Maa HL P3

Mathematics: analysis and approaches
Higher level
Paper 3
9 May 2023
Zone A afternoon Zone B morning Zone C afternoon
1 hour
Instructions to candidates
y Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.
y A graphic display calculator is required for this paper.
y Answer all the questions in the answer booklet provided.
y Unless otherwise stated in the question, all numerical answers should be given exactly or
correct to three significant figures.
y A clean copy of the mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet is required for
this paper.
y The maximum mark for this examination paper is [55 marks].
2223 – 7108
5 pages © International Baccalaureate Organization 2023
–3– 2223 – 7108
Answer all questions in the answer booklet provided. Please start each question on a new page. Full
marks are not necessarily awarded for a correct answer with no working. Answers must be supported
by working and/or explanations. Solutions found from a graphic display calculator should be supported
by suitable working. For example, if graphs are used to find a solution, you should sketch these as part
of your answer. Where an answer is incorrect, some marks may be given for a correct method, provided
this is shown by written working. You are therefore advised to show all working.
1. [Maximum mark: 25]
In this question, you will be investigating the family of functions of the form f (x) = xn e-x .
Consider the family of functions f n (x) = xn e-x , where x ≥ 0 and n ∈ + .
When n = 1 , the function f 1 (x) = xe-x , where x ≥ 0 .
(a) Sketch the graph of y = f 1 (x) , stating the coordinates of the local maximum point. [4]
(b) Show that the area of the region bounded by the graph y = f 1 (x) , the x-axis and the
eb - b -1
line x = b , where b > 0 , is given by . [6]
eb
You may assume that the total area, An , of the region between the graph y = f n (x) and the
∞ b
x-axis can be written as An = ∫ f n ( x) dx and is given by lim ∫ f n ( x) dx .
0 b→∞ 0
e − b −1
b
(c) (i) Use l’Hôpital’s rule to find lim . You may assume that the condition for
b→∞ eb
applying l’Hôpital’s rule has been met. [2]
(ii) Hence write down the value of A1 . [1]
You are given that A2 = 2 and A3 = 6 .
(d) Use your graphic display calculator, and an appropriate value for the upper limit,
to determine the value of
(i) A4 ; [2]
(ii) A5 . [1]
(e) Suggest an expression for An in terms of n , where n ∈ + . [1]
(f) Use mathematical induction to prove your conjecture from part (e). You may assume
that, for any value of m , lim x me − x = 0 . [8]
x→∞
Turn over
–4– 2223 – 7108
In this question, you will investigate the maximum product of positive real numbers
with a given sum.
Consider the two numbers x1 , x2 ∈ + , such that x1 + x2 = 12 .
(a) Find the product of x1 and x2 as a function, f , of x1 only. [2]
(b) (i) Find the value of x1 for which the function is maximum. [1]
(ii) Hence show that the maximum product of x1 and x2 is 36 . [1]
Consider Mn(S) to be the maximum product of n positive real numbers with a sum of S ,
where n ∈ + and S ∈ + .
2
⎛S⎞
For n = 2 , the maximum product can be expressed as M 2 ( S ) = ⎜ ⎟ .
2
⎝2⎠
⎛S⎞
(c) Verify that M 2 ( S ) = ⎜ ⎟ is true for S = 12 . [1]
⎝2⎠
Consider n positive real numbers, x1 , x2 , ... , xn .
1
The geometric mean is defined as ( x1 × x2 × ... × xn ) n . It is given that the geometric mean is
1
( x1 + x2 + ... + xn )
always less than or equal to the arithmetic mean, so ( x1 × x2 × ... × xn ) ≤
n
.
n
(d) (i) Show that the geometric mean and arithmetic mean are equal
when x1 = x2 = ... = xn . [2]
n
⎛S⎞
(ii) Use this result to prove that M n ( S ) = ⎜⎟ . [4]
⎝n⎠
(e) Hence determine the value of
(i) M3(12) ; [1]
(ii) M4(12) ; [1]
(iii) M5(12) . [1]
For n ∈ + , let P (S) denote the maximum value of Mn(S) across all possible values of n .
(f) Write down the value of P (12) and the value of n at which it occurs. [2]
(g) Determine the value of P (20) and the value of n at which it occurs. [3]
(This question continues on the following page)

–5– 2223 – 7108
(Question 2 continued)
⎛S⎞
Consider the function g , defined by ln ( g ( x) ) = x ln ⎜ +
⎟ , where x ∈  .
x
⎝ ⎠
A sketch of the graph of y = g (x) is shown in the following diagram. Point A is the maximum
point on this graph.
y
A
y = g (x)
x
0
(h) Find, in terms of S , the x-coordinate of point A . [6]
(i) Verify that g (x) = Mx(S) , when x ∈ + . [2]
(j) Use your answer to part (h) to find the largest possible product of positive numbers
whose sum is 100. Give your answer in the form a × 10k , where 1 ≤ a < 10 and k ∈ + . [3]
References:
© International Baccalaureate Organization 2023

Higher level
Paper 3
Thursday 12 May 2022 (morning)
1 hour
this paper.
2222 – 7108
–2– 2222 – 7108
1. [Maximum marks: 27]
This question asks you to explore some properties of polygonal numbers and to
determine and prove interesting results involving these numbers.
A polygonal number is an integer which can be represented as a series of dots arranged

in the shape of a regular polygon. Triangular numbers, square numbers and pentagonal
numbers are examples of polygonal numbers.
For example, a triangular number is a number that can be arranged in the shape of an
equilateral triangle. The first five triangular numbers are 1, 3, 6, 10 and 15 .
The following table illustrates the first five triangular, square and pentagonal numbers
respectively. In each case the first polygonal number is one represented by a single dot.
Type of
polygonal Geometric representation Values
number
Triangular
1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ...
numbers
…
Square
1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ...
numbers
…
Pentagonal
1, 5, 12, 22, 35, ...
numbers
…
For an r-sided regular polygon, where r ∈ + , r ≥ 3, the nth polygonal number Pr (n) is given by
(r - 2) n 2 - (r - 4) n
Pr (n) = , where n ∈ + .
2

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Hence, for square numbers, P4 ( n ) =

( 4 − 2 ) n2 − ( 4 − 4 ) n = n2 .
2
n (n + 1)
(a) (i) For triangular numbers, verify that P3 (n) = . [2]
2
(ii) The number 351 is a triangular number. Determine which one it is. [2]
(b) (i) Show that P3 (n) + P3 (n + 1) ≡ (n + 1)2 . [2]
(ii) State, in words, what the identity given in part (b)(i) shows for two consecutive
triangular numbers. [1]
(iii) For n = 4 , sketch a diagram clearly showing your answer to part (b)(ii). [1]
(c) Show that 8P3 (n) + 1 is the square of an odd number for all n ∈ + . [3]
The nth pentagonal number can be represented by the arithmetic series
P5 (n) = 1 + 4 + 7 + ... + (3n - 2) .
n (3n - 1)
(d) Hence show that P5 (n) = for n ∈ + . [3]
2
(e) By using a suitable table of values or otherwise, determine the smallest positive integer,
greater than 1, that is both a triangular number and a pentagonal number. [5]
A polygonal number, Pr (n) , can be represented by the series
∑ (1 + (m − 1)(r − 2) ) where r ∈  , r ≥ 3 .
m =1
+
(r - 2) n 2 - (r - 4) n
(f) Use mathematical induction to prove that Pr (n) = where n ∈ + . [8]
2
Turn over
–4– 2222 – 7108
2. [Maximum marks: 28]
This question asks you to explore cubic polynomials of the form

(x - r)(x2 -2ax + a2 + b2) for x ∈  and corresponding cubic equations with one real
root and two complex roots of the form (z - r)(z2 - 2az + a2 + b2) = 0 for z ∈  .
In parts (a), (b) and (c), let r = 1 , a = 4 and b = 1 .
Consider the equation (z - 1)(z2 - 8z + 17) = 0 for z ∈  .
(a) (i) Given that 1 and 4 + i are roots of the equation, write down the third root. [1]
(ii) Verify that the mean of the two complex roots is 4 . [1]
Consider the function f (x) = (x - 1)(x2 - 8x + 17) for x ∈  .
(b) Show that the line y = x - 1 is tangent to the curve y = f (x) at the point A (4 , 3) . [4]
(c) Sketch the curve y = f (x) and the tangent to the curve at point A , clearly showing
where the tangent crosses the x-axis. [2]
Consider the function g (x) = (x - r)(x2 - 2ax + a2 + b2) for x ∈  where r , a ∈  and
b ∈ , b > 0.
(d) (i) Show that g′(x) = 2(x - r)(x - a) + x2 - 2ax + a2 + b2 . [2]
(ii) Hence, or otherwise, prove that the tangent to the curve y = g (x) at the point
A (a , g(a)) intersects the x-axis at the point R (r , 0) . [6]
The equation (z - r)(z2 - 2az + a2 + b2) = 0 for z ∈  has roots r and a ± bi where r , a ∈ 
and b ∈  , b > 0 .
(e) Deduce from part (d)(i) that the complex roots of the equation
(z - r)(z2 - 2az + a2 + b2) = 0 can be expressed as a ± i g ′(a ) . [1]

–5– 2222 – 7108
( ) ( )
On the Cartesian plane, the points C1 a, g ′ ( a ) and C 2 a, − g ′ ( a ) represent the real
and imaginary parts of the complex roots of the equation (z - r)(z2 - 2az + a2 + b2) = 0 .
The following diagram shows a particular curve of the form y = (x - r)(x2 - 2ax + a2 + 16)
and the tangent to the curve at the point A (a , 80). The curve and the tangent both intersect
the x-axis at the point R (-2 , 0). The points C1 and C2 are also shown.
y
A (a , 80)
R (-2 , 0) C1
x
C2
(f) (i) Use this diagram to determine the roots of the corresponding equation of the
form (z - r)(z2 - 2az + a2 + 16) = 0 for z ∈  . [4]
(ii) State the coordinates of C2 . [1]
Consider the curve y = (x - r)(x2 - 2ax + a2 + b2) for a ≠ r , b > 0 . The points A (a , g(a)) and
R (r , 0) are as defined in part (d)(ii). The curve has a point of inflexion at point P .
1
(g) (i) Show that the x-coordinate of P is (2a + r ) .
3
You are not required to demonstrate a change in concavity. [2]
(ii) Hence describe numerically the horizontal position of point P relative to the
horizontal positions of the points R and A . [1]
Consider the special case where a = r and b > 0 .
(h) (i) Sketch the curve y = (x - r)(x2 - 2ax + a2 + b2) for a = r = 1 and b = 2 . [2]
(ii) For a = r and b > 0 , state in terms of r , the coordinates of points P and A . [1]
References:

Higher level
Paper 3
Tuesday 8 November 2022 (afternoon)
1 hour
this paper.
8822 – 7103
–2– 8822 – 7103
In this question you will investigate series of the form

n
∑i i =1
q
= 11qq ++ †22qq + †3qq †+ †…
...†++††nnqq where
† n, q ∈ +
and use various methods to find polynomials, in terms of n , for such series.
When q = 1 , the above series is arithmetic.

n
1
(a) Show that ∑ i = 2 n ( n + 1) .
i =1
[1]
Consider the case when q = 2 .

n
(b) The following table gives values of n2 and ∑i
i =1
2
for n = 1 , 2 , 3 .
n
n n2 ∑i
i =1
2
1 1 1
2 4 5
3 9 p
(i) Write down the value of p . [1]
(ii) The sum of the first n square numbers can be expressed as a cubic polynomial
with three terms:
n
∑i
i =1
2
= a1n + a2 n 2 + a3n3 where a1 , a2 , a3 ∈ + .
Hence, write down a system of three linear equations in a1 , a2 and a3 . [3]
(iii) Hence, find the values of a1 , a2 and a3 . [2]

–3– 8822 – 7103
You will now consider a method that can be generalized for all values of q .
Consider the function f (x) = 1 + x + x2 + … + xn , n ∈ + .
(c) Show that x f ′(x) = x + 2x2 + 3x3 + … + nxn . [1]
Let f 1(x) = x f ′(x) and consider the following family of functions:
f 2(x) = x f 1′(x)
f 3(x) = x f 2′(x)
f 4(x) = x f 3′(x)
f q(x) = x f q-1′(x)
n
(d) (i) Show that f 2 ( x ) = ∑i x
i =1
2 i
. [2]
n
(ii) Prove by mathematical induction that f q ( x ) = ∑i x
i =1
q i
, q ∈ + . [6]
(iii) Using sigma notation, write down an expression for f q(1) . [1]
(e) By considering f (x) = 1 + x + x2 + … + xn as a geometric series, for x ≠ 1 ,

x n+1 − 1
show that f ( x) = . [2]
x −1
nx n+2 − ( n + 1) x n+1 + x
(f) For x ≠ 1 , show that f1 ( x) = . [3]
( x − 1)
2
(g) (i) Show that lim f1 ( x) is in indeterminate form. [1]

x→1
1
(ii) Hence, by applying l’Hôpital’s rule, show that lim f1 ( x) = n ( n + 1) . [5]
x→1 2
Turn over
–4– 8822 – 7103
In this question you will investigate curved surface areas and use calculus to derive
key formulae used in geometry.
Consider the straight line from the origin, y = mx , where 0 ≤ x ≤ h and m , h are positive
constants.
y = mx
x
h
When this line is rotated through 360° about the x-axis, a cone is formed with a curved
surface area A given by:
h
A = 2π∫ y 1 + m 2 dx .
0
(a) Given that m = 2 and h = 3 , show that A = 18 5 π . [2]
(b) Now consider the general case where a cone is formed by rotating the line y = mx
where 0 ≤ x ≤ h through 360° about the x-axis.
(i) Deduce an expression for the radius of this cone r in terms of h and m . [1]
(ii) Deduce an expression for the slant height l in terms of h and m . [2]
(iii) Hence, by using the above integral, show that A = πrl . [3]

–5– 8822 – 7103
Consider the semi-circle, with radius r , defined by y = r 2 − x 2 where -r ≤ x ≤ r .
y r2 x2
x
r r
dy
(c) Find an expression for . [2]
dx
A differentiable curve y = f (x) is defined for x1 ≤ x ≤ x2 and y ≥ 0 . When any such curve is
rotated through 360° about the x-axis, the surface formed has an area A given by:
x2 2
⎛ dy ⎞
A = 2 π ∫ y 1 + ⎜ ⎟ dx .
x1 ⎝ dx ⎠
(d) A sphere is formed by rotating the semi-circle y = r 2 − x 2 where -r ≤ x ≤ r

through 360° about the x-axis. Show by integration that the surface area of this
sphere is 4πr2 . [4]
Turn over
–6– 8822 – 7103
(e) Let f ( x ) = r 2 − x 2 where -r ≤ x ≤ r .
The graph of y = f (x) is transformed to the graph of y = f (kx) , k > 0 . This forms a
different curve, called a semi-ellipse.
(i) Describe this geometric transformation. [2]
(ii) Write down the x-intercepts of the graph y = f (kx) in terms of r and k . [1]
dy
(iii) For y = f (kx) , find an expression for in terms of x , r and k . [2]
dx
(iv) The semi-ellipse y = f (kx) is rotated 360° about the x-axis to form a solid called
an ellipsoid.
Find an expression in terms of r and k for the surface area, A , of the ellipsoid.
x2
Give your answer in the form 2π ∫ p ( x ) dx , where p(x) is a polynomial. [4]

x1
(v) Planet Earth can be modelled as an ellipsoid. In this model:
• the ellipsoid has an axis of rotational symmetry running from the North Pole to
the South Pole.
• the distance from the North Pole to the South Pole is 12 714 km .
• the diameter of the equator is 12 756 km .
By choosing suitable values for r and k , find the surface area of Earth
in km2 correct to 4 significant figures. Give your answer in the form a × 10q
where 1 ≤ a < 10 and q ∈ + . [4]
References:
Higher level
Paper 3
Tuesday 11 May 2021 (morning)
1 hour
this paper.
2221 – 7108
–2– 2221 – 7108
This question asks you to explore the behaviour and key features of cubic
polynomials of the form x3 - 3cx + d .
Consider the function f (x) = x3 - 3cx + 2 for x ∈  and where c is a parameter, c ∈  .
The graphs of y = f (x) for c = -1 and c = 0 are shown in the following diagrams.
c = -1 c=0
y y
(0, 2) (0, 2)
x x
(a) On separate axes, sketch the graph of y = f (x) showing the value of the y-intercept
and the coordinates of any points with zero gradient, for
(i) c = 1; [3]
(ii) c = 2. [3]
(b) Write down an expression for f ′(x) . [1]

–3– 2221 – 7108
(c) Hence, or otherwise, find the set of values of c such that the graph of y = f (x) has
(i) a point of inflexion with zero gradient; [1]
(ii) one local maximum point and one local minimum point; [2]
(iii) no points where the gradient is equal to zero. [1]
(d) Given that the graph of y = f (x) has one local maximum point and one local minimum
point, show that
3
(i) the y-coordinate of the local maximum point is 2c 2 + 2 ; [3]
3
(ii) the y-coordinate of the local minimum point is -2c 2 + 2 . [1]
(e) Hence, for c > 0 , find the set of values of c such that the graph of y = f (x) has
(i) exactly one x-axis intercept; [2]
(ii) exactly two x-axis intercepts; [2]
(iii) exactly three x-axis intercepts. [2]
Consider the function g (x) = x3 - 3cx + d for x ∈  and where c , d ∈  .
(f) Find all conditions on c and d such that the graph of y = g (x) has exactly one x-axis
intercept, explaining your reasoning. [6]
Turn over
–4– 2221 – 7108
This question asks you to examine various polygons for which the numerical value
of the area is the same as the numerical value of the perimeter. For example, a 3 by 6
rectangle has an area of 18 and a perimeter of 18.
For each polygon in this question, let the numerical value of its area be A and let the
numerical value of its perimeter be P .
(a) Find the side length, s , where s > 0 , of a square such that A = P . [3]
An n-sided regular polygon can be divided into n congruent isosceles triangles. Let x be the
length of each of the two equal sides of one such isosceles triangle and let y be the length of
2
the third side. The included angle between the two equal sides has magnitude .
n
Part of such an n-sided regular polygon is shown in the following diagram.
x
2
n
(b) Write down, in terms of x and n , an expression for the area, AT , of one of these
isosceles triangles. [1]
(c) Show that y = 2 x sin . [2]

n
Consider a n-sided regular polygon such that A = P .
(d) Use the results from parts (b) and (c) to show that A = P = 4n tan . [7]
n
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x3 2 x5
The Maclaurin series for tan x is x + + + ...
3 15
(e) (i) Use the Maclaurin series for tan x to find lim 4n tan . [3]
n n
(ii) Interpret your answer to part (e)(i) geometrically. [1]
Consider a right-angled triangle with side lengths a , b and a 2 + b 2 , where a ≥ b , such

that A = P.
8
(f) Show that a = +4. [7]
b-4
(g) (i) By using the result of part (f) or otherwise, determine the three side lengths of the
only two right-angled triangles for which a , b , A , P ∈  . [3]
(ii) Determine the area and perimeter of these two right-angled triangles. [1]
References:

Higher level
Paper 3
Tuesday 11 May 2021 (morning)
1 hour
this paper.
2221 – 7113
–2– 2221 – 7113
This question asks you to explore the behaviour and some key features of the
function fn (x) = xn(a - x)n , where a ∈ + and n ∈ + .
In parts (a) and (b), only consider the case where a = 2 .
Consider f1 (x) = x (2 - x) .
(a) Sketch the graph of y = f1 (x) , stating the values of any axes intercepts and the
coordinates of any local maximum or minimum points. [3]
Consider fn (x) = xn(2 - x)n, where n ∈ + , n > 1 .
(b) Use your graphic display calculator to explore the graph of y = fn (x) for
• the odd values n = 3 and n = 5 ;

• the even values n = 2 and n = 4 .
Hence, copy and complete the following table. [6]
Number of local Number of local Number of points of

maximum points minimum points inflexion with zero gradient
n = 3 and n = 5
n = 2 and n = 4
Now consider fn (x) = xn(a - x)n where a ∈ + and n ∈ + , n > 1 .
(c) Show that fn′(x) = nxn-1(a - 2x) (a - x)n-1 . [5]
(d) State the three solutions to the equation fn′(x) = 0 . [2]
a a
(e) Show that the point , fn on the graph of y = fn (x) is always above the
horizontal axis. 2 2 [3]

–3– 2221 – 7113
a
(f) Hence, or otherwise, show that f n′ +
> 0 , for n ∈  . [2]
4
(g) By using the result from part (f) and considering the sign of fn′(-1) , show that the
point (0, 0) on the graph of y = fn (x) is
(i) a local minimum point for even values of n , where n > 1 and a ∈ + ; [3]
(ii) a point of inflexion with zero gradient for odd values of n , where n > 1 and a ∈ + . [2]
Consider the graph of y = xn(a - x)n - k , where n ∈ + , a ∈ + and k ∈  .
(h) State the conditions on n and k such that the equation xn(a - x)n = k has four solutions
for x . [5]
Turn over
–4– 2221 – 7113
This question asks you to investigate and prove a geometric property involving the
roots of the equation zn = 1 where z ∈  for integers n , where n ≥ 2 .
2# i
The roots of the equation zn = 1 where z ∈  are 1 , ω , ω2 , ... , ωn-1 , where ! " e n . Each
root can be represented by a point P0, P1, P2, ... , Pn-1 , respectively, on an Argand diagram.
For example, the roots of the equation z2 = 1 where z ∈  are 1 and ω . On an Argand
diagram, the root 1 can be represented by a point P0 and the root ω can be represented by
a point P1 .
Consider the case where n = 3 .
The roots of the equation z3 = 1 where z ∈  are 1 , ω and ω2 . On the following Argand
diagram, the points P0 , P1 and P2 lie on a circle of radius 1 unit with centre O (0 , 0) .
(a) (i) Show that (ω - 1)(ω2 + ω + 1) = ω3 - 1 . [2]
(ii) Hence, deduce that ω2 + ω + 1 = 0 . [2]

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Line segments [P0P1] and [P0P2] are added to the Argand diagram in part (a) and are shown
on the following Argand diagram.
Im
P1
P0
Re
P2
P0P1 is the length of [P0P1] and P0P2 is the length of [P0P2] .
(b) Show that P0P1 × P0P2 = 3 . [3]
Consider the case where n = 4 .
The roots of the equation z4 = 1 where z ∈  are 1 , ω , ω2 and ω3 .
(c) By factorizing z4 - 1 , or otherwise, deduce that ω3 + ω2 + ω + 1 = 0 . [2]
Turn over
–6– 2221 – 7113
On the following Argand diagram, the points P0 , P1 , P2 and P3 lie on a circle of radius 1 unit
with centre O (0, 0) . [P0P1], [P0P2] and [P0P3] are line segments.
Im
P1
P2 P0
Re
P3
(d) Show that P0P1 × P0P2 × P0P3 = 4 . [4]
For the case where n = 5 , the equation z5 = 1 where z ∈  has roots 1 , ω , ω2 , ω3 and ω4 .
It can be shown that P0P1 × P0P2 × P0P3 × P0P4 = 5 .
Now consider the general case for integer values of n , where n ≥ 2 .
The roots of the equation zn = 1 where z ∈  are 1 , ω , ω2 , ... , ωn-1 . On an Argand diagram,
these roots can be represented by the points P0 , P1 , P2 , ... , Pn-1 respectively where
[P0P1] , [P0P2] , ... , [P0Pn-1] are line segments. The roots lie on a circle of radius 1 unit
with centre O (0 , 0) .
(e) Suggest a value for P0P1 × P0P2 × ... × P0Pn-1 . [1]
P0P1 can be expressed as | 1 - ω |.
(f) (i) Write down expressions for P0P2 and P0P3 in terms of ω . [2]
(ii) Hence, write down an expression for P0Pn-1 in terms of n and ω . [1]
Consider zn - 1 = (z - 1)(zn-1 + zn-2 + … + z + 1) where z ∈  .
(g) (i) Express zn-1 + zn-2 + … + z + 1 as a product of linear factors over the set  . [3]
(ii) Hence, using the part (g)(i) and part (f) results, or otherwise, prove your
suggested result to part (e). [4]
References:

Higher level
Paper 3
Tuesday 9 November 2021 (morning)
1 hour
this paper.
8821 – 7103
–2– 8821 – 7103
In this question you will explore some of the properties of special functions f and g
and their relationship with the trigonometric functions, sine and cosine.
e z + e− z e z − e− z
Functions f and g are defined as f ( z ) = and g ( z ) = , where z ∈  .
2 2
Consider t and u , such that t , u ∈  .
d 2u
(a) Verify that u = f (t) satisfies the differential equation =u. [2]
dt 2
(b) Show that ( f (t))2 + (g (t))2 = f (2t) . [3]
(c) Using eiu = cos u + i sin u , find expressions, in terms of sin u and cos u , for
(i) f (i u) ; [3]
(ii) g (i u) . [2]
(d) Hence find, and simplify, an expression for ( f (i u))2 + (g (i u))2 . [2]
(e) Show that ( f (t))2 - (g (t))2 = ( f (i u))2 - (g (i u))2. [4]
The functions cos x and sin x are known as circular functions as the general
point (cos θ , sin θ ) defines points on the unit circle with equation x2 + y2 = 1 .
The functions f (x) and g (x) are known as hyperbolic functions, as the general
point ( f (θ ) , g (θ )) defines points on a curve known as a hyperbola with
equation x2 - y2 = 1 . This hyperbola has two asymptotes.
(f) Sketch the graph of x2 - y2 = 1 , stating the coordinates of any axis intercepts and the
equation of each asymptote. [4]
The hyperbola with equation x2 - y2 = 1 can be rotated to coincide with the curve defined
by xy = k , k ∈  .
(g) Find the possible values of k . [5]

–3– 8821 – 7103
In this question you will be exploring the strategies required to solve a system of
linear differential equations.
Consider the system of linear differential equations of the form:

dx dy
= x - y and = ax + y ,
dt dt
where x , y , t ∈ + and a is a parameter.
First consider the case where a = 0 .
dy
(a) (i) By solving the differential equation = y , show that y = Aet where A is
a constant. dt [3]
dx
(ii) Show that - x = - Aet . [1]
dt
(iii) Solve the differential equation in part (a)(ii) to find x as a function of t . [4]
Now consider the case where a = -1 .
dy d2 y dy
(b) (i) By differentiating = - x + y with respect to t , show that 2 = 2 . [3]
dt dt dt
dy
(ii) By substituting Y = , show that Y = Be2t where B is a constant. [3]
dt
(iii) Hence find y as a function of t . [2]
B 2t
(iv) Hence show that x = -
e + C , where C is a constant. [3]
2
Now consider the case where a = -4 .
d2 y dy
(c) (i) Show that 2
- 2 - 3y = 0 . [3]
dt dt
From previous cases, we might conjecture that a solution to this differential equation
is y = Feλt, λ ∈  and F is a constant.
d2 y dy
(ii) Find the two values for λ that satisfy 2
- 2 - 3y = 0 . [4]
dt dt
Let the two values found in part (c)(ii) be λ1 and λ2 .
(iii) Verify that y = Feλ1t + Geλ2t is a solution to the differential equation in (c)(i),
where G is a constant. [4]
References:

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Mathematics: analysis and approaches

Zone A afternoon Zone B morning Zone C afternoon

1. [Maximum mark: 25]

Consider the family of functions f n (x) = xn e-x , where x ≥ 0 and n ∈ + .

When n = 1 , the function f 1 (x) = xe-x , where x ≥ 0 .

(ii) Hence write down the value of A1 . [1]

You are given that A2 = 2 and A3 = 6 .

(e) Suggest an expression for An in terms of n , where n ∈ + . [1]

2. [Maximum mark: 30]

Consider the two numbers x1 , x2 ∈ + , such that x1 + x2 = 12 .

(a) Find the product of x1 and x2 as a function, f , of x1 only. [2]

(ii) Hence show that the maximum product of x1 and x2 is 36 . [1]

(i) M3(12) ; [1]

(ii) M4(12) ; [1]

(iii) M5(12) . [1]

(This question continues on the following page)

(h) Find, in terms of S , the x-coordinate of point A . [6]

(i) Verify that g (x) = Mx(S) , when x ∈ + . [2]

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2023

Thursday 12 May 2022 (morning)

1. [Maximum marks: 27]

A polygonal number is an integer which can be represented as a series of dots arranged

(This question continues on the following page)

Hence, for square numbers, P4 ( n ) =

(b) (i) Show that P3 (n) + P3 (n + 1) ≡ (n + 1)2 . [2]

The nth pentagonal number can be represented by the arithmetic series

P5 (n) = 1 + 4 + 7 + ... + (3n - 2) .

A polygonal number, Pr (n) , can be represented by the series

2. [Maximum marks: 28]

This question asks you to explore cubic polynomials of the form

In parts (a), (b) and (c), let r = 1 , a = 4 and b = 1 .

Consider the equation (z - 1)(z2 - 8z + 17) = 0 for z ∈  .

Consider the function f (x) = (x - 1)(x2 - 8x + 17) for x ∈  .

(d) (i) Show that g′(x) = 2(x - r)(x - a) + x2 - 2ax + a2 + b2 . [2]

(This question continues on the following page)

(ii) State the coordinates of C2 . [1]

Consider the special case where a = r and b > 0 .

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2022

Tuesday 8 November 2022 (afternoon)

1. [Maximum mark: 28]

In this question you will investigate series of the form

When q = 1 , the above series is arithmetic.

Consider the case when q = 2 .

(i) Write down the value of p . [1]

Hence, write down a system of three linear equations in a1 , a2 and a3 . [3]

(iii) Hence, find the values of a1 , a2 and a3 . [2]

(This question continues on the following page)

Consider the function f (x) = 1 + x + x2 + … + xn , n ∈ + .

(c) Show that x f ′(x) = x + 2x2 + 3x3 + … + nxn . [1]

Let f 1(x) = x f ′(x) and consider the following family of functions:

(e) By considering f (x) = 1 + x + x2 + … + xn as a geometric series, for x ≠ 1 ,

(g) (i) Show that lim f1 ( x) is in indeterminate form. [1]

2. [Maximum mark: 27]

(a) Given that m = 2 and h = 3 , show that A = 18 5 π . [2]

(This question continues on the following page)

Consider the semi-circle, with radius r , defined by y = r 2 − x 2 where -r ≤ x ≤ r .

(d) A sphere is formed by rotating the semi-circle y = r 2 − x 2 where -r ≤ x ≤ r

(This question continues on the following page)

(e) Let f ( x ) = r 2 − x 2 where -r ≤ x ≤ r .