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of other parts of the world than Europe and North America. One of
the more curious forms of the family is Oniscigaster wakefieldi; the
body of the imago is unusually rotund and furnished with lateral
processes. In Britain we have about forty species of may-fly. The
family is treated as a distinct Order by Brauer and Packard, and is
called Plectoptera by the latter.
The Sialidae, though but a small family of only some six or eight
genera, comprise a considerable variety of forms and two sub-
families—Sialides and Raphidiides. The former group has larvae
with aquatic habits possessed of branchiae but no spiracles.
The genus Sialis occurs in a few species only, throughout the whole
of the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions, and reappears in Chili,[372]
though absent in all the intervening area. Several other genera of
Insects exhibit the same peculiarity of distribution.
Head prolonged to form a deflexed beak, provided with palpi near its
apex; wings elongate and narrow, shining and destitute of hair, with
numerous, slightly divergent veins and moderately numerous
transverse veinlets (in one genus the wings are absent). Larvae
provided with legs, and usually with numerous prolegs like the saw-
flies: habits carnivorous.
The early stages of the Panorpidae were for long unknown, but have
recently been discovered by Brauer: he obtained eggs of Panorpa by
confining a number of the perfect flies in a vessel containing some
damp earth on which was placed a piece of meat; when the young
larvae were hatched they buried themselves in the earth and
nourished themselves with the meat or its juices.
The parts of the mouth of the Myrmeleon are perfectly adapted for
enabling it to empty the victim without for a moment relaxing its hold.
There is no mouth-orifice of the usual character, and the contents of
the victim are brought into the buccal cavity by means of a groove
extending along the under side of each mandible; in this groove the
elongate and slender lobe that replaces the maxilla—there being no
maxillary palpi—plays backwards and forwards, probably raking or
dragging backwards to the buccal cavity at each movement a small
quantity of the contents of the empaled victim. The small lower lip is
peculiar, consisting in greater part of the two lobes that support the
labial palpi. The pharynx is provided with a complex set of muscles,
and, together with the buccal cavity, functions as an instrument of
suction. After the prey has been sucked dry the carcass is jerked
away to a distance. When the ant-lion larva is full grown it forms a
globular cocoon by fastening together grains of sand with fine silk
from a slender spinneret placed at the posterior extremity of the
body; in this cocoon it changes to an imago of very elongate form,
and does not emerge until its metamorphosis is quite completed, the
skin of the pupa being, when the Insect emerges, left behind in the
cocoon. The names by which the European ant-lion has been known
are very numerous. It was called Formicajo and Formicario by
Vallisneri about two hundred years ago; Réaumur called it Formica-
leo, and this was adopted by some modern authors as a generic
name for some other of the ant-lions. The French people call these
Insects Fourmilions, of which ant-lion is our English equivalent. The
Latinised form of the term ant-lion, Formicaleo, is not now applied to
the common ant-lion as a generic term, it having been proposed to
replace it by Myrmecoleon, Myrmeleo, or Myrmeleon; this latter
name at present seems likely to become generally adopted. There
are several species of the genus found in Europe, and their trivial
names have been confounded by various authors in such a way as
to make it quite uncertain, without reference to a synonymic list, what
species is intended by any particular writer. The species found in the
neighbourhood of Paris, and to which it may be presumed
Réaumur's history refers, is now called Myrmeleon formicarium by
Hagen and others; M‘Lachlan renamed it M. europaeus, but now
considers it to be the M. nostras of Fourcroy. The popular name
appears to be due to the fact that ants—Formica in Latin, Fourmi in
French—form a large part of the victims; while lion—the other part of
the name—is doubtless due to its prowess as a destroyer of animal
life, though, as Réaumur long ago remarked, it is a mistake to apply
the term lion to an Insect that captures its prey by strategy and by
snares rather than by rapidity and strength. The imago of Myrmeleon
is of shy disposition, and is rarely seen even in localities where the
larva is abundant. It is of nocturnal habits, and is considered by
Dufour to be carnivorous.