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Different research questions and research hypotheses
Research questions and hypotheses are fundamental components of any research study,
providing direction and focus. Here are examples of each:
1. Research Question:
 What is the impact of social media usage on adolescents' mental health?
Research Hypotheses:
 Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant relationship between social media
usage and adolescents' mental health.
2. What is sampling error ?
Sampling error is the discrepancy or difference between the sample statistic and the population
parameter it represents.
3. Write a note an empirical Research .
Title: "Impact of Social Media Usage on Adolescent Well-being: An Empirical Investigation"
Abstract: This empirical research investigates the relationship between social media usage and
adolescent well-being. Utilizing a sample of 500 adolescents aged 13-18, data was collected
through surveys assessing social media habits and well-being indicators.
What do you understand by validity and reliability of instrument ?

Validity refers to the extent to which a test or instrument measures what it is supposed to
measure, while reliability refers to the consistency or stability of the measurements obtained by
an instrument.
What are various sources of secondary data ?

Various sources of secondary data include:
1. Government publications.
What is hypothesis ? Explain characteristics of good hypothesis ?
A hypothesis is a tentative explanation or proposition that can be tested through scientific
investigation. It serves as a starting point for further inquiry and experimentation to validate or
refute.
Characteristics of a good hypothesis:
1. Testable: A good hypothesis must be capable of being tested through observation or

experimentation. It should propose specific, measurable outcomes that can either support or
reject the hypothesis.
2. Falsifiable: A hypothesis should be structured in a way that allows for the possibility of being
proven false. This means it should make predictions that, if found to be untrue, would
demonstrate the hypothesis to be incorrect.
3. Clear and precise: A good hypothesis should be stated clearly and precisely, avoiding
ambiguity or vagueness. It should clearly define the variables involved and the expected
relationship between them.
What are the different measurement scales used in research ?

In research, there are four primary measurement scales:
1. Nominal Scale: This scale is used to categorize data into distinct categories or groups, but
there is no inherent order or hierarchy among the categories. Examples include gender
(male/female), eye color (blue, brown, green), or marital status (single, married, divorced).
2. Ordinal Scale: In this scale, data is categorized into ordered groups or ranks, but the
intervals between the categories are not equal or meaningful. Examples include ranking
satisfaction levels (poor, fair, good, excellent) or education level (high school, bachelor's
degree, master's degree).
3. Interval Scale: This scale has ordered categories with equal intervals between them, but it
lacks a true zero point. Examples include temperature measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit,
where zero does not indicate the absence of temperature.
4. Ratio Scale: The ratio scale has ordered categories with equal intervals and a true zero
point, where zero indicates the absence of the measured attribute. Examples include
height, weight, and time.
5. What is a research problem ? State the main issue which should be receive the
attention of the researcher.
6. A research problem is a specific issue or question that a researcher aims to investigate
or address through their research. It serves as the focal point around which the entire
research revolves. The main issue that should receive the attention of the researcher is
typically identified based on gaps in existing knowledge, unresolved questions,
practical concerns, or areas where further understanding is needed. The researcher
should carefully define the problem statement to guide the research process
effectively and ensure that the study contributes meaningfully to the field.
7. Research design can be broadly categorized into four main types:
1. Descriptive Research Design: Focuses on describing the characteristics of a

phenomenon or population without influencing it. It aims to answer questions such as
who, what, when, where, and how.
2. Experimental Research Design: Involves manipulating one or more variables to
observe the effect on another variable. It establishes cause-and-effect relationships
between variables through controlled experiments.
3. Correlational Research Design: Examines the relationship between two or more
variables without manipulating them. It assesses the degree of association or
correlation between variables, but does not establish causation.
4. Explanatory (Causal) Research Design: Investigates the cause-and-effect
relationship between variables. It aims to determine whether changes in one variable
cause changes in another variable, often using experimental or quasi-experimental
methods.
Explain the role and evolution of research in various functional areas of Business .
Research plays a crucial role in various functional areas of business by informing decision-
making, identifying opportunities, and solving problems. In marketing, research helps understand
consumer behavior and preferences, aiding in product development and targeting. In operations,
it optimizes processes and resource allocation, enhancing efficiency. In finance, research informs
investment decisions and risk management strategies. In human resources, it guides recruitment,
training, and employee engagement initiatives. Over time, research methodologies have evolved
from traditional surveys and focus groups to include big data analytics, machine learning, and
predictive modeling, enabling deeper insights and more accurate predictions for businesses
across all functional areas.

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Different research questions and research hypotheses

What do you understand by validity and reliability of instrument ?

What are various sources of secondary data ?

Characteristics of a good hypothesis:

1. Testable: A good hypothesis must be capable of being tested through observation or

What are the different measurement scales used in research ?

1. Descriptive Research Design: Focuses on describing the characteristics of a

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