Ai Fundamentals Prelim Exam
Ai Fundamentals Prelim Exam
Ai Fundamentals Prelim Exam
Select one:
Z
What is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of set theory?
Select one:
EN
a. ZF set theory
hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
W
influenced the field of philosophy?
R
Select one:
c. They have led to new discussions about the nature of reality
hat is the relationship between the Shannon entropy and the probability distribution in
W
maximum entropy without explicit
constraints?
Select one:
a. The Shannon entropy is maximized when the probability distribution is uniform
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
Z
falsehood of its opposite?
Select one:
Question 8
Correct
R
Select one:
What is the process of adding new nodes to the search tree in A* search called?
Select one:
b. Pathfinding
How is the principle of maximum entropy related to the second law of thermodynamics?
Select one:
Z
a. It is a more general form of the second law
If there are two equally likely outcomes, what is the probability of both occurring?
Select one:
a. 0%
b. 100%
R
c. 50%
d. 25%
hich of the following is NOT an example of a problem that could be solved using a greedy
W
search algorithm?
Select one:
Select one:
Z
d. A probability based on objective, observable data
hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
W
influenced the field of mathematics education?
Select one:
EN
a. They have led to the development of new teaching methods
d. They have sparked debates about the importance of proof in mathematics
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5,
R
B occurring?
Select one:
a. 1
b. 0
c. 0.25
d. 0.5
Z
Question 17
Correct
If there are 10 equally likely outcomes, what is the probability of any one of them occurring?
EN
Select one:
a. 100%
b. 0%
c. 25%
d. 10%
R
hat is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of intuitionistic
W
type theory?
Select one:
Select one:
Z
Can subjective probabilities be used to make predictions about future events?
EN
Select one:
. No, subjective probabilities are not based on objective, observable data and statistical
b
analysis and cannot be used to make
R
predictions
. Yes, subjective probabilities can be used to make predictions based on the outcome of a
c
coin flip
. No, subjective probabilities are not based on a coin flip and cannot be used to make
d
predictions
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
Select one:
a. Disjunctive syllogism
hat is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of first-order
W
predicate calculus?
Select one:
Z
a. PA+ set theory
hat is the relationship between the Shannon entropy and the information in a distribution in
W
maximum entropy without explicit
constraints?
Select one:
R
c. The Shannon entropy is maximized when the information in a distribution is uniform
What is probability?
Select one:
a. A measure of the likelihood of an event occurring
b. A measure of the likelihood of an event occurring divided by the total number of events
. A measure of the likelihood of an event NOT occurring divided by the total number of
c
events
an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring given multiple
C
other events that are not independent of
Z
each other?
Select one:
a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...
b. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...
EN
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
c
independently of any other events
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
d
given another event
In which of the following scenarios would a heuristic search algorithm be most useful?
Select one:
R
a. When the search space is small and the optimal solution is not important
b. When the search space is large and the optimal solution is not important
c. When the search space is large and the optimal solution is important
d. When the search space is small and the optimal solution is important
Select one:
b. No, subjective probabilities are based on statistical analysis, which is unbiased
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is NOT a valid inference rule?
Z
Select one:
What is the main advantage of heuristic search over other search algorithms?
Select one:
a. It is faster
c. It can find solutions to problems with a small search space more efficiently
d. It can find solutions to problems with a large search space more efficiently
Which of the following is NOT a way in which godelization can be used in practice?
Select one:
Select one:
Z
d. Automatic traffic control systems
hat is the time complexity of a breadth-first search algorithm when applied to a graph with
W
V vertices and E edges?
EN
Select one:
a. O(V)
b. O(E)
Select one:
. By taking into account an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences about the
a
likelihood and consequences of
potential risks
Select one:
. By selecting the move that leads to the lowest score for the player and the highest score
b
for the opponent
. By selecting the move that leads to the highest score for the player and the lowest score
c
for the opponent
Z
d. By selecting the move with the lowest score
Select one:
EN
a. A process for converting fuzzy input and output values into precise values
b. A process for converting precise input and output values into fuzzy values
c. A process for converting fuzzy input values into precise values
d. A process for converting fuzzy output values into precise values
hat is the main disadvantage of using iterative deepening over a depth-first search
W
R
algorithm?
Select one:
Select one:
a. The likelihood that an event will occur
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5,
what is the probability of event A occurring
Z
Select one:
a. 0.25
b. 0.5
c. 0
EN
d. 1
Select one:
c. It can be inaccurate if the data is not properly cleaned and processed
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
what is the probability of event A occurring
Select one:
a. 0.6
b. 0
c. 0.4
d. 1
Can heuristic search be used to solve problems with no clear goal or solution?
Select one:
b. It depends on the specific problem and the heuristic function being used
Z
c. Yes, heuristic search can be used to solve any type of problem
d. No, heuristic search can only be used to solve problems with a clear goal and solution
a. The probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred
b. The probability of event A occurring regardless of whether event B has occurred or not
c. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred
d. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has not occurred
R
Correct
Can minmax search handle games with more than two players?
Select one:
a. No, minmax search can only be used for two-player games
Select one:
b. Ensure that the belief and plausibility functions are properly normalized
Z
In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "combination rule" is used to:
Select one:
Select one:
hat is the relationship between the maximum entropy distribution and the underlying
W
distribution in maximum entropy without
explicit constraints?
Select one:
d. The maximum entropy distribution is the same as the underlying distribution
Select one:
Z
c. To provide legal guidance to medical professionals
Select one:
hich of the following is NOT a reason why godelization is important in the field of computer
W
science?
Select one:
a. It allows for the representation of all possible computations within a system
Select one:
Z
. Depth-first search is more flexible and can be easily modified to solve different types of
a
problems
In what type of machine learning problems is a cost matrix typically used?
Select one:
Select one:
Select one:
a. 1975
b. 1952
c. 1931
d. 1879
Z
In a binary cost matrix, what is the sum of all elements called?
Select one:
hat is the relationship between the maximum entropy distribution and the available
W
information in maximum entropy without
explicit constraints?
R
Select one:
b. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates none of the available information
c. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates all the available information
d. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates some of the available information
Select one:
c. No, subjective probabilities are subjective and cannot be measured or quantified
Select one:
Z
c. To minimize the probability of risks occurring
Select one:
Select one:
Z
a. It can be computationally expensive
Select one:
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is NOT a valid inference rule?
Select one:
Select one:
. Subjective probabilities are based on statistical analysis, while objective probabilities are
a
based on an individual's beliefs,
. Subjective probabilities are based on a coin flip, while objective probabilities are based on
b
an individual's beliefs, opinions,
and experiences
Z
. Subjective probabilities are based on objective, observable data, while objective
c
probabilities are based on an individual's
Select one:
a. A process for converting precise input and output values into fuzzy values
R
b. A process for converting fuzzy input and output values into precise values
c. A process for converting fuzzy input values into precise values
d. A process for converting fuzzy output values into precise values
Select one:
a. It requires more computation time to search the tree than a breadth-first search algorithm
b. It requires more memory to store the visited nodes than a breadth-first search algorithm
c. It is a depth-first search algorithm
Select one:
Z
d. P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A)
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.3 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.7,
what is the probability of either event A or
EN
B occurring?
Select one:
a. 1
b. 0.3
c. 0
d. 0.7
R
hat is the time complexity of depth-first search in terms of the number of nodes, n, and the
W
number of edges, m?
Select one:
b. O(m)
c. O
other player is trying to minimize the score. In this context, alpha represents:
Select one:
a. The minimum score that the maximizing player is assured of
b. The minimum score that the minimizing player is trying to achieve
c. The maximum score that the maximizing player is trying to achieve
d. The maximum score that the minimizing player is assured of
Z
In a cost matrix, what does the likelihood of a risk occurring refer to?
Select one:
an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring given multiple
C
other events that are independent of
each other?
R
Select one:
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
a
independently of any other events
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
b
given another event
c. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...
d. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...
b. A statement that is true in some Herbrand interpretations and false in others
d. A statement that is provable from the axioms of first-order predicate logic
Select one:
Z
a. Plausibility
b. Uncertainty
c. Belief
d. Conflict
EN
In first-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand universe?
Select one:
In a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class
is negative called?
Select one:
ow is the principle of maximum entropy related to the maximum likelihood principle in
H
statistics?
Select one:
b. The maximum likelihood principle is a special case of the principle of maximum entropy
Z
c. The principle of maximum entropy is a special case of the maximum likelihood principle
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.3 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.7,
what is the probability of neither event A
EN
nor B occurring?
Select one:
a. 1
b. 0.3
c. 0.7
d. 0
R
Select one:
Select one:
a. 50%
b. 0%
c. 25%
d. 75%
hich of the following is NOT a factor that can impact the performance of heuristic search
W
Z
algorithms?
Select one:
What is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of set theory?
Select one:
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5,
what is the probability of both event A and
B occurring?
Select one:
a. 0.5
b. 1
c. 0.25
d. 0
Select one:
a. Monthly
b. Daily
Z
c. Annually
d. Weekly
hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
W
EN
influenced the field of mathematics?
Select one:
b. They have sparked debates about the nature of truth and proof
hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
W
influenced the field of artificial intelligence?
Select one:
a. They have led to the development of new artificial intelligence algorithms
b. They have led to the abandonment of the use of artificial intelligence
c. They have sparked debates about the possibility of creating a truly intelligent machine
d. They have led to new discussions about the limitations of machine learning
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using LEXMED?
Select one:
Z
Question 41
Correct
Can minmax search handle games with more than two players?
EN
Select one:
d. No, minmax search can only be used for two-player games
R
Select one:
a. They are optimal (meaning they will always find the best solution)
. They are systematic (meaning they consider all possible options before making a
b
decision)
c. They are complete (meaning they will always find a solution if one exists)
d. They are efficient (meaning they can search large spaces quickly)
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
Select one:
a. Disjunction
Z
hat is the relationship between the maximum entropy distribution and the constraints in
W
maximum entropy without explicit
constraints?
Select one:
EN
a. The maximum entropy distribution is independent of the constraints
What is the main difference between depth-first search and breadth-first search?
R
Select one:
. Depth-first search explores all the children of a node before exploring its siblings, while
c
breadth-first search explores all
hat is the space complexity of a breadth-first search algorithm when applied to a graph
W
with V vertices and E edges?
Select one:
a. O(V)
b. O(E)
Z
d. O(V * E)
In a binary cost matrix, what do the elements in the second row and first column represent?
Select one:
EN
a. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is negative
b. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is negative
c. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is positive
d. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is positive
Select one:
a. A function that estimates the cost of the longest path from the current node to the goal
. A function that estimates the cost of the most expensive path from the current node to the
b
goal
c. A function that estimates the cost of the cheapest path from the current node to the goal
d. A function that estimates the cost of the shortest path from the current node to the goal
Select one:
a. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has not occurred
b. The probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred
c. The probability of event A occurring regardless of whether event B has occurred or not
d. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred
In a cost matrix, what does the risk priority refer to?
Select one:
Z
b. The duration of the risk
Select one:
Select one:
c. Determining the best location for a new store based on population data
Select one:
c. They have sparked debates about the nature of truth and proof
Z
How does minmax search handle tie situations?
Select one:
. By selecting the move that leads to the lowest score for the player and the highest score
a
for the opponent
. By selecting the move that leads to the highest score for the player and the lowest score
d
for the opponent
Select one:
R
Select one:
. Because they take into account an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences, which
a
can affect their decision-making
b. Because they are based on statistical analysis
Select one:
Z
c. A statement that is either true or false
hich of the following is NOT a way that the principle of maximum entropy can be used in
W
EN
information theory?
Select one:
How does the order of events in Bayes' theorem affect the calculation of probability?
Select one:
. The order matters, as Bayes' theorem calculates the probability of events occurring
a
simultaneously, so the order in which they
. The order matters, as the probability of one event occurring given another event is not the
b
same as the probability of the
which they are listed does not affect the final probability
. The order does not matter, as Bayes' theorem calculates the probability of events
d
occurring independently of each other
Select one:
Z
b. It is more computationally expensive
Select one:
a. It depends on the specific problem and the heuristic function being used
c. No, heuristic search can only be used to solve problems with a clear goal and solution
d. Yes, heuristic search can be used to solve any type of problem
R
If there are 10 equally likely outcomes, what is the probability of any one of them occurring?
Select one:
a. 10%
b. 0%
c. 100%
d. 25%
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
Select one:
Z
What is a cost matrix in the context of machine learning?
Select one:
hat is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of intuitionistic
W
type theory?
Select one:
R
Select one:
hat is a common method used in data mining to discover patterns and relationships in
W
data?
Select one:
Z
b. Machine learning
Select one:
hat is the relationship between the Shannon entropy and the information in a distribution in
W
maximum entropy without explicit
constraints?
Select one:
Select one:
a. Ensure that the belief and plausibility functions are properly normalized
Z
In what way is the principle of maximum entropy related to the principle of minimum
information?
Select one:
EN
. The principle of minimum information is a special case of the principle of maximum
a
entropy
Select one:
Select one:
a. A formula that contains only predicates
Select one:
Z
b. A form of artificial intelligence that uses logical reasoning
Select one:
Select one:
c. A* search
Select one:
c. Underfitting
d. Overfitting
Z
What is Shannon entropy?
Select one:
Select one:
a. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred
R
b. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has not occurred
c. The probability of event A occurring regardless of whether event B has occurred or not
d. The probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred
Select one:
a. It estimates the cost of the longest path from the current node to the goal node
b. It estimates the cost of the shortest path from the current node to the goal node
c. It estimates the cost of all possible paths from the current node to the goal node
d. It estimates the cost of the most efficient path from the current node to the goal node
Select one:
Z
a. To find the most efficient path between two nodes in a graph
Select one:
hat is the time complexity of a breadth-first search algorithm when applied to a graph with
W
V vertices and E edges?
Select one:
b. O(E)
d. O(V)
an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring given multiple
C
other events that are not independent of
each other?
Select one:
a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
b
given another event
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
c
Z
independently of any other events
d. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...
Select one:
. Depth-first search is more flexible and can be easily modified to solve different types of
a
problems
Beta represents:
Select one:
a. The maximum score that the minimizing player is assured of
b. The minimum score that the maximizing player is assured of
c. The minimum score that the minimizing player is trying to achieve
d. The maximum score that the maximizing player is trying to achieve
Select one:
Z
a. Limited scope of legal guidance
Select one:
a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...
R
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
b
independently of any other events
c. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
d
given another event
In a binary cost matrix, what do the elements in the second row and first column represent?
Select one:
a. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is positive
b. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is negative
c. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is positive
d. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is negative
In what type of machine learning problems is a cost matrix typically used?
Select one:
Z
d. Regression problems
Select one:
EN
a. Conflict
b. Belief
c. Plausibility
d. Uncertainty
Select one:
hich of the following is NOT a consequence of Gödel's incompleteness theorems for the
W
formal system of Peano arithmetic?
Select one:
a. There are always unprovable statements within the system
d. The consistency of the system cannot be proven within the system
Select one:
Z
a. Finding the shortest path between two nodes in a graph
Select one:
a. 25%
b. 0%
c. 50%
R
d. 100%
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
Select one:
Select one:
Z
an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring based on
C
multiple other events?
Select one:
EN
a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
b
given another event
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
c
independently of any other events
d. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...
R
In a binary cost matrix, what is the sum of all elements called?
Select one:
What is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of set theory?
Select one:
a. ZFC set theory
Select one:
Z
b. P(A|B) = P(A) / P(B)
Select one:
a. 0%
b. 10%
c. 25%
d. 100%
R
In a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class
is negative called?
Select one:
Select one:
Z
Select one:
Select one:
a. They are complete (meaning they will always find a solution if one exists)
. They are systematic (meaning they consider all possible options before making a
b
R
decision)
c. They are efficient (meaning they can search large spaces quickly)
d. They are optimal (meaning they will always find the best solution)
hat is the time complexity of depth-first search in terms of the number of nodes, n, and the
W
number of edges, m?
Select one:
b. O(m)
c. O(n * m)
d. O
In supervised learning, which of the following is NOT a common evaluation metric?
Select one:
b. Accuracy
c. Recall
Z
d. Precision
Select one:
EN
a. 100%
b. 0%
c. 50%
Select one:
What is the probability of an event occurring if it is equally likely to happen or not happen?
Select one:
a. 50%
b. 25%
c. 75%
d. 0%
Select one:
Z
a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...
b. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
c
independently of any other events
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
d
EN
given another event
Select one:
Select one:
. Starting at the end and working towards the beginning, always choosing the optimal next
a
step
. Starting at the beginning and working towards the end, always choosing the optimal next
b
step
. Starting at the beginning and working towards the end, always choosing the next step that
c
leads to the highest cost
. Starting at the end and working towards the beginning, always choosing the next step that
d
leads to the highest cost
Select one:
a. Clustering
Z
c. Neural networks
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
EN
infer the falsehood of a statement based on
Select one:
Select one:
If there are three events, each with a probability of 50%, what is the probability that none of
them will occur?
Select one:
a. 75%
b. 25%
c. 0%
Z
d. 50%
Select one:
EN
a. By fitting the data to a specific distribution
c. By minimizing the error between the model and the data
Select one:
. By selecting the move that leads to the highest score for the player and the lowest score
a
for the opponent
. By selecting the move that leads to the lowest score for the player and the highest score
b
for the opponent
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
what is the probability of event B occurring
given that event A has already occurred?
Select one:
a. 0.6
b. 0.4
c. 1
d. 0
Z
Select one:
hat is the relationship between the maximum entropy distribution and the available
W
information in maximum entropy without
explicit constraints?
Select one:
R
b. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates none of the available information
c. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates all the available information
d. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates some of the available information
Select one:
What is the main advantage of using iterative deepening over a depth-first search algorithm?
Select one:
Z
d. It allows the search to cover more nodes in less time
EN
If there are two events, each with a probability of 50%, what is the probability that both will
occur?
Select one:
a. 0%
b. 75%
c. 50%
R
d. 25%
an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring given multiple
C
other events that are independent of
each other?
Select one:
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
a
independently of any other events
b. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...
c. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
d
given another event
Select one:
Z
d. A statement that is either true or false
In a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class
is positive called?
EN
Select one:
hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
W
influenced the field of mathematics?
Select one:
c. They have sparked debates about the nature of truth and proof
b. To find the most efficient path between two nodes in a graph
an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring based on
C
multiple other events?
Z
Select one:
a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
b
given another event
c. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...
EN
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
d
independently of any other events
Select one:
Select one:
a. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has not occurred
b. The probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred
c. The probability of event A occurring regardless of whether event B has occurred or not
d. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred
Select one:
Z
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
Select one:
. To calculate the probability of an event occurring based on the probability of all other
b
events
. To calculate the probability of an event occurring based on the probability of its opposite
c
occurring
d. To calculate the probability of an event occurring based on the likelihood of other events
What is a cost matrix in the context of machine learning?
Select one:
Z
Select one:
Select one:
a. Probability
b. Statistics
R
c. Belief
Select one:
In which of the following scenarios would a heuristic search algorithm be least useful?
Select one:
a. When the search space is large and the optimal solution is not important
b. When the search space is small and the optimal solution is not important
c. When the search space is small and the optimal solution is important
d. When the search space is large and the optimal solution is important
Z
hich of the following is NOT a reason why godelization is important in the field of computer
W
science?
Select one:
EN
a. It allows for the verification of the correctness of software programs
d. It allows for the representation of all possible computations within a system
In what way is the principle of maximum entropy related to the principle of minimum
information?
R
Select one:
Select one:
Z
a. A rule that defines an imprecise relationship between input and output variables
b. A rule that defines a probabilistic relationship between input and output variables
c. A rule that defines a precise relationship between input and output variables
d. A rule that defines a heuristic relationship between input and output variables
EN
hat is the space complexity of a breadth-first search algorithm when applied to a graph
W
with V vertices and E edges?
Select one:
a. O(V)
d. O(E)
In a binary cost matrix, how many rows and columns are there?
Select one:
Select one:
a. A statistical model that makes the least amount of assumptions about the data
c. A statistical model that makes the most amount of assumptions about the data
d. A statistical model that assumes the data follows a specific distribution
Z
Which of the following statements about the principle of maximum entropy is NOT true?
Select one:
Which of the following statements about the principle of maximum entropy is NOT true?
Select one:
a. It is based on the idea that the probability of a state is inversely proportional to its energy
R
Select one:
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5,
nor B occurring?
Select one:
a. 0
Z
b. 0.5
c. 1
d. 0.25
EN
What is the purpose of fuzzy logic in control systems?
Select one:
hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
W
influenced the field of cognitive science?
Select one:
a. They have sparked debates about the possibility of creating a truly intelligent machine
b. They have led to new discussions about the limitations of human reasoning
c. They have led to the development of new theories about the nature of thought
Select one:
a. Pathfinding
Z
hich of the following is NOT a step in the process of using a cost matrix to assess and
W
manage risks?
Select one:
Select one:
R
a. Monthly
b. Annually
c. Daily
d. Weekly
Select one:
a. They are efficient (meaning they can search large spaces quickly)
b. They are optimal (meaning they will always find the best solution)
. They are systematic (meaning they consider all possible options before making a
c
decision)
d. They are complete (meaning they will always find a solution if one exists)
Select one:
b. To find the most probable distribution of the data given the available information
Z
c. To fit the data as closely as possible
hat is the main disadvantage of using iterative deepening over a breadth-first search
W
algorithm?
EN
Select one:
hich of the following is NOT a criterion for a statement to be considered provable within a
W
godelized system of logic?
Select one:
Select one:
a. They have led to the abandonment of the use of artificial intelligence
b. They have led to new discussions about the limitations of machine learning
c. They have sparked debates about the possibility of creating a truly intelligent machine
d. They have led to the development of new artificial intelligence algorithms
Z
In first-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand universe?
Select one:
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the falsehood of a statement based on
Select one:
R
Select one:
. Starting at the beginning and working towards the end, always choosing the next step that
a
leads to the highest cost
. Starting at the beginning and working towards the end, always choosing the optimal next
b
step
. Starting at the end and working towards the beginning, always choosing the optimal next
c
step
. Starting at the end and working towards the beginning, always choosing the next step that
d
leads to the highest cost
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
Z
Select one:
b. Disjunction
In a cost matrix, which of the following represents the highest priority risk?
Select one:
Select one:
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
Select one:
Z
c. Modus ponens
hich of the following is NOT a factor that can impact the performance of heuristic search
W
algorithms?
EN
Select one:
In a binary cost matrix, how many rows and columns are there?
Select one:
In a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the negative class when the actual
class is negative called?
Select one:
In a cost matrix, which of the following represents the lowest priority risk?
Z
Select one:
hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
W
influenced the field of philosophy of mind?
Select one:
a. They have led to the abandonment of the study of the philosophy of mind
R
b. They have led to the development of new theories about the nature of mind
c. They have sparked debates about the possibility of artificial intelligence
d. They have led to new discussions about the nature of consciousness
Select one:
a. A rule that defines a heuristic relationship between input and output variables
b. A rule that defines a precise relationship between input and output variables
c. A rule that defines a probabilistic relationship between input and output variables
d. A rule that defines an imprecise relationship between input and output variables
Select one:
a. 50%
b. 0%
c. 100%
Z
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fuzzy logic?
Select one:
EN
a. It can handle uncertainty and imprecision
Select one:
hich of the following is NOT a criterion for a formal system to be subject to Gödel's
W
incompleteness theorems?
Select one:
a. The system must be consistent
What is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of set theory?
Select one:
Z
b. ZF set theory
Select one:
hat is the primary advantage of using a breadth-first search algorithm over a depth-first
W
search algorithm?
Select one:
Select one:
Z
d. A set of predicates that satisfy a given formula
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
EN
truth of multiple other statements?
Select one:
c. Conjunction
Select one:
Select one:
Z
What is the main concept of Dempster-Shafer theory?
Select one:
b. Statistics
EN
c. Belief
d. Probability
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5,
what is the probability of both event A and
B occurring?
Select one:
R
a. 0.5
b. 0
c. 1
d. 0.25
Select one:
Select one:
b. To find the most probable distribution of the data given the available information
Z
c. To make the most accurate predictions about the data
hich of the following is NOT a factor that can impact the performance of heuristic search
W
EN
algorithms?
Select one:
Select one:
a. It estimates the cost of the shortest path from the current node to the goal node
b. It estimates the cost of all possible paths from the current node to the goal node
c. It estimates the cost of the longest path from the current node to the goal node
d. It estimates the cost of the most efficient path from the current node to the goal node
In a cost matrix, what does the impact of a risk refer to?
Select one:
Z
a. The probability of the risk occurring
Select one:
In a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the negative class when the actual
class is negative called?
Select one:
hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
W
influenced the field of artificial intelligence?
Select one:
a. They have sparked debates about the possibility of creating a truly intelligent machine
b. They have led to the abandonment of the use of artificial intelligence
c. They have led to the development of new artificial intelligence algorithms
Z
d. They have led to new discussions about the limitations of machine learning
Select one:
EN
a. The learning algorithm is able to learn from unstructured data
c. The learning algorithm is able to learn from small amounts of data
Select one:
. Depth-first search is more flexible and can be easily modified to solve different types of
d
problems
Z
Select one:
a. 100%
c. 50%
EN
d. 0%
hat is the advantage of using maximum entropy without explicit constraints over other
W
statistical models?
Select one:
Select one:
Select one:
Z
hich of the following is NOT a criterion for a statement to be considered unprovable within
W
a godelized system of logic?
Select one:
EN
a. It is not a theorem of the system
hat is the main advantage of using iterative deepening over a breadth-first search
W
algorithm?
Select one:
How is the Shannon entropy calculated in maximum entropy without explicit constraints?
Select one:
a. By summing the logarithms of the probabilities of all the events in the distribution
b. By taking the mean of the probabilities of all the events in the distribution
d. By taking the median of the probabilities of all the events in the distribution
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
Z
truth of its opposite?
Select one:
What are some factors that can influence an individual's subjective probability?
Select one:
hich of the following data structures is typically used to implement a breadth-first search
W
algorithm?
Select one:
a. Stack
b. Queue
c. Hash table
d. Heap
Select one:
a. There are always true but unprovable statements within a given formal system
b. There are always provable statements within a given formal system
c. There are always unprovable statements within a given formal system
Z
d. There are always false but unprovable statements within a given formal system
hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
W
influenced the field of cognitive science?
EN
Select one:
a. They have sparked debates about the possibility of creating a truly intelligent machine
b. They have led to new discussions about the limitations of human reasoning
d. They have led to the development of new theories about the nature of thought
R
hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
W
influenced the field of philosophy?
Select one:
c. They have led to new discussions about the nature of reality
a. Determining the best location for a new store based on population data
Select one:
Z
a. A formula obtained by negating the original formula
. A formula obtained by replacing some or all of the quantifiers in the original formula with
b
logical symbols
. A formula obtained by replacing some or all of the variables in the original formula with
c
constants
EN
. A formula obtained by replacing some or all of the predicates in the original formula with
d
functions
Select one:
R
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
what is the probability of neither event A
nor B occurring?
Select one:
a. 1
b. 0.4
c. 0.6
d. 0
In a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the negative class when the actual
class is positive called?
Select one:
Z
a. The false negative cost
Select one:
hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
W
influenced the field of computer science?
Select one:
In what way is the principle of maximum entropy related to the principle of maximum
ignorance?
Select one:
a. The principle of maximum entropy is a special case of the principle of maximum ignorance
c. The principle of maximum ignorance is a special case of the principle of maximum entropy
Z
d. They are equivalent
Select one:
EN
a. The likelihood that an event will occur
hich of the following is NOT a criterion for a formal system to be subject to Gödel's
W
incompleteness theorems?
Select one:
hich of the following is NOT a factor that is typically considered when evaluating the
W
likelihood of a risk?
Select one:
Select one:
Z
a. The degree of belief that an event will occur
Select one:
Select one:
Select one:
Z
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
what is the probability of either event A or
B occurring?
Select one:
EN
a. 0.1
b. 0.4
c. 1
d. 0.6
Select one:
Select one:
a. To determine the probability distribution of a system's energy states
Select one:
Z
b. It is less accurate and reliable
Select one:
In a cost matrix, what does the likelihood of a risk occurring refer to?
Select one:
Select one:
Z
How might an individual's subjective probabilities change over time?
Select one:
. They will remain constant, as subjective probabilities are based on objective, observable
a
data and statistical analysis
EN
b. They may change based on new beliefs, opinions, and experiences
c. They will remain constant, as subjective probabilities are based on a coin flip
Select one:
R
d. It can be inaccurate if the data is not properly cleaned and processed
If there are two events, each with a probability of 50%, what is the probability that at least
one of them will occur?
Select one:
a. 25%
b. 0%
c. 75%
d. 50%
Select one:
Z
c. Searching a database for a specific record
What is the main difference between IDA* search and depth-first search (DFS)?
EN
Select one:
d. IDA* search uses a heuristic function to guide the search, while DFS does not
R
Select one:
a. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred
b. The probability of event A occurring regardless of whether event B has occurred or not
c. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has not occurred
d. The probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred
What is the main difference between depth-first search and breadth-first search?
Select one:
Z
. Depth-first search explores all the children of a node before exploring its siblings, while
a
breadth-first search explores all
. Depth-first search is only used to search trees, while breadth-first search is only used to
d
search graphs
an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring given multiple
C
R
each other?
Select one:
a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...
b. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
c
given another event
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
d
independently of any other events
In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "normalization rule" is used to:
Select one:
a. Ensure that the belief and plausibility functions are properly normalized
Z
Select one:
a. A* search
hat is the time complexity of a breadth-first search algorithm when applied to a graph with
W
V vertices and E edges?
Select one:
a. O(E)
R
c. O(V)
Select one:
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5,
what is the probability of both event A and
B occurring?
Select one:
a. 1
b. 0.25
Z
c. 0.5
d. 0
hat is a common method used in data mining to discover patterns and relationships in
W
data?
EN
Select one:
hich of the following is NOT a way that the principle of maximum entropy can be used in
W
economics?
Select one:
In a cost matrix, what does the cost of a risk refer to?
Select one:
In a cost matrix, what does the risk priority refer to?
Select one:
Z
a. The risk rating
Select one:
Select one:
b. A statistical model that makes the least amount of assumptions about the data
c. A statistical model that assumes the data follows a specific distribution
d. A statistical model that makes the most amount of assumptions about the data
How do subjective probabilities differ from objective probabilities?
Select one:
. Subjective probabilities are based on a coin flip, while objective probabilities are based on
a
an individual's beliefs, opinions,
and experiences
. Subjective probabilities are based on statistical analysis, while objective probabilities are
b
based on an individual's beliefs,
Z
. Subjective probabilities are based on an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences,
c
while objective probabilities are
What is the main advantage of heuristic search over other search algorithms?
Select one:
a. It is faster
R
b. It can find solutions to problems with a large search space more efficiently
c. It can find solutions to problems with a small search space more efficiently
hat is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of intuitionistic
W
type theory?
Select one:
Select one:
a. By evaluating all possible moves and selecting the one with the highest score
. By evaluating all possible moves and selecting the one that leads to the lowest score for
b
Z
the player and the highest score for
the opponent
c. By evaluating all possible moves and selecting the one with the lowest score
. By evaluating all possible moves and selecting the one that leads to the highest score for
d
the player and the lowest score
EN
for the opponent
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
Select one:
b. Disjunction
Select one:
. When the alpha value is greater than the beta value, the search can be stopped because
a
the maximizing player will not
. When the alpha and beta values are equal, the search can be stopped because both
c
players will choose the same move
. When the beta value is greater than the alpha value, the search can be stopped because
d
Z
the minimizing player will not
Select one:
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is NOT a valid inference rule?
Select one:
Select one:
b. It only considers paths that are at least as good as the current path
c. It only considers paths that are better than the current path
Z
hat is the space complexity of depth-first search in terms of the maximum depth of the
W
search tree, d?
Select one:
EN
a. O
b. O(m)
c. O(d)
d. O(1)
Select one:
Select one:
Select one:
Z
c. To penalize incorrect predictions differently based on the predicted class
. By taking into account an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences about the
b
likelihood and consequences of
potential risks
R
Select one:
In supervised learning, which of the following is NOT a common problem that can occur
during the training process?
Select one:
a. Overfitting
c. Underfitting
Z
d. Class imbalance
hich of the following is NOT a factor that should be considered when deciding whether or
W
not to use LEXMED?
Select one:
EN
a. The specific needs of the medical practice
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
R
occurring?
Select one:
a. 1
b. 0.6
c. 0.4
d. 0.1
In a binary cost matrix, what do the elements in the second row and second column
represent?
Select one:
a. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is negative
b. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is positive
c. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is positive
d. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is negative
Z
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
Select one:
What is the process of using A* search to find the shortest path between two nodes called?
Select one:
R
a. Pathfinding
Select one:
Select one:
a. They are complete (meaning they will always find a solution if one exists)
b. They are efficient (meaning they can search large spaces quickly)
Z
c. They are optimal (meaning they will always find the best solution)
. They are systematic (meaning they consider all possible options before making a
d
decision)
EN
Alpha-beta pruning is a technique used in:
Select one:
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
b
independently of any other events
c. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
d
given another event
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
Z
truth of its opposite?
Select one:
hat is the advantage of using maximum entropy without explicit constraints over other
W
statistical models?
Select one:
hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
W
influenced the field of philosophy of language?
Select one:
a. They have led to the development of new theories about the nature of language
b. They have sparked debates about the relationship between language and thought
c. They have led to new discussions about the nature of meaning
d. They have led to the abandonment of the study of the philosophy of language
Z
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
what is the probability of either event A or
B occurring?
EN
a. 1
b. 0.6
c. 0.4
d. 0.1
Select one:
In a binary cost matrix, what do the elements in the first row and first column represent?
a. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is negative
b. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is positive
c. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is positive
d. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is negative
In a binary cost matrix, what do the elements in the second row and second column
represent?
a. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is negative
b. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is positive
c. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is negative
Z
d. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is positive
In which of the following scenarios would a heuristic search algorithm be least useful?
Select one:
EN
a. When the search space is small and the optimal solution is important
b. When the search space is large and the optimal solution is important
c. When the search space is large and the optimal solution is not important
d. When the search space is small and the optimal solution is not important
hat is the main advantage of heuristic search algorithms over traditional search algorithms,
W
such as breadth-first or depth-first
R
search?
Select one:
a. A* search
What is the primary benefit of using a cost matrix to assess and manage risks?
Select one:
Z
a. It allows for the identification of previously unrecognized risks
Select one:
Select one:
a. Ensure that the belief and plausibility functions are properly normalized
d. Resolve conflicts between the beliefs and plausibilities of multiple events
In first-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand interpretation?
Z
. Yes, subjective probabilities can be used to make group decisions by relying on a majority
a
vote
. Yes, subjective probabilities can be used to inform group decisions by taking into account
b
the beliefs, opinions, and
. No, subjective probabilities are based on individual beliefs, opinions, and experiences and
d
cannot be used to make group
decisions
R
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
truth of another statement?
Select one:
Z
other using Bayes' theorem?
a. By using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) / P(B) + P(C) / P(D) + ...
c. By using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) / P(B) * P(C) / P(D) * ...
EN
d. By using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
what is the probability of event B
a. 0.6
b. 0
R
c. 0.4
d. 1
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
what is the probability of either event A or
B occurring?
Select one:
a. 0.4
b. 0.1
c. 0.6
d. 1
In what type of search problem is it guaranteed that a heuristic search algorithm will find the
optimal solution?
Select one:
Z
c. None of the above
b. To find the optimal move in a two-player game by minimizing the maximum possible loss
d. To find the optimal move in a two-player game by maximizing the minimum possible gain
R
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5,
what is the probability of neither event A
nor B occurring?
Select one:
a. 0
b. 0.5
c. 1
d. 0.25
What is the main disadvantage of using a greedy search algorithm?
Select one:
d. They may not consider all possible options before making a decision
In what type of search problem is it guaranteed that a heuristic search algorithm will find the
Z
optimal solution in a reasonable amount
of time?
Select one:
hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
W
influenced the field of philosophy of
mathematics?
R
Select one:
a. They have sparked debates about the relationship between mathematics and reality
b. They have led to new discussions about the nature of mathematical truth
c. They have led to the development of new philosophical theories about mathematics
d. They have led to the abandonment of the study of the philosophy of mathematics
Select one:
a. By using a gradient descent algorithm
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
what is the probability of event B
Z
a. 0.6
b. 0
c. 0.4
d. 1
EN
How often is the medical terminology in LEXMED updated?
a. Weekly
b. Monthly
c. Annually
d. Daily
R
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
what is the probability of neither event A
nor B occurring?
a. 0.4
b. 0
c. 1
d. 0.6
hat is the main advantage of using iterative deepening over a breadth-first search
W
algorithm?
Select one:
Z
In what year was the godelization process first described by Kurt Godel?
Select one:
a. 1931
b. 1952
EN
c. 1975
d. 1879
Select one:
c. They may not consider all possible options before making a decision
Which of the following statements about Gödel's incompleteness theorems is NOT true?
Select one:
c. They show that some statements within a formal system are undecidable
d. They prove that all formal systems are consistent
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
Select one:
Z
c. Denying the antecedent
Select one:
a. The probability of event A occurring regardless of whether event B has occurred or not
b. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred
c. The probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred
d. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has not occurred
hat is the relationship between the maximum entropy distribution and the underlying
W
distribution in maximum entropy without
explicit constraints?
Select one:
a. The maximum entropy distribution is the same as the underlying distribution
d. The maximum entropy distribution is different from the underlying distribution
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
Z
what is the probability of neither event A
nor B occurring?
Select one:
a. 0
EN
b. 0.4
c. 1
d. 0.6
R