TOXICOLOGY’S TASK

M. Javier Qurunil Bahri (012111133158)

- Definition of toxicology, toxicokinetics dan toxicodynamics

Toxicology: The study of the adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents on
living organisms and the ecosystem.
Toxicokinetics: The study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME)
of toxic substances in the body and how these processes influence the concentration of the
toxicant at the target site.
Toxicodynamics: The study of the dynamic interactions between a toxicant and its biological
target, which can be binding proteins, ion channels, DNA, or other receptors.
- Definition of poison
A poison is a substance that can cause severe organ damage or death if ingested, breathed in,
injected into the body, or absorbed through the skin.
- Beda xenobiotic, toxin, dan toxicant
Xenobiotic
• A chemical substance that is foreign to an organism or ecosystem, such as drugs,
pesticides, or industrial chemicals.
• Xenobiotics can be natural or synthetic and can have toxic effects on living organisms.
• The toxicity of a xenobiotic depends on its chemical structure, dose, and route of
exposure.
Toxin
• A toxic substance produced by a living organism, such as bacteria, fungi, plants, or
animals.
• Toxins can cause harm to other organisms by disrupting cellular processes, damaging
tissues, or interfering with organ function.
• Toxins can be ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin, and their effects can
range from mild irritation to severe illness or death.
Toxicant
• A chemical substance that has toxic effects on living organisms, regardless of its origin.
• Toxicants can be natural or synthetic and can have toxic effects on living organisms.
• The toxicity of a toxicant depends on its chemical structure, dose, and route of exposure.
- Route & site of exposure
Routes of Exposure
 • Inhalation: occurs when a person breathes in a substance in the air, such as gases,
vapors, dust, or fumes.
• Ingestion: occurs when a person swallows a substance, such as food, water, or
contaminated objects.
• Dermal: occurs when a substance comes into contact with the skin, such as through
direct skin contact, immersion, or splashing.
• Injection: occurs when a substance is introduced into the body through a needle or other
sharp object.
Sites of Exposure
• Point of exposure: a place where people come into contact with the contaminated
material.
• Exposure point: a location where a contaminant is released into the environment.
• Exposure pathway: the physical course an environmental agent takes from its source to
those who eventually receive it.
• Toxicological target site: the site in the body where the toxicant exerts its effect.
- Apa arti LD50
LD50 stands for "Lethal Dose 50%". It is a toxicological measure that indicates the amount of
a substance that is required to cause death in 50% of a group of test animals after a specified
test duration.
- Apa arti Margin of safety sempit
A narrow margin of safety means that the difference between the therapeutic dose and the toxic
dose is small, indicating a higher risk of adverse effects or toxicity. It's the other way round, A
wide margin of safety means that the difference between the therapeutic dose and the toxic
dose is large, indicating a lower risk of adverse effects or toxicity. The margin of safety is an
important consideration in drug development and risk assessment, as it helps to determine the
safe and effective dose of a drug for human use.
- Bagaimana eliminasi toksin secara umum?
• Metabolism: Toxins can be converted into compounds that are more easily excreted
from the body through metabolic processes in the liver or other organs.
• Excretion: Toxins can be excreted from the body through urine, faeces, or sweat.
• Haemodialysis: Haemodialysis is the process of removing toxic substances from the
blood using a dialysis machine.
• Administration of activated carbon: Activated carbon can bind to many toxins in the
digestive tract, thereby reducing the absorption of toxins in the body.
• Increased toxin elimination: Enhanced toxin elimination can be done by administering
certain medications or therapies that can speed up the process of toxin elimination from
the body.
- Bahaya nikotin merokok?
• Addiction: Nicotine is an addictive substance that makes it difficult for smokers to stop
smoking. People who are addicted to nicotine are also at risk of experiencing nicotine
 side effects, such as increased heart rate, reduced appetite, shortness of breath, nausea,
and stomach cramps.
• Lung disease: Nicotine in cigarettes can damage the lungs and cause various types of
lung diseases, such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema and lung cancer.
• Heart disease: The nicotine in cigarettes can increase the risk of heart disease and
stroke.
• Other diseases: Smoking can also cause various other diseases, such as cancers of the
mouth, throat, oesophagus, stomach and kidneys.
- Gejala intoxication of lead?
• Developmental delay and learning difficulties in children
• Irritability and behavioral changes in children
• Loss of appetite and weight loss
• Fatigue and sluggishness
• Abdominal pain, cramps, and vomiting
• Constipation
• Headaches
• Anemia
• Numbness in feet and legs
• Loss of sex drive and infertility in adults
• Personality changes and depression
• Problems with sleep
• Muscle pain
• Problems with short-term memory or concentration

- Antidotum acetaminophen?
Acetaminophen overdose can be treated with an antidote called acetylcysteine.
• Acetylcysteine is an effective antidote to prevent or limit liver injury in patients with
potentially toxic acetaminophen levels or evidence of liver injury.
• Admit patients with acetaminophen concentrations above the "possible" line on the
Rumack-Matthew nomogram for treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC).
• The entire NAC protocol, either oral or IV regimen, should be completed even if serum
acetaminophen concentrations decrease.
• N-acetylcysteine amide is a promising antidote for acetaminophen toxicity, which has
better bioavailability and requires lower doses and shorter treatment times than NAC.
• Acetylcysteine was first suggested as an antidote for acetaminophen toxicity in 1974,
and it has been used as a standard treatment for acetaminophen overdose since then.

- Antidotum atropin?
Atropine is an antidote that can be used to treat cholinergic toxicity caused by organophosphate
or carbamate insecticides and nerve agents.
- Terapi intoksikasi aspirin / salicylate?
Intoxication of aspirin or salicylate can cause various symptoms, and the severity of the
symptoms depends on the level of exposure to aspirin. Here are some treatments for aspirin
intoxication based on the search results:
• Gastric lavage: Gastric lavage is a procedure to remove aspirin from the stomach by
washing it out with saline solution.
• Activated charcoal: Activated charcoal can be given to absorb aspirin in the stomach
and prevent its absorption into the bloodstream.
• Hemodialysis: Hemodialysis can be used to remove aspirin from the bloodstream in
severe cases of aspirin intoxication.
• Supportive therapy: Supportive therapy can be given to treat the symptoms of aspirin
intoxication, such as vomiting, abdominal pain, and dehydration.
• N-acetylcysteine: N-acetylcysteine can be used to treat aspirin intoxication by
enhancing the elimination of salicylate from the body and reducing the risk of liver
damage.

- Antidotum propranolol?
• Isoprenaline
• Gastric lavage
• Activated charcoal
• Hemodialysis
• Glucagon
- Gejala intoksikasi organophosphates?
* Muscarinic effects:
• Salivation
• Lacrimation
• Urination
• Diarrhea
• GI upset
• Emesis
• Rhinorrhea
• Bronchorrhea
• Bronchospasm
• Cough
• Severe respiratory distress
* Nicotinic effects:
• Muscle fasciculations
• Weakness
 • Paralysis
* Central nervous system (CNS) effects:
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Confusion
• Seizures
• Coma

- Antidotum organophosphate?
• Decontamination
• Atropine
• Pralidoxime
• Diazepam
• Supportive therapy
• Isoprenaline

- Sumber intoksikasi cyanide?

• Chemicals used to develop photographs: Cyanide is present in the chemicals used to
develop photographs.
• Metallurgy: Cyanide salts are used in metallurgy for electroplating, metal cleaning, and
removing gold from its.
• Smoke inhalation: Smoke inhalation during house or industrial fires is the major source
of cyanide poisoning in the United States.
• Industrial sources: Cyanide is found in manufacturing and industrial sources such as
insecticides, photographic solutions, plastics manufacturing, and jewelry cleaner.
• Certain foods: Cyanide is found in certain foods such as spinach, bamboo shoots,
almonds, lima beans, fruit pits, and tapioca.

- Antidotum intoxication of cyanide?

• Hydroxocobalamin
• Sodium thiosulfate/sodium nitrite

- Terapi intoxication of digoxin?

• Discontinuation of digoxin therapy
• Digoxin-specific antibody fragments
• Supportive therapy
• Hemodialysis
• Treatment of arrhythmias
- Terapi intoxication of ethanol?
• Supportive therapy
• Hemodialysis
• Ethanol infusion
• Fomepizole
• Thiamine

- Terapi intoxication of methanol?

• Ethanol or fomepizole
• Hemodialysis
• Supportive therapy
- Gejala dan terapi intoxication of theophylline?
• Agitation, irritability, restlessness
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal pain
• Tachycardia
• Hypotension
• Metabolic acidosis
• Hypokalemia
• Hypercalcemia
• Hypophosphatemia
• Hypomagnesemia
• Hyperglycemia
• Leukocytosis
• Cardiac arrhythmias
• Seizures