Digital Ranking 2022

IMD WORLD
DIGITAL COMPETITIVENESS
RANKING 2022
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Preface

We are proud and happy to present the sixth edition of the IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking (WDCR) for 2022.
Each year, the Ranking quantifies the capacity of an economy to adopt and explore new digital technologies to transform
government practices, business models and society in general.
The total number of economies that this year’s Ranking assesses is 63, two economies fewer than expected. The
reliability of the data collected for Russia and Ukraine was limited, and therefore these two countries are not included
in this year’s edition. However, for the first time , we are pleased to announce the inclusion of Bahrain.
The pandemic that started almost three years ago forced economies to cope with a health crisis, a subsequent economic
crisis, and the comeback of geopolitical risk. To manage the complexity of these challenges, some services and
tasks have had to increase their availability in the virtual space to those in the physical space, where many previously
operated exclusively. This, however, has increased the number of risks associated with digital crimes such as fraud,
as well as business and personal data thefts.
To capture the ability of an economy to safeguard the security and integrity of its digital domain, this year we introduce
two new criteria, namely government cybersecurity capacity and privacy protection by law.
Our analysis highlights that both governments and the private sector need to boost the security of their digital
infrastructure so as to minimize potential data theft and damage. One way to accomplish this is to increase the
effectiveness of the regulatory framework as it applies to business creation as well as technology and scientific
development. Finally, a robust knowledge foundation is also highly important.
We are grateful to enjoy the support of a large group of dedicated stakeholders; our Partner Institutes, the IMD Alumni
community, and our Panel of Experts offer data and insights that are the backbone of all the rankings we produce.
Collectively, they are the reason this publication has been produced. We are most appreciative!
Professor Arturo Bris Christos Cabolis

Director Chief Economist & Head of Operations
IMD World Competitiveness Center IMD World Competitiveness Center
3
Table of Contents
Preface.............................................................................................................................................................................. 3
The IMD World Competitiveness Center........................................................................................................................ 7
Partner Institutes............................................................................................................................................................. 8
User’s Guide to the IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking.............................................................................. 14

Overall and Breakdown Digital Rankings................................................................................................................. 14
Digital Competitiveness Country Profiles................................................................................................................. 15
Securing Digitalization................................................................................................................................................... 18
The 2022 IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking............................................................................................... 28
Methodology in a Nutshell............................................................................................................................................. 30
What is the IMD World Competitiveness Ranking?..................................................................................................... 31
The 2022 IMD World Digital Competitiveness Rankings............................................................................................. 32

Populations greater than 20 million......................................................................................................................... 32
Populations less than 20 million.............................................................................................................................. 32
GDP per capita greater than $20,000....................................................................................................................... 33
GDP per capita less than $20,000............................................................................................................................. 33
Europe- Middle East - Africa.................................................................................................................................... 34
Asia - Pacific.............................................................................................................................................................. 35
The Americas............................................................................................................................................................. 35
Knowledge................................................................................................................................................................. 36
Technology................................................................................................................................................................. 37
Future Readiness...................................................................................................................................................... 38
Factor Rankings - 5 years overview.......................................................................................................................... 40
Sub-factor Rankings................................................................................................................................................. 42
IMD World Digital Competitiveness Country Profiles................................................................................................. 43
Appendices and Sources.............................................................................................................................................. 170
Notes and Sources by Criteria..................................................................................................................................... 174

Factor I: Knowledge................................................................................................................................................. 175
Factor II: Technology............................................................................................................................................... 178
Factor III: Future Readiness.................................................................................................................................... 180
Index to Criteria............................................................................................................................................................ 182

4
Competitiveness Country Profiles

Argentina......................................................................44 Korea Rep...................................................................108
Australia........................................................................46 Latvia...........................................................................110
Austria...........................................................................48 Lithuania.....................................................................112
Bahrain.........................................................................50 Luxembourg................................................................114
Belgium........................................................................52 Malaysia......................................................................116
Botswana......................................................................54 Mexico.........................................................................118
Brazil.............................................................................56 Mongolia.....................................................................120
Bulgaria........................................................................58 Netherlands................................................................122
Canada..........................................................................60 New Zealand...............................................................124
Chile..............................................................................62 Norway........................................................................126
China.............................................................................64 Peru............................................................................128
Colombia.......................................................................66 Philippines..................................................................130
Croatia...........................................................................68 Poland.........................................................................132
Cyprus...........................................................................70 Portugal......................................................................134
Czech Republic.............................................................72 Qatar...........................................................................136
Denmark.......................................................................74 Romania......................................................................138
Estonia..........................................................................76 Saudi Arabia...............................................................140
Finland..........................................................................78 Singapore....................................................................142
France...........................................................................80 Slovak Republic..........................................................144
Germany.......................................................................82 Slovenia.......................................................................146
Greece...........................................................................84 South Africa................................................................148
Hong Kong SAR............................................................86 Spain...........................................................................150
Hungary........................................................................88 Sweden.......................................................................152
Iceland..........................................................................90 Switzerland.................................................................154
India..............................................................................92 Taiwan, China.............................................................156
Indonesia......................................................................94 Thailand......................................................................158
Ireland...........................................................................96 Turkey.........................................................................160
Israel.............................................................................98 UAE.............................................................................162
Italy..............................................................................100 United Kingdom..........................................................164
Japan..........................................................................102 USA.............................................................................166
Jordan.........................................................................104 Venezuela....................................................................168
Kazakhstan.................................................................106
5
The IMD World

Competitiveness Center
For more than thirty years, the IMD World Competitiveness Center has pioneered research on how countries and
companies compete to lay the foundations for sustainable value creation. The competitiveness of nations is probably
one of the most significant developments in modern management and IMD is committed to leading the field. The
World Competitiveness Center conducts its mission in cooperation with a network of 56 Partner Institutes worldwide
to provide the government, business and academic communities with the following services:
›› Competitiveness Special Reports
›› Competitiveness Prognostic Reports
›› Workshops/Mega Dives on competitiveness
›› IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook
›› IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking
›› IMD World Talent Ranking
The IMD World Competitiveness Center team:
At IMD:
Professor Arturo Bris Director of The IMD World Competitiveness Center

Christos Cabolis Chief Economist & Head of Operations
José Caballero Senior Economist
Madeleine Hediger Data Research and Online Services Specialist
Catherine Jobin Order and Sales Administrator
Odete Madureira Center Coordinator
William Milner Research Projects Associate Manager
Marco Pistis Research Specialist
Maryam Zargari Research Specialist

At KAESCO Consulting:
Jean-François Kaeser
We also have the privilege of collaborating with a unique network of Partner Institutes, and other organizations,
which guarantees the relevance of the data gathered.
Contact
Tel : +41 21 618 02 51

e-mail : [email protected]
Internet: www.imd.org/wcc
Database: https://worldcompetitiveness.imd.org/
7
Partner Institutes
We would like to express our deep appreciation for the contribution of our Partner Institutes, enabling an extensive
coverage of competitiveness in their home countries. The following Institutes and people supplied data from national
sources and helped distribute the survey questionnaires:
Argentina Botswana
Research Department, Botswana National Productivity Centre (BNPC)
Faculty of Economic Sciences www.bnpc.bw
Catholic University of Argentina, Buenos Aires —
http://www.uca.edu.ar Letsogile Batsetswe,
— Experienced Research Consultant
Dr. Carlos Newland, Dean Christopher M. Diswai,
Dr. Marcelo F. Resico, Senior Economist Executive Director
Ariana Barni, Research Assistant
Brazil
Australia Fundação Dom Cabral, Innovation
CEDA – Committee for Economic and Entrepreneurship Center
Development of Australia https://www.fdc.org.br/
www.ceda.com.au —
— Carlos Arruda, Professor
Jarrod Ball, Chief Economist and Member of FDC Innovation
Roxanne Punton, Director, Communications and Entrepreneurship Center
Hugo Tadeu, Professor and Director
Austria of FDC Innovation
Federation of Austrian Industries, Vienna and Entrepreneurship Center
Austrian Institute of Miguel F. Costa, Researcher
Economic Research, Vienna
http://www.iv-net.at Bulgaria
— Center for the Study of Democracy, Sofia
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Christian Helmenstein, Chief Economist www.csd.bg
Michael Oliver, Economist —
Ruslan Stefanov, Program Director
Bahrain and Chief Economist
Ministry of Finance and National Economy Daniela Mineva, Senior Analyst, Economic Program
https://www.mofne.gov.bh/ Martin Vladimirov, Director,
— Energy and Climate Program
Osama AlAlawi, Assistant Undersecretary of Todor Galev, Director of Research
Competitiveness Petar Terziev, Analyst,
& Economic Indicators Economic Program
Belgium Bulgarian Chamber of

FEB - Federation of Commerce and Industry
Enterprises in Belgium, Brussels https://www.bcci.bg
www.feb.be —
— Lyubomir Levicharov, Chief Economic Analyst, Economic
Anouar Boukamel, Attaché Analysis
Centre de compétence and Policy Department
Economie & Conjoncture Blagovesta Dzhabirova,
Economic Analyst, Economic Analysis and Policy
Department

8

Canada Croatia
Information and Communications Technology Council National Competitiveness Council
(ICTC) http://konkurentnost.hr/en/
www.ictc-ctic.ca —
— Ivan Mišetić, acting President
Alexandra Cutean, Biserka Sladović, Advisor
Chief Research Officer
Rosina Hamoni, Research Analyst Croatian Employers’ Association
https://www.hup.hr/en/
Chile —
Universidad de Chile Iva Tomic, PhD, Chief Economist
Facultad de Economía y Negocios (FEN)
www.fen.uchile.cl Cyprus
— Economics Research Centre,
Dr. Enrique Manzur, Vice Dean University of Cyprus
Dr. Sergio Olavarrieta, http://ucy.ac.cy/erc/en/
Ph.D Program Director —
Dr. Pedro Hidalgo, Department Head Sofronis Clerides,
Professor of Economics
China Nicoletta Pashourtidou,
China Institute for Development Planning, Tsinghua Assistant Director
University
— Cyprus Employers
Prof. Wang Youqiang, Associate Director of China and Industrialists Federation (OEB)
Institute for Development Planning, Tsinghua University www.oeb.org.cy
Dr. Gong Pu, Research Assistant Professor, China —
Institute for Development Planning, Antonis Frangoudis
Tsinghua University
Ms. Huang Suyuan, Research Assistant, China Institute Czech Republic
for Development Planning, Tsinghua University Consumer Forum
Dr. Wang Hongshuai, Postdoctoral fellow, Tsinghua (Spotřebitelské fórum)
University www.spotrebitelskeforum.cz
Ms. Zhang Ruijun, PhD Candidate, Tsinghua University —
Mr. Wang Jiancheng, PhD Candidate, Tsinghua Dr. Kryštof Kruliš,
University Chairman of the Board of Directors
Ms. Huang Xiaoyun, Graduate Student, Tsinghua
University Denmark
Mr. Ren Wanzhou, Graduate Student, Tsinghua Confederation of Danish Industry
University https://www.danskindustri.dk/english/
Ms. Zhu Siyao, Graduate Student, Tsinghua University —
Allan Sørensen, Chief Economist
Colombia
National Planning Department Estonia
https://www.dnp.gov.co Estonian Institute of Economic Research (EKI)
— www.ki.ee
Alejandra Botero Barco, —
General Director, Department Ms. Marje Josing, Director
of National Planning (DNP)
Camilo Rivera Pérez, Enterprise Estonia (EAS)
Technical Director, Innovation and Private Sector —
Development - DNP Mr. Tarmo Puolokainen,
Head of Analysis
9
Partner Institutes
Finland Iceland
ETLA Economic Research Icelandic Chamber of Commerce, Reykjavik
www.etla.fi www.chamber.is
— —
Ville Kaitila, Researcher Elisa Arna Hilmarsdottir, Economist
Markku Lehmus, Head of Forecasting Gunnar Ulfarsson, Economist
Aki Kangasharju, Managing Director
India
France National Productivity Council,
Business France, Paris New Delhi
http://en.businessfrance.fr/en/home www.npcindia.gov.in
— —
Manuel Marcias, Chief Economist Dr. K.P. Sunny,
Louise Cassagnes, Economist Director & Head (Finance)
Mr. Rajesh Sund,
Greece Director and Head (Economic Services)
Federation of Industries of Greece (SBE), Thessaloniki
— Indonesia
Dr. Christos Georgiou, Director, Research and Lembaga Management,
Documentation Department Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas
Mr. Constantinos Styliaras, Economist, Research and Indonesia (LM FEB UI), Jakarta
Documentation Department https://www.lmfebui.com/
—
Foundation for Economic and Industrial Research (FEIR/ Dr. Willem A. Makaliwe,
IOBE), Athens Managing Director
— Dr. Toto Pranoto, Senior Adviser
Aggelos Tsakanikas, Associate Professor Mr. Bayuadi Wibowo, Group Head
National Technical University of Athens - Head of of Research & Consulting
Entrepreneurship Observatory Mr. Arza Faldy Prameswara,
Sophia Stavraki, Research Associate Senior Researcher
Mr. Taufiq Nur, Senior Researcher
Hong Kong SAR Ms. Shona Kamila Laily, Analyst
Hong Kong Trade Development Council Mr. Yendra E. Kivatra, Analyst
—
Ms. Alice Tsang, NuPMK Consullting, Jakarta
Assistant Principal Economist http://nupmk.co.id
—
Hungary Ms. Tini Moeis, Managing Director
ICEG European Center, Budapest Devi RD Hamdani,
http://icegec.org Senior Business Manager
—
Ms. Renata Anna Jaksa, Director Ireland
Dr. Oliver Kovacs, IDA Ireland
Senior Research Fellow www.idaireland.com
—
University of Public Service Karen Law, Planning Executive
http://en.uni-nke.hu/
— Israel
Dr. Magdolna Csath, The Federation of Israeli Chambers
Research Professor in competitiveness of Commerce, Tel-Aviv
www.chamber.org.il
—
Israela Many – Deputy Managing Director of Economy
and Tax
Liran Avitan, Economist

10

Japan Latvia
Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc., Tokyo University of Latvia Centre for European and Transition
Research Center Studies, LU CETS
for Policy and Economy http://www.lu.lv/cets
www.mri.co.jp —
— Dr. Zane Zeibote, Executive Director
Dr. Hirotsugu Sakai, Research Director Prof. Dr. Tatjana Muravska,
Chairperson of the Board
Jordan
Ministry of Planning Lithuania
and International Cooperation Innovation Agency Lithuania
www.mop.gov.jo www.enterpriselithuania.com
— —
Dr. Hadram Al-Fayes, Jonė Kalendienė, Head Research
Policies and Studies Director and Analysis division
Mira Mango, Deputy Head of the Competitiveness and Irena Karelina, Project Manager
Business Environment Division
Luxembourg
Kazakhstan Luxembourg Chamber of Commerce
Economic Research Institute, JSC of the Ministry of www.cc.lu
National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, —
Nur-Sultan Ms. Christel Chatelain,
https://economy.kz Director Economic Affairs
— Mr. Jean-Baptiste Nivet,
Ruslan Sultanov, Senior Economist
Chairman of the Board Ms. Sidonie Paris, Economist
Kuanysh Beisengazin,
Deputy Chairman of the Board Malaysia
Bayan Abdrakhmanova, Director, Center for Strategic Malaysia Productivity Corporation (MPC), Petaling Jaya,
Analysis Selangor
Temirlan Otepov, Leading Expert, Center for Strategic www.mpc.gov.my
Analysis —
Aidana Terlikbayeva, Senior Expert, Center for Strategic Dato’ Abdul Latif Hj. Abu Seman, Director General MPC
Analysis En. Zahid Ismail, Deputy Director General MPC
Aimira Sabugaliyeva, Senior Expert, Center for Strategic Dr. Mazrina Mohamed Ibramsah, Deputy Director
Analysis General MPC
Pn. Wan Fazlin Nadia Wan Osman, Director MPC
Korea Rep.
Korea Institute for International Economic Policy Mexico
— Center for Strategic Studies for Competitiveness
Dr. Sang-Ha Yoon, www.ceec.edu.mx
Associate Research Fellow, International —
Macroeconomics Team Carlos Maroto Espinosa,
Mr. Hyunsuk Kim, Researcher, International General Manager
Macroeconomics Team
The Korea Chamber of Commerce

and Industry
http://english.korcham.net/
—
Ethan Cho, Deputy Director
11
Partner Institutes
Mongolia Philippines
Economic Policy and Competitiveness Research Center Asian Institute of Management Rizalino S. Navarro
www.ecrc.mn Policy Center for Competitiveness AIM RSN PCC
— policy.aim.edu
Mr. Tsagaan Puntsag, —
Founder and Chairman of Board Jamil Paolo Francisco, Ph.D. – Executive Director, AIM
Ms. Lakshmi Boojoo, Director General RSN PCC
Ms. Odonchimeg Ikhbayar, John Paul Flaminiano – Associate Director and Senior
Deputy Director Economist,
Ms. Gandi Munkhjargal, AIM RSN PCC
Research Economist Christopher Ed Caboverde,
Ms. Tungalag Erdenebat, Research Associate, AIM RSN PCC
Research Economist Regina Yvette Romero,
Mr. Mungunjiguur Battsolmon, Research Economist Research Associate, AIM RSN PCC
Mr. Oyun-Erdene Batdorj,
Research Economist Poland
Ms. Yesunchuluu Khuderchuluu, Research Economist SGH Warsaw School of Economics
World Economy Research Institute
Netherlands Collegium of World Economy
Confederation of Netherlands Industry and Employers https://ssl-www.sgh.waw.pl/
(VNO-NCW), The Hague en/Pages/default.aspx
www.vno-ncw.nl —
— Prof. Marzenna Weresa
Mr. Thomas Grosfeld Dr. Anna Dzienis
Mr. Tim Zandbergen
Portugal
New Zealand Porto Business School,
Kerridge & Partners, Auckland University of Porto, Porto
https://kerridgepartners.com/ https://www.pbs.up.pt/
— —
Mr Peter Kerridge, Partner Prof. Daniel Bessa
Prof. Álvaro Almeida
Peru Prof. José Luís Alvim
CENTRUM PUCP Prof. João Loureiro
https://centrum.pucp.edu.pe/ Prof. Filipe Grilo
— Prof. Ramon O’Callaghan
Mr. Percy Marquina, General Director Prof. Patrícia Teixeira Lopes
Mrs. Beatrice Avolio,
Head of the Graduate Qatar
Business Department Department of Strategic Planning
Mr. Luis Del Carpio, Director of CENTRUM Planning & Statistics Authority
Competitiveness Center www.psa.gov.qa
Mr. Victor Fajardo, Researcher of CENTRUM —
Competitiveness Center Hissa Alassiry, Project Manager
Dr. Hasan Mahmoud Omari,
Economic Development Expert
Romania
CIT-IRECSON Center of Technological Information,
Bucharest
www.cit-irecson.ro
—
Mr. Bogdan Ciocanel, PhD, Director
Mr. Dan Grigore, Economist

12

Saudi Arabia Spain
NCC, National Competitiveness Center Spanish Confederation of Employers, Madrid
https://www.ncc.gov.sa/en/ www.ceoe.es
— —
H.E. Dr. Eiman AlMutairi, CEO of National Ms. Edita Pereira,
Competitiveness Center Head of Economic Research Unit
Waleed AlRudaian, Vice President Ms. Paloma Blanco,
Salman M. AlTukhaifi, Economic Research Unit
Director of Analytical Department
Abdulrahman AlGhamdi, Senior Analyst Taiwan, China
National Development Council, Taipei
Singapore http://www.ndc.gov.tw
Singapore Business Federation —
www.sbf.org.sg/ Ms. Kao, Shien-Quey, Deputy Minister
— Ms. Wu, Ming Huei, Director of Economic Development
Solomon Alan Huang, Deputy Director, Department
Advocacy & Policy Division Mr. Wang, Chen-Ya, Executive Officer
Economics Division, Thailand

Ministry of Trade and Industry, Thailand Management Association (TMA), Bangkok
Singapore www.tma.or.th
https://www.mti.gov.sg/ —
Ms. Wanweera Rachdawong,
Slovak Republic Chief Executive Officer, TMA
F.A.Hayek foundation, Bratislava Ms. Pornkanok Wipusanawan, Director, TMA Center for
http://www.hayek.sk/ Competitiveness
— Mr. Nussati Khaneekul,
Matúš Pošvanc Senior Manager,
TMA Center for Competitiveness
Slovenia
Institute for Economic Research, Ljubljana Turkey
http://www.ier.si/ TUSIAD, Turkish Industry
— and Business Association
Mr. Peter Stanovnik, PhD, Associate Professor Economic Research Department
Ms. Sonja Ursic, M.A. www.tusiad.org
—
University of Ljubljana, Gizem Öztok Altınsaç, Chief Economist
Faculty of Economics İsmet Tosunoğlu, Expert
http://www.ef.uni-lj.si/en İrem Sipahi, Junior Expert
— Ömer Erdoğan, Trainee
Ms. Mateja Drnovsek, PhD,
Full Professor United Arab Emirates (UAE)
Mr. Ales Vahcic, PhD, Full Professor Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre (FCSC)
http://fcsc.gov.ae/
South Africa
Productivity SA Venezuela
https://productivitysa.co.za/ National Council to Investment Promotion (CONAPRI)
— www.conapri.org
Mr Mothunye Mothiba, CEO —
Dr Leroi Raputsoane, Chief Economist Mr. Juan Cabral, Executive Director
Ms Juliet Sebolelo Mashabela, Economist Ms. Jennyn Osorio,
Manager of Economic Affairs
Ms. Lilian Zambrano,
Manager of Legal Affairs
13
User’s Guide to the IMD World
Digital Competitiveness Ranking
Overall and Breakdown Digital Rankings
The IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking
The IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking presents the 2022 overall rankings for the 63 economies covered
by the WCY. The rankings are calculated on the basis of the 54 ranked criteria: 34 Hard and 20 Survey data. The
countries are ranked from the most to the least digital competitive. The final column shows the improvement or
decline from the previous year. The index value or “score” is also indicated for each country.
Selected breakdowns of the IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking
In addition to global digital rankings, other rankings are provided to show comparisons based on different
perspectives. These digital rankings include countries split by population size (populations above and below 20
million), by GDP per capita to reflect different peer groups (above and below $20,000) and three regional rankings
drawn from different geographical areas (Europe-Middle East-Africa, Asia-Pacific and the Americas).
Digital Competitiveness Factor Rankings
The global rankings for each of the Digital Competitiveness Factors are then shown as individual ranking tables.
Again, the economies are ranked from the most to the least digital competitive and the previous year’s rankings
(2021) are shown in brackets. Similar to the Overall Digital Ranking, the values or “scores” are indicated for each
Factor. However, there is only one economy that has a score of 100 and one economy with a score of 0 across all
four Factors.

14

Overall Ranking and Digital Competitiveness Factors
This section presents the overall rankings and the 5-year trends for each of the three Digital Competitiveness
Factors: Knowledge, Technology and Future Readiness. Thus, the reader is able to analyze the digital evolution of
an economy over the past few years relative to the others on a global basis.
Digital Sub-factor Rankings
A summary of the rankings for all nine sub-factors is presented for the 63 economies for 2022. It is possible, at a
glance, to determine in what areas of digital competitiveness an economy excels or has particular weaknesses and
to make comparisons between countries. These rankings provide a more detailed examination of specific aspects
of the digital transformation and can be used to, for example, evaluate the technological framework of a country or
support international investment decisions.
We view the rankings as a tool for managers or policy makers to use when they analyze the above questions. Of
course, each company must take into consideration the logic of its own economic sector, economic forecasts and
its own traditions as well as governments should consider the national identity and value system of their economy..
Digital Competitiveness Country Profiles
Each two page profile analyses the performance of one of the 63 economies that are included in the IMD World
Digital Competitiveness Ranking. The economies are presented in alphabetical order. The term economy signifies
an economic entity and does not imply any political independence.
It is possible, in one glimpse, to evaluate the digital evolution of each economy over time and its relative strengths
and weaknesses. However, each economy’s particular situation is influenced by its development level, political
restraints and social value system.
15
User’s Guide to the IMD World
Digital Competitiveness Ranking
Page 1: Digital Competitiveness – Overall and factors trends
This page shows the overall, factors and sub-factors ranking performances of the country in 2022, their 5-years
trends and a comparison of between competitiveness and digital competitiveness rankings. The following
indicators are presented:
DIGITAL TRENDS - OVERALL 1. Overall Performance

ARGENTINA Overall, factors and sub-factors digital ranking perfor-
OVERALL PERFORMANCE (63 countries)
mances of the country in 2022. The direction of the triangles
Overall Factors
Alpha AlphaLabel
Beta BetaLabel Gamma GammaLabel Sub-Factors
1
4
6.5
2
4
4
2
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
indicates whether there has been an improvement or a
58
decline with respect to the previous year.
8.5 4 4 2 2 61 49 48
11 4 4 2 2
Talent Training & education Scientific concentration

Knowledge
59 62 61 62 55 2. Overall & Factors – 5 years

Technology
Regulatory framework Capital Technological framework
The evolution of the overall and factors digital rankings
in the past 5 years.
46 49 37 53
The direction of the triangle indicates the
performance change from the last year:
Adaptive attitudes Business agility IT integration
 improved or stable Future readiness
3. Competitiveness and Digital Rankings

declined
OVERALL & FACTORS - 5 years 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Comparison of the country’ performances in the World
OVERALL 55 59 59 61 59 Competitiveness Ranking and World Digital Competitive-
ness Ranking in the last 5 years.
Knowledge 58 58 50 55 58
Technology 54 56 62 62 62
Future readiness 45 56 47 52 46
4. Peer Group Rankings

COMPETITIVENESS & DIGITAL RANKINGS
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Based on geographical region and population size.
Digital 55
Competitiveness
56 59 59 59
N.B. This graph provides only a 61
62 62
comparison of the country’s 61
performance in the two rankings. 63
PEER GROUPS RANKINGS
THE AMERICAS (9 countries) POPULATIONS > 20 MILLION (27 countries)
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
5
7 7 8 7 21 25 24 25
26

16

Page 2: Factors breakdown & Strengths and Weaknesses
This page shows the country’s performance over time for each of the nine sub-factors composing the three Digital
Competitiveness Factors (Knowledge, Technology and Future Readiness) and their 54 criteria rankings for 2022.
1. Factors Breakdown
FACTORS BREAKDOWN - STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
Shows the 5-years evolution of the sub-factors rankings
u Overall top strengths ARGENTINA composing the three factors of Knowledge, Technology
w Overall top weaknesses
and Future Readiness.
KNOWLEDGE
Subfactors
Talent
2018
47
2019
51
2020
56
2021
62
2022
61
2. Strengths and Weaknesses
Training & education
Scientific concentration
63
41
62
50
43
55
46
48
49
48 This section highlights the economy’s strongest and
Talent
Educational assessment PISA - Math
Rank
54
Employee training
Rank
62
Total expenditure on R&D (%)
Rank
52
weakest criteria included in the World Digital Compet-
International experience
Foreign highly-skilled personnel
52
62
Total public expenditure on education
Higher education achievement
35
38
Total R&D personnel per capita
u Female researchers
43
2 itiveness Ranking. The triangles ( ) identify the five top
Management of cities 58 Pupil-teacher ratio (tertiary education) 22 R&D productivity by publication 23
Digital/Technological skills
u Net flow of international students
57
16
Graduates in Sciences
Women with degrees
59
32
Scientific and technical employment
High-tech patent grants
51
58
criteria in which the economy ranks best (strengths – filled
Robots in Education and R&D 36
triangle) and the five criteria in which its performance
TECHNOLOGY
is the worst (weaknesses – empty triangle) compared
Subfactors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
to the other countries included in the WCY sample. The
Regulatory framework
Capital
48
48
49
51
57
62
57
63
61
62 selection of indicators is determined by the standard
deviation values (STD) of the country for that specific
Technological framework 53 57 56 56 55
Regulatory framework Rank Capital Rank Technological framework Rank

Starting a business
Enforcing contracts
60
48 w
IT & media stock market capitalization
Funding for technological development
38
62
w Communications technology
Mobile Broadband subscribers
62
52
criteria. In other words, the criteria selected represent
the highest STD values and the lowest STD values among
u Immigration laws 15 w Banking and financial services 62 Wireless broadband 58
Development & application of tech. 62 w Country credit rating 62 Internet users 25
Scientific research legislation 60 w Venture capital 62 Internet bandwidth speed 57
Intellectual property rights 61 Investment in Telecommunications 36 High-tech exports (%) 53
the 54 indicators composing the World Digital Competi-
tiveness Ranking and can thus be considered the digital
FUTURE READINESS
competitive advantages and disadvantages of the economy.
Subfactors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Adaptive attitudes 49 57 49 50 49
Business agility
IT integration
37
52
48
52
39
52
43
59
37
53 The full criteria names can be found in the Appendix and
Adaptive attitudes
E-Participation
Rank
27
Business agility
u Opportunities and threats
Rank
14
IT integration
E-Government
Rank
29
the statistical tables are available for subscribers of the
Internet retailing
Tablet possession
39
40
World robots distribution
Agility of companies
36
57
Public-private partnerships
Cyber security
57
61 IMD World Competitiveness Online.
Smartphone possession 50 Use of big data and analytics 41 Software piracy 58
Attitudes toward globalization 61 Knowledge transfer 56 Government cyber security capacity 33
u Entrepreneurial fear of failure 8 Privacy protection by law content 31
It is important to note that what constitutes a strength or

weakness is relative to each economy’s circumstances or
development. Also, the ranking position of a country may
not necessarily improve or decline as a consequence of its
own evolution since it is always relative to the performance
of the other economies. Therefore, an improvement may not
be reflected by a higher ranking position if other economies
have performed better for the criterion in question. The
same can be said for any declines in performance – the
economy’s ranking position relative to the others may or
may not fall, depending on how the other economies have
performed.
17
Securing Digitalization
Professor Arturo Bris Christos Cabolis

Director Chief Economist & Head of Operations
José Caballero Marco Pistis

Senior Economist Research Specialist
1. Introduction
The IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking each year We are delighted to announce the inclusion of Bahrain
quantifies the capacity of an economy to adopt and explore in this year’s edition of the Ranking. The total number of
new digital technologies able to transform government economies that the Ranking assesses is 63; two economies
practices, business models and society in general. fewer than expected (last year we ranked 64). Due to the
limited reliability of the data collected, Russia and Ukraine
Since the pandemic started almost three years ago, econ- are not included in this year’s edition; we were compelled
omies have had to adjust to a health crisis, a subsequent to exclude them to safeguard the quality and robustness
economic crisis and the implications of high levels of of our results.
geopolitical risk. To perform such an adjustment, some
services and tasks have had to increase their availability, Discussions continue on the future of globalization. And
and to add operations in the virtual space to those in the yet it doesn’t seem to be going anywhere for now; we see
physical space where many previously operated exclusively. an increased interconnectedness of economies, fueled by
the transformation of the digital technologies field (e.g. a
Those economies that were able to adjust faster were greater use of cloud services) and the global pandemic. In
those with the strongest presence in the 2022 IMD parallel, these trends have shifted even more parts of our
World Digital Competitiveness Ranking. One reason business and personal interactions to the internet, from
for this correlation is the criteria we use to quantify digital payments to hybrid and remote working, and from
the economies and it is organized into three factors: social media to e-commerce and streaming services. This
situation has vastly increased the number of risks associ-
1. The Knowledge factor refers to intangible infrastructure ated with digital crimes such as fraud, and business and
that enables the discovery, understanding and learning personal data thefts. Cyber attacks, if not persistent breach
of new technologies, in turn leading to digital trans- campaigns, continuously loom on the horizon.
formation. These aspects are captured by indicators
that measure the quality of human capital available in In such a context, the sustainability of countries’ digital
a country, as well as the level of investments in educa- competitiveness depends on two interrelated factors. First,
tion and research and their outcomes (e.g., registered the government, the public sector and the private sector
patent grants in high-tech fields and employment in the alike need to increase not just the provision but also the
scientific and technological sectors) quality of online services they provide to individuals. Second,
2. The Technology factor assesses the overall context those individuals must feel comfortable with regard to
facilitating the development of digital technologies. This their privacy protection such that they are willing to use
includes criteria that assess the impact of regulation in the available services.
encouraging innovation in the private sector, the avail-
ability of capital for investments and the quality of the Focusing on these two factors “secures” digitalization as
technological infrastructure. doing so betters the security of digital systems. If the latter
3. The Future Readiness factor examines the degree to are robust, individuals are credibly reassured about the
which technology is adopted by governments, business access to and the use of their data, especially their personal
and society at large. This factor includes indicators such information. Cybersecurity capabilities and strength at
as the diffusion of e-commerce, of industrial robots and company and governmental levels have, therefore, become
of data analytics tools in the private sector as well as of paramount importance. For this reason, this year we
the strength of those cyber-security measures in place. introduce two new criteria, namely, “Government cyber-
security capacity,” and “Privacy protection by law.”

18

Figure 1: Correlation between “Government cybersecurity capacity” index and Knowledge factor (IMD, 2022)
Figure 2: C
orrelation between “Development and application of technology are supported by the legal environment”
and E-Government index. (IMD, 2022)
In the following section, we explore the factors that support changes in the Ranking concerning the top 10 countries,
the strengthening of cybersecurity capacities, highlighting including this year’s largest shifts. We conclude with some
their various roles in the adoption and diffusion of digital reflections on the importance of securing digitalization.
technologies. Section 3 assesses the regional trends in
this year’ Ranking and is followed by a discussion about
2. Cyber safety as a key driver for digitalization
As mentioned, the conjoint impact of globalization, advance- In this sense, this year’s Ranking provides interesting
ments in the digital technologies field and the global insights on two levels. On the one hand, the results shed
pandemic have made economies more interconnected light on those factors that facilitate the strengthening of
and have shifted even more parts of our business and governments’ and private sectors’ capacities to protect
personal interactions to the internet. This situation has their digital infrastructure from cyber attacks. On the
vastly increased those risks associated with digital crimes other, they show how doing so encourages the adoption
such as fraud, and business and personal data thefts: cyber and diffusion of digital technologies.
attacks. Cybersecurity capabilities, both at the company
and governmental level, have therefore become of para- Our analysis shows how economies that built strong
mount importance. knowledge generation hubs (Figure 1) and that also
invest heavily in R&D (e.g. total expenditure on R&D) are
19
Figure 3: G
overnment cybersecurity capacity index by region Figure 4: E-government index by region
GOVERNMENT CYBERSECURITY CAPACITY INDEX

GOVERNMENT CYBERSECURITY (0-4)
CAPACITY INDEX (0-4) E-GOVERNMENT INDEX (0-1)
E-GOVERMENT INDEX (0-1)
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Eastern Asia Eastern Asia
North America Western Europe
Western Asia & Africa North America
Western Europe Eastern Europe*
Southern Asia & the Pacific Southern Asia & the Pacific
Eastern Europe* Ex-CIS and Central Asia*
South America South America
Ex-CIS and Central Asia* Western Asia & Africa
Figure 5: Gap between scores in the E-government index and the Cybersecurity capacity index. IMD (2022)
GAP IN STD DIFFERENCES

GAP IN STD DIFFERENCES
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Ex-CIS and Central Asia*
South America
Eastern Europe*
Western Europe
Southern Asia & the Pacific
Western Asia & Africa
North America
Eastern Asia
NOTE: *Eastern Europe does not include values for Ukraine; Ex-CIS and Central Asia does not include values for Russia.
better positioned both in the provision of e-government law content) are key drivers for a widespread use of online
services (i.e. E-government) and in the protection of their services (i.e. e-participation) in a country. In other words,
systems from cyber attacks (i.e. Government cybersecurity systems’ safety and digital actors’ transparency in the use
capacity). Furthermore, both a government’s capacity to of data are essential for technology diffusion.
provide e-government services as well as its cybersecurity
strength are strongly linked to the presence of a supportive When looking at cybersecurity levels across the world,
regulatory framework for business creation/technology differences emerge in the levels of cybersecurity and
development (e.g. development & application of technology potential exposure to security breaches among regions.
are supported by legal framework, enforcing contracts) and Figure 3 shows the average regional values of the for
this, in turn, protects intellectual property rights (i.e. low the Government cybersecurity capacity index, which
software piracy rates) – see Figure 2. In turn, a supportive measures a government’s capability to mitigate harm
scientific & technological regulatory framework (e.g. scien- from cybersecurity threats using a scale of zero to four.
tific research legislation and development & application In general, all regions are far from being fully prepared to
of tech are supported by legal framework) is shown to be combat sophisticated cyber attacks (value four). Eastern
key to the creation of strong cybersecurity capacities in Asia, North America and Western Asia & Africa are those
the private sector (i.e. cybersecurity – a survey question). regions showing the highest level of cybersecurity capacity
while Ex-CIS and Central Asia and South America are
Secured networks and solid regulation that together facil- those showing the lowest. Figure 4 presents the extent
itate innovation also constitute the fundamental building and availability of e-government services (E-government
blocks for technology adoption in society. What emerges index) across regions. In this case, Eastern Asia, Western
from this year’s analysis is that the introduction of regula- Europe and North America exhibit the highest scores but
tion that is supportive of business creation and technology regional differences are generally smaller compared to
development along with a transparent legal framework that the cybersecurity indicator.
protects internet users’ privacy (i.e. Privacy protection by

20

Figure 6: A
verage ranking positions by region in Overall Digital Competitiveness 2018-2022.
Looking at the differences between government cyber- Eastern Europe, Western Europe and Southern Asia & the
security preparedness and the extent of e-government Pacific present relevant gaps between the extent of e-gov-
online services reveals discrepancies that signal potential ernment tools and the cybersecurity capacities of their
exposure to cyber attacks. Regions with a high score in the governments. These results suggests that governments in
E-government index but a low score in the Government these regions might be misallocating part of their resources
cybersecurity capacity index could be considered more by building comprehensive technological solutions for their
exposed to cyber-risks. After normalizing the two indices, citizens whilst simultaneously overlooking the security of
we looked at the differences between the availability of their digital infrastructure.
e-government services and the government cybersecurity
capacity of each region (Figure 5). This exercise shows
that regions like Ex-CIS and Central Asia, South America,
3. Digital competitiveness trends at a regional level
Regional digital competitiveness levels are mostly stable Korean Republic and Taiwan, China) slides by two positions
in 2022 with few exceptions. Figure 6 presents the sub-re- from 13th to 15th, marking a reversal of the positive trend
gional overall digital competitiveness ranking trend for the that began in 2018.
years 2018 to 2022. Over the past year, North America and
Eastern Europe have improved their levels of digitalization; There are also disruptions to Western Europe’s positive
Eastern Asia, Western Europe and Ex-CIS and Central competitiveness progression which started in 2019 but
Asia have fallen; while the other sub-regions remain has now dropped to an average 21st rank. The average
relatively stagnant in their overall average positions. In digital competitiveness performance of Southern Asia &
North America, digital competitiveness levels rise from the Pacific, Western Asia and Africa and South American
an average 24th to 22nd place, with Canada and Mexico’s economies remains stable in 2022. Since 2019, however,
improvements compensating for the USA’s loss of first digital competitiveness levels in the first two regions have
place in the Ranking. fallen to an average 2022 place of 33rd and 38th respectively.
South American economies, on average, continue their
Similarly, Eastern Europe’s average digital competitiveness long-term trend, lagging behind in digitalization when
position rises to 38th (up two points from 2021). Eastern compared to the rest of the world. Finally, Ex-CIS and
Asia remains at the top of the sub-regional rankings. Central Asian economies experience a downturn in their
However, the average digital competitiveness ranking of overall competitiveness, with an average position of 49th.
the economies in this area (China, Hong Kong SAR, Japan,
21
Figure 7: A
verage digital competitiveness factor ranking by region, 2022
0
Knowledge Technology Future Readiness
60
10 50
14 14
17
20
21
Average Factor Ranking
20 22 22
40
24
26
29
30 30
35
36 36
37
39 39 39 39
40 20
46 46
50 50
50 10
56 57
60 0
The decline of countries in this area recorded between leaders in Future Readiness and Technology. However, in
2021 and 2022 lowers the region’s competitiveness, taking the Knowledge factor, North America displays higher posi-
it back to its 2019 level. tions than Western Europe, meaning that this year’s edition
reemphasizes how Eastern Asian and North American
Figure 7 presents the sub-regional average rankings economies remain the central hubs of digital innovation.
in digital competitiveness at factor level. In 2022, the
sub-regions of Eastern Asia and Western Europe were the
4. Performance at the country level
Top 10 economies The USA (2nd) sees a drop in all factors with the largest
(five positions) being in the technology factor in which it
Denmark takes the top position, while the USA (2nd) loses ranks 9th. At the sub-factor level and looking at knowledge
the top spot for the first time since the inception of the IMD in particular, there is much room for improvement and
World Digital Competitiveness Ranking in 2017. Sweden this is despite the fact it maintained a strong position in
remains in 3rd place, Singapore gains one position in 4th, scientific concentration (1st), talent (14th) and training and
and Switzerland moves up to 5th (from 6th) and the Nether- education (23rd). Under technology, the regulatory frame-
lands to 6th (from 7th). Finland returns to the top 10 taking work sub-factor remains relatively low at 12th as does the
7th place (up from 11th), while Korea Republic also rejoins technological framework which drops to 13th (from 9th). All
the top 10 in 8th position (from 12th). Hong Kong SAR drops sub-factors encompassed in the future readiness factor
from 2nd to 9th place. Canada (up from 13th) joins the top-ten decline with the largest drop being in IT integration, where
economies for the first time since 2018. the USA ranks 10th (down from 3rd). However, it remains in
the top 10 in all of these sub-factors.
Denmark’s achievement is mainly due to its performance
in the future readiness factor, where it attains the top posi- Among US business executives, there are pessimistic
tion in the business agility and IT integration sub-factors, perceptions about the banking and financial services
reaching 5th in the adaptive attitudes sub-factor. Its ranking supporting activities efficiently, enterprises responding
in the knowledge and technology factors are robust, slightly quickly to opportunities and threats, the agility of compa-
increasing in both. Denmark remains among the leading nies, the degree to which public-private partnerships
economies in talent and training and education sub-factors. support technological development and the way in which
That said, at the criteria level its performance in higher cybersecurity is being addressed by corporations.
education achievement (26th), graduates in sciences (38th)
and women with degrees (24th) is relatively low. Execu- Sweden’s hold on 3rd position results from its positive
tives’ perceptions about whether or not immigration laws performance in all factors. It remains 2nd in the knowledge
constrain the competitiveness of the country’s private sector factor in which it continues to rank among the top econ-
experience a downturn, with a 42nd position. omies in the Ranking, with a slight gain in talent (6th) and
scientific concentration (2nd). This is despite a small drop
to 4th position in training and education. Other highlights
of Sweden’s performance are in the regulatory framework

22

sub-factor in which it ranks 2nd and in IT integration (4th), Finland joins the top 10 and does so mainly as a result of
both of which saw slight improvements. At the indicator its improvements in the technology and future readiness
level, and similarly to Denmark, its positions in higher factors. In the former, Finland improves in all sub-factors:
education achievement (22nd) and graduates in sciences 5th (from 11th) in regulatory framework; 5th (from 10th) in
(19th) are relatively low as is that of female researchers (39th). capital; and 12th (from 14th) in technological framework.
In future readiness, it improves in adaptive attitudes (3rd
Singapore’s performance (4th) is largely down to its achieve- from 7th) and business agility (16th from 21st), and ranks 3rd
ments in the technology factor, in which it ranks 1st. It in IT integration in spite of a slight drop. Under knowledge,
reaches the top position in the regulatory framework Finland improves in talent (9th from 10th) and in training and
sub-factor (from 5th), remains in the 2nd spot in the techno- education (17th from 19th) and it remains in 10th position
logical framework and gains three positions in the capital in scientific concentration. At the indicator level, execu-
sub-factor (11th). Its performance in knowledge, despite a tives’ perceptions about the attractiveness of the country
minor drop, remains strong (5th), with its relative strength to foreign highly skilled personnel remain low (42nd) but
within this factor in the talent sub-factor (3rd) and, to a their opinions about immigration policies as constraints
lesser extent, in the training and education sub-factor (9th). for recruitment improve (30th).
Singapore’s relatively low ranking is in the future readiness
factor (10th), with the adaptive attitudes sub-factor placing Korean Republic returns to the top 10 mainly because of
at 17th. In business agility and IT integration, Singapore its performance in the future readiness factor (2nd) within
remains among the top economies. Under the regulatory which it ranks 1st in adaptive attitudes and 2nd in business
framework sub-factor, perceptions about the impact of agility, reaching the 14th position (up from 16th) in IT inte-
immigration policies (whether or not they constrain local gration. Korea’s greatest strengths in the knowledge and
enterprises from recruiting foreign personnel) improve technology factors are scientific concentration (3rd) in the
this year. former, and technological framework (7th) in the latter.
There are, however, some red flags for the sustainability
Switzerland’s slight improvement in the Ranking comes of the country’s digital competitiveness. Korean Republic
largely on the back of a strong performance in the knowl- ranks 33rd in talent which represents a decline (from 26th)
edge factor (1st). In all the related sub-factors, it ranks and remains at 23rd in regulatory framework. There is also
among the top 10 economies, reaching 2nd position in a sharp downturn in executives’ perceptions about the
talent, remaining in 8th place in scientific concentration availability of senior managers possessing international
and – despite a slight decline – ranking 8th in training experience (59th) and the availability of digital skills (46th).
and education. That said, it is noteworthy that executives’ Although the decline in perceptions surrounding the attrac-
perceptions about the availability of digital skills are now tiveness of the country for foreign highly skilled personnel
less positive, with this criterion dropping to 18th position is less pronounced, Koreans rank 49th in this indicator.
(from 11th). Graduates in sciences (26th), women with
degrees (30th), female researchers (31st) and R&D produc- Hong Kong SAR, whilst remaining among the top econo-
tivity by publication (35th) all remain relatively low, despite mies, experiences one of the largest drops this year (from
improvements in most of them. In the technology factor, 2nd to 9th). This results largely from declines in all of the
Switzerland’s positions in the capital and technological sub-factors with the exception of technological framework
sub-factor remain the same (12th and 11th, respectively) but in which it remains in the top position. Under knowledge,
there is a slight improvement in the regulatory framework scientific concentration drops to 18th (from 14th) but,
(8th from 9th). The future readiness factor declines from 3rd to importantly, most criteria remain relatively low: 41st for
7th because of drops in all of its sub-factors with the largest total expenditure on R&D (as a percentage of GDP); 24th
(three positions) in business agility in which it ranks 7th. for R&D productivity by publication; and 53rd for robots in
education and R&D. Under training and education, exec-
The Netherlands’ performance (6th) is based on either utives’ perceptions about the prioritization of employee
improvements or continuity in the sub-factors that form training by the private sector fall sharply to 32nd position.
the knowledge and technology factors. The major improve- Perceptions are also less optimistic in terms of the coun-
ments are under the knowledge factor in the training and try’s attractiveness for foreign highly skilled staff (33rd). To
education (25th from 28th) and scientific concentration (12th a lesser extent, survey respondents’ opinions about the
from 16th) sub-factors; elsewhere in this factor it remains availability of managers with international experience and
in 4th in talent. There is continuity in all the components the effective management of cities to support business
of the technology factor which leads the Netherlands to development also drops but remains well-ranked (10th
remain among the leading economies in these sub-fac- and 12th, respectively).
tors: 7th in regulatory framework, 3rd in capital and 10th in
technological framework. The country’s performance in Canada’s improvement originates in advancements in
the future readiness factor is similarly constant, leading knowledge (3rd) and future readiness (11th). In the former,
it to have top 10 positions in all components within the its ranking positions improves for all sub-factors: it takes
factor, with its highest position (2nd) being in the adaptive 8th spot in talent, 3rd in training and education and 4th in
attitudes sub-factor. scientific concentration. In future readiness, it reaches 2nd
position in IT integration and 19th in business agility but
23
experiences a slight decline in adaptive attitudes (18th). with strong increases in regulatory framework (46th) and
Canada’s strength in the technology factor is in the capital capital (35th). Under the knowledge factor (40th from 47th),
sub-factor in which it ranks 6th, which is an improvement of it ranks highest in training and education (34th from 42nd)
three positions. Its ranking in regulatory framework remains and scientific concentration (remains 34th), reaching 52nd
strong (13th). In technological framework, however, the position in talent (up from 61st).
country’s position is its lowest (31st) at the sub-factor level.
Conversely, Luxembourg experiences the largest downturn;
Largest shifts it falls from 22nd to 30th. The country drops in all factors
with its steepest decline in future readiness (35th from
Croatia displays the largest advancement, from 55th position 24th) followed by knowledge (35th from 29th) and technology
to 43rd. At the factor level, its greatest improvement is in (19th from 14th). At the sub-factor level, the most deficient
future readiness in which it ranks 48th (from 60th). In this performance is in adaptive attitudes in which it ranks 47th
factor, Croatia achieves strong gains in business agility (from 38th) and in scientific concentration, 42nd (from 38th).
(58th from 64th) and IT integration (44th from 58th). In the The talent (35th) and business agility (36th) sub-factors are
technology factor, it improves from the 50th spot to the 42nd also of concern.
5. Concluding remarks
In the current context, the sustainability of digital compet- Our results also underline the central role that an effective
itiveness is greatly dependent upon economies’ ability regulatory framework play in the strengthening of the
to secure the digitalization process through increasing private sector’s cybersecurity capacities. The data reveals
their country’s cybersecurity capacities. As we become some asymmetries between the services that governments
more reliant on technology, sensitive data such as intel- provide and their readiness to counteract a cyber attack.
lectual property and personally identifiable data must be A deficient allocation of resources is potentially to blame
protected against malicious attacks. To that end, making for this.
online services secure and protecting users’ privacy are
fundamental. At the organizational level, most virtual security breaches
occur because of human error. At the same time,
The results of the 2022 IMD Digital Competitiveness cyber-criminals are becoming ever-more sophisticated
Ranking provide evidence about those elements that are in their tactics. It is thus key to provide staff with up-to-
essential for securing digitalization. Both governments date, relevant training and to establish a well-coordinated
and the private sector need to boost the security of their cybersecurity program.
digital infrastructure so as to minimize potential data theft
and damage. Greater investment in R&D will not suffice to One of the by-products of securing digitalization, through
tackle this task successfully. Increasing the effectiveness its impact on the widespread use of online services, is the
of the regulatory framework as it applies to business greater adoption and diffusion of new technologies which,
creation and technology and scientific development is in turn, increase digital competitiveness. Neglecting the
also vital. A robust knowledge foundation is, in addition, security side of digitalization can, conversely, lead – at
highly important. the very least – to disruptions in government activities
and business operations, and thus to a loss in credibility
of those very services provided.

24

Appendix: Sub-regions composition
§ Austria § Italy
§ Belgium § Luxembourg
§ Cyprus § Netherlands
§ Denmark § Norway
§ Finland § Portugal
Western Europe
§ France § Spain
§ Germany § Sweden
§ Greece § Switzerland
§ Iceland § United Kingdom
§ Ireland
§ Bulgaria § Lithuania Europe,

§ Czech Republic § Poland Middle East &
§ Estonia § Romania Africa

Eastern Europe
§ Croatia § Slovenia
§ Hungary § Slovak Republic
§ Latvia
§ Bahrain § Saudi Arabia

§ Botswana § South Africa
Western Asia
§ Israel § Turkey
& Africa
§ Jordan § UAE
§ Qatar
Ex-CIS & § Kazakhstan

Central Asia § Mongolia
§ China § Korea Rep.
Eastern Asia § Hong Kong SAR § Taiwan, China

§ Japan
Asia &
§ Australia § New Zealand Pacific
Southern Asia & § India § Philippines
The Pacific § Indonesia § Singapore

§ Malaysia § Thailand
§ Canada § USA
North America
§ Mexico
§ Argentina § Colombia The Americas
South America § Brazil § Peru

§ Chile § Venezuela
25
IMD World Digital
Competitiveness
Ranking 2022
Visit our eShop:
WWW.WCCESHOP.ORG
The 2022 IMD World Digital
Competitiveness Ranking
2022 COMPETITIVENESS RANKING

Score
01 Denmark 100.00 k 3
02 USA 99.81 l 1
IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking 2022
03 Sweden 99.81 -
04 Singapore 99.48 k 1
05 Switzerland 98.23 k 1
06 Netherlands 97.85 k 1
07 Finland 96.60 k 4
08 Korea Rep. 95.20 k 4
09 Hong Kong SAR 94.36 l 7
10 Canada 94.15 k 3
11 Taiwan, China 94.11 l 3
12 Norway 93.23 l 3
13 UAE 91.42 l 3
14 Australia 87.89 k 6
15 Israel 87.37 k 2
16 United Kingdom 86.45 l 2
17 China 86.42 l 2
18 Austria 85.35 l 2
19 Germany 85.17 l 1
20 Estonia 85.06 k 5
21 Iceland 84.97 -
22 France 81.42 k 2
23 Belgium 81.34 k 3
24 Ireland 79.56 l 5
25 Lithuania 79.32 k 5
26 Qatar 78.37 k 3
27 New Zealand 77.44 l 4
28 Spain 77.40 k 3
29 Japan 76.84 l 1
30 Luxembourg 76.47 l 8
The IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking presents the 2022 overall ranking for the 63 economies covered by the
Center. The economies are ranked from the most to the least competitive. The Scores shown to the right are actually
indices (0 to 100) generated for the unique purpose of constructing charts and graphics. The final column shows the
improvement or decline from the previous year.
28
IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking 2022
2022 COMPETITIVENESS RANKING
Score
31 Malaysia 76.42 l 4
32 Bahrain 75.85 -
33 Czech Republic 75.54 -
34 Latvia 74.24 k 3
35 Saudi Arabia 73.87 k 1
36 Kazakhstan 73.03 l 4
37 Slovenia 71.45 l 2
38 Portugal 70.84 l 4
39 Italy 68.33 k 1
40 Thailand 68.19 l 2
41 Chile 66.23 l 2
42 Hungary 65.25 k 3
43 Croatia 64.58 k 12
44 India 63.93 k 2
45 Cyprus 63.67 l 2
46 Poland 63.09 l 5
47 Slovak Republic 59.64 -
48 Bulgaria 58.51 k 4
49 Romania 58.32 k 1
50 Greece 56.93 l 6
51 Indonesia 56.74 k 2
52 Brazil 56.14 l 1
53 Jordan 56.04 l 4
54 Turkey 55.02 l 6
55 Mexico 54.72 k 1
56 Philippines 52.81 k 2
57 Peru 52.06 -
58 South Africa 51.24 k 2
59 Argentina 50.22 k 2
60 Colombia 49.22 l 1
61 Botswana 48.25 k 2
62 Mongolia 45.25 -
63 Venezuela 27.00 k 1
29
Methodology in a Nutshell
›› The IMD World Digital Competitiveness (WDC) ranking analyzes and ranks the extent to which countries adopt and
explore digital technologies leading to transformation in government practices, business models and society in general.
›› As in the case of the IMD World Competitiveness ranking, we assume that digital transformation takes place primarily
at enterprise level (whether private or state-owned) but it also occurs at the government and society levels.
›› Based on our research, the methodology of the WDC ranking defines digital competitiveness into three main factors:
Knowledge
Technology
Future readiness
›› In turn, each of these factors is divided into 3 sub-factors which highlight every facet of the areas analyzed. Altogether,
the WDC features 9 such sub-factors.
›› These 9 sub-factors comprise 54 criteria, although each sub-factor does not necessarily have the same number
of criteria (for example, it takes more criteria to assess Training and Education than to evaluate IT integration).
›› Each sub-factor, independently of the number of criteria it contains, has the same weight in the overall consolidation
of results, that is approximately 11.1% (100 ÷ 9 ~ 11.1).
›› Criteria can be hard data, which analyze digital competitiveness as it can be measured (e.g. Internet bandwidth
speed) or soft data, which analyze competitiveness as it can be perceived (e.g. Agility of companies). Hard criteria
represent a weight of 2/3 in the overall ranking whereas the survey data represent a weight of 1/3.
›› The 54 criteria include 19 new indicators which are only used in the assessment of the WDC ranking. The rest of
the indicators are shared with the IMD World Competitiveness Ranking.
›› In addition, two criteria are for background information only, which means that they are not used in calculating the
overall competitiveness ranking (i.e., Population and GDP).
›› Finally, aggregating the results of the 9 sub-factors makes the total consolidation, which leads to the overall ranking
of the WDC.

30
What is the IMD World

Competitiveness Ranking?
Digital Competitiveness Factors and Sub-factors
Knowledge Technology Future Readiness
Know-how necessary to discover, Overall context that enables Level of country preparedness to
understand and build new the development of digital exploit digital transformation.
technologies. technologies.
›› Talent ›› Regulatory Framework ›› Adaptive Attitudes

›› Training and Education ›› Capital ›› Business Agility
›› Scientific Concentration ›› Technological Framework ›› IT Integration
Computing the Rankings
HARD DATA OVERALL RANKINGS
Statistics from Aggregates the STD values for all

international, regional the 54 ranked criteria
and national sources
34 Criteria COMPUTE STD

VALUES FACTORS RANKINGS
Individually, for all criteria Knowledge, Technology,
used in the ranking Future Readiness
54 Criteria
SURVEY
International Panel
of Experts Executives CRITERIA RANKINGS
Opinion Survey
Each of the 54 criteria is individually
20 Criteria rankd for the countries
31
Competitiveness Rankings
Populations greater than 20 million
Score
01 USA 99.81
02 Korea Rep. 95.20
03 Canada 94.15
04 Taiwan, China 94.11
05 Australia 87.89
06 United Kingdom 86.45
07 China 86.42
08 Germany 85.17
09 France 81.42
10 Spain 77.40
11 Japan 76.84
12 Malaysia 76.42
13 Saudi Arabia 73.87
14 Italy 68.33
15 Thailand 68.19
16 India 63.93
17 Poland 63.09
18 Indonesia 56.74
19 Brazil 56.14
20 Turkey 55.02
21 Mexico 54.72
22 Philippines 52.81
23 Peru 52.06
24 South Africa 51.24
25 Argentina 50.22
26 Colombia 49.22
27 Venezuela 27.00
Populations less than 20 million

Score
01 Denmark 100.00
02 Sweden 99.81
03 Singapore 99.48
04 Switzerland 98.23
05 Netherlands 97.85
06 Finland 96.60
07 Hong Kong SAR 94.36
08 Norway 93.23
09 UAE 91.42
10 Israel 87.37
11 Austria 85.35
12 Estonia 85.06
13 Iceland 84.97
14 Belgium 81.34
15 Ireland 79.56
16 Lithuania 79.32
17 Qatar 78.37
18 New Zealand 77.44
19 Luxembourg 76.47
20 Bahrain 75.85
21 Czech Republic 75.54
22 Latvia 74.24
23 Kazakhstan 73.03
24 Slovenia 71.45
25 Portugal 70.84
26 Chile 66.23
27 Hungary 65.25
28 Croatia 64.58
29 Cyprus 63.67
30 Slovak Republic 59.64
31 Bulgaria 58.51
32 Romania 58.32
33 Greece 56.93
34 Jordan 56.04
35 Botswana 48.25
36 Mongolia 45.25

32
Selected Breakdowns

GDP per capita greater than $20,000
Score
01 Denmark 100.00
02 USA 99.81
03 Sweden 99.81
04 Singapore 99.48
07 Finland 96.60
08 Korea Rep. 95.20
10 Canada 94.15
12 Norway 93.23
13 UAE 91.42
14 Australia 87.89
15 Israel 87.37
17 Austria 85.35
18 Germany 85.17
19 Estonia 85.06
20 Iceland 84.97
21 France 81.42
22 Belgium 81.34
23 Ireland 79.56
24 Lithuania 79.32
25 Qatar 78.37
27 Spain 77.40
28 Japan 76.84
29 Luxembourg 76.47
30 Bahrain 75.85
32 Latvia 74.24
34 Slovenia 71.45
35 Portugal 70.84
36 Italy 68.33
37 Cyprus 63.67
39 Greece 56.93
GDP per capita less than $20,000

Score
01 China 86.42
02 Malaysia 76.42
03 Kazakhstan 73.03
04 Thailand 68.19
05 Chile 66.23
06 Hungary 65.25
07 Croatia 64.58
08 India 63.93
09 Poland 63.09
10 Bulgaria 58.51
11 Romania 58.32
12 Indonesia 56.74
13 Brazil 56.14
14 Jordan 56.04
15 Turkey 55.02
16 Mexico 54.72
18 Peru 52.06
20 Argentina 50.22
21 Colombia 49.22
22 Botswana 48.25
23 Mongolia 45.25
24 Venezuela 27.00
33
Europe - Middle East - Africa

Score
01 Denmark 100.00
02 Sweden 99.81
05 Finland 96.60
06 Norway 93.23
07 UAE 91.42
08 Israel 87.37
10 Austria 85.35
11 Germany 85.17
12 Estonia 85.06
13 Iceland 84.97
14 France 81.42
15 Belgium 81.34
16 Ireland 79.56
17 Lithuania 79.32
18 Qatar 78.37
19 Spain 77.40
20 Luxembourg 76.47
21 Bahrain 75.85
23 Latvia 74.24
25 Kazakhstan 73.03
26 Slovenia 71.45
27 Portugal 70.84
28 Italy 68.33
29 Hungary 65.25
30 Croatia 64.58
31 Cyprus 63.67
32 Poland 63.09
34 Bulgaria 58.51
35 Romania 58.32
36 Greece 56.93
37 Jordan 56.04
38 Turkey 55.02
40 Botswana 48.25

34
Selected Breakdowns

Asia - Pacific
Score
01 Singapore 99.48
02 Korea Rep. 95.20
05 Australia 87.89
06 China 86.42
08 Japan 76.84
09 Malaysia 76.42
10 Thailand 68.19
11 India 63.93
12 Indonesia 56.74
14 Mongolia 45.25
The Americas
Score
01 USA 99.81
02 Canada 94.15
03 Chile 66.23
04 Brazil 56.14
05 Mexico 54.72
06 Peru 52.06
07 Argentina 50.22
08 Colombia 49.22
09 Venezuela 27.00
35
KNOWLEDGE
Know-how necessary to discover, understand and build new technologies
Score
01 Switzerland 93.42 -
02 Sweden 92.75 -
03 Canada 91.56 k 4
04 USA 91.50 l 1
05 Singapore 91.44 l 1
06 Denmark 87.13 k 2
09 Finland 84.77 -
10 Israel 83.82 k 2
11 Germany 83.16 k 3
12 United Kingdom 82.82 k 1
15 UAE 80.67 k 3
16 Korea Rep. 80.44 l 1
17 China 79.27 l 11
19 Norway 79.12 l 2
20 France 76.81 -
21 Belgium 76.00 -
22 Ireland 73.77 k 1
26 Slovenia 69.92 k 4
27 Spain 69.35 k 4
28 Japan 68.83 l 3
29 Portugal 68.05 k 3
30 Kazakhstan 67.64 k 6
31 Iceland 67.60 k 2
32 Czech Republic 67.10 k 3
34 Bahrain 66.47 -
36 Latvia 65.26 l 2
37 Saudi Arabia 61.96 k 13
38 Qatar 59.11 k 6
39 Cyprus 59.00 -
40 Croatia 59.00 k 7
41 Italy 58.93 l 1
42 Poland 58.42 l 4
43 Hungary 57.46 -
44 Slovak Republic 56.39 k 2
46 India 53.95 l 5
47 Greece 51.47 l 2
49 Romania 49.88 k 3
50 Chile 49.78 l 1
51 Brazil 49.52 -
52 Mexico 49.17 k 2
53 Jordan 48.63 l 5
56 Peru 46.34 k 3
58 Argentina 45.46 l 3
59 Turkey 42.34 l 2
60 Indonesia 42.20 -
61 Mongolia 40.73 l 3
63 Venezuela 40.39 l 2

36
Selected Breakdowns

TECHNOLOGY
Overall context that enables the development of digital technologies
Score
03 UAE 93.78 k 2
05 Sweden 90.94 k 3
07 Denmark 90.48 k 2
09 USA 90.04 l 5
10 Norway 89.44 l 4
11 Iceland 87.94 l 1
12 Switzerland 87.12 l 1
13 Korea Rep. 84.66 -
14 Canada 82.14 k 1
16 France 80.07 -
17 Qatar 78.65 k 2
18 China 76.69 k 2
20 Thailand 74.97 k 2
22 Israel 74.32 k 5
23 Bahrain 74.17 -
24 Belgium 73.55 l 1
26 Saudi Arabia 72.92 l 2
27 Germany 72.01 k 4
30 Japan 71.35 -
32 Lithuania 71.22 l 3
33 Spain 70.47 -
34 Latvia 69.82 -
38 Slovenia 62.45 k 1
40 Kazakhstan 61.56 -
41 Chile 61.42 l 6
42 Croatia 60.39 k 8
43 India 60.25 k 1
44 Italy 59.67 l 2
45 Indonesia 55.33 k 4
46 Poland 53.92 l 5
47 Greece 53.57 l 1
48 Romania 51.89 l 1
50 Jordan 51.19 l 7
51 Bulgaria 50.86 -
52 Cyprus 49.38 k 1
53 Slovak Republic 47.48 l 8
54 Turkey 46.83 l 2
55 Brazil 44.38 -
56 Mexico 42.79 k 1
57 Peru 41.33 l 1
60 Mongolia 37.50 k 1
62 Argentina 30.36 -
37
FUTURE READINESS
Level of country preparedness to exploit digital transformation
Score
01 Denmark 100.00 k 1
02 Korea Rep. 98.12 k 3
03 USA 95.50 l 2
04 Sweden 93.34 k 2
05 Netherlands 93.04 l 1
07 Switzerland 91.77 l 4
09 Norway 88.75 l 1
11 Canada 86.37 k 4
13 Austria 82.73 k 3
14 Israel 81.57 k 7
15 China 80.93 k 2
19 Germany 77.93 l 1
20 UAE 77.40 l 8
21 Iceland 76.98 k 4
23 Qatar 74.98 -
25 Belgium 72.07 k 1
27 Spain 69.98 k 8
28 Japan 67.95 l 1
30 Kazakhstan 67.51 l 2
32 Latvia 65.27 k 10
33 Chile 65.11 k 3
34 France 64.98 l 3
36 Bahrain 64.53 -
37 Saudi Arabia 64.34 l 5
38 Italy 64.01 l 8
39 Cyprus 60.25 l 5
41 Slovenia 59.57 l 1
42 India 55.20 k 8
43 Poland 54.54 l 4
44 Turkey 53.49 l 3
45 Slovak Republic 52.64 k 1
46 Argentina 52.46 k 6
47 Brazil 52.13 l 2
48 Croatia 51.97 k 12
51 Romania 50.81 l 2
52 Indonesia 50.31 l 4
53 Mexico 49.83 l 2
54 Peru 46.12 -
55 Jordan 45.91 k 1
58 Philippines 43.95 l 1
59 South Africa 43.50 -
60 Greece 43.36 l 17
62 Mongolia 35.13 -

38
FACTOR RANKINGS
OVERALL KNOWLEDGE
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Argentina 55 59 59 61 59 58 58 50 55 58
Australia 13 14 15 20 14 15 15 17 19 14
Austria 15 20 17 16 18 13 10 11 10 13
Bahrain - - - - 32 - - - - 34
Belgium 23 25 25 26 23 25 23 21 21 21
Botswana - - - 63 61 - - - 64 55
Brazil 57 57 51 51 52 62 59 57 51 51
Bulgaria 43 45 45 52 48 41 46 47 53 48
Canada 08 11 12 13 10 03 05 05 07 03
Chile 37 42 41 39 41 47 50 49 49 50
China 30 22 16 15 17 30 18 08 06 17
Colombia 59 58 61 59 60 57 57 59 56 57
Croatia 44 51 52 55 43 43 42 41 47 40
Cyprus 54 54 40 43 45 55 55 40 39 39
Czech Republic 33 37 35 33 33 38 37 37 35 32
Denmark 04 04 03 04 01 08 06 06 08 06
Estonia 25 29 21 25 20 29 30 23 27 23
Finland 07 07 10 11 07 09 09 15 09 09
France 26 24 24 24 22 20 20 20 20 20
Germany 18 17 18 18 19 14 12 12 14 11
Greece 53 53 46 44 50 51 53 48 45 47
Hong Kong SAR 11 08 05 02 09 05 07 07 05 07
Hungary 46 43 47 45 42 48 44 44 43 43
Iceland 21 27 23 21 21 28 29 27 33 31
India 48 44 48 46 44 46 38 39 41 46
Indonesia 62 56 56 53 51 61 56 63 60 60
Ireland 20 19 20 19 24 22 24 24 23 22
Israel 12 16 19 17 15 02 08 09 12 10
Italy 41 41 42 40 39 42 41 42 40 41
Japan 22 23 27 28 29 18 25 22 25 28
Jordan 45 50 53 49 53 56 49 54 48 53
Kazakhstan 38 35 36 32 36 35 32 34 36 30
Korea Rep. 14 10 08 12 08 11 11 10 15 16
Latvia 35 36 38 37 34 34 36 36 34 36
Lithuania 29 30 29 30 25 23 26 25 26 24
Luxembourg 24 21 28 22 30 32 34 35 29 35
Malaysia 27 26 26 27 31 17 19 19 22 25
Mexico 51 49 54 56 55 54 52 52 54 52
Mongolia 61 62 62 62 62 53 62 58 58 61
Netherlands 09 06 07 07 06 12 13 14 11 08
New Zealand 19 18 22 23 27 21 21 28 28 33
Norway 06 09 09 09 12 16 16 16 17 19
Peru 60 61 55 57 57 60 61 55 59 56
Philippines 56 55 57 58 56 50 51 62 63 62
Poland 36 33 32 41 46 33 33 30 38 42
Portugal 32 34 37 34 38 27 31 33 32 29
Qatar 28 31 30 29 26 37 45 45 44 38
Romania 47 46 49 50 49 45 47 53 52 49
Saudi Arabia 42 39 34 36 35 40 39 46 50 37
Singapore 02 02 02 05 04 01 03 02 04 05
Slovak Republic 50 47 50 47 47 49 48 51 46 44
Slovenia 34 32 31 35 37 26 27 29 30 26
South Africa 49 48 60 60 58 52 54 60 62 54
Spain 31 28 33 31 28 31 28 32 31 27
Sweden 03 03 04 03 03 07 04 04 02 02
Switzerland 05 05 06 06 05 06 02 03 01 01
Taiwan, China 16 13 11 08 11 19 17 18 16 18
Thailand 39 40 39 38 40 44 43 43 42 45
Turkey 52 52 44 48 54 59 60 56 57 59
UAE 17 12 14 10 13 36 35 31 18 15
United Kingdom 10 15 13 14 16 10 14 13 13 12
USA 01 01 01 01 02 04 01 01 03 04
Venezuela 63 63 63 64 63 63 63 61 61 63

40

5 YEARS OVERVIEW
KNOWLEDGE TECHNOLOGY FUTURE READINESS

2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
58 58 50 55 58 54 56 62 62 62 45 56 47 52 46 Argentina
15 15 17 19 14 14 14 14 18 15 11 14 17 22 17 Australia
13 10 11 10 13 26 32 28 32 36 14 23 16 16 13 Austria
- - - - 34 - - - - 23 - - - - 36 Bahrain
25 23 21 21 21 24 21 19 23 24 23 25 25 26 25 Belgium
- - - 64 55 - - - 63 59 - - - 63 61 Botswana
62 59 57 51 51 55 57 57 55 55 47 43 43 45 47 Brazil
41 46 47 53 48 42 42 45 51 51 55 48 44 55 50 Bulgaria
03 05 05 07 03 12 13 13 15 14 09 18 15 15 11 Canada
47 50 49 49 50 35 41 40 35 41 31 37 39 36 33 Chile
30 18 08 06 17 34 26 27 20 18 28 21 18 17 15 China
57 57 59 56 57 60 60 61 60 61 56 55 50 53 56 Colombia
43 42 41 47 40 49 50 49 50 42 54 60 62 60 48 Croatia
55 55 40 39 39 56 59 52 53 52 44 40 29 34 39 Cyprus
38 37 37 35 32 31 34 36 37 35 34 39 36 37 29 Czech Republic
08 06 06 08 06 10 11 09 09 07 01 02 01 02 01 Denmark
29 30 23 27 23 20 22 23 25 21 26 30 20 20 12 Estonia
09 09 15 09 09 04 08 10 12 08 08 07 09 09 06 Finland
20 20 20 20 20 19 16 15 16 16 27 29 31 31 34 France
14 12 12 14 11 21 31 31 31 27 20 16 19 18 19 Germany
51 53 48 45 47 51 54 43 46 47 46 53 46 43 60 Greece
05 07 07 05 07 06 04 02 01 02 24 15 10 10 18 Hong Kong SAR
48 44 44 43 43 40 36 39 36 31 58 57 60 61 57 Hungary
28 29 27 33 31 18 20 21 10 11 19 26 22 25 21 Iceland
46 38 39 41 46 53 49 50 44 43 48 46 56 50 42 India
61 56 63 60 60 59 47 54 49 45 62 58 48 48 52 Indonesia
22 24 24 23 22 29 28 30 28 37 13 05 14 14 22 Ireland
02 08 09 12 10 25 30 32 27 22 07 19 23 21 14 Israel
42 41 42 40 41 41 46 46 42 44 36 31 38 30 38 Italy
18 25 22 25 28 23 24 26 30 30 25 24 26 27 28 Japan
56 49 54 48 53 48 53 44 43 50 41 52 58 56 55 Jordan
35 32 34 36 30 39 39 41 40 40 40 35 33 28 30 Kazakhstan
11 11 10 15 16 17 17 12 13 13 17 04 03 05 02 Korea Rep.
34 36 36 34 36 32 23 34 34 34 39 45 42 42 32 Latvia
23 26 25 26 24 30 25 29 29 32 33 32 30 33 24 Lithuania
32 34 35 29 35 15 12 17 14 19 21 17 27 24 35 Luxembourg
17 19 19 22 25 22 19 20 26 29 29 28 32 29 31 Malaysia
54 52 52 54 52 46 52 56 57 56 50 49 52 51 53 Mexico
53 62 58 58 61 62 62 60 61 60 59 61 59 62 62 Mongolia
12 13 14 11 08 08 06 08 07 04 04 03 04 04 05 Netherlands
21 21 28 28 33 16 15 18 21 28 18 20 21 19 26 New Zealand
16 16 16 17 19 02 03 03 06 10 06 08 06 08 09 Norway
60 61 55 59 56 57 58 58 56 57 60 59 55 54 54 Peru
50 51 62 63 62 58 55 53 54 49 52 54 54 57 58 Philippines
33 33 30 38 42 37 37 37 41 46 37 33 35 39 43 Poland
27 31 33 32 29 36 38 38 38 39 32 34 41 38 40 Portugal
37 45 45 44 38 27 33 25 19 17 16 22 24 23 23 Qatar
45 47 53 52 49 44 45 48 47 48 57 51 49 49 51 Romania
40 39 46 50 37 50 40 24 24 26 38 38 28 32 37 Saudi Arabia
01 03 02 04 05 01 01 01 03 01 15 11 12 11 10 Singapore
49 48 51 46 44 47 44 51 45 53 53 47 51 46 45 Slovak Republic
26 27 29 30 26 38 35 35 39 38 35 36 37 40 41 Slovenia
52 54 60 62 54 52 51 55 59 58 43 44 57 59 59 South Africa
31 28 32 31 27 33 29 33 33 33 30 27 40 35 27 Spain
07 04 04 02 02 05 07 06 08 05 05 06 07 06 04 Sweden
06 02 03 01 01 09 10 11 11 12 10 10 05 03 07 Switzerland
19 17 18 16 18 11 09 05 02 06 22 12 08 07 08 Taiwan, China
44 43 43 42 45 28 27 22 22 20 49 50 45 44 49 Thailand
59 60 56 57 59 45 48 42 52 54 42 41 34 41 44 Turkey
36 35 31 18 15 07 02 04 05 03 12 09 11 12 20 UAE
10 14 13 13 12 13 18 16 17 25 03 13 13 13 16 United Kingdom
04 01 01 03 04 03 05 07 04 09 02 01 02 01 03 USA
63 63 61 61 63 63 63 63 64 63 63 63 63 64 63 Venezuela
41
SUB-FACTOR RANKINGS
FUTURE
KNOWLEDGE TECHNOLOGY READINESS
Business agility
Technological
concentration
IT integration
framework
framework
Regulatory
Training &
education
Scientific
attitudes
Adaptive
Capital
Argentina Talent
61 49 48 61 62 55 49 37 53 Argentina
Australia 07 29 16 10 13 26 08 40 15 Australia
Austria 16 12 15 29 36 37 19 21 11 Austria
Bahrain 13 48 31 32 34 17 23 29 46 Bahrain
Belgium 17 30 19 17 23 39 28 27 22 Belgium
Botswana 42 39 63 54 47 62 59 51 61 Botswana
Brazil 62 51 25 55 57 51 43 52 43 Brazil
Bulgaria 56 52 40 52 52 46 39 56 49 Bulgaria
Canada 08 03 04 13 06 31 18 19 02 Canada
Chile 39 54 55 41 43 36 26 43 34 Chile
China 12 33 09 16 27 24 22 03 32 China
Colombia 58 46 56 59 56 61 48 54 58 Colombia
Croatia 52 34 34 46 35 42 40 58 44 Croatia
Cyprus 53 40 26 50 54 49 36 53 29 Cyprus
Czech Republic 22 38 29 37 26 30 31 24 36 Czech Republic
Denmark 05 07 17 06 14 06 05 01 01 Denmark
Estonia 30 05 43 30 29 21 14 20 07 Estonia
Finland 09 17 10 05 05 12 03 16 03 Finland
France 23 27 13 15 19 20 41 38 21 France
Germany 20 15 07 20 16 43 27 15 19 Germany
Greece 49 59 33 42 46 50 60 61 41 Greece
Hong Kong SAR 10 02 18 09 08 01 09 11 45 Hong Kong SAR
Hungary 40 44 38 26 42 19 62 48 35 Hungary
Iceland 24 26 45 11 17 05 21 12 30 Iceland
India 34 56 50 48 01 58 56 25 48 India
Indonesia 45 62 54 49 18 56 55 22 60 Indonesia
Ireland 19 31 24 22 44 38 11 18 38 Ireland
Israel 26 06 05 31 25 23 24 23 05 Israel
Italy 43 58 23 38 41 44 32 30 40 Italy
Japan 50 21 14 47 32 08 20 62 18 Japan
Jordan 41 41 62 45 45 53 61 34 52 Jordan
Kazakhstan 46 01 51 21 50 47 34 06 56 Kazakhstan
Korea Rep. 33 16 03 23 15 07 01 02 14 Korea Rep.
Latvia 25 28 52 36 39 22 44 31 23 Latvia
Lithuania 27 13 37 28 37 32 38 17 26 Lithuania
Luxembourg 35 20 42 18 24 27 47 36 17 Luxembourg
Malaysia 36 10 35 40 33 16 30 35 31 Malaysia
Mexico 54 53 49 56 55 54 54 46 47 Mexico
Mongolia 60 47 61 60 59 57 51 63 62 Mongolia
Netherlands 04 25 12 07 03 10 02 08 09 Netherlands
New Zealand 32 32 32 33 30 25 15 49 27 New Zealand
Norway 18 14 22 04 04 14 06 13 12 Norway
Peru 59 37 60 51 53 59 53 39 59 Peru
Philippines 55 61 57 62 40 45 58 45 57 Philippines
Poland 48 42 30 57 49 33 37 47 51 Poland
Portugal 29 36 27 19 48 48 35 60 25 Portugal
Qatar 11 45 59 27 21 15 29 14 28 Qatar
Romania 51 55 44 39 61 41 46 59 42 Romania
Saudi Arabia 28 24 58 25 22 34 33 32 33 Saudi Arabia
Singapore 03 09 11 01 11 02 17 09 08 Singapore
Slovak Republic 44 43 39 58 58 40 50 50 39 Slovak Republic
Slovenia 38 18 28 43 38 35 45 33 37 Slovenia
South Africa 57 50 53 53 51 60 57 57 55 South Africa
Spain 31 35 20 35 31 28 25 44 20 Spain
Sweden 06 04 02 02 07 09 07 10 04 Sweden
Switzerland 02 08 08 08 12 11 12 07 06 Switzerland
Taiwan, China 21 11 21 14 09 04 13 05 13 Taiwan, China
Thailand 37 57 36 34 20 18 52 41 50 Thailand
Turkey 47 63 41 44 60 52 42 42 54 Turkey
UAE 01 22 46 03 10 03 16 26 24 UAE
United Kingdom 15 19 06 24 28 29 10 28 16 United Kingdom
USA 14 23 01 12 02 13 04 04 10 USA

Venezuela 63 60 47 63 63 63 63 55 63 Venezuela
42
IMD World Digital
Competitiveness
Country Profiles
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DIGITAL TRENDS - OVERALL
ARGENTINA
Overall Factors
Alpha AlphaLabel Beta BetaLabel Gamma GammaLabelSub-Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 58
4 2 2 61 49 48
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
59 62 61 62 55

Technology
46 49 37 53
performance change from the last year: Adaptive attitudes Business agility IT integration
declined
OVERALL & FACTORS - 5 years 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
OVERALL 55 59 59 61 59
Knowledge 58 58 50 55 58

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital 55
Competitiveness
56 59 59 59
61
N.B. This graph provides only a 62 62
comparison of the country’s performance 61
in the two rankings.
63
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
5
7 7 8 7 21 24
25 26 25
44
u Overall Top
u Overall top strengths
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
ARGENTINA
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 47 51 56 62 61
Training & education 63 62 43 46 49
Scientific concentration 41 50 55 48 48
Talent Rank Training & education Rank Scientific concentration Rank
Educational assessment PISA - Math 54 Employee training 62 Total expenditure on R&D (%) 52
International experience 52 Total public expenditure on education 35 Total R&D personnel per capita 43
Foreign highly-skilled personnel 62 Higher education achievement 38 u Female researchers 02
Digital/Technological skills 57 Graduates in Sciences 59 Scientific and technical employment 51
u Net flow of international students 16 Women with degrees 32 High-tech patent grants 58
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Regulatory framework 48 49 57 57 61
Capital 48 51 62 63 62
Starting a business 60 IT & media stock market capitalization 38 w Communications technology 62

Enforcing contracts 48 w Funding for technological development 62 Mobile Broadband subscribers 52
u Immigration laws 15 w Banking and financial services 62 Wireless broadband 58
Scientific research legislation 60 w Venture capital 62 Internet bandwidth speed 57
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Business agility 37 48 39 43 37
IT integration 52 52 52 59 53
Adaptive attitudes Rank Business agility Rank IT integration Rank
E-Participation 27 u Opportunities and threats 14 E-Government 29

Internet retailing 39 World robots distribution 36 Public-private partnerships 57
Tablet possession 40 Agility of companies 57 Cyber security 61
45
AUSTRALIA
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 14
4 2 2 7 29 16
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
14 15 10 13 26

Technology
17 8 40 15
declined
OVERALL 13 14 15 20 14
Knowledge 15 15 17 19 14

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
Competitiveness 13 14 14
15
19 18 19
20
comparison of the country’s performance
22
ASIA - PACIFIC (14 countries) POPULATIONS > 20 MILLION (27 countries)
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
3 4
5 5 6 5 5 6 5
8
46
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
AUSTRALIA
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 08 07 06 08 07
Educational assessment PISA - Math 28 w Employee training 44 Total expenditure on R&D (%) 22
w International experience 49 Total public expenditure on education 17 Total R&D personnel per capita -
Foreign highly-skilled personnel 12 Higher education achievement 15 Female researchers -
Management of cities 21 Pupil-teacher ratio (tertiary education) - R&D productivity by publication 15
Digital/Technological skills 39 w Graduates in Sciences 52 Scientific and technical employment 09
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 18 19 13 17 13

Enforcing contracts 06 Funding for technological development 37 Mobile Broadband subscribers 09
Immigration laws 33 Banking and financial services 19 Wireless broadband 14
Development & application of tech. 24 u Country credit rating 01 Internet users 33
Scientific research legislation 24 Venture capital 23 w Internet bandwidth speed 45
Intellectual property rights 12 u Investment in Telecommunications 04 High-tech exports (%) 19
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

E-Participation 09 Opportunities and threats 41 E-Government 05

u Internet retailing 05 World robots distribution 30 Public-private partnerships 30
Smartphone possession 17 Use of big data and analytics 30 u Software piracy 05
Entrepreneurial fear of failure 33 Privacy protection by law content 23
47
AUSTRIA
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 13
4 2 2 16 12 15
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
18 36 29 36 37

Technology
13 19 21 11
declined
OVERALL 15 20 17 16 18
Knowledge 13 10 11 10 13

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
Competitiveness 16
15 19 16
17 18
20
EUROPE - MIDDLE EAST - AFRICA (40 countries) POPULATIONS < 20 MILLION (36 countries)
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
9 9 9 10 10 10 10
12 11
13
48
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
AUSTRIA
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 12 12 12 15 16
Educational assessment PISA - Math 22 u Employee training 03 Total expenditure on R&D (%) 08
Foreign highly-skilled personnel 22 Higher education achievement 37 Female researchers 43
Management of cities 10 u Pupil-teacher ratio (tertiary education) 02 w R&D productivity by publication 47
Net flow of international students 06 Women with degrees 37 High-tech patent grants 22
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 38 34 30 32 36
w Starting a business 52 w IT & media stock market capitalization 47 Communications technology 24

w Immigration laws 52 Banking and financial services 22 Wireless broadband 32
Development & application of tech. 25 Country credit rating 12 Internet users 30
Scientific research legislation 14 Venture capital 39 Internet bandwidth speed 41
Intellectual property rights 08 w Investment in Telecommunications 53 High-tech exports (%) 34
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

u E-Participation 06 Opportunities and threats 22 E-Government 15

Tablet possession 18 Agility of companies 14 u Cyber security 04
49
BAHRAIN
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 344 2 2 13 48 31
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
32 23 32 34 17

Technology
36 23 29 46
declined
OVERALL - - - - 32
Knowledge - - - - 34
Technology - - - - 23
Future readiness - - - - 36

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
30
Competitiveness

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
21 20
50
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
BAHRAIN
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent - - - - 13
Training & education - - - - 48
Scientific concentration - - - - 31
Educational assessment PISA - Math - Employee training 25 Total expenditure on R&D (%) -
International experience 07 w Total public expenditure on education 61 Total R&D personnel per capita -
Management of cities 17 Pupil-teacher ratio (tertiary education) 49 R&D productivity by publication -
Digital/Technological skills 13 w Graduates in Sciences 58 Scientific and technical employment -
Net flow of international students 29 u Women with degrees 03 High-tech patent grants 41
Robots in Education and R&D -
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Regulatory framework - - - - 32
Capital - - - - 34
Technological framework - - - - 17
Starting a business 33 IT & media stock market capitalization 26 Communications technology 14

Enforcing contracts 42 Funding for technological development 28 u Mobile Broadband subscribers 04
u Immigration laws 04 Banking and financial services 18 Wireless broadband 10
Development & application of tech. 15 w Country credit rating 59 u Internet users 04
Intellectual property rights 33 Investment in Telecommunications 06 w High-tech exports (%) 58
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Adaptive attitudes - - - - 23
Business agility - - - - 29
IT integration - - - - 46

Internet retailing 41 World robots distribution - Public-private partnerships 17
u Tablet possession 01 Agility of companies 30 Cyber security 11
Entrepreneurial fear of failure - w Privacy protection by law content 60
51
BELGIUM
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 21
4 2 2 17 30 19
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
23 24 17 23 39

Technology
25 28 27 22
declined
OVERALL 23 25 25 26 23
Knowledge 25 23 21 21 21

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
Competitiveness 21
24
23 23
N.B. This graph provides only a 25 25 26
26 27
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
14 15 16 15 15 15 16 14
17 17
52
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
BELGIUM
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 17 18 20 20 17
Educational assessment PISA - Math 14 Employee training 22 u Total expenditure on R&D (%) 05
International experience 12 u Total public expenditure on education 08 Total R&D personnel per capita 12
Management of cities 31 Pupil-teacher ratio (tertiary education) 38 w R&D productivity by publication 44
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 23 25 21 20 23

u Immigration laws 07 Banking and financial services 21 w Wireless broadband 59
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

w E-Participation 55 Opportunities and threats 33 E-Government 36

Attitudes toward globalization 39 Knowledge transfer 16 w Government cyber security capacity 43
Entrepreneurial fear of failure - u Privacy protection by law content 10
53
BOTSWANA
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 554 2 2 42 39 63
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
61 59 54 47 62

Technology
61 59 51 61
declined
OVERALL - - - 63 61
Knowledge - - - 64 55
Technology - - - 63 59
Future readiness - - - 63 61

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital 58
Competitiveness
61 61
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
39
40
35 35
54
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
BOTSWANA
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent - - - 53 42
Training & education - - - 48 39
Scientific concentration - - - 63 63
Educational assessment PISA - Math - Employee training 57 Total expenditure on R&D (%) -
International experience 45 u Total public expenditure on education 01 Total R&D personnel per capita -
u Foreign highly-skilled personnel 21 w Higher education achievement 61 Female researchers -
Management of cities 49 Pupil-teacher ratio (tertiary education) 41 R&D productivity by publication -
Net flow of international students 47 Women with degrees - High-tech patent grants 61
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Regulatory framework - - - 63 54
Capital - - - 56 47
Technological framework - - - 64 62
Starting a business 61 IT & media stock market capitalization - Communications technology 53

Enforcing contracts 56 Funding for technological development 51 w Mobile Broadband subscribers 63
Development & application of tech. 49 Country credit rating 39 w Internet users 62
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Adaptive attitudes - - - 63 59
Business agility - - - 46 51
IT integration - - - 63 61

Internet retailing - World robots distribution - Public-private partnerships 44
Tablet possession - Agility of companies 60 Cyber security 51
u Smartphone possession 16 Use of big data and analytics 49 Software piracy 60
55
BRAZIL
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 51
4 2 2 62 51 25
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
52 55 55 57 51

Technology
47 43 52 43
declined
OVERALL 57 57 51 51 52
Knowledge 62 59 57 51 51

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital 51 51
52
Competitiveness
56
57 57 57
59
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
5 4 4 4
6 19 19 19
23 23
56
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
BRAZIL
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 61 61 62 63 62
w International experience 62 u Total public expenditure on education 07 Total R&D personnel per capita -
w Foreign highly-skilled personnel 60 Higher education achievement 56 u Female researchers 16
w Management of cities 60 Pupil-teacher ratio (tertiary education) 44 u R&D productivity by publication 08
u Robots in Education and R&D 16
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 56 61 58 59 57

w Intellectual property rights 60 u Investment in Telecommunications 12 High-tech exports (%) 38
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


Attitudes toward globalization 53 w Knowledge transfer 61 Government cyber security capacity 25
57
BULGARIA
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 48
4 2 2 56 52 40
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
48 51 52 52 46

Technology
50 39 56 49
declined
OVERALL 43 45 45 52 48
Knowledge 41 46 47 53 48

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
Competitiveness
43 45 45 48
comparison of the country’s performance 48 48 48
53 53
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
29 30 26 27 27
31 34 32 31
36
58
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
BULGARIA
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 53 50 48 54 56
Management of cities 51 u Pupil-teacher ratio (tertiary education) 13 R&D productivity by publication 45
Net flow of international students 52 Women with degrees 35 u High-tech patent grants 13
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 50 42 48 53 52

FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

E-Participation 22 w Opportunities and threats 60 E-Government 39

Tablet possession 45 w Agility of companies 62 Cyber security 53
u Entrepreneurial fear of failure 06 u Privacy protection by law content 20
59
CANADA
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 3
4 2 2 8 3 4
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
10 14 13 6 31

Technology
11 18 19 2
declined
OVERALL 08 11 12 13 10
Knowledge 03 05 05 07 03

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
Competitiveness 8 8
10
11
10 12
13
14
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
2
3 3
2 2 2 2 2 4 4
60
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
CANADA
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 07 13 08 09 08
International experience 22 w Total public expenditure on education 32 Total R&D personnel per capita 22
Digital/Technological skills 14 Graduates in Sciences 28 u Scientific and technical employment 01
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 05 10 03 09 06
u Starting a business 02 IT & media stock market capitalization 19 Communications technology 30

w Enforcing contracts 49 Funding for technological development 15 Mobile Broadband subscribers 34
Immigration laws 05 Banking and financial services 13 w Wireless broadband 53
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


u Internet retailing 04 World robots distribution 13 u Public-private partnerships 03
w Smartphone possession 55 Use of big data and analytics 04 Software piracy 13
w Entrepreneurial fear of failure 47 Privacy protection by law content 15
61
CHILE
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 50
4 2 2 39 54 55
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
41 41 41 43 36

Technology
33 26 43 34
declined
OVERALL 37 42 41 39 41
Knowledge 47 50 49 49 50

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
Competitiveness 35
38
37 39
44 45
THE AMERICAS (9 countries) POPULATIONS < 20 MILLION (36 countries)
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
24
25 25
3 3 3 3 3 26 26
62
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
CHILE
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 31 36 37 36 39
u Foreign highly-skilled personnel 12 Higher education achievement 46 Female researchers 33
w Management of cities 55 Pupil-teacher ratio (tertiary education) - R&D productivity by publication 20
Net flow of international students 45 Women with degrees 47 w High-tech patent grants 59
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 26 44 40 38 43
Starting a business 30 w IT & media stock market capitalization 53 Communications technology 26

w Scientific research legislation 58 Venture capital 44 Internet bandwidth speed 25
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


Attitudes toward globalization 19 Knowledge transfer 52 u Government cyber security capacity 18
63
CHINA
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 17
4 2 2 12 33 9
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
17 18 16 27 24

Technology
15 22 3 32
declined
OVERALL 30 22 16 15 17
Knowledge 30 18 08 06 17

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital 13 14 16 15
Competitiveness 17
22 16
20
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
5 7 6 7
6 6 8
7 11
9
64
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
CHINA
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 18 19 13 12 12
u Educational assessment PISA - Math 01 Employee training 11 Total expenditure on R&D (%) 14
Foreign highly-skilled personnel 35 Higher education achievement 16 w Female researchers 51
Management of cities 08 Pupil-teacher ratio (tertiary education) 40 u R&D productivity by publication 01
Digital/Technological skills 12 Graduates in Sciences - Scientific and technical employment 49
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 30 32 31 27 27

FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


Internet retailing 25 u World robots distribution 01 Public-private partnerships 06
Smartphone possession 43 Use of big data and analytics 05 w Software piracy 56
Entrepreneurial fear of failure 25 w Privacy protection by law content 59
65
COLOMBIA
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 57
4 2 2 58 46 56
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
60 61 59 56 61

Technology
56 48 54 58
declined
OVERALL 59 58 61 59 60
Knowledge 57 57 59 56 57

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
52
Competitiveness 54
58 56
57
58
59 59
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
24 24 24
7 6 7 26 26
8 8
66
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
COLOMBIA
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 57 56 54 57 58
Management of cities 45 u Pupil-teacher ratio (tertiary education) 31 u R&D productivity by publication 14
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 57 55 56 49 56

w Enforcing contracts 63 Funding for technological development 49 w Mobile Broadband subscribers 60
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


67
CROATIA
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 40
4 2 2 52 34 34
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
43 42 46 35 42

Technology
48 40 58 44
declined
OVERALL 44 51 52 55 43
Knowledge 43 42 41 47 40

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
Competitiveness
44 43
51 52 55
61 46
N.B. This graph provides only a
comparison of the country’s performance 60 60 59
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
30 30 27 31 28
35 36 32 33
37
68
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
CROATIA
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 59 58 61 61 52
w International experience 57 Total public expenditure on education 21 Total R&D personnel per capita 34
Digital/Technological skills 32 u Graduates in Sciences 20 Scientific and technical employment 34
Net flow of international students 50 Women with degrees 42 u High-tech patent grants 17
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 52 50 43 50 35

w Development & application of tech. 56 Country credit rating 50 Internet users 38
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


w Attitudes toward globalization 57 w Knowledge transfer 59 Government cyber security capacity 45
69
CYPRUS
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 39
4 2 2 53 40 26
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
45 52 50 54 49

Technology
39 36 53 29
declined
OVERALL 54 54 40 43 45
Knowledge 55 55 40 39 39

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
41 41 40 43 45
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
28 29 25 26 29
31 33 33
38 38
70
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
CYPRUS
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 62 62 57 56 53
Foreign highly-skilled personnel 30 u Higher education achievement 11 Female researchers 27
Digital/Technological skills 29 w Graduates in Sciences 60 u Scientific and technical employment 04
w Net flow of international students 60 Women with degrees 19 u High-tech patent grants 03
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 60 60 52 54 54

w Enforcing contracts 58 Funding for technological development 48 w Mobile Broadband subscribers 57
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


Smartphone possession - Use of big data and analytics 48 Software piracy 34
71
CZECH REPUBLIC
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 32
4 2 2 22 38 29
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
33 35 37 26 30

Technology
29 31 24 36
declined
OVERALL 33 37 35 33 33
Knowledge 38 37 37 35 32

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
Competitiveness
29
33 33 26
33 35 33 33
37
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
22 22 22
24 21 21 21 21
26
24
72
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
CZECH REPUBLIC
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 29 35 26 28 22
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 19 28 27 29 26
w Starting a business 55 IT & media stock market capitalization 27 Communications technology 34

w Enforcing contracts 51 Funding for technological development 24 u Mobile Broadband subscribers 07
Immigration laws 22 u Banking and financial services 14 Wireless broadband 28
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


Internet retailing 21 World robots distribution 16 w Public-private partnerships 58
73
DENMARK
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 64 2 2 5 7 17
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
1 7 6 14 6

Technology
1 5 1 1
declined
OVERALL 04 04 03 04 01
Knowledge 08 06 06 08 06

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
2
3 1
Digital 3
4 4 4
Competitiveness
6
8
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1 1 1
2
2 2 2 3 3 3
74
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
DENMARK
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 06 06 04 05 05
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 22 27 23 13 14

FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

E-Participation 09 u Opportunities and threats 01 u E-Government 01

Internet retailing 08 World robots distribution 29 u Public-private partnerships 01
Tablet possession 19 u Agility of companies 01 Cyber security 14
Entrepreneurial fear of failure - Privacy protection by law content 26
75
ESTONIA
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 23
4 2 2 30 5 43
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
20 21 30 29 21

Technology
12 14 20 7
declined
OVERALL 25 29 21 25 20
Knowledge 29 30 23 27 23

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
Competitiveness 21 20
25 25
29 28 22
26
31
35
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
13 12 13 12
16 18 16 17 17 16
76
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
ESTONIA
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 34 37 31 29 30
w Robots in Education and R&D 48
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 21 24 29 33 29

w Immigration laws 53 Banking and financial services 16 u Wireless broadband 04
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

u E-Participation 01 Opportunities and threats 28 u E-Government 03

77
FINLAND
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 9
4 2 2 9 17 10
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
7 8 5 5 12

Technology
6 3 16 3
declined
OVERALL 07 07 10 11 07
Knowledge 09 09 15 09 09

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital 7 7 7
16 15
13
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
5 5 6 5 6 6 6
7 8 9
78
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
FINLAND
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 13 09 11 10 09
w Foreign highly-skilled personnel 42 Higher education achievement 29 Female researchers 36
Management of cities 03 w Pupil-teacher ratio (tertiary education) 45 w R&D productivity by publication 48
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 09 11 06 10 05
Starting a business 18 IT & media stock market capitalization 16 u Communications technology 01

Enforcing contracts 33 u Funding for technological development 01 Mobile Broadband subscribers 12
u Development & application of tech. 02 Country credit rating 12 Internet users 15
u Intellectual property rights 01 w Investment in Telecommunications 56 w High-tech exports (%) 43
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


u Attitudes toward globalization 02 Knowledge transfer 05 Government cyber security capacity 34
79
FRANCE
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 20
4 2 2 23 27 13
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
22 16 15 19 20

Technology
34 41 38 21
declined
OVERALL 26 24 24 24 22
Knowledge 20 20 20 20 20

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
Competitiveness
24 24 24 22
26 28
comparison of the country’s performance 28 29
EUROPE - MIDDLE EAST - AFRICA (40 countries) POPULATIONS > 20 MILLION (27 countries)
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
9 9 9 9
14 15 15 14 10
17
80
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
FRANCE
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 21 24 25 23 23
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 25 18 20 21 19

Scientific research legislation 23 Venture capital 21 u Internet bandwidth speed 13
Intellectual property rights 16 Investment in Telecommunications 16 u High-tech exports (%) 13
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


w Tablet possession 48 w Agility of companies 49 Cyber security 34
w Attitudes toward globalization 63 Knowledge transfer 34 Government cyber security capacity 20
81
GERMANY
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 11
4 2 2 20 15 7
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
19 27 20 16 43

Technology
19 27 15 19
declined
OVERALL 18 17 18 18 19
Knowledge 14 12 12 14 11

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
Competitiveness
15 15
17
15
N.B. This graph provides only a 18 17 18 18
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
10 10 7 7 7
11 11 11 8 8
82
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
GERMANY
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 22 25 22 21 20
w Digital/Technological skills 52 u Graduates in Sciences 03 Scientific and technical employment 28
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 16 17 16 23 16
w Starting a business 50 IT & media stock market capitalization 11 w Communications technology 51

FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


Smartphone possession 47 w Use of big data and analytics 52 Software piracy 08
83
GREECE
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 47
4 2 2 49 59 33
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
50 47 42 46 50

Technology
60 60 61 41
declined
OVERALL 53 53 46 44 50
Knowledge 51 53 48 45 47

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
Competitiveness 47
46 44
53 53 50
49 46
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
30 28 27
32 36 32 32 33
37 37
84
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
GREECE
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 50 53 50 42 49
Management of cities 44 w Pupil-teacher ratio (tertiary education) 58 R&D productivity by publication 32
Digital/Technological skills 47 u Graduates in Sciences 18 u Scientific and technical employment 13
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 54 52 49 52 46
u Starting a business 06 u IT & media stock market capitalization 13 Communications technology 48

FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


w Smartphone possession 59 w Use of big data and analytics 62 Software piracy 53
85
HONG KONG SAR

Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 7
4 2 2 10 2 18
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
9 2 9 8 1

Technology
18 9 11 45
declined
OVERALL 11 08 05 02 09
Knowledge 05 07 07 05 07

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
2 2 2
Digital
5 5
Competitiveness
7
8
9
11
ASIA - PACIFIC (14 countries) POPULATIONS < 20 MILLION (36 countries)
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1
1
2 2 2 4
3 8 7 7
86
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
HONG KONG SAR
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 05 04 07 06 10
Educational assessment PISA - Math 03 Employee training 32 w Total expenditure on R&D (%) 41
Net flow of international students 30 Women with degrees - u High-tech patent grants 02
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 06 06 12 07 08

Intellectual property rights 10 w Investment in Telecommunications 40 u High-tech exports (%) 01
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

E-Participation - u Opportunities and threats 02 E-Government -

87
HUNGARY
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 43
4 2 2 40 44 38
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
42 31 26 42 19

Technology
57 62 48 35
declined
OVERALL 46 43 47 45 42
Knowledge 48 44 44 43 43

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
Competitiveness
39
42
43 42
46 47 45
47 47
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
29 29 26
31 27
32 28
33 29 29
88
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
HUNGARY
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 46 47 44 43 40
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 51 46 46 45 42

FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


w Smartphone possession 58 w Use of big data and analytics 57 Software piracy 27
89
ICELAND
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 31
4 2 2 24 26 45
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
21 11 11 17 5

Technology
21 21 12 30
declined
OVERALL 21 27 23 21 21
Knowledge 28 29 27 33 31

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
21 20 21 21
23
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
13 14 13 13 14 15 13 13
16 16
90
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
ICELAND
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 37 34 33 35 24
u Digital/Technological skills 01 Graduates in Sciences 46 Scientific and technical employment 25
w Net flow of international students 56 Women with degrees 21 High-tech patent grants 49
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 40 39 35 26 17

Development & application of tech. 07 Country credit rating 32 u Internet users 03
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


Internet retailing 23 w World robots distribution 54 Public-private partnerships 32
Tablet possession - u Agility of companies 02 Cyber security 17
Smartphone possession - Use of big data and analytics 17 Software piracy 34
91
INDIA
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 46
4 2 2 34 56 50
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
44 43 48 1 58

Technology
42 56 25 48
declined
OVERALL 48 44 48 46 44
Knowledge 46 38 39 41 46

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
Competitiveness 37
44 43 43 43
44 46 44
48 48
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
16
17 17 17
11 11 11 11 11 18
92
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
INDIA
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 43 38 41 38 34
Educational assessment PISA - Math - Employee training 27 Total expenditure on R&D (%) 48
Digital/Technological skills 17 u Graduates in Sciences 06 w Scientific and technical employment 59
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 03 03 07 04 01
Starting a business 56 u IT & media stock market capitalization 09 Communications technology 33

Immigration laws 35 u Banking and financial services 11 w Wireless broadband 61
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


w Tablet possession 59 Agility of companies 17 Cyber security 23
93
INDONESIA
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 60
4 2 2 45 62 54
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
51 45 49 18 56

Technology
52 55 22 60
declined
OVERALL 62 56 56 53 51
Knowledge 61 56 63 60 60

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
32 44
Competitiveness
40 37
43
53 51
56 56
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
12 12 12
13 18
14 22 22 20
26
94
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
INDONESIA
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 51 42 43 48 45
Digital/Technological skills 41 Graduates in Sciences 49 w Scientific and technical employment 60
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 34 26 41 25 18

FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


95
IRELAND
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 22
4 2 2 19 31 24
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
24 37 22 44 38

Technology
22 11 18 38
declined
OVERALL 20 19 20 19 24
Knowledge 22 24 24 23 22

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
7
Digital 11
12 12 13
Competitiveness
20 19 20 19
24
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
12 11 12 12 13 12 12 12
16 15
96
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
IRELAND
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 14 10 19 18 19
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 53 49 45 35 44

FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


97
ISRAEL
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 10
4 2 2 26 6 5
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
15 22 31 25 23

Technology
14 24 23 5
declined
OVERALL 12 16 19 17 15
Knowledge 02 08 09 12 10

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
12
17
19
21
24 25
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
8 9 8 9
11 10 10 11 11 10
98
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
ISRAEL
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 19 27 28 27 26
International experience 24 u Total public expenditure on education 06 Total R&D personnel per capita -
Management of cities 27 Pupil-teacher ratio (tertiary education) - w R&D productivity by publication 52
Digital/Technological skills 19 Graduates in Sciences - u Scientific and technical employment 06
Net flow of international students - u Women with degrees 06 High-tech patent grants 19
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 20 20 26 28 25

FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


99
ITALY
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 41
4 2 2 43 58 23
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
39 44 38 41 44

Technology
38 32 30 40
declined
OVERALL 41 41 42 40 39
Knowledge 42 41 42 40 41

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital 39
Competitiveness
40
41 41 41
42 41
42
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
27 27 14
28 28 15 15
29 16 16
100
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
ITALY
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 41 44 42 40 43
Foreign highly-skilled personnel 46 w Higher education achievement 52 Female researchers 34
w Digital/Technological skills 49 Graduates in Sciences 31 Scientific and technical employment 16
Net flow of international students 35 w Women with degrees 50 High-tech patent grants 48
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 49 53 54 48 41

FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


101
JAPAN
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 28
4 2 2 50 21 14
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
29 30 47 32 8

Technology
28 20 62 18
declined
OVERALL 22 23 27 28 29
Knowledge 18 25 22 25 28

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
Competitiveness
22 23
27 28 29
25 30
31
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
8 9
7 8 8 11 11 11
9 9
102
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
JAPAN
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 36 46 46 47 50
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 33 37 33 37 32

Immigration laws 61 Banking and financial services 35 u Wireless broadband 02
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


Smartphone possession 10 w Use of big data and analytics 63 u Software piracy 02
103
JORDAN
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 53
4 2 2 41 41 62
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
53 50 45 45 53

Technology
55 61 34 52
declined
OVERALL 45 50 53 49 53
Knowledge 56 49 54 48 53

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
Competitiveness
45 49
50 53 53
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
31
34 34 28
37 37 30 33 30 34
104
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
JORDAN
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 39 43 40 34 41
u International experience 16 w Total public expenditure on education 60 Total R&D personnel per capita -
Foreign highly-skilled personnel 39 Higher education achievement - Female researchers 54
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 39 41 38 41 45

FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

w E-Participation 60 Opportunities and threats 36 w E-Government 60

w Internet retailing 60 World robots distribution - Public-private partnerships 24
u Smartphone possession 08 u Use of big data and analytics 10 Software piracy 47
105
KAZAKHSTAN
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 30
4 2 2 46 1 51
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
36 40 21 50 47

Technology
30 34 6 56
declined
OVERALL 38 35 36 32 36
Knowledge 35 32 34 36 30

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
Competitiveness 34
32
35 36 36
38
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
21 22 22 20 23
26 24 25 25 25
106
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
KAZAKHSTAN
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 44 39 49 45 46
Foreign highly-skilled personnel 29 u Higher education achievement 01 u Female researchers 03
w Net flow of international students 58 u Women with degrees 02 High-tech patent grants 52
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 59 54 55 51 50

u Enforcing contracts 04 Funding for technological development 26 Mobile Broadband subscribers 48
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


Internet retailing 49 World robots distribution - Public-private partnerships 33
u Entrepreneurial fear of failure 01 w Privacy protection by law content 58
107
KOREA REP.
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 16
4 2 2 33 16 3
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
8 13 23 15 7

Technology
2 1 2 14
declined
OVERALL 14 10 08 12 08
Knowledge 11 11 10 15 16

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
8 8
Digital 10
12
Competitiveness 14
23 23
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
2 2 2 2
3 3 3
4 4
5
108
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
KOREA REP.
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 26 30 21 26 33
w Foreign highly-skilled personnel 49 Higher education achievement 04 w Female researchers 53
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 44 29 25 16 15

Immigration laws 29 w Banking and financial services 47 Wireless broadband 25
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


109
LATVIA
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 36
4 2 2 25 28 52
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
34 34 36 39 22

Technology
32 44 31 23
declined
OVERALL 35 36 38 37 34
Knowledge 34 36 36 34 36

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
Competitiveness
35 36 34
38 37
40 40 38
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
24 23 22
25 26 23 23
27 24 24
110
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
LATVIA
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 28 32 27 24 25
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 36 35 50 46 39

FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


u Entrepreneurial fear of failure 12 u Privacy protection by law content 02
111
LITHUANIA
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 24
4 2 2 27 13 37
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
25 32 28 37 32

Technology
24 38 17 26
declined
OVERALL 29 30 29 30 25
Knowledge 23 26 25 26 24

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
Competitiveness
29 25
29 30 29 30
32 31 29
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
17 16
18
19 19 19 18 18
19 19
112
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
LITHUANIA
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 27 23 23 25 27
u Digital/Technological skills 02 Graduates in Sciences 21 Scientific and technical employment 32
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 35 36 42 30 37

u Enforcing contracts 07 Funding for technological development 25 w Mobile Broadband subscribers 50
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


113
LUXEMBOURG
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 35
4 2 2 35 20 42
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
30 19 18 24 27

Technology
35 47 36 17
declined
OVERALL 24 21 28 22 30
Knowledge 32 34 35 29 35

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital 11 12 12 13
15
Competitiveness
21 22
24
28 30
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
15 13 14
17 20
16 14 14
17 19
114
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
LUXEMBOURG
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 33 31 39 33 35
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 04 09 15 08 24

Development & application of tech. 20 u Country credit rating 01 u Internet users 05
Intellectual property rights 15 w Investment in Telecommunications 62 w High-tech exports (%) 54
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


Tablet possession - Agility of companies 30 Cyber security 24
Smartphone possession - Use of big data and analytics 46 u Software piracy 04
Entrepreneurial fear of failure 20 u Privacy protection by law content 04
115
MALAYSIA
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 25
4 2 2 36 10 35
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
31 29 40 33 16

Technology
31 30 35 31
declined
OVERALL 27 26 26 27 31
Knowledge 17 19 19 22 25

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
25
27 26 26 27
27 31
32
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
8 8 8 10 10 10
11
9 9 12
116
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
MALAYSIA
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 24 22 30 30 36
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 12 14 18 31 33

FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


w Internet retailing 46 World robots distribution 22 Public-private partnerships 20
117
MEXICO
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 52
4 2 2 54 53 49
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
55 56 56 55 54

Technology
53 54 46 47
declined
OVERALL 51 49 54 56 55
Knowledge 54 52 52 54 52

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital 49
50 55
54
55
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
19 19
20
4 4 21 21
5 5 5
118
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
MEXICO
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 52 55 45 51 54
Management of cities 57 u Pupil-teacher ratio (tertiary education) 15 u R&D productivity by publication 05
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 42 47 53 57 55

Enforcing contracts 32 w Funding for technological development 61 Mobile Broadband subscribers 42
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


Tablet possession 49 Agility of companies 47 w Cyber security 60
119
MONGOLIA
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 61
4 2 2 60 47 61
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
62 60 60 59 57

Technology
62 51 63 62
declined
OVERALL 61 62 62 62 62
Knowledge 53 62 58 58 61

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital 60
Competitiveness
61 61 61
N.B. This graph provides only a 62 62 62 62 62

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
13 34 34 34 34
14 14 14 14 36
120
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
MONGOLIA
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 60 60 60 60 60
Educational assessment PISA - Math - u Employee training 16 Total expenditure on R&D (%) 60
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 55 58 60 62 59

w Intellectual property rights 62 u Investment in Telecommunications 02 u High-tech exports (%) 23
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


Internet retailing 59 World robots distribution - w Public-private partnerships 63
Tablet possession - Agility of companies 58 w Cyber security 62
u Smartphone possession 02 Use of big data and analytics 59 Software piracy -
Attitudes toward globalization 56 w Knowledge transfer 63 Government cyber security capacity 55
121
NETHERLANDS
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 84 2 2 4 25 12
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
6 4 7 3 10

Technology
5 2 8 9
declined
OVERALL 09 06 07 07 06
Knowledge 12 13 14 11 08

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
4 4 4
Competitiveness
6 6
7 7
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
4 4 4 4 5 5
6 7 6 6
122
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
NETHERLANDS
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 03 03 03 04 04
u Foreign highly-skilled personnel 02 Higher education achievement 18 w Female researchers 48
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 07 05 02 03 03
Starting a business 13 u IT & media stock market capitalization 03 u Communications technology 02

FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


Attitudes toward globalization 06 u Knowledge transfer 02 w Government cyber security capacity 40
123
NEW ZEALAND
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 33
4 2 2 32 32 32
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
27 28 33 30 25

Technology
26 15 49 27
declined
OVERALL 19 18 22 23 27
Knowledge 21 21 28 28 33

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
20
22 23
23 21 27
31
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
6 6
7 7 7 12 11
14 15
18
124
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
NEW ZEALAND
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 16 11 17 14 32
w Management of cities 54 Pupil-teacher ratio (tertiary education) 35 R&D productivity by publication 40
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 14 15 24 22 30
u Starting a business 01 IT & media stock market capitalization 33 Communications technology 31

FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

u E-Participation 04 Opportunities and threats 38 u E-Government 08

Tablet possession 14 Agility of companies 48 w Cyber security 52
125
NORWAY
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 19
4 2 2 18 14 22
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
12 10 4 4 14

Technology
9 6 13 12
declined
OVERALL 06 09 09 09 12
Knowledge 16 16 16 17 19

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital 7
6 6
Competitiveness
9 9 9 9
8
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
4 5 5 5
6 6 7 7
8 8
126
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
NORWAY
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 20 16 16 16 18
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 02 07 09 06 04

Immigration laws 12 u Banking and financial services 04 Wireless broadband 34
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


127
PERU
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 56
4 2 2 59 37 60
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
57 57 51 53 59

Technology
54 53 39 59
declined
OVERALL 60 61 55 57 57
Knowledge 60 61 55 59 56

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
52
55 55
57 57
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
6 6 6 21
8 8 25 22 23
26
128
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
PERU
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 58 59 58 59 59
International experience 38 Total public expenditure on education 47 Total R&D personnel per capita -
Foreign highly-skilled personnel 40 u Higher education achievement 06 Female researchers 45
w Management of cities 59 Pupil-teacher ratio (tertiary education) 51 R&D productivity by publication 28
Net flow of international students - Women with degrees 38 High-tech patent grants 57
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 47 45 37 43 53

FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


129
PHILIPPINES
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 62
4 2 2 55 61 57
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
56 49 62 40 45

Technology
58 58 45 57
declined
OVERALL 56 55 57 58 56
Knowledge 50 51 62 63 62

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
Competitiveness
50 46 48
52
45
56 55 57 58 56
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
12 12 21
22 22
13 13 13 23 23
130
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
PHILIPPINES
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 48 41 55 55 55
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 43 40 39 40 40

Intellectual property rights 53 u Investment in Telecommunications 10 u High-tech exports (%) 02
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


131
POLAND
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 42
4 2 2 48 42 30
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
46 46 57 49 33

Technology
43 37 47 51
declined
OVERALL 36 33 32 41 46
Knowledge 33 33 30 38 42

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
34
Competitiveness
33 32
36
41
38 39 46
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
25 22 21 12
28 13 13
32 16 17
132
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
POLAND
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 30 28 29 41 48
u Educational assessment PISA - Math 09 w Employee training 60 Total expenditure on R&D (%) 32
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 32 38 36 47 49

w Immigration laws 59 Banking and financial services 55 u Wireless broadband 03
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


133
PORTUGAL
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 29
4 2 2 29 36 27
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
38 39 19 48 48

Technology
40 35 60 25
declined
OVERALL 32 34 37 34 38
Knowledge 27 31 33 32 29

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
Competitiveness
32 34 34
37 38
33
39
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
21 23 23 20 21 23 22
26 27 25
134
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
PORTUGAL
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 23 26 24 22 29
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 45 48 44 44 48

FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


Smartphone possession 51 w Use of big data and analytics 61 Software piracy 28
135
QATAR
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 38
4 2 2 11 45 59
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
26 17 27 21 15

Technology
23 29 14 28
declined
OVERALL 28 31 30 29 26
Knowledge 37 45 45 44 38

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital 10
14 14
28 26
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
18 18 18 17
19 18 18
20 19 19
136
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
QATAR
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 15 15 15 19 11
u International experience 02 w Total public expenditure on education 57 Total R&D personnel per capita 45
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 24 23 19 24 21

w Enforcing contracts 54 Funding for technological development 07 u Mobile Broadband subscribers 02
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


Smartphone possession 03 u Use of big data and analytics 03 Software piracy 38
137
ROMANIA
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 49
4 2 2 51 55 44
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
49 48 39 61 41

Technology
51 46 59 42
declined
OVERALL 47 46 49 50 49
Knowledge 45 47 53 52 49

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital 46
Competitiveness
47
48
49 49 49 49
50
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
31 28
33 34 30 30 31
35 35 32
138
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
ROMANIA
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 45 48 51 50 51
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 62 59 61 61 61

Scientific research legislation 52 w Venture capital 59 u Internet bandwidth speed 08
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


Attitudes toward globalization 52 w Knowledge transfer 58 u Government cyber security capacity 14
139
SAUDI ARABIA
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 37
4 2 2 28 24 58
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
35 26 25 22 34

Technology
37 33 32 33
declined
OVERALL 42 39 34 36 35
Knowledge 40 39 46 50 37

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
Competitiveness 26 24 32 24
39
34 36 35
39
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
23 14 14 13 13
27 25 24 16
28
140
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
SAUDI ARABIA
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 38 20 34 32 28
w Educational assessment PISA - Math 56 Employee training 14 Total expenditure on R&D (%) 50
u International experience 08 u Total public expenditure on education 03 Total R&D personnel per capita -
u Digital/Technological skills 07 Graduates in Sciences 40 w Scientific and technical employment 54
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 31 13 05 15 22

FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


Internet retailing 48 World robots distribution 50 u Public-private partnerships 09
141
SINGAPORE
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 54 2 2 3 9 11
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
4 1 1 11 2

Technology
10 17 9 8
declined
OVERALL 02 02 02 05 04
Knowledge 01 03 02 04 05

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1 1
Digital 2 2 2
Competitiveness 3 3
4
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1 1 1
1 1 1 1
3
2 4
142
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
SINGAPORE
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 01 01 01 02 03
Foreign highly-skilled personnel 05 u Higher education achievement 02 w Female researchers 42
Net flow of international students 07 Women with degrees - u High-tech patent grants 01
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 08 08 11 14 11

FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


143
SLOVAK REPUBLIC
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 44
4 2 2 44 43 39
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
47 53 58 58 40

Technology
45 50 50 39
declined
OVERALL 50 47 50 47 47
Knowledge 49 48 51 46 44

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
Competitiveness
50 47 50 47 47
55 53 57 50 49
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
32 32 29 29
33 30
35 35 31 31
144
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
SLOVAK REPUBLIC
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 56 54 53 52 44
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 46 43 47 42 58

FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


w Attitudes toward globalization 60 w Knowledge transfer 60 Government cyber security capacity 54
145
SLOVENIA
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 26
4 2 2 38 18 28
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
37 38 43 38 35

Technology
41 45 33 37
declined
OVERALL 34 32 31 35 37
Knowledge 26 27 29 30 26

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
Competitiveness
32 31
34 35 37
40 38
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
20 20
23 21 20 22
24 26 23 24
146
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
SLOVENIA
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 35 33 35 37 38
u Educational assessment PISA - Math 13 Employee training 26 Total expenditure on R&D (%) 18
Management of cities 30 u Pupil-teacher ratio (tertiary education) 12 w R&D productivity by publication 57
Digital/Technological skills 25 u Graduates in Sciences 16 u Scientific and technical employment 10
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 29 31 28 39 38

FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


147
SOUTH AFRICA
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 54
4 2 2 57 50 53
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
58 58 53 51 60

Technology
59 57 57 55
declined
OVERALL 49 48 60 60 58
Knowledge 52 54 60 62 54

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
Competitiveness
49 48 59
53 56
62
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
34 33
18 18
38 38 39 25 25 24
148
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
SOUTH AFRICA
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 54 49 59 58 57
Foreign highly-skilled personnel 44 w Higher education achievement 60 u Female researchers 15
w Management of cities 61 Pupil-teacher ratio (tertiary education) 37 u R&D productivity by publication 25
Digital/Technological skills 56 Graduates in Sciences 56 Scientific and technical employment -
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 27 30 32 36 51

FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


149
SPAIN
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 27
4 2 2 31 35 20
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
28 33 35 31 28

Technology
27 25 44 20
declined
OVERALL 31 28 33 31 28
Knowledge 31 28 32 31 27

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
Competitiveness
28 28
31 33 31
36 36
39
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
20 17 20 19 10
22 12 12 12
13
150
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
SPAIN
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 32 29 32 31 31
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 37 33 34 34 31

FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


u Smartphone possession 07 w Use of big data and analytics 55 Software piracy 32
151
SWEDEN
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 24 2 2 6 4 2
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
3 5 2 7 9

Technology
4 7 10 4
declined
OVERALL 03 03 04 03 03
Knowledge 07 04 04 02 02

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
2
Digital 3 3 3 3
4
Competitiveness
6 4

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1 1 1
2 2 2 2
2 2 3
152
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
SWEDEN
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 10 08 09 07 06
Digital/Technological skills 04 Graduates in Sciences 19 u Scientific and technical employment 02
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 10 04 04 05 07

u Scientific research legislation 02 u Venture capital 01 Internet bandwidth speed 10
Intellectual property rights 04 w Investment in Telecommunications 49 w High-tech exports (%) 30
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


w Entrepreneurial fear of failure 22 Privacy protection by law content 06
153
SWITZERLAND
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 14 2 2 2 8 8
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
5 12 8 12 11

Technology
7 12 7 6
declined
OVERALL 05 05 06 06 05
Knowledge 06 02 03 01 01

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1
Digital 2
4 3
Competitiveness
5 5 5
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4
5 5
154
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
SWITZERLAND
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 02 02 02 03 02
u International experience 01 Total public expenditure on education 19 Total R&D personnel per capita 04
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 15 16 14 12 12

u Scientific research legislation 01 Venture capital 11 Internet bandwidth speed 02
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


Attitudes toward globalization 23 u Knowledge transfer 01 Government cyber security capacity 27
155
TAIWAN, CHINA
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 18
4 2 2 21 11 21
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
11 6 14 9 4

Technology
8 13 5 13
declined
OVERALL 16 13 11 08 11
Knowledge 19 17 18 16 18

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
8 7
Competitiveness
11 11
13
16
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
3 2
3 4 4
4 4 4 6
5
156
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
TAIWAN, CHINA
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 25 21 18 17 21
International experience 27 w Total public expenditure on education 52 u Total R&D personnel per capita 01
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 13 12 08 02 09

Intellectual property rights 19 w Investment in Telecommunications 57 u High-tech exports (%) 03
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

E-Participation - Opportunities and threats 05 E-Government -

Smartphone possession 05 u Use of big data and analytics 02 Software piracy 25
157
THAILAND
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 45
4 2 2 37 57 36
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
40 20 34 20 18

Technology
49 52 41 50
declined
OVERALL 39 40 39 38 40
Knowledge 44 43 43 42 45

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
30 29 28
39 40 39 38 40
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
14 14
10 10 10 10 10 15 15 15
158
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
THAILAND
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 42 40 36 39 37
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 28 21 17 19 20

Intellectual property rights 43 u Investment in Telecommunications 07 u High-tech exports (%) 11
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


w Tablet possession 57 Agility of companies 37 Cyber security 38
159
TURKEY
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 59
4 2 2 47 63 41
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
54 54 44 60 52

Technology
44 42 42 54
declined
OVERALL 52 52 44 48 54
Knowledge 59 60 56 57 59

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
Competitiveness
46
51 44 52
48
46
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
17
18
30 33 20 20 20
36 36 38
160
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
TURKEY
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 49 52 38 49 47
Management of cities 50 w Pupil-teacher ratio (tertiary education) 59 u R&D productivity by publication 11
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 41 56 51 60 60

u Enforcing contracts 20 Funding for technological development 55 u Mobile Broadband subscribers 17
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


161
UAE
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 15
4 2 2 1 22 46
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
13 3 3 10 3

Technology
20 16 26 24
declined
OVERALL 17 12 14 10 13
Knowledge 36 35 31 18 15

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
5 9
Digital 7
9 12
Competitiveness 10
12 13
14
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
7 6 7
8 9 9 8 9
10 11
162
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
UAE
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 04 05 05 01 01
u Management of cities 01 Pupil-teacher ratio (tertiary education) 42 w R&D productivity by publication 50
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 11 02 10 11 10

u Immigration laws 01 Banking and financial services 26 u Wireless broadband 01
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


163
UNITED KINGDOM
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 12
4 2 2 15 19 6
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
16 25 24 28 29

Technology
16 10 28 16
declined
OVERALL 10 15 13 14 16
Knowledge 10 14 13 13 12

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital
10
15 16
19 18
20
23 23
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
3
6 5 5 6
7 8 7 8 9
164
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
UNITED KINGDOM
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 09 17 10 11 15
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 17 22 22 18 28

FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


w Smartphone possession 45 Use of big data and analytics 19 Software piracy 10
w Entrepreneurial fear of failure 43 w Privacy protection by law content 46
165
USA
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 44 2 2 14 23 1
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
2 9 12 2 13

Technology
3 4 4 10
declined
OVERALL 01 01 01 01 02
Knowledge 04 01 01 03 04

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1 1 1 1
2
3
Digital
Competitiveness

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
166
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
USA
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 11 14 14 13 14
International experience 26 Total public expenditure on education 11 Total R&D personnel per capita -
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 01 01 01 01 02

FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


w Smartphone possession 41 u Use of big data and analytics 01 u Software piracy 01
167
VENEZUELA
Overall Factors
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
6.5 4 4 2 2
8.5 4 63
4 2 2 63 60 47
10.5 4 4 2 2

Knowledge
63 63 63 63 63

Technology
63 63 55 63
declined
OVERALL 63 63 63 64 63
Knowledge 63 63 61 61 63

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Digital 63 63 63 63
Competitiveness

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
9 9 9 9 9 27 27 27 27 27
168
u Overall Top
Overall Top
w Overall
Strengths
top weaknesses
VENEZUELA
w Weaknesses
KNOWLEDGE
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Talent 63 63 63 64 63
International experience 60 Total public expenditure on education - Total R&D personnel per capita -
Foreign highly-skilled personnel 63 Higher education achievement - u Female researchers 01
Management of cities 63 Pupil-teacher ratio (tertiary education) - R&D productivity by publication 31
Digital/Technological skills 63 Graduates in Sciences - Scientific and technical employment -
Net flow of international students - Women with degrees - High-tech patent grants 55
TECHNOLOGY
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Capital 63 63 63 64 63

Intellectual property rights 63 w Investment in Telecommunications 63 High-tech exports (%) -
FUTURE READINESS
Sub-Factors 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


169
Appendices and Sources
The statistical tables are available for subscribers of the IMD World Competitiveness Online.
Visit our eShop:
WWW.WCCESHOP.ORG
IMD World Digital Competitiveness Country Profiles
Background Statistics
0.0.1 [B]
Exchange Rate
National currency per US$ (average)
0.0.2 [B]
Population - market size
Estimates in millions
0.0.3 [B]
GDP per capita
US$ per capita
Factor I: Knowledge
1.1 Talent
1.1.1 Educational assessment PISA - Math

PISA survey of 15-year olds .
1.1.2 [S]
International experience
International experience of senior managers is generally significant
1.1.3 [S]
Foreign highly-skilled personnel
Foreign highly-skilled personnel are attracted to your country’s business environment
1.1.4 [S]
Management of cities
Management of cities supports business development
1.1.5 [S]
Digital/Technological skills
Digital/Technological skills are readily available
1.1.6 Net flow of international students
Tertiary-level international students inbound minus students outbound (per 1000 people)
1.2 Training & education
1.2.1 [S]
Employee training
Employee training is a high priority in companies
1.2.2 Total public expenditure on education
Percentage of GDP
1.2.3 Higher education achievement
Percentage of population that has attained at least tertiary education for persons 25-34
1.2.4 Pupil-teacher ratio (tertiary education)
Number of pupils per teacher
1.2.5 Graduates in Sciences
% of graduates in ICT, Engineering, Math & Natural Sciences
1.2.6 Women with degrees
Share of women who have a degree in the population 25-65
1.3 Scientific concentration
1.3.1
Percentage of GDP
1.3.2
Full-time work equivalent (FTE) per 1000 people
170
1.3.3
Female researchers
% of total (headcount FT&PT)
1.3.4
R&D productivity by publication
No. of scientific articles over R&D expenditure (as % GDP)
1.3.5
% of total employment
1.3.6
% of all patents granted by applicant’s origin (average 2017-2019)
1.3.7
Robots in Education and R&D
number of robots
Factor II: Technology
2.1 Regulatory framework
2.1.1 Starting a business

Distance to Frontier .
2.1.2 Enforcing contracts
Distance to Frontier
2.1.3 [S]
Immigration laws
Immigration laws do not prevent your company from employing foreign labor
2.1.4 [S]
Development & application of technology
Development and application of technology are supported by the legal environment
2.1.5 [S]
Scientific research legislation
Laws relating to scientific research do encourage innovation
2.1.6 [S]
Intellectual property rights
Intellectual property rights are adequately enforced
2.2 Capital
2.2.1 IT & media stock market capitalization

% of total stock market capitalization
2.2.2 [S]
Funding for technological development
Funding for technological development is readily available
2.2.3 [S]
Banking and financial services
Banking and financial services do support business activities efficiently
2.2.4 Country credit rating
Index (0-60) of three country credit ratings: Fitch, Moody’s and S&P
2.2.5 [S]
Venture capital
Venture capital is easily available for business
2.2.6 Investment in Telecommunications
Percentage of GDP
2.3 Technological framework
2.3.1 [S]
Communications technology
Communications technology (voice and data) meets business requirements
2.3.2 Mobile Broadband subscribers
4G & 5G market, % of mobile market
2.3.3 Wireless broadband
Penetration rate (per 100 people)
2.3.4 Internet users
Number of internet users per 1000 people
2.3.5 Internet bandwidth speed
Average speed
2.3.6 High-tech exports (%)
Percentage of GDP
171
Appendices and Sources
Factor III: Future Readiness
3.1 Adaptive attitudes
3.1.1 E-Participation
Use of online services that facilitate public’s interaction with government .
3.1.2 Internet retailing

US$ Per ‘000 People
3.1.3 Tablet possession
% households
3.1.4 Smartphone possession
% households
3.1.5 [S]
Attitudes toward globalization
Attitudes toward globalization are generally positive in your society
3.2 Business agility
3.2.1 [S]
Opportunities and threats
Companies are very good at responding quickly to opportunities and threats
3.2.2 World robots distribution
Percentage share of world robots
3.2.3 [S]
Agility of companies
Companies are agile
3.2.4 [S]
Use of big data and analytics
Companies are very good at using big data and analytics to support decision-making
3.2.5 [S]
Knowledge transfer
Knowledge transfer is highly developed between companies and universities
3.2.6 Entrepreneurial fear of failure
% indicating that fear of failure would prevent them from setting up a business
3.3 IT integration
3.3.1 E-Government
Provision of online government services to promote access and inclusion of citizens
3.3.2 [S]
Public-private partnerships
Public and private sector ventures are supporting technological development
3.3.3 [S]
Cyber security
Cyber security is being adequately addressed by corporations
3.3.4 Sofware piracy
% of unlicensed software installation
3.3.5 Government cyber security capacity
The government’s capability to mitigate harm from cyber security threats
3.3.6 Privacy protection by law content
Extent of the legal framework to protect Internet users’ privacy
172
Notes and Sources by Criteria
The source of the survey criteria is always :
IMD World Competitiveness Center’s Executive Opinion Survey 2022.
Which was conducted from mid-February to early May 2022, with a total number of 6’031 respondents.
Standard notes used in the data tables
When statistical data is not available or is too out-dated to be relevant for a particular economy, the name appears
at the bottom of the statistical table and a dash is shown. When the data is older than the reference year, the year of
the data is shown next to the criterion value.
Exchange Rate As most data are expressed in U.S. dollars, you will find the exchange rates used at the begin-
ning of the Statistical Tables. The sources for the Exchange Rates are International Financial
Statistics Online February 2022 (IMF) and national sources.
Per capita For all information presented “per capita” the sources for the population are Passport GMID
(Euromonitor) and national sources.
% of GDP For all information presented as a “percentage of GDP” the sources for GDP are the OECD
Main Economic Indicators April 2022 and national sources.
Background
0.0.1 [B]
Exchange Rate
International Financial Statistics Online February-March 2022 (IMF)
National sources
Period average.
0.0.2 [B]
Population - market size
World Economic Outlook April 2022
National sources
Mid-year estimates. Croatia: new census in 2011 with a new methodology. India: break in series in 2011.
Iceland, Romania as of January 1. Jordan: series have been revised according to the the new Population
and Housing Census published in 2016. End of year population for 2019 and 2020. Lithuania: break in series
2011 - census revised population figure downwards by 10% (emigration to EU over past decade). Philippines:
Projected population (medium assumption) excluding for 2015, which is based on the 2015 Census. Portugal:
methodological change in 2011. Russia: including Crimea as of 2015. UAE: re-estimation of the national
population was made by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2010 (consequent increase as of 2008).
0.0.3 [B]
GDP per capita
OECD (2022), Main Economic Indicators - complete database
National sources
Provisional data or estimates for most recent year. Malaysia: Data for 2021 is sum of 4 quarters. Taiwan, China:
2019 and 2020 data are revised according to the annual revisions released by DGBAS in November 2021.
174
Knowledge
Talent
1.1.1
Educational assessment PISA - Math
PISA 2018 (OECD)
http://www.oecd.org/pisa/
The OECD’s Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a regular survey of 15-year olds
which assesses aspects of their preparedness for adult life. PISA selects a sample of students that represents
the full population of 15-year-old students in each participating country or education system, in both public
and private schools. Mathematical literacy: an individual’s capacity to identify and understand the role that
mathematics plays in the world, to make well-founded judgments and to use and engage with mathematics
in ways that meet the needs of that individual’s life as a constructive, concerned and reflective citizen.
Scientific literacy: an individual’s scientific knowledge and use of that knowledge to identify questions,
to acquire new knowledge, to explain scientific phenomena, and to draw evidence based conclusions
about science-related issues, understanding of the characteristic features of science as a form of human
knowledge and enquiry, awareness of how science and technology shape our material, intellectual,
and cultural environments, and willingness to engage in science-related issues, and with the ideas of science,
as a reflective citizen. Hong Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet
the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable. China: limited regions (B-S-J-Z);
the municipalities of Beijing and Shanghai and the provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang participated.
1.1.6
Net flow of international students
UNESCO http://stats.uis.unesco.org
Net flow of internationally mobile students (inbound from abroad studying

in a given country minus outbound from a given country), both sexes, in tertiary education.
Data can refer to the school or financial year prior or after the reference year.
1.2.2
Total public expenditure on education
IMF Government Finance Statistics
Eurostat March 2022
National sources
Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure in educational institutions (current and capital).
It excludes transfers to private entities such as subsidies to households and students, but includes expenditure
funded by transfers from international sources to government. It includes pre-primary, primary, secondary
all levels and tertiary public institutions. Chile and Jordan: Budgetary central government. Philippines: Includes
expenditure for items other than basic and higher education such as vocational education, culture and sports.
1.2.3
Higher education achievement
OECD Education at a Glance 2021
National sources
Percentage of the population aged 25-34 that has attained tertiary-type B and tertiary-type A and advance research
programs. Tertiary- type A education covers more theoretical programs that give access to advanced research
programs and to professions with high general skills requirements. Tertiary-type B education covers more practical
or occupationally specific programs that provide participants with a qualification of immediate relevance to the labor
market. Hong Kong SAR: Figures starting from 2012 exclude post- secondary diploma or certificate and exclude
foreign domestic helpers. Kazakhstan: The data were reviewed taking into account the inclusion of graduates
in technical and vocational education organizations (МСКО-5). New-Zealand and Slovenia: break in series. Peru:
Tertiary education type A refers to University tertiary level and terciary education type B refers to Non-university
tertiary level; for 25 years and more. Singapore: proportion of resident non-students aged 25-34 years with
polytechnic, professional qualification or other diploma, or university qualification. Japan: Data for tertiary education
include upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary programmes (less than 5% of adults are in this group).
175
1.2.4
Pupil-teacher ratio (tertiary education)
National sources
Average number of pupils per teacher at a given level of education, based on headcounts of both pupils
and teachers. Tertiary education (ISCED levels 5 to 8). Tertiary education builds on secondary education,
providing learning activities in specialised fields of education. It aims at learning at a high level
of complexity and specialisation. Tertiary education includes what is commonly understood as academic
education but also includes advanced vocational or professional education. Czech Republic, France,
Ireland and Poland: based on full- time equivalents. Philippines: Academic Year 2017-2018 data. Data
includes students and faculty from both public and private tertiary educational institutions.
1.2.5
Graduates in Sciences
UNESCO
National sources
Share of graduates in Natural Sciences; Mathematics and Statistics; Information and Communication
technologies; Engineering, manufacturing and construction. In tertiary education (ISCED2011 levels 5 to 8),
both sexes (%). Japan: Data on information and communication technologies are included in other fields.
Jordan: 2020 data used in 2019. Philippines: includes Medical and Allied Disciplines Graduates.
1.2.6
Women with degrees
OECD Education at a Glance 2021
National sources
Educational attainment in tertiary education of 25-64 year-old females expressed as a percentage

of the female population 25-64. In most countries data refer to ISCED 2011 (codes 5/6/7/8). Japan:
includes data from another category. Kazakhstan: Proportion of women aged 24-44 who have
received tertiary education. Taiwan, China: Including those attending & suspended.
1.3.1
OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators
National sources
National estimates, projections or provisional data for the most recent year. Chile, Denmark, France, Japan,
Korea, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden: break in series. Hungary (up to 2003), Israel: defense
excluded(all or mostly). Indonesia: Estimate based on target GERD by the Ministry of Science and Technology.
Sweden: underestimated or based on underestimated data. USA: excludes most or all capital expenditure.
1.3.2
OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators
National sources
National estimates, projections or provisional data for most recent year. Czech Republic, Colombia,
Denmark, Finland, Korea, Mexico, Netherlands, Hungary, Japan, Portugal, Slovenia, Sweden
and Taiwan, China: break in series. Mongolia: Total number of employees in science sector. United Kingdom:
underestimated or based on underestimated data. Jordan, Philippines: based on headcount, not FTE.
1.3.3
Female researchers
UNESCO
OECD (2022), “Main Science and Technology Indicators”, OECD Science, Technology and R&D Statistics (database)
Female researchers (headcount) who are mainly or partially employed in R&D. This includes staff employed
both full-time and part- time. Expressed as a percentage of the total workforce (male + female)
176
1.3.4
R&D productivity by publication
NSF Science & Engineering Indicators 2021
Courtesy: National Science Foundation
National sources
The indicator is calculated as a ratio between the number of scientific articles by author’s origin and the total
expenditure in R&D as % GDP, which clearly include the input costs to produce research (e.g. researchers’
salaries, equipement etc.). The result gives therefore the number of scientific articles published every
year for a one percent (of GDP) expenditure in R&D activities. This measure can be consider as a proxy
to assess the efficiency (or productivity) in producing high-level scientific research at country level.
1.3.5
Eurostat
OECD (2022), “Labour Force Statistics: Employment by activities and status”, OECD Employment and Labour Market
Statistics ILOSTAT
National sources
Scientific and technical employment as a % of total employment. Defined as formal employment

within the ‘scientific and technical’ sector. For more information, refer to NACE2 category
M (or equivalent). Philippines: 2020 data are preliminary figures for October 2020.
1.3.6
WIPO Statistics Database
http://www.wipo.int/ipstats/en/statistics/patents/
TIPO for Taiwan, China
High-Tech patent grants as a percentage of total patent grants (Direct and PCT national phase entries)
by applicant’s origin. Three year average to reduce volatility. Counts are based on the grant date. Country
of origin refers to the country of residency of the first-named applicant in the application. Taiwan, China: data
compiled by TIPO using data supplied by international patent offices (USPTO, JPO, EPO, KIPO, SIPO).
1.3.7
Robots in Education and R&D
World Robotics 2022
International Federation of Robotics (IFR)
Industrial robot as defined by ISO 8373:2012: an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose

manipulator programmable in three or more axes, which can be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial
automation applications.
The primary source is data on robot installations by country, industry and application that nearly all industrial robot
suppliers worldwide report to the IFR Statistical Department directly. Several national robot associations collect data
on their national robot markets and provide their results as secondary data to the IFR. This data is used to validate
and complete the IFR primary data.
IFR Statistical Departments estimates the operational stock assuming an average service
life of 12 years with an immediate withdrawal from service afterwards.
1.3.7
Robots in Education and R&D (number of robots)
World Robotics 2020
Industrial robot as defined by ISO 8373:2012: an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipur
177
Technology
Regulatory framework
2.1.1
Starting a business
Doing Business 2020 - World Bank
The distance to frontier score aids in assessing the absolute level of regulatory performance and how it improves
over time. This measure shows the distance of each economy to the “frontier,” which represents the best
performance observed on each of the indicators across all economies in the Doing Business sample since
2005. This allows users both to see the gap between a particular economy’s performance and the best
performance at any point in time and to assess the absolute change in the economy’s regulatory environment
over time as measured by Doing Business. An economy’s distance to frontier is reflected on a scale
from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the lowest performance and 100 represents the frontier. For example,
a score of 75 in DB 2016 means an economy was 25 percentage points away from the frontier constructed
from the best performances across all economies and across time. A score of 80 in DB 2017 would
indicate the economy is improving. In this way the distance to frontier measure complements the annual
ease of doing business ranking, which compares economies with one another at a point in time.
2.1.2
Enforcing contracts
Doing Business 2020 - World Bank
The distance to frontier score aids in assessing the absolute level of regulatory performance and how it improves
over time. This measure shows the distance of each economy to the “frontier,” which represents the best
performance observed on each of the indicators across all economies in the Doing Business sample since
2005. This allows users both to see the gap between a particular economy’s performance and the best
performance at any point in time and to assess the absolute change in the economy’s regulatory environment
over time as measured by Doing Business. An economy’s distance to frontier is reflected on a scale
from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the lowest performance and 100 represents the frontier. For example,
a score of 75 in DB 2016 means an economy was 25 percentage points away from the frontier constructed
from the best performances across all economies and across time. A score of 80 in DB 2017 would
indicate the economy is improving. In this way the distance to frontier measure complements the annual
ease of doing business ranking, which compares economies with one another at a point in time.
Capital
2.2.1
IT & media stock market capitalization
Thomson One Banker
Thomson Data Stream
Datastream Telecom, Media and IT (TMT) Market Value in national currency. Calculated as a percentage
of Datastream Total Market Value in national currency. Figures for close-of-business on the 29th March each year.
2.2.4
Country credit rating
Fitch, Moody’s and S&P
IMD WCC created index of the three country credit ratings Fitch, Moody’s and S&P. Each rating,
including the outlook, is converted to a numerical score from 20-0 and totalled for each country.
2.2.6
Investment in Telecommunications
Passport
Source: © Euromonitor International
National sources
Investment refers to as the annual capital expenditure; this is the gross annual investment in telecom (including
fixed, mobile and other services) for acquiring property and network. The term investment means the expenditure
associated with acquiring the ownership of property (including intellectual and non-tangible property such
as computer software) and plant. This includes expenditure on initial installations and on additions to existing
installations where the usage is expected to be over an extended period of time. Note that this applies to telecom
services that are available to the public, and exclude investment in telecom software or equipment for private use.
178
Technological framework
2.3.2
Mobile Broadband subscribers
Business Monitor International
Total active mobile 4G and 5G subscriptions, excluding broadband connections on dedicated

data SIM cards or USB dongles. Data given as a percentage of the total mobile market.
2.3.3
Wireless broadband
Passport
The penetration rates of wireless broadband is calculated by dividing the number of Wireless Broadband subscribers
by the total population and multiplying by 100. Wireless-broadband subscriptions refer to the sum of satellite
broadband, terrestrial fixed wireless broadband and active mobile-broadband subscriptions to the public Internet.
The indicator refers to total active wireless-broadband Internet subscriptions using satellite, terrestrial fixed
wireless or terrestrial mobile connections. Broadband subscriptions are those with an advertised download
speed of at least 256 kbit/s. In the case of mobile-broadband, only active subscriptions are included (those
with at least one access to the Internet in the last three months or with a dedicated data plan). The service
can be standalone with a data card, or an add-on service to a voice plan. The indicator does not cover fixed
(wired)-broadband or Wi-Fi subscriptions. Both residential and business subscriptions should be included.
2.3.4
Internet users
ITU via World Bank
Internet World Stats www.internetworldstats.com
National sources
Average of available sources

2.3.5
Internet bandwidth speed
M-Labs / cable.co.uk: https://www.cable.co.uk/broadband/speed/worldwide-speed-league/
Ookla
OpenSignal
Average connection speed in Mbps: data transfer rates for Internet access by end-users.
Values presented are an average compiled from three different sources:

M-Labs / cable.co.uk; Ookla; and OpenSignal.
2.3.6
High-tech exports (%)
The World Bank (Development Data Group)
http: //databank. worldbank. org
National sources
High-technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace,
computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery.
179
Future readiness
Adaptive attitudes
3.1.1
E-Participation
UN E-Government Knowledge Database
The e-participation index (EPI) measures the use of online services to facilitate provision
of information by governments to citizens (“e- information sharing”), interaction with stakeholders
(“e-consultation”), and engagement in decision-making processes (“e-decision making”).
3.1.2
Internet retailing
Passport
National sources
Retail Value excluding sales tax. Iceland Based on data from Centre for Retail
Studies Iceland. Total turnover in online retail with Icelandic cards.
3.1.3
Tablet possession
Passport
Percentage of households having at least one item. Portable, usually battery-powered,

and very thin personal computer contained with a touchscreen panel.
3.1.4
Smartphone possession
Passport
Percentage of households having at least one item. A smartphone is a cellular telephone with
an integrated computer and other features not originally associated with telephones, such
as an operating system, Web browsing, music and movie player, camera and camcorder,
GPS navigation, voice dictation for messaging, the ability to run software applications, etc.
Business agility
3.2.2
World robots distribution
World Robotics 2022
Industrial robot as defined by ISO 8373:2012: an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose

manipulator programmable in three or more axes, which can be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial
automation applications.
The primary source is data on robot installations by country, industry and application that nearly all industrial robot
suppliers worldwide report to the IFR Statistical Department directly. Several national robot associations collect data
on their national robot markets and provide their results as secondary data to the IFR. This data is used to validate
and complete the IFR primary data.
IFR Statistical Departments estimates the operational stock assuming an average service
life of 12 years with an immediate withdrawal from service afterwards.
3.2.6
Entrepreneurial fear of failure
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor https://www.gemconsortium.org/data
Percentage of 18-64 population perceiving good opportunities to start a business

who indicate that fear of failure would prevent them from setting up a business.
180
IT integration
3.3.1
E-Government
UN E-Government Knowledge Database
The E-Government Development Index presents the state of E-Government Development of the United
Nations Member States. Along with an assessment of the website development patterns in a country,
the E-Government Development index incorporates the access characteristics, such as the infrastructure
and educational levels, to reflect how a country is using information technologies to promote access
and inclusion of its people. The EGDI is a composite measure of three important dimensions of e-government,
namely: provision of online services, telecommunication connectivity and human capacity.
3.3.4
Software piracy
BSA Global Software Survey
The BSA Global Software Survey calculates unlicensed installations of software that runs
on PCs — including desktops, laptops, and ultra-portables, such as netbooks. A key component
of the BSA Global Software Survey is a global survey of more than 20,000 home and enterprise
PC users, conducted by IDC. In addition, a parallel survey was carried out among 2,200 IT managers
in 22 countries. Please consult the original report for a more detailed explanation of the methodology.
3.3.5
Government cyber security capacity
Digital Society Project
Does the government have sufficiently technologically skilled staff and resources to mitigate harm from cyber-
security threats? 0: No. The government does not have the capacity to counter even unsophisticated cyber security
threats.
1: Not really. The government has the resources to combat only unsophisticated cyber attacks.
2: Somewhat. The government has the resources to combat moderately sophisticated cyber attacks.
3: Mostly. The government has the resources to combat most sophisticated cyber attacks.
4: Yes. The government has the resources to combat sophisticated cyber
attacks, even those launched by highly skilled actors.
3.3.6
Privacy protection by law content
Digital Society Project
What does the legal framework to protect Internet users’ privacy and their data stipulate? The legal framework
explicitly allows the government to access...
0: ...any type of personal data on the Internet.
1: ...most types of personal data on the Internet.
2: ...many types of personal data on the Internet.
3: ...only a few types of personal information on the Internet.
4: ...personal information on the Internet only in extraordinary circumstances.
181
Index to Criteria
The first number indicates the Competitiveness Factor, the second number indicates the sub-factor and the third
number indicates the criterion number..
A G
Agility of companies...................................................3.2.1-3.2.3 Globalization, attitudes towards......................................... 3.1.5

Attitudes toward globalization............................................ 3.1.5 Graduates in Sciences......................................................... 1.2.5
B H
Banking and financial services........................................... 2.2.3 Higher education achievement........................................... 1.2.3

Big data................................................................................ 3.2.4 High-tech exports (%)......................................................... 2.3.6
Broadband..................................................................2.3.2-2.3.3 High-tech patent grants...................................................... 1.3.6
C I
Capital.........................................................................2.2.1-2.2.6 Immigration laws................................................................ 2.1.3

City, management............................................................... 1.1.4 Innovative firms................................................................... 3.2.2
Communications technology.............................................. 2.3.1 Intellectual property rights................................................. 2.1.6
Company agility..........................................................3.2.1-3.2.3 International experience..................................................... 1.1.2
Computer penetration................................................3.1.1-3.1.5 Internet...................................................................... 2.3.1-2.3-6
Cyber security............................................................ 3.3.3, 3.3.5 Internet bandwidth speed................................................... 2.3.5
Credit Rating........................................................................ 2.2.4 Internet retailing.................................................................. 3.1.2
Internet users...................................................................... 2.3.4
Investment..................................................................2.2.1-2.2.6
D Investment in Telecommunications.................................... 2.2.6
Investment risk.................................................................... 2.2.4
Degrees,......................................................................1.2.5-1.2.6 IT & media stock market capitalization.............................. 2.2.1
Digital/Technological skills................................................. 1.1.5 IT penetration.............................................................3.1.1-3.1.5
IT, digital skills.................................................................... 1.1.5
E
K-L
Education....................................................................1.2.1-1.2.6
Educational assessment PISA - Math................................ 1.1.1 Knowledge transfer............................................................. 3.2.5
E-Government..................................................................... 3.3.1 Legislation..................................................................2.1.1-2.1.6
Employee training................................................................ 1.2.1
Enforcing contracts............................................................. 2.1.2
Entrepreneurship (fear of failure)....................................... 3.2.6 M
E-Participation.................................................................... 3.1.1
Exports, High-tech.............................................................. 2.3.6 Management of cities.......................................................... 1.1.4
Mobile Broadband subscribers........................................... 2.3.2
F
N-O
Fear of failure (entrepreneurship)...................................... 3.2.6
Female researchers............................................................ 1.3.3 Net flow of international students...................................... 1.1.6
Foreign highly-skilled personnel........................................ 1.1.3 Opportunities and threats................................................... 3.2.1
Funding for technological development............................. 2.2.2
182
P
Piracy................................................................................... 3.3.4
Privacy.................................................................................. 3.3.6
Public-private partnerships................................................ 3.3.2
Pupil-teacher ratio (tertiary education).............................. 1.2.4
R&D ............................................................................1.3.1-1.3.6
R&D productivity.................................................................. 1.3.4
Regulations.................................................................2.1.1-2.1.6
Robotics..................................................................... 1.3.7, 3.2.2
Scientific and technical employment................................. 1.3.5

Scientific research legislation............................................. 2.1.5
Skills................................................................ 1.1.2, 1.1.3, 1.1.5
Smartphone possession..................................................... 3.1.4
Sofware piracy..................................................................... 3.3.4
Starting a business.............................................................. 2.1.1
Tablet possession................................................................ 3.1.3

Talent............................................................... 1.1.2, 1.1.3, 1.1.5
Technological regulation..................................................... 2.1.4
Technology................................................................. 2.3.1-2.3-6
Total expenditure on R&D (%)............................................. 1.3.1
Total public expenditure on education................................ 1.2.2
Total R&D personnel per capita......................................... 1.3.2
Training................................................................................ 1.2.1
U-V
Use of big data and analytics.............................................. 3.2.4

Venture capital..................................................................... 2.2.5
Wireless broadband............................................................. 2.3.3

Women with degrees........................................................... 1.2.6
183
About the International Institute for Management Development (IMD)
About the Institute for Management Development (IMD)
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IMD WORLD

IMD World Competitiveness Online.

Visit our eShop:

Professor Arturo Bris Christos Cabolis

The IMD World Competitiveness Center........................................................................................................................ 7

User’s Guide to the IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking.............................................................................. 14

The 2022 IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking............................................................................................... 28

What is the IMD World Competitiveness Ranking?..................................................................................................... 31

The 2022 IMD World Digital Competitiveness Rankings............................................................................................. 32

IMD World Digital Competitiveness Country Profiles................................................................................................. 43

Appendices and Sources.............................................................................................................................................. 170

Notes and Sources by Criteria..................................................................................................................................... 174

Index to Criteria............................................................................................................................................................ 182

›› Competitiveness Special Reports

›› Competitiveness Prognostic Reports

›› Workshops/Mega Dives on competitiveness

›› IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook

›› IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking

›› IMD World Talent Ranking

The IMD World Competitiveness Center team:

Professor Arturo Bris Director of The IMD World Competitiveness Center

Tel : +41 21 618 02 51

Belgium Bulgarian Chamber of

The Korea Chamber of Commerce

Economics Division, Thailand

Overall and Breakdown Digital Rankings

The IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking

Selected breakdowns of the IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking

Digital Competitiveness Factor Rankings

Digital Sub-factor Rankings

Digital Competitiveness Country Profiles

Page 1: Digital Competitiveness – Overall and factors trends

DIGITAL TRENDS - OVERALL 1. Overall Performance

Talent Training & education Scientific concentration

59 62 61 62 55 2. Overall & Factors – 5 years

3. Competitiveness and Digital Rankings

4. Peer Group Rankings

PEER GROUPS RANKINGS

THE AMERICAS (9 countries) POPULATIONS > 20 MILLION (27 countries)

Regulatory framework Rank Capital Rank Technological framework Rank

It is important to note that what constitutes a strength or

Professor Arturo Bris Christos Cabolis

José Caballero Marco Pistis

2. Cyber safety as a key driver for digitalization

GOVERNMENT CYBERSECURITY CAPACITY INDEX

Eastern Asia Eastern Asia

North America Western Europe

Western Asia & Africa North America

Western Europe Eastern Europe*

Eastern Europe* Ex-CIS and Central Asia*

South America South America

Ex-CIS and Central Asia* Western Asia & Africa

GAP IN STD DIFFERENCES

Ex-CIS and Central Asia*

Southern Asia & the Pacific

Western Asia & Africa

3. Digital competitiveness trends at a regional level

4. Performance at the country level

§ Bulgaria § Lithuania Europe,

§ Estonia § Romania Africa