = [[0] * n for _ in range(n)]
Y = [[0] * n for _ in range(n)]
print("Enter elements for matrix X:")
for i in range(n):
X[i] = list(map(int, input().split()))
print("Enter elements for matrix Y:")
for i in range(n):
Y[i] = list(map(int, input().split()))
# Initialize the result matrix with zeros
result = [[0] * n for _ in range(n)]
# Perform matrix multiplication
for i in range(n):
for j in range(n):
for k in range(n):
result[i][j] += X[i][k] * Y[k][j]

print("Resultant matrix after multiplication:")

for row in result:
print(row)

OUTPUT:
Enter the size of the square matrix:
3
Enter elements for matrix X:
123
456
789
Enter elements for matrix Y:
987
654
321
Resultant matrix after multiplication:
30 24 18
84 69 54
138 114 90

2. How do you make a module? Give an example of construction of a module using different
geometrical shapes and operations on its functions.

A module is essentially a self-contained Python file that contains statements, functions, and
definitions.

In this example, the module defines two classes, Rectangle and Circle, each representing a geometrical
shape. Each class has methods to calculate the area and perimeter of the shape. The Rectangle class
takes width and height as parameters, while the Circle class takes the radius as a parameter. The math
module is used to access the value of π for the circle calculations.geometry.py

import math
class Rectangle:
def __init__(self, width, height):
self.width = width
self.height = height
def area(self):
return self.width * self.height
def perimeter(self):
return 2 * (self.width + self.height)
class Circle:
def __init__(self, radius):
self.radius = radius
def area(self):
return math.pi * self.radius ** 2
def perimeter(self):
return 2 * math.pi * self.radius

Moduse.py
import geometry
rectangle = geometry.Rectangle(5, 3)
circle = geometry.Circle(4)
print("Rectangle:")
print("Area:", rectangle.area())
print("Perimeter:", rectangle.perimeter())
print("\nCircle:")
print("Area:", circle.area())
print("Perimeter:", circle.perimeter())
OUTPUT:

3. Use the structure of exception handling all general-purpose exceptions.

Sample Exception handling usage of builtin exception
PROGRAM

def divide(x, y):

try:
result = x / y
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Error: division by zero")
result = None
except TypeError as e:
print("Error:", e)
result = None
except Exception as e:
print("An unexpected error occurred:", e)
result = None
finally:
print("Division completed")
return result
print(divide(10, 2))
print(divide(10, 0))
print(divide("10", 2))

OUTPUT:

6. a)Write a function called draw rectangle that takes a Canvas and a Rectangle as
arguments and draws a representation of the Rectangle on the Canvas.

import tkinter as tk
root = tk.Tk()
canvas = tk.Canvas(root, width=400, height=400)
canvas.pack()
canvas.create_rectangle(10, 10, 100, 100, fill='blue')
root.mainloop()

OUTPUT:
Rectangle created

b)Add an attribute named color to your Rectangle objects and modify draw rectangles
that it uses the color attribute as the fill color.

from tkinter import *

from tkinter import ttk
win = Tk()
win.geometry("700x300")
def change_color():
canvas.itemconfig(rectangle, fill='green')
canvas = Canvas(win, width=500, height=240)
canvas.pack()
rectangle = canvas.create_rectangle(100, 100, 400, 400, fill='blue')
ttk.Button(win, text="Change Color", command=change_color).pack()
win.mainloop()

OUTPUT:
Rectangle color changed.

c)Write a function called draw point that takes a Canvas and a Point as arguments and
draws are presentation of the Point on the Canvas.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def draw_point(canvas, point):
 plt.scatter(point.x, point.y)
plt.show()
class Canvas:
pass
class Point:
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x = x
self.y = y
canvas = Canvas()
point = Point(2, 3)
draw_point(canvas, point)

OUTPUT:

Point located on graph

d) Define a new class called Circle with appropriate attributes and instantiate a few
Circle objects Write a function called draw circle that draws circles on the canvas.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

class Circle(object):

def __init__(self, radius=3, color='blue'):

self.radius = radius
self.color = color

def add_radius(self, r):

self.radius = self.radius + r
return(self.radius)

def drawCircle(self):
plt.gca().add_patch(plt.Circle((0, 0), radius=self.radius, fc=self.color))
plt.axis('scaled')
plt.show()
RedCircle = Circle(10, 'red')
RedCircle.radius
RedCircle.color
RedCircle.radius = 1
RedCircle.drawCircle()
BlueCircle = Circle(radius=100)
BlueCircle.radius
BlueCircle.color
BlueCircle.drawCircle()

OUTPUT:
circles created with both colors

6.2. Write a Python program to demonstrate the usage of Method Resolution Order(MRO) in multiple
levels of Inheritances.

Explanation:

Class D inherits from both B and C.The method rk() is overridden in classes B and C.When we create
an instance of D and call rk(), Python follows the Method Resolution Order (MRO) to execute the
method from class B.The MRO order for class D is: D -> B -> C -> A. Python uses a depth-first lookup
order, followed by left-to-right traversal in case of multiple inheritance.
Program:

class A:
def rk(self):
print("In class A")

class B(A):
def rk(self):
print("In class B")

class C(A):
def rk(self):
print("In class C")

class D(B, C):

pass

# Create an instance of class D

obj_d = D()
obj_d.rk()

OUTPUT:
In class B

6.3 Write a python code to read a phone number and email-Id from the user and
validate it for correctness

Required:pip install phonenumbers

Program:

import re
def validate_phone_number(potential_number: str, country_code: str) -> bool: try:
phone_number_obj = phonenumbers.parse(potential_number, country_code) except
phonenumbers.phonenumberutil.NumberParseException: return False if not
phonenumbers.is_valid_number(phone_number_obj): return False return Truedef
validate_email(email: str) -> bool: pattern = r"^[a-zA-Z0-9._%+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9.-]+\.[a-zA-Z]{2,}$"
return re.match(pattern, email) is not None
user_input = input("Enter a phone number: ")country_code = "91" # Replace with the appropriate
country code
if validate_phone_number(user_input, country_code):print("Valid phone number!")
else:print("Invalid phone number.")
user_email = input("Enter an email address: ")
if validate_email(user_email):print("Valid email address!")
else: print("Invalid email address.")

OUTPUT:

Week -7

1.write a python code to merge two given file contents into third file
# open the first input file and read its contents
with open('file1.txt', 'r') as file1:
contents1 = file1.read()
# open the second input file and read its ontents
with open('file2.txt', 'r') as file2:
contents2 = file2.read()
 # combine the contents of the two files
merged_contents = contents1 + contents2
# open the output file and write the merged contents
with open('merged_file.txt', 'w') as merged_file:
merged_file.write(merged_contents)

Output:
Students for output, u have to create file1.txt,file2.txt and save files with some content. Later after
executing with execution command merged_file,txt is automatically created with both the contents of
file 1 and file2

2.write a python code to open a given file and construct a function to check for
given words present in in it and display on found
def check_words_in_file(filename, words_to_check):
# open the file and read its contents
with open(filename, 'r') as file:
contents = file.read()

# loop over the words to check

for word in words_to_check:
# check if the word is in the file contents
if word in contents:
print(f"{word} was found in the file {filename}")
else:
print(f"{word} was not found in the file {filename}")
# call the function with the file name and words to check
check_words_in_file('example_file.txt', ['hello', 'world', 'python'])
OUTPUT

3.write a python code to read text from a text file, find the word with most no.
of occurences

# open the file and read its contents

with open('example_file.txt', 'r') as file:
contents = file.read()
# split the contents into words
words = contents.split()
# create an empty dictionary to store the word counts
word_counts = {}
# loop over the words and count their occurrences
for word in words:
if word in word_counts:
word_counts[word] += 1
else:
word_counts[word] = 1
# find the word with the highest count
max_count = 0
max_word = ''
for word, count in word_counts.items():
if count > max_count:
max_count = count
max_word = word
# print the word with the highest count
print(f"The word with the most occurrences is '{max_word}', which appears {max_count} times.")
OUTPUT

4.write a function that reads a file file1 and displays the number of
words ,number of vowels ,blankspaces, lower case letters and uppercase letters

def file_stats(filename):
# open the file and read its contents
with open(filename, 'r') as file:
contents = file.read()

# initialize counters
num_words = 0
num_vowels = 0
num_spaces = 0
num_lowercase = 0
num_uppercase = 0

# loop over the characters in the file contents

for char in contents:
if char.isalpha():
if char.lower() in ['a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u']:
num_vowels += 1
if char.isupper():
num_uppercase += 1
elif char.islower():
num_lowercase += 1
elif char.isspace():
num_spaces += 1

# split the contents into words and count them

words = contents.split()
num_words = len(words)

# print the results

print(f"Number of words: {num_words}")
print(f"Number of vowels: {num_vowels}")
print(f"Number of blank spaces: {num_spaces}")
print(f"Number of lowercase letters: {num_lowercase}")
print(f"Number of uppercase letters: {num_uppercase}")
# call the function with the filename
file_stats('file1.txt')

OUTPUT:

Week-8
Import numpy, Plotpy and Scipy and explore their functionalities.
Installation commands:
NumPy is a Python library used for working with arrays,in domain of linear
algebra, fourier transform, and matrices. NumPy stands for Numerical Python.

SciPy is a collection of mathematical algorithms and convenience functions

built on NumPy . It adds significant power to Python by providing the user
with high-level commands and classes for manipulating and visualizing data.
Plotpy is a Python library providing efficient 2D data-plotting features for
interactive computing and signal/image processing application development.

pip install numpy

Python3 -m pip install scipy

pip install plotpy

a)Visualization of Normal Distribution using numpy packagepip install

seabornProgram:
from numpy import random
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns

sns.distplot(random.normal(size=1000), hist=False)
plt.show()

OUTPUT:

1. b) Finding if two sets of data have the same mean value

Installation:pip install -U spacy

Program:
import spacyfrom scipy import statsdata1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]data2 = [2, 3, 4, 5,
6]t_statistic, p_value = stats.ttest_ind(data1, data2)if p_value < 0.05:
print("The means of the two datasets are significantly different.")else:
print("The means of the two datasets are not significantly
different.")OUTPUT:
C)Plotting data read from a fileInstallation:
Pip install matplotlib
Program:
from matplotlib import pyplot as pltplt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = [7.00,
3.50]plt.rcParams["figure.autolayout"] = Truebar_names = []bar_heights =
[]for line in open("path of file12.txt/file12.txt", "r"): bar_name, bar_height =
line.split() bar_names.append(bar_name)
bar_heights.append(bar_height)plt.bar(bar_names,
bar_heights)plt.show()file12.txt:Javed 12Raju 14Rishi 15Kiran 10Satish
17Arun 23
OUTPUT:

2. Install NumPy package with pip and explore it.

Installation commands:
On Linux or macOS, launch the terminal.Verify Python Installation:python --
versionUpdate Pip:pip install --upgrade pipInstall NumPy:pip install numpy
Program:
a) Find the mean , standard deviation and maximum value in an array of elements
import numpy as np
arr=np.array([1,2,3,4,5])
print("1D Array:", arr)
mean=np.mean(arr)
std_dev=np.std(arr)
max_value=np.max(arr)

print("Mean:", mean)
print("Standard Deviation:", std_dev)
print("Maximum value:",max_value)

arr2d=np.array([[1,2,3],[3,4,5]])
print("2D array:",arr2d)

sum_axis0=np.sum(arr2d,axis=0)
sum_axis1=np.sum(arr2d,axis=1)
print("Sum along axis 0 :", sum_axis0)
print("Sum along axis 1 :", sum_axis1)

OUTPUT:

b) Plot a histogram of words according to their length from text read from a
file.
Program:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt# Read in the text filewith open('pathof file

data.txt/data.txt', 'r') as f: text = f.read()# Split the text into wordswords =
text.split()# Create a dictionary to hold the word lengths and their
countslength_counts = {}# Count the number of words with each lengthfor
word in words: length = len(word) if length in length_counts:
length_counts[length] += 1 else: length_counts[length] = 1# Generate a
histogram of the word lengthsplt.hist(length_counts.keys(),
weights=length_counts.values(), bins=len(length_counts))plt.xlabel('Word
Length')plt.ylabel('Count')plt.title('Histogram of Word Lengths')plt.show()
OUTPUT:
Create a file data.txt and insert few words in the file.
3. Write a program to implement Digital Logic Gates–AND,OR,NOT,EX-OR
def AND (a, b):
if a == 1 and b == 1:
return True
else:
return False

# main function
if __name__=='__main__':
print(AND(0,0))
print(AND(1,0))
print(AND(0,1))
print(AND(1,1))

def OR(a, b):

if a == 1:
return True
elif b == 1:
return True
else:
return False
# main function
if __name__=='__main__':
print(OR(0,0))
print(OR(1,0))
print(OR(0,1))
print(OR(1,1))

def NOR(a, b):

if(a == 0) and (b == 0):
return True
elif(a == 0) and (b == 1):
return False
 elif(a == 1) and (b == 0):
return False
elif(a == 1) and (b == 1):
return False

# main function
if __name__=='__main__':
print(NOR(0,0))
print(NOR(1,0))
print(NOR(0,1))
print(NOR(1,1))

def NAND (a, b):

if a == 1 and b == 1:
return False
else:
return True

# main function
if __name__=='__main__':
print(NAND(0,0))
print(NAND(1,0))
print(NAND(0,1))
print(NAND(1,1))

def NOT(a):
if(a == 0):
return 1
elif(a == 1):
return 0

# main function
if __name__=='__main__':
print(OR(0))
print(OR(1))

4. Write a program to implement Half Adder, Full Adder, and Parallel Adder

def halfAdder(a,b):
sum_o=XOR_gate(a,b)
carry_o=AND_gate(a,b)
return sum_o,carry_o

def full_adder(a,b,cin):
sum_o1,carry_o1=halfAdder(a,b)
sum_o2,carry_o2=halfAdder(sum_o1,cin)
carry_ot=OR_gate(carry_o1,carry_o2)
return sum_o2,carry_ot

def parallelAdder(a,b):
n=len(a)
sum_o=[]
carry_bit=0
 for i in range(n-1,-1,-1):
sum_bit,carry_bit=full_adder(a[i],b[i],carry_bit)
sum_o.insert(0,sum_bit)
return sum_o,carry_bit

def AND_gate(a,b):
if(a==1 and b==1):
return 1
else:
return 0

def OR_gate(a,b):
if(a==1 or b==1):
return 1
else:
return 0

def XOR_gate(a,b):
if(a!=b):
return 1
else:
return 0

a=[1,0,1,1]
b=[1,1,0,1]
sum_ha,carry_ha=halfAdder(a[0],b[0])
print("Half Adder:")
print("sum:",sum_ha)
print("carry:",carry_ha)
print()
sum_fa,carry_fa=full_adder(a[0],b[0],0)
print("Full Adder:")
print("sum:",sum_fa)
print("carry:",carry_fa)
print()

sum_pa,carry_pa=parallelAdder(a,b)
print("Parallel Adder:")
print("sum:",sum_pa)
print("carry:",carry_pa)
print()
5. Write a GUI program to create a window wizard having two text labels, two
text fields and two buttons as Submit and Reset.import tkinter as tkdef
submit():print("Submitted")print(entry1.get())print(entry2.get())def reset(): #
Function to handle the reset button click # Clears the content of the text fields
entry1.delete(0, tk.END) entry2.delete(0, tk.END)# Create the main
windowroot = tk.Tk()root.title("Window Wizard")# Create labelslabel1 =
tk.Label(root, text="Label 1:")label1.grid(row=0, column=0, padx=10,
pady=5)label2 = tk.Label(root, text="Label 2:")label2.grid(row=1, column=0,
padx=10, pady=5)# Create text fieldsentry1 = tk.Entry(root)entry1.grid(row=0,
column=1, padx=10, pady=5)entry2 = tk.Entry(root)entry2.grid(row=1,
column=1, padx=10, pady=5)# Create buttonssubmit_button = tk.Button(root,
text="Submit", command=submit)submit_button.grid(row=2, column=0,
padx=10, pady=5, sticky="we")reset_button = tk.Button(root, text="Reset",
command=reset)reset_button.grid(row=2, column=1, padx=10, pady=5,
sticky="we")# Start the GUI event looproot.mainloop()