Geography Timeline

480 ancient age The first research into geography begins with Thales of Miletus.
Herodotus 490 – 424 BC He represented the known world on a map that represented Central Europe, Asia and part of the African continent and with
mathematical speculations he concluded that the earth is spherical, describing the geographer as a spy for power.
323 Alexander the Great 356-323 BC He helped geography by expanding the horizon of the known world, developing an empire spanning from Greece in southern
Europe to the Indus River region in Asia.
322 Aristotle 384-322 BC He considered that the earth was spherical, and used as support the shadow that the earth casts on the moon in a lunar eclipse.
276 Eratosthenes 275-195 BC attempted to calculate the exact circumference of the Earth, with an error below 2%, measure the inclination of the Earth's axis and the
distance to the sun. He cultivated great cartographic work, creating one of the first maps of the world (276-195 BC). C) and defining the concepts of latitude and longitude.
63 Strabo 63- 24 BC His tireless traveling attitude allowed him to travel half the world and produce a large geographical work of 17 volumes, in which the geography of the
entire Roman Empire is described in detail.
Middle Ages V-XV It begins with the fall of the Roman Empire, due to the invasions of the Barbarians. There was a stagnation in the sciences, which also affected
geographical knowledge and the works of the Greeks lost value.
Muhammad El Edrisí 12th century Hispano-Muslim geographer and cartographer, translated some Greek texts on geography into Arabic.
His travels allowed him to produce a cartographic work of Eurasia and North Africa, as well as writings on the geographical characteristics, human groups and socioeconomic
factors of these territories.
13th century A decline occurred in the Arab world, while in the West the crusades and Marco Polo's travels through China and part of the Malay Peninsula, India and Persia,
revived curiosity about geographical aspects. Higher quality maps were created aided by the use of the compass and the compass, with these maps longer trips could be made.
Renaissance was the time of great discoveries, the Portuguese highlight, from the 14th century they knew the coasts of Africa in the Atlantic, until they reached India passing
through the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa.
Ben Batuta 14th century He was a great traveler who traveled through Egypt, Arabia, Persia, Southern Russia, India, Sumatra, China and parts of Spain and Africa
Mid-16th century The new continent begins to be represented on maps as a separate world. With the invention of the printing press, Ptolemy's works from 1475 to 1617
spread.
16th and 18th centuries Transcendental voyages were made worldwide, such as those of Christopher Columbus, Americo Vespucci
Claudio Ptolemy 87-150 AD geographer and mathematician, created a cosmographic system and placed the earth as the center of the universe, he created a map with
latitudes and longitudes.
Ferdinand Magellan and Juan Sebastián Elcano made the first circumnavigation trip and with it a change in classical geography occurred.
Gerardus Mercator 1569 El Alemán published a map of the world with a cylindrical projection, with which the planisphere is currently made, which represents all the
continents and is in very general use.
Abraham Ortelius 1527-1598 In 1570, Ortelius created his Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, considered one of the great works of this type. The atlas contained 70 maps, then
constituting the largest collection of its time.
Modern Age Alejandro Humboldt 1769-1859 Creates Botanical Geography and Climatology. He applied the principle of causality in the study of phenomena, indicating
the dependence of plants on the physical aspects of the environment.
Kart Ritter 1779-1859 One of the most important of the 19th century. He is also considered the father of modern geography.
Friederich Ratzel1884-1904 Created the concept of living space, each town has a certain territorial extension in relation to the degree of civilization it presents, with this
thought the development of wars to expand borders is justified.
Emmanuel de Martonne 1873-1955 Publishes his treatise on Physical Geography, where for the first time the 4 principles of the geographical method are mentioned.
Vienna Circle 1922 -1936 NEOPOSITIVISM (LOGICAL POSITIVISM) anti metaphysics, in the analysis of language, the resort to logic and its defense of the
methods of natural sciences and mathematics.
Tommy Guardia National Geographic Institute created on January 16, 1969 as a technical institution specialized in photogrammetry, hydrography, geography,
cartography, geodesy and special studies. The Institute's primary objective is to provide the basic information required for the research, planning and execution of the various
socioeconomic development projects of the Republic of Panama.
1903 – 1931 The foundations of a Panamanian Geography were not laid until the 19th century progressed , thanks to the convergence of local, continental and global
factors. The definitive birth of the Republic in 1903 and the establishment of its modern institutions gave rise to the development of scientific Geography in the country over
the course of the last hundred years.
1931 – 1962 Scientific Production The independence of November 3, 1903 gave rise to the break with a conservative regime with a centralist tendency and to a new creation
of the Panamanian State.

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480 ancient age The first research into geography begins with Thales of Miletus.

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