Prof.

Dr Arshad Ali
Department of Civil Engineering
Sarhad University Peshawar
 COURSE CONTENTS

Main Topics

Recommended Books

……Class handouts
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
GRADING MECHANISM
 INTRODUCTION

Pakistan is a water deficit/stress country

5654m3/capita (1960)
1400m3/capita (2000)
1000m3/capita (2010)

Available water is polluting at an alarming rate

Domestic: 12.5million tones/yr (2265 tone/d of BOD)

Industrial: 9000million gal/d (20,000tons of BOD)

WATER AND WASTER QUALITY PARAMETERS
Water quality parameters
Organoleptic parameters
Color, odor, tastes etc.
Physiochemical parameters
Temperature, pH, EC, chlorides, sulfates etc
Substance undesirable in excess amount
Nitrates, iron, zinc, fluoride etc
Toxic substance
Arsenic, chromium, mercury etc
Microbial parameters
Coliform, fecal coliform etc
WATER AND WASTER QUALITY PARAMETERS
Wastewater quality parameters

Following characteristics/properties of sewage are

found using the analysis of sewage.

Physical characteristics

Chemical characteristics

Biological characteristics

BOD and COD

WHO (Drinking Water Quality Guidelines)

Parameter Limits
pH 6.5-8.5
Turbidity 5NTU
TDS 1000mg/L
Chlorides 250mg/L
Hardness 300mg/L
Nitrates 50mg/L
Sulfates 250mg/L
Fluoride 1.5mg/L
Arsenic 1.0ppb(µg/L)
Iron 0.3mg/L
Total Coliform Nil/100mL
 NEQS (Pak-EPA)

Parameter Limits
pH 6-10
BOD 80mg/L
COD 150mg/L
TSS 150mg/L
TDS 3500mg/L
Phenols 0.1mg/L
Pesticide, etc 0.15mg/L
Lead 0.5mg/L
Mercury 0.01mg/L
 Important Conversions
1 gal = 3.78 L
I hectare = 2.471 acre = 10,000 m2
1 ft3 = 7.481 gal = 28.32 L
1 m3 = 35.31 ft3
1 hp = 746 watt
1 psi (of water) = 2.31 ft (of water)
1 meter = 3.281 feet
1.0 g/L = 1 kg/m3

 Quiz/ Test from WHO guidelines, NEQS and Chapter 5 Numerical: 2-3 week
AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF A SEWERAGE WORK
Sewerage system is needed for safe disposal of
wastewater, providing clean living environment.

The main purpose of sewerage system is:

To provide a good sanitary living environmental
The disposal of all types of wastes safely
Preventing chances of water vector diseases
Preventing water pollution/ soil contamination by
adopting safe wastewater treatment techniques

14
DOMESTIC SEWAGE CHARACTERISTICS
Typical values

Parameter Typical Range

Total solids 350-1200 mg/L

Dissolved solids 250-850 mg/L

Suspended solids 100-350 mg/L

Settleable solids 05-20 (mL/L)

BOD 100-300 mg/L

COD 250-1000 mg/L

Total nitrogen 20-85 mg/L

Alkalinity 50-200 mg-CaCO3/L

 SEWERAGE SYSTEM - I
Method of sewage disposal

Conservancy/ dry system

Water carriage system

Urban/ rural area ?
Initial and operational cost ?
Design (compact) ?
Hygienic ?
Land requirement ?
Treatment ?
Existing/ Obsolete ?
 SEWERAGE SYSTEM - II
With reference to sanitary wastes and storm water

Separate system

Partially separate system

Combine system
 TYPES OF SEWERS

Sanitary sewer

Storm sewer

Combined sewer

House sewer

Lateral sewer

Sub-main sewer

Main/ trunk sewer

Outfall sewer
 MATERIAL OF SEWERS

Asbestos cement sewer

Brick sewer

Cast iron sewer

Steel sewer

Plastic sewer

Concrete/cement pipe
 IMPORTANT SEWER APPURTENANCES

Inlets Lamp-holes

Catch basins/ pits Flushing devices

Clean-outs Grease/ oil traps

Manholes Inverted siphons

Drop manholes Storm water regulators

 MANHOLE

Manholes are masonry or RCC chambers constructed

at suitable intervals along the sewer lines for
providing access into them.

Purposes of Manhole
Inspection, cleaning etc.

Joining, changing the direction, alignment of sewers.

Escape of undesirable gases.

They facilitate the laying of sewer line in convenient

lengths.
 MANHOLE
Location of Manhole
Manhole is provided when, there is change in
grade, alignment, or change in size of sewer. And at
junction of two or more sewers

Manhole is also provided in straight alignment of

sewers at regular intervals depending upon the
diameters of sewers. It ranges from 90-150m.

For example; 75m for 60cmф, 150m for 120cmф

etc.
 MANHOLE

Types of manhole

Shallow manhole

Normal manhole

Deep manhole
 Type of Impurities

Particulate matter > 10-1mm

Suspended matter (10-3 to 10-1)mm

Colloidal particles (10-6 to 10-3)mm

Dissolved materials < 10-6mm

RAW WASTEWATER

Screening to landfill
Screening

Communitors

Grit chamber Grit to landfill/recycle

Equalization tank
Primary
P rimary clarifiers sludge

Return filter backwash

Return sludge liquor

Biological treatment

recycle
Secondary
Secondary clarifiers sludge

Sand filtration
Sludge treatment

Chlorination
Sand disposal

Receiving bodies
 SELECTION OF TREATMENT PROCESS

Characteristics
Technical/Supervision Requirements
Operational and Maintenance
Reliability
Efficiency/Performance
Chemical/Energy Input
Land Requirement (Process Size)
Environmental Impacts (Treatment Residual)
Security Risks …etc
 IMPORTANT DESIGN PARAMETERS
Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) is the length of time a
particle or a unit volume of water remains in a
basin/tank.
Self Study ….

Mathematically: HRT, tD = V/Q ------- days/hours/sec

Weir Loading Rate (WLR) is the quantity of water

flowing over a unit weir length of the tank in a unit time.

Mathematically: WLR = Q/Length of weir …..

m3/m-d or gal/ft-d.
 IMPORTANT DESIGN PARAMETERS
Surface/Hydraulic Loading Rate is the volume of
water applied per unit surface area of the treatment
basin.
Self Study ….

Mathematically: SLR = Q/As ---- m3/m2-d or gal/ft2-d.

Organic Loading Rate, OLR is the total quantity of

organic matter (BOD/COD) that is applied per day over
the unit surface area of per unit volume of the
treatment basin.
Mathematically: OLR = Applied load/V ----
kg-BOD/m3-d or kg-COD/m3-d
 IMPORTANT DESIGN PARAMETERS

Food-Microorganisms Ratio (F/M) is the

relationship between the available food (F) and the
microorganism (M) present in a biological
Self Study ….

treatment system.

“F” in terms of the applied organic load, QSo

(kg/day)

“M” in terms of MLVSS (approx 80% of MLSS); VX

(kg)

Mathematically: F/M = QSo / VX ------ sec-1 / d-1

 SANITARY ENGINEERING
….Or Sanitation

It as application of scientific, mathematical and

engineering knowledge to solve the water pollution
control problems.

... Deals with collection, conveyance, treatment and disposal of wastewater.

The main purpose of sanitary engineering is to

maintain such an environment that does not affect
the public health, and control epidemic diseases.
…. A preventive measure for the protection of health
 ESSENTIAL PREREQUISITES

Sanitary Sewers

Storm Sewers

Pumping station

Approach channels

Flow equalization tank (if needed)

……. Misc. Topics

 DESIGN OF SANITARY SEWERS

Design of sewers means to find the diameter (size)

and the slope (gradient) of sewers to carry the given
amount of wastewater at suitable self cleaning
velocity, normally 0.6m/sec. The average wastewater
(sanitary sewage) is about 70-80% of the average
water consumption of the community.
DESIGN OF SANITARY SEWERS
DESIGN OF SANITARY SEWERS
 DESIGN OF STORM SEWER
Storm sewers carries water produced as surface run

off during and following a period of rainfall.

Surface run off depends on various physical factors

involving topography and soil properties etc.

Rational Formula Q=Ci A

Empirical Formulae
Practically, for smaller catchment area (approx. 400hectare RF is used, otherwise EF are

used to calculate the design runoff for storm sewer design)

 RUNOFF COFFICIENT

For composite area; C = ∑ac/A

 RAINFALL
INTENSITY
 DESIGN OF STORM SEWER - PROBLEM
Design a storm sewer for an area of 175acres,
with the following details.

50% Apartments

20% Playgrounds

30% Parks

Storm duration = 1.5hrs

Design for 50year storm

Use velocity = 3-4ft/sec

 DESIGN OF PUMPING STATION

Design of pumping station is required for providing

gravity flow, especially on flat grounds, or for the
supply of water/wastewater when within various
treatment units.
 DESIGN OF PUMPING STATION

0.3/Km
 PRE-TREATMENT OF WATER/WASTEWATER

This includes;
Screening
Neutralization/pH adjustment
Aeration
Chemical pre-treatment
Communitors
Grit chamber
Skimming tank
 DESIGN OF SCREENING CHAMBER
The objective of screens is to remove large floating
material (e.g. rags, plastic bottles etc) and coarse
solids from wastewater. It consists of parallel bars,
wires or grating, particularly stainless steel wire
mesh, placed across the flow inclined at 30o-60o and
extending throughout the depth of the channel.
According to method of cleaning; the screens are of
two types hand cleaned screens and mechanically
cleaned screens.
DESIGN OF SCREENING CHAMBER
DESIGN OF SCREENING CHAMBER
DESIGN OF SCREENING CHAMBER
 AERATION
Aeration is basically the supply of oxygen from
atmosphere to water. It is done usually in case of
ground water and less common in the surface water.
Aeration is used to release the excess H2S, CO2 or to
increase the O2 concentration, or to prevent growth of
photosynthetic algae, or remove Fe and Mn etc by
oxidation.

Simple mechanical process of spraying water into air

and allow it to fall over a series of waterfalls.
AERATION
 COMMUNITORS
They are installed in a flow channels of small
wastewater treatment plant (5.0MGD), to reduce the
sizes of material 6 to 20mm. Their main function is to
prolong the life of equipments and to reduce the wear
on the cutting surfaces. Since these units (grinders) are
complete in themselves, no detailed design is necessary.
The typical head loss through communitors ranges
from 0.1-0.3m.
COMMUNITORS
 DESIGN OF GRIT CHAMBER

Grit is inorganic sand or gravel particles of size about

1.0mm, are mainly present in municipal wastewater.
Its presence in wastewater can trouble mechanical
equipment/ biological process. As these materials have
greater specific gravity, they are be removed by gravity
settling, just like sedimentation tanks. It has two main
types, rectangular horizontal flow types and aerated grit
chamber.
DESIGN OF GRIT CHAMBER
DESIGN OF GRIT CHAMBER
 DESIGN OF SKIMMING TANK

They are provided mainly to remove oil and grease

etc. They are located a head of primary sedimentation
tank to protect pumps and downstream treatment
components. It is so designed that lighter materials
like oil and grease content of wastewater rise to the
surface of wastewater and remains on top of
wastewater until removed. The treated wastewater
flows out through the outlet provided below the water
line. Pre-aeration is required to improve its efficiency.
DESIGN OF SKIMMING TANK
 PRIMARY TREATMENT

This includes;

Coagulation and flocculation

Lime-Soda water softening process

Sedimentation
 COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION
Coagulation is the addition and rapid-mixing of a
coagulant, the resulting destabilization of colloidal
and fine suspended solids, and the initial aggregation
of the destabilized particles.

Whereas, the flocculation is a slow-mixing techniques

to agglomerate the fine micro-floc in large floc
particles to facilitate their settling.
COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION
 DESIGN OF SEDIMENTATION TANK
It is the solid-liquid separation utilizing gravitational
settling to remove suspended solids. The principle of
sedimentation, the operational method and
equipment used in water treatment and wastewater
treatment are the same. Types of sedimentations are:
Type-I: Discrete settling
Type-II: Flocculent settling
Type-III: Hindered or zone settling
Type-IV: Compressed settling
DESIGN OF SEDIMENTATION TANK
DESIGN OF SEDIMENTATION TANK
 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
The microbes (seed) are able to utilize the
biodegradable-OM as their food. The microbes convert
these solids into simpler end products like water and
carbon dioxide, and synthesize their own new cells
(biomass), which are then removed in SST. According
to operational condition, it may be aerobic, anaerobic,
facultative, or anoxic process. And based on the
microbial maintenance in the system, it may be
suspended or attached growth process.
 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
The most important are:
Activated sludge process
Trickling filter
Anaerobic digestion
Oxidation ponds
Aerated lagoons
 DESIGN OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
It is mainly suspended-growth process and aerobic in
nature. It has 03 main parts, the aeration tank, SST
and recycle. system.
Types of an activated sludge process
Complete mix
Plug flow
Oxidation ditches
Contact stabilization
Sequencing batch reactor
DESIGN OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
DESIGN OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
DESIGN OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
DESIGN OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
 ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
Biological decomposition process of organic matter
(pollutants) in the absence of oxygen. It is generally
suitable for treating high strength, non-variable
wastewater flows.

Basic steps involved are hydrolysis, acidogenesis

and methanogenesis. The benefits of using
anaerobic digestion are reduction of pollution,
pathogens etc, improvement manure value of
wastes products and production of biogas
 UASB REACTOR
Fig 1.0: Systematic Diagram of UASB Reactor
DESIGN OF UASB REACTOR
(ANAEROBIC DIGESTION)
 DESIGN OF TRICKLING/PERCOLATING FILTERS
It is one of the oldest attached-growth aerobic
processes, a tank with a bed of coarse and inert
material to support the biomass. The wastewater is
applied over the bed by a rotating distribution arms
and trickle down, the layer of microbes (biofilm/slime
layer) decompose the substrate aerobically. A stage
comes when anaerobic conditions are developed
nearer to the media surface and the microbes are peel
off (sloughing). The wastewater is collected by the
UDS and passed to SST before final disposal
DESIGN OF TRICKLING/PERCOLATING FILTERS
DESIGN OF TRICKLING/PERCOLATING FILTERS
DESIGN OF TRICKLING/PERCOLATING FILTERS
DESIGN OF TRICKLING/PERCOLATING FILTERS
DESIGN OF TRICKLING/PERCOLATING FILTERS
DESIGN OF OXIDATION/WASTE STABLIZATION PONDS
These are simple suspended-growth process,
working under both aerobic and anaerobic
conditions, covered over a large surface area,
relative to their depths. Normally wastewater
applied directly to the ponds after screens, without
any primary treatment. The oxygen is mostly
supplied by the algae (photosynthesis) present in
the system through the symbiotic actions of algae
and bacteria. The system has low construction cost
and negligible operating cost as it requires
minimum operation skills, and does not use any
mechanical equipment to supply oxygen by aeration.
Ponds may be multi-celled and can be provided in
series or parallel. Accumulation of bottom sludge is
negligible, due to few centimeters in a year.
DESIGN OF OXIDATION/WASTE STABLIZATION PONDS
DESIGN OF OXIDATION/WASTE STABLIZATION PONDS
DESIGN OF OXIDATION/WASTE STABLIZATION PONDS
 SLUDGE TREATMENT
Sludge is the residual semi-solid material left from
industrial, water treatment, or wastewater treatment
processes.

1. First-stage treatment of sludge

Sludge conditioning

Sludge stabilization

Sludge thickening

Sludge dewatering

Sludge drying
 SLUDGE TREATMENT
2. Second -stage treatment of sludge
Anaerobic digestion
Aerobic digestion
Composting
Thermal drying
Incineration
Pyrolysis
Wet air oxidation
Sludge melting

3. Sludge disposal