WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 .

Oxidation And Reduction

1

CHAPTER 3 : OXIDATION AND REDUCTION

A. REDOX REACTIONS

Learning Outcomes:
You should be able to,
O state what oxidation is
O state what reduction is
O explain what redox reaction is
O state what oxidising agent is
O state what reducing agent is
O calculate the oxidation number of an element in a compound.
O relate the oxidation number of an element to the name of its compound using the IUPAC nomenclature.
O explain with examples oxidation and reduction processes in terms of electron transfer
O explain with examples oxidising and reducing agents in redox reactions.
O write oxidation and reduction half-equations and ionic equations.


Activity 1
1) The tables below describe the meaning of oxidation and reduction in terms of
(a) loss or gain of oxygen
(b) loss or gain of hydrogen
(c) transfer of electrons
(d) changes in oxidation number

Study each table below carefully and fill in the blanks.
(a) Loss or gain of oxygen
Loss or gain of oxygen
Oxidation Reduction
%he process of gaining oxygen %he process of losing oxygen
Example :
Mg + PbO MgO + Pb
n the above redox reaction,
O Mg gains oxygen to form MgO. This process is called. ...............

O PbO loses oxygen to form Pb. This process is called ..................

O Mg is a reducing agent because it ......... . lead() oxide to .........

O PbO is an oxidizing agent because it ....... magnesium to...........

(b)Loss or gain of hydrogen
Loss or gain of hydrogen
Oxidation Reduction
%he process of losing hydrogen %he process of gaining hydrogen
Example :
H
2
S + Cl
2
2HCl + S
n the above redox reaction
O H
2
S loses hydrogen to form S. The process is called .... ............

O Cl
2
gains hydrogen to form HCl. This process is called .... ..........

O H
2
S is a reducing agent because it ......to ........ .........

O Cl
2
is an oxidizing agent because it ........to.............

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 . Oxidation And Reduction
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(c) Transfer of electrons
Transfer of electrons
Oxidation Reduction
%he process of losing electrons %he process of gaining oxygen
Example :
Redox reaction: 2Na + Cl
2
2NaCl
Half-equations: Na Na
+
+ e // Cl
2
+ 2e 2Cl

n the half-equations above,


O Na atom loses electron to form Na
+
. This process is called ..........

O Cl
2
molecule gains electrons to form 2Cl

. This process is called .........

O Na is a reducing agent because it ........ to .......... ....

O Cl
2
is an oxidizing agent because it .........to .......... ...

(d) Changes in oxidation number
Changes in oxidation number
Oxidation Reduction
%he increase in oxidation number %he decrease in oxidation number
Example :
Chemical equation: 2Na + Cl
2
2NaCl
O Changes in oxidation number Na : 0 +1 // Cl : 0 1
Given above are the changes in oxidation number of Na and Cl, state which element is
oxidized or reduced and which element is the oxidizing or reducing agent.



O Na is ............................. to Na
+
: Na is the............... agent

O Cl
2
is .........to Cl

: Cl
2
is the .............. agent

2) What are redox reactions?

............................................

.............................................

Activity 2
The diagram below shows the oxidation and reduction process that occurs in a redox reaction.



CuO + C Cu + CO
2





By drawing arrows, show and label the oxidation and reduction processes occurring in the redox
reactions below.

ZnO + Mg MgO + Zn 2H + Cl
2

2
+ 2HCl
Reduction
Oxidation
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 . Oxidation And Reduction
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e
2
O
3
+ 3CO 2e + 3CO
2
2NH
3
+ 3Br
2
N
2
+ 6HBr


Activity 3
(a) ill in the blanks with suitable words.
(i) The substance that causes oxidation is called the ................. agent

(ii) The substance that causes reduction is called the .................. agent.
(b) State the oxidizing and reducing agents in each of the chemical reactions given below.
(i) 2Zn + O
2
2ZnO.

Oxidising agent: .............. Reducing agent: ...............

(ii) 2Mg + CO
2
2MgO + C

Oxidising agent: ............. Reducing agent: .................

Activity 4
Oxidation numbers of elements can be calculated based on the 'rules in assigning oxidation numbers'
as stated in the chemistry text book on page 107. Two examples are given below.

Examples:
a) Determine the oxidation number for the underlined elements
(i) H
3
PO
4

(13) + P + (-24) = 0
3 + P + (-8) = 0
P = 8 3 = +5 ( the oxidation number for phosphorus is

(ii) N
2
H
4

2N + (14) = 0
2N + 4 = 0
N = 4/2 = 2 ( the oxidation number for nitrogen is 2

nswer the following questions.
1. Determine the oxidation number for the underlined elements.
(a) e (b) MgCl
2


(c) Na
2
O



(d) CO
2












(e) SO
4
2
(f) MnO
4

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 . Oxidation And Reduction
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2. Calculate the oxidation number for chlorine and nitrogen in their compounds below and write its
oxidation in the spaces provided.









3 Write the oxidation number for the underlined element in the boxes provided and state whether the
element undergoes oxidation or reduction process. Part (a) is shown as an example

a) g + CuO gO + Cu
Process




b) 2Fe + 3Cl
2
2FeCl
3
Process




c) Cr
2
O
7
2
Cr
3

Process


d) 4HCl + nO
2
nCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O

Process


e) Cu + 2gNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2g

Process



4 Determine the oxidation number for the underlined elements in the table below and name the
compound using the UPC nomenclature.

ormula of compound Oxidation number Name of compound
CuSO
4
Cu
2
O

CrCI
3
Cr
2
O
7
2

NO
3


NO
2

NH
4


nO
2
Chlorine
compound

HCI HCIO HCIO
2
CIO
2
HCIO
3
HCIO
4



Nitrogen
Compound

NH
3
N
2
O NO NO
2

NO
2
NO
3





0 2
Oxidation
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 . Oxidation And Reduction
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Substance undergoes
oxidation:


Substance undergoes
reduction:
Oxidising gent: Reducing gent:
Oxidation half-equation: Reduction half-equation:
Mg + 2HCl MgCl
2
+ H
2

Substance undergoes
oxidation:


Substance undergoes
reduction:
Oxidising gent: Reducing gent:
Oxidation half-equation: Reduction half-equation:
Activity

or each of the chemical reactions below,
(a) write the oxidation and reduction half-equations,
(b) identify the following:
(i) Substance that undergoes oxidation (iii) Oxidising agent
(ii) Substance that undergoes reduction (iv) Reducing agent

xample:
Zn + 2g
+
Zn
2+
+ 2g

ased the ionic equation given, it is known that the oxidation number of Zn increases from 0 to +2.
Hence zinc undergoes oxidation to form Zn
2+

nswer:
Oxidation half-equation: Zn Zn
2+
+ 2e
-

Reduction half-equation: 2g
+
+ 2e
-
2g
Substance undergoes oxidation: Zinc (Zn)
Substance undergoes reduction: Silver ion (g
+
)
Oxidising agent : Silver ion (g
+
)
Reducing agent : Zinc (Zn)

Based on the chemical equation given, complete the flow charts below.
a)
Cl
2
+ 2

2Cl

+
2

















b)
















WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 . Oxidation And Reduction
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Pb + Br
2
PbBr
2

Substance undergoes
oxidation:


Substance undergoes
reduction:
Oxidising gent: Reducing gent:
Oxidation half-equation: Reduction half-equation:
4Na + O
2
2Na
2
O
Substance undergoes
oxidation:


Substance undergoes
reduction:
Oxidising gent: Reducing gent:
Oxidation half-equation: Reduction half-equation:
c)

















d)
















Activity 6(a)
Writing ionic equation from given oxidation and reduction half-equations:
Example:
Given: Oxidation half-equation: Mg Mg
2+
+ 2e
Reduction half-equation: g
+
+ e g
In order to write an ionic equation from the two given half-equations, the electrons that were
transferred from Mg to the Ag must be equal. Hence two Ag
+
will receive two electrons from an atom
of Mg.]
Mg Mg
2+
+ 2e
2Ag
+
+ 2e 2Ag
Mg + 2Ag
+
Mg + 2Ag

nswer: onic equation: Mg + 2g
+
Mg + 2g

Based on the given oxidation and reduction half-equations, write the ionic equation for the reaction

(a) Oxidation half-equation: Mg Mg
2+
+ 2e
Reduction half-equation: Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu

onic equation: ...............................
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 . Oxidation And Reduction
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(b) Oxidation half-equation: l l
3+
+ 3e
Reduction half-equation: g
+
+ e g

onic equation: ...............................

(c) Oxidation half-equation: e
2+
e
3+
+ e
Reduction half-equation: Br
2
+ 2e 2Br


onic equation: ...............................

(d) Oxidation half-equation: 2

2
+ 2e
Reduction half-equation: Cl
2
+ 2e 2Cl


onic equation: ...............................

(e) Oxidation half-equation: Cl
2
+ 2e 2Cl

Reduction half-equation: e
2+
e
3+
+ e

onic equation: ...............................

(f) Oxidation half-equation: e e
2+
+ 2e
Reduction half-equation: O
2
+ H
2
O + 4e 4OH


onic equation: ...............................


Activity 6(b)
Changing Iron(II) ions, Fe
2
to Iron(III) ions, Fe
3


Procedure:
1. 2.0 cm
3
of ............................................. solution is added into a test tube.
2. few drops of ...................... ................ were added drop by drop into the test tube and
mixture is heated.
3. The ............ is recorded.
4. Observation:
The colour of iron() sulphate solution changed from ....................... to ................... The bromine

water changed from ....................... to ........................ . n order to detect presence of iron() ion

in the solution, add .......................... ........................................ .................. in excess.

..................................(colour) precipitate of iron() hydroxide is formed.
2.0 cm
3
oI Iron(II)
sulphate solution
(light green)
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5. Concept:
a) ron() ion is ...... to iron() ion by ............ t the same
time ..... ........... is reduced to ............ on.
b) Oxidation and reduction half-equations:
e
2+
F ............. + .............. (Oxidation) Br
2
+ ............ F .................. (Reduction)
c) onic equation: ...................................
d) ron() ions .................. electrons to become iron() ions. ron() ions are ...................................
e) Bromine molecules ............. electrons to form bromide ions. Bromine molecules are .........
f) Reducing agent: ................................... Oxidising agent: ...................................

Changing Iron(III) ions, Fe
3
to Iron(II) ions, Fe
2



Procedure:
1. dd 2.0 cm
3
of ............................................. solution into a test tube.
2. dd ......................................... into the same test tube and heat the mixture.
3. Record the .............................................................
4. Observation:
a. The colour of iron() chloride solution changed from ............................ to ..............................
b. n order to detect the presence of iron() ion in the solution, add ................. ...................... in
excess. ................ ........................... (colour) precipitate of iron() hydroxide is formed.
5. Concept:
a). ron() ion is ....................... to iron() ion by ................. ................... t the same time, zinc
is ......................... to .............................. ion.

b) Reduction and oxidation half-equations:

e
3+
+ ..........F .............. (Reduction) Zn F ............... + ................ (Oxidation)

c) onic equation: ................................
d) ron() ions .............. electrons to become iron() ions. ron() ions are ........................
2.0 cm
3
oI
iron(III) chloride
solution (yellow)
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e) Zinc atom .................. electrons to form ................. ions. Zinc atoms are ........................

f) Reducing agent: ...................................... Oxidising agent: ........................................


Activity 7
Displacement of metal from its salt solution

M(s) + B(aq) MB(aq) + (s)

Oxidation half-equation: M M
n+
+ ne

The following statements describe the displacement of metal from its salt solution by another element.
ill in the blanks with the correct word(s).

1. ....... (more/ less) electropositive element is oxidized more ........ (easily /
harder ) and acts as a ........... (stronger / weaker) reducing agent.

2. n element that is located higher in the electrochemical series can displace other elements that
are positioned (i)........... in the electrochemical series from its salt solution.
Example: Displacement copper from copper() sulphate solution.
onic equation: Zn + CuSO
4
ZnSO
4
+ Cu
Half-equation: Zn Zn
2+
+ 2e [ Oxidation ]
Half-equation: Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu [ Reduction ]

Zinc, Zn is (ii) ...... electropositive than copper, Cu.

Thus Zn atom releases (iii) ...... electron to form ion Zn
2+
.

The electrons are transferred from (iv)..... ....... to (v).............

The copper() ion, Cu
2+
receives the two electrons from zinc to form copper atom, Cu.

Zn atom acts as a (vi) ........ ..... and Cu
2+
ion acts as

a (vii) ............. .......


Activity 8 (a)
Halogen in aqueous and 1,1,1-trichloroethane
Complete the table below by stating the colur of halogen in aqueous solution and in 1,1,1-
trichloroethane

Halogen
Colour of halogen
n aqueous solution n 1,1,1,-trichloroethane
Chlorine
Bromine
odine



WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 . Oxidation And Reduction
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Displacement of halogens from their halide solutions by other halogens.

ill in the blanks by choosing the most appropriate word from the list displayed above.

1) Halogens are located in Group ...... of the Periodic Table

2) Halogen elements tend to ....... electrons to achieve a stable octet electron
arrangement.

3) Halogens are reduced to ..... ions

4) The electronegativity of halogens or their tendency to accept electrons ......... when
going down Group 17.

5) Thus, the strength of halogens acting as ....... ....... decreases when going
down the group 17.

6) n displacement reaction of halogen, a ..... electronegative halogen will displaces

a ..... electronegative halogen from its halide solution.


Activity 9
Transfer of eIectrons at a distance

. The diagram shows the set up of apparatus for the redox reaction involving bromine water and
potassium iodide solution.
The following statement describe the redox reaction between bromine and potassium iodide
solution. ill the blanks with the appropriate word(s).

1. Electrons flow from ....... to ......through the wire.

2. The colour of potassium iodide solution changes from .........to ..........

3. The colour of bromine water changes from ....... to ....... ............
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 . Oxidation And Reduction
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4. Oxidation half-equation: .................................

Reduction half-equation: .................................

5. Overall onic Equation

: ..................................

6. Oxidising agent: ............ 7. Reducing agent: ..........

7. To confirm that the brown solution formed is iodine solution, a chemical test can be carry out.

Method 1
Some ....................... ......................... is added into a test tube containing the brown solution.

dark blue colouration is obtained if iodine is present.

Method 2
2 cm
3
of ........................................... is added into a test tube containing the brown soltion. The

test tube is then stopperred and its mixture .................. f the lower layer [1,1,1-trichloroethane

layer] is ............................. in colour, then it is confirmed iodine is present.



B The diagram below shows the set up of apparatus of redox reaction between acidified potassium
manganate(V) and potassium iodide soultion.













Below are some of the facts about the redox reaction between acidified potassium
manganate(V) and potassium iodide soultion. nswer the following question

The half-equation for the reaction that occurs around the carbon rod on the left is as follow
nO
4
-
8H

e F n
2
4H
2
O

a) State the change in oxidation number of manganese.

..............................

b) brown solution was observed forming around the carbon rod on the right. Name the brown

solution formed. ..................................
c) Write a half-equation for the formation of the brown solution.

.........................................

Carbon rod
cidified Potassium
Manganate (V)
solution, 1.0 mol dm
-3
Potassium odide
Solution, 1.0 mol dm
-3
Dilute Sulphuric acid,
1.0 mol dm
-3

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 . Oxidation And Reduction
12
d) Write the ionic equation for the reaction between acidified potassium manganate(V) and iodide
ion.

..........................................

e) On the diagram above, show the direction of the flow of electron by using arrows.


. RUSTING AS A REDOX REACTION

Learning Outcomes :
You should be able to,
O state the conditions for the rusting of iron
O state what corrosion of metal is.
O describe the process of rusting in terms of oxidation and reduction.
O generate ideas on the use of other metals to control rusting,
O explain with examples on the use of a more electropositive metal to control metal corrosion,


Activity 10
Rusting as a redox reaction

1. ill in the blanks with suitable word.

a) Oxidation of metal is called (i) ............ while (ii) the oxidation of iron is
called ........
Oxidation half-equation for corrosion of metal: M M
n+
+ .....
b) The presence of (i)......... and (ii)............ will cause iron to rust,
The rusting can be accelerated by adding (iii).......... or (iv) ..........

c) Copper forms a green coating as a result of corrosion, it contains ........ ions.

d) Metals like (i).......... and (ii)......... forms a very tough oxide layer
which adhere tightly to the surface of the metal and thus preventing further oxidation. This
protect the metals from further corrosion.

e) To prevent corrosion, metal can be coated with a layer of metal B which is more
(i).......... than . Metal B will corrode first, thus preventing metal from
corrosion. n this situation, metal B is also called the (ii)......... metal.

f) f iron is in contact with another (i)..........which is less electropositive than iron,
the rate of rusting for iron will be (ii)..............

g) Zinc is used to protect iron or steel by coating a thin layer of zinc onto it, this process is called
(i).............. n industry, zinc is chosen to serve the purpose rather than
other metals because zinc is (ii).............. in cost.
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 . Oxidation And Reduction
13
h) Some household and bathroom equipments are coated with a layer of shiny finishes, the
metals usually used for these coatings are (i)........... and
(ii)................ .

2. Mechanism of rusting of iron in the present of water and oxygen involves some chemical
reactions. igure below shows an unlabeled diagram of a water droplet on the surface of iron.

Write the chemical equations or half equations for the processes below.
a) The formation of iron() ions from the metal:
hen iron contacts with water, the iron surface oxidizes to form iron(II) ions.

Oxidation half-equation: ............................


b) The formation of hydroxide ions:
lectrons released by iron then flow to the edges of the water droplets, where there is a high
concentration of dissolved oxygen. At the cathode area, water and oxygen molecules receive
electrons and are reduced to form hydroxide ions.

Reduction half-equation: ...............................

c) ormation of green precipitate.
e
2+
readily combines with OH
-
to form insoluble solid e(OH)
2


Chemical equation: .................................

d) Using chemical equations in (a), (b) and (c), the reaction between iron, water and oxygen to
form iron() hydroxide can be summarized into a overall chemical equation.

Chemicall equation: ..................................

e) With excess oxygen, the rust is formed:
%he e
2+
ions are further oxidized to form e
3+
ions, which reacts with OH
-
ions to form the
hydrated iron (III) oxide, e
2
O
3
. xH
2
O, known as 'rust'.

Chemical equation: ............................

f) Complete the diagram above by filling the blanks in the spaces provided.


WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 . Oxidation And Reduction
14

Activity 11

nswer the questions below.
1. Name three main ways to prevent rusting.
(i) ..........................................
(ii) ..........................................
(iii) .........................................
2. Galvanising involves coating an iron or steel sheet with a thin layer of............
3. Name three metals that can be used in sacrificial protection for an underground pipe.
(i) ..............(ii) .............. (iii) .............
4. Name a reagent that is usually used to detect the presence of iron() ion in an experiment to
investigate the rusting of iron.
......................................

Activity 12
1 Diagram below shows the apparatus set-up for the experiment to study the effect of metals P
and Q on the rusting of iron nail. The results are recorded after one day.

Test
tube
etaI Experiment After 1 day Observation
ron only


Some dark blue
precipitate.

B
ron with
metal P


Large amount of
dark blue
precipitate

C
ron with
metal Q


No dark blue
precipitate. Solution
turns pink.


(a) Write the half-equation for the formation of iron() ion from iron.

.................................................................................................................................................
(b) State the function of potassium hexacyanoferrate() solution in the experiment and describe
its change in colour if a positive result occurred.

...................................................................................................................................................

.........................................
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 . Oxidation And Reduction
15
(c) Which test tube shows the highest rate of rusting of iron? Explain your answer.

.....................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

(d) rrange the metals e, P and Q in decreasing order of electrochemical series.

..............................................................................................................................

(e) (i) What happens to metal Q in test tube C?

......................................................................................................................................

(ii) Suggest a metal that can be used as metal Q.

.....................................................................................................................................
(f) State the ion that causes the solution in test tube C to turn pink.

...................................................................................................................................................


C. THE REACTIVITY SERIES OF ETALS WITH OXYGEN AND ITS APPLICATION

Learning Outcomes :
You should be able to,
O compare the differences in the vigour of the reactions of some metals with oxygen.
O deduce the reactivity series of metals.
O determine the position of carbon and hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals.
O state what the reactivity series of metals are.
O describe the extraction of iron and tin from their ores.
O explain the use of carbon as the main reducing agent in metal extraction.
O use the reactivity series of metals to predict possible reactions involving metals


Activity 13
1. igure below shows the set-up of apparatus for an experiment to determine the order of
metals in the reactivity series. Solid potassium manganate (V) is heated to release oxygen
gas to react with hot metal powder.

The experiment is carried out using metal powders of copper, zinc, magnesium and lead .
The observation of the experiments on the metal powders of copper, zinc, magnesium and
lead in the experiments are shown in table below.

Type of metaI Observation
Copper aint glow
Zinc A bright flame spreads slowly
Magnesium A bright white shiny flame spreads quickly
Lead Red hot and embers slowly

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 . Oxidation And Reduction
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(a) Based on the observations in table above, arrange copper, zinc, magnesium and lead
in descending order of reactivity of metal towards oxygen.





escending order of reactivity of metals with oxygen.

(b) Name two other substances that can be used to produce oxygen gas in the experiment

(i) ..................

(ii) ..................

(c) Write a balance chemical equation for each of the reaction below.

(i) Copper + oxygen

....................................

(ii) Zinc + oxygen

...................................

(iii) Magnesium + oxygen

...................................
(iv) Lead + oxygen

...................................

2) ccording to the chemical equation below, carbon reacts with oxygen to produce .....
............ gas.
C ( s ) + O
2
(s ) CO
2
( g )
3) Based on the reactivity series of metals with oxygen, carbon able to displace

a ..... ........ metal from its metal oxide. Thus, by heating a mixture of metal
oxide and carbon , the reactivity of carbon can be determined.

0 Oxidation +4


C ( s ) + 2PbO

(s ) CO
2
( g ) + 2Pb(s)

+2 Reduction 0

4) Carbon is ....... to carbon dioxide and lead () oxide is reduced to lead.

5) Carbon acts as a (i)............. agent which displaces a metal from its oxide

while the metal oxide is the (ii) .........agent.

6) Carbon is not able to displace a ..... ....... metal from its metal oxide. Hence,
there is no displacement reaction when a mixture of magnesium oxide and carbon is heated.
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 . Oxidation And Reduction
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7) Carbon is positioned in between (i) ..........and (ii) ....... in the reactivity
series.

8) Oxides of metals W,X, Y, Z are heated with equal amount of carbon powder in an
experiment to compare their reactivity with carbon. The changes observed are recorded in
the table below.

Mixture Observation
Carbon + oxide of W No change
Carbon + oxide of X Dim glow. Grey residue is formed
Carbon + oxide of Y No change
Carbon + oxide of Z Bright glow. Brown residue is formed

(a) Based on the observation , classify the metals in groups that are

(i) more reactive than carbon: .........................

(ii) less reactive than carbon: .........................

(b) Suggest a possible element for metals X and Z

X : .............. Z : .................

(c) The reactivity of W and Y can be compared by heating an equal amount of W powder
with oxide of Y in a crucible using the same apparatus set-up.

(i) What is the expected observation if W is more reactive than Y? Explain your answer

......... ...........................

.....................................
(ii) Suggest the possible elements for W and Y

W : ............. Y : ....................

(iii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between W (charge of +2) and
oxide of Y (charge of +3).

.......... ...........................

(iv) dentify the reducing agent and oxidising agent in the reaction between W and oxide
of Y.

Reducing agent: ........... Oxidising agent: ...........


WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 . Oxidation And Reduction
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. Complete the reactivity series of metals with oxygen given below by writing the name of the
missing elements in the spaces provided.






Reactivity
decreases
Potassium

CaIcium

AIuminium

Iron
Tin


ercury

GoId

10. The following shows part of the increasing order of reactivity series of metals with oxygen.

K Na Ca g AI Zn Fe Sn Pb Cu Hg Ag Au



nsert the positions of carbon and hydrogen in the above series by using arrows to indicate its
position.

11. Predict what will be observed when,
(a) hydrogen gas is heated with copper () oxide in tube.

..................................................

.........................................
(b) a piece of burning magnesium ribbon is dropped into a gas jar filled with carbon dioxide.

...........................................
..........................................
(c) carbon is heated with magnesium oxide.

......................................................

12.Complete the following table by giving the main mineral in ore and the metal extracted from its ore.

Ore
Main mineral in ore
Metal extracted
Name Formula
(a) Bauxite



(b) Hematite



(c) Magnetite



(d) Cassiterite




WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 . Oxidation And Reduction
19

D. ELECTROLYTIC AND CHEICAL CELLS

Learning Outcomes :
You should be able to,
O explain with examples the oxidation and reduction reactions at the electrodes of various chemical cells.
O explain with examples the oxidation and reduction reactions at the electrodes of various electrolytic cells.
O state the differences between electrolytic and chemical cells in terms of basic structure, energy conversion
and the transfer of electrons at the electrodes .
O compare and contrast electrolytic and chemical cells with reference to the oxidation and reduction process.



Activity 14

1) Below are listed the differences between electrolytic and chemical cells. Complete the
statements by filling in the blanks with the correct words.





























t requires a source of

...............

The electrodes may be of the ....

material such as .......
The electrical energy

causes ........ reactions

to occur at electrodes.

Electrons flow from the ......

electrode (anode) to the ......

electrode (cathode) through the

........ (external circuit)
t does not require a source of

..............
The electrodes must be of

two ............. metals.
The chemical reactions that occur at

the electrodes produce

an ..............
.
Electrons flow from the more

....... metal .....

terminal) to the less .......

metal (......... terminal)
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 . Oxidation And Reduction
20

















2) The figure above shows the electrolysis process of molten lead () bromide. nswer the
questions below.
(a) State the ions contain in the molten lead () bromide. .................
(b) Pb
2+
ions move to the (i) ......... while Br

ions move to the (ii) ........

(c) Br

ions act as the (i) ......... agent, losing electrons at the electrode to become
(ii) ........ molecules. Thus, Br

ions undergo (iii) ........... .

(d) Oxidation half-equation: .....................
(e) Pb
2+
ions act as the (i) ......... . agent, accepting electrons to become
(ii) ........... metal. Thus, Pb
2+
ions undergo (iii) ......... .
(f) Reduction half-equation : ......................


3) igure below shows a chemical (voltaic) cell.

a) Label the negative terminal and positive terminal and show the direction of the flow of
electrons by using arrows the above figure.

b) Write the half-equation for the reaction at the positive terminal.
........................................

c) Write the half-equation for the reaction at the negative terminal.
..............................................
d) State the substance that undergoes oxidation.
........................................

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 . Oxidation And Reduction
21
e) State the substance that undergoes reduction.
........................................
4) Similarities and differences of the redox reactions in electrolytic cell and a voltaic (chemical) cell

SimiIarities
n both cells,
O electrons are transferred from the ..... agent to the ...... agent.
O oxidation occurs at the anode.

O ........ occurs at the cathode
















Differences










































Electrolytic cell Chemical cell
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 . Oxidation And Reduction
22
ANSWERS
Activity 1
1. The meaning of oxidation and reduction in terms of:
(a) Loss or gain of oxygen
O The process is called oxidation
O The process is called reduction
O it reduces Iead(II) oxide to Iead
O it oxidises magnesium to magnesium oxide

(b) Loss or gain of hydrogen
O The process is called oxidation
O The process is called reduction
O it reduces chIorine to hydrogen chIoride
O it oxidises hydrogen suIphide to suIphur

(c) Transfer of electrons
O The process is called oxidation
O The process is called reduction
O it reduces chIorine to chIoride ion
O it oxidises sodium atom to sodium ion

(d) Changes in oxidation number
O Na is oxidized to Na
+
: Na the reducing agent
O Cl
2
is reduced to Cl
-
: Cl
2
is the oxidising agent

2. Redox reactions are chemical reactions involving oxidation and reduction occurring simultaneously.

Activity 2
reduction

ZnO + Mg MgO + Zn

Oxidation


reduction

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 . Oxidation And Reduction
23
e
2
O
3
+ 3CO 2e + 3CO
2

Oxidation
oxidation

2H + Cl
2

2
+ 2HCl

reduction
oxidation

2NH
3
+ 3Br
2
N
2
+ 6HBr

reduction

Activity 3
(a) ill in the blanks with suitable words.
(i) oxidising (ii) reducing
(b) (i) Oxidising agent: oxygen gas Reducing agent: zinc
(ii) Oxidising agent : carbon dioxide Reducing agent: magnesium

Activity 4
1. (a) 0 (b) 2+ or +2 (c) +1 or 1+ (d) +4 (e) +6 (f) +7
2.
Chlorine
compound

HCI HCIO HCIO
2
CIO
2
HCIO
3
HCIO
4
+ +3 +4 +5 +7
Nitrogen
Compound

NH
3
N
2
O NO NO
2
-
NO
2
NO
3
-
3 + +2 +3 +4 +5


3. b) 0 to +3 Oxidation c) +6 to +3 Reduction
d) +4 to +2 Reduction e) 0 to +2 Oxidation



4.
ormula of compound Oxidation number Name of compound
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 . Oxidation And Reduction
24
CuSO
4
+2 Copper(II) sulphate
Cu
2
O + Copper(I) oxide
CrCI
3
+3 Chromium(III) chloride
Cr
2
O
7
2
+6 ichromate(VI) ion
NO
3

+5 Nitrate(V) ion
NO
2

+3 Nitrate(III) ion
NH
4

3 Ammonium ion
nO
2
+4 Manganese (IV) oxide

Activity
a) Oxidation half-equation : 2I

I
2
2e
Reduction half-equation : CI
2
2e 2CI
-
Substance undergoes oxidation: Iodide ion
Substance undergoes reduction: ChIorine
Oxidising agent : ChIorine
Reducing agent : Iodide ion

b) Oxidation half-equation : g g
2
2e
Reduction half-equation : 2H

2e H
2
Substance undergoes oxidation: agnesium
Substance undergoes reduction: Hydrogen ion / HCI
Oxidising agent : Hydrogen ion / HCI
Reducing agent : agnesium

c) Oxidation half-equation : Pb Pb
2
2e
Reduction half-equation : r
2
2e 2r

Substance undergoes oxidation: Lead
Substance undergoes reduction: romine
Oxidising agent : romine
Reducing agent : Lead

d) Oxidation half-equation : Na Na

e
Reduction half-equation : O
2
4e 2O
2
Substance undergoes oxidation: Sodium
Substance undergoes reduction: Oxygen
Oxidising agent : Oxygen
Reducing agent : Sodium

Activity 6(a)
(a) onic equation: Mg +Cu
2+
Cu Mg
2+


(b) onic equation: l + 3g
+
l
3+
+ 3g
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 . Oxidation And Reduction
25

(c) onic equation: 2e
2+
+ Br
2
2Br

+ 2e
3+


(d) onic equation: Cl
2
+ 2

2Cl
-
+
2


(e) onic equation: Cl
2
+ 2e
2+
2e
3+
+ 2Cl


(f) onic equation: 2e + O
2
+ H
2
O 2e
2+
+ 4OH

[Note: e
2+
ion and OH

will then react to form pale green precipitate, e(OH)
2

e
2+
(aq) + 2OH
-
(aq) e(OH)
2
(s)]

Activity 6(b)
Changing Iron(II) ions Fe
2
to Iron(III) ions Fe
3

1. Iron (II) suIphate. 2. bromine water 3. observation
4. Observation:
The colour of iron() sulphate solution change from paIe green to yeIIowish-brown. The
bromine water change from brown to coIourIess. n order to detect presence of iron() ion in the
solution, add sodium hydroxide soIution in excess.
rown precipitate of iron() hydroxide is formed.
5. Concept :
a) ron() ion is oxidised to iron() ion by romine water. t the same time, romine water is
reduced to bromide ion.
b) oxidation and reduction half-equations
e
2+
F Fe
3
+ e (oxidation) Br
2
+ 2e F 2r
-
(reduction)
c) onic Equation: 2e
2+
+ Br
2
2e
3+
+ 2Br

d) ron() ions Iose electrons to become iron() ions. ron() ions are oxidised.
e) Bromine molecules gain electrons to form bromide ions. Bromine molecules are reduced.
f) Reducing agent : Iron (II) ions. Oxidising agent : romine water.

Changing Iron(III) ions Fe
3
to Iron(II) ions Fe
2

1. iron (III) chIoride
2. zinc powder
3. observation.
4. a. yeIIow , green.
b. sodium hydroxide soIution. , pale green
5. Concept :
a. (i) reduced (ii) zinc powder (iii) oxidised (iv) zinc ion.
b. Reduction: e
3+
+ e F Fe
2
Oxidation: Zn F Zn
2
+ 2e
c. onic equation: 2e
3+
+ Zn F Zn
2
+ 2Fe
2

d) (i) gain (ii) reduced.
e) (i) Ioses (ii) Zinc / Zn
2
ions. (iii) oxidised
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 . Oxidation And Reduction
26
f) (i) Zinc. (ii) Iron (III) / Fe
3
ions

Activity 7
1.(i) more (ii) easiIy (iii) stronger
2. (i) lower. (ii) more (iii) two electrons (iv) zinc (v) copper(II) ion [Cu
2
(.
(vi) reducing agent (vii) oxidising agent

Activity 8(a)

Halogen
Colour of halogen
n aqueous solution n 1,1,1,-trichloroethane
Chlorine Light green Light green
Bromine Brown Reddish brown
odine Brown Purple

Activity 8(b)

1) seventeen 2) receive 3) halide
4) decreases 5) oxidising agent 6) more , less

Activity 9
Redox reaction involving bromine water and potassium iodide solution
1. Electrons flow from X to Y through the wire
2. The colour of potassium iodide solution changes from coIourIess to brown
3. The colour of bromine water changes from brown to coIourIess
4. Oxidation half-equation : 2I
-
I
2
2e Reduction half-equation :r
2
2e 2r
-

5. Overall onic Equation

: r
2
2I
-
2r
-
I
2
6. Oxidising agent : r
2
(bromine) 7. Reducing agent : I
-
(iodide ion)
7. Method 1 Starch solution
Method 2 1,1,1-trichlorethane, shaken, purple

B. (a) +7 to +2 // +7 +2
(b) odine
(c) 2
-

2
+ 2e
(d) MnO
4

+ 8H
+
+ 2
-
Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O +
2

(e) rom the potassium iodide solution to the acidified potassium manganate (V) solution.

Activity 10
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 . Oxidation And Reduction
27
1 (a) (i) Corrosion, (ii) rusting
Half equation for corrosion of metal: M M
n+
+ ne
b) (i) water, (ii) oxygen, (iii) salt, (iv) acid
c) copper()
d) (i) zinc, (ii) aluminium
e) (i) electropositive, (ii) sacrificial
f) (i) metal, (ii) higher
g) (i) galvanization, (ii) cheaper
h) (i) chromium, (ii) nickel

2.

a) e e
2+
+ 2e-
b) O
2
+ 2H
2
O + 4e- 4OH

c) e
2+
+ 2OH
-
e(OH)
2

d) 2e + O
2
+ 2H
2
O 2e(OH)
2

e) 2e(OH)
2
+ O
2
e
2
O
3
. x H
2
O + H
2
O
(value of x varies depending on the condition)
f)
Activity 11
1. - By using protective coating
- By forming alloys
- By using sacrificial metal
2. zinc
3. magnesium, aluminium and zinc
4. Potassium hexacyanoferrate () solution

Activity 12
1. a) e e
2+
+ 2e
b) Used to detect the presence of e
2+
ions. t produces a dark blue colouration in the presence
of iron () ions.
c) Test tube B. ron is more electropositive than P. Hence rusting is faster when iron is in contact
with a less electropositive metal.
d) Q e P or Q > e > P
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 . Oxidation And Reduction
28
e) (i) Metal Q corrodes
(ii) Zinc / luminium / Magnesium
f) OH
-
ion // hydroxide ion

Activity 13
1) a) Mg, Zn, Pb, Cu
b) (i) Potassium chlorate (V) with MnO
2
as catalyst
(ii) Potassium nitrate
c) (i) 2Cu + O
2
2CuO
(ii) 2Zn + O
2
2ZnO
(iii) 2Mg + O
2
2MgO
(iv) 2Pb + O
2
2PbO
2) Carbon dioxide
3) less reactive
4) oxidised
5) (i) reducing agent (ii) oxidising agent
6) more reactive
7) (i) aluminium (ii) zinc
8) a) (i) W, Y (ii) X, Z
b) X : iron Z : copper
c) (i) The mixture glows leaving a grey solid because W displaces Y from its oxides.
(ii) W : Magnesium Y : luminium
(iii) 3 Mg + l
2
O
3
2 l + 3 MgO
(iv) Reducing agent - Magnesium
Oxidising agent luminium oxide
)
Potassium
$odium
Calcium
Magnesium
luminium
Zinc
ron
Tin
Lead
Copper
Mercury
$ilver
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 . Oxidation And Reduction
29
Gold

10)
K Na Ca g AI Zn Fe Sn Pb Cu Hg Ag Au



11) a) Copper () oxide glows dimly. The black powder turns brown. [Some liquid condensed at the
cooler part away from the tube']
b) The magnesium ribbon burns brightly, producing a white solid. Black powder is also formed
on the wall of the gas jar.
c) No change.

12)
Ore
ain mineraI in ore
etaI extracted
Name FormuIa
(a) Bauxite Aluminium oxide Al
2
O
3
Aluminium
(b) Hematite Iron (III) oxide e
2
O
3
Iron
(c) Magnetite
%riiron tetraoxide
or triferum
tetroxide
e
3
O
4
Iron
(d) Cassiterite %in (IV) oxide SnO
2
%in


Activity 14
1) Please refer the chemistry form 5 text book, page 130.
2) (a) lead() ions // Pb
2+
and bromide ions // Br

(b) (i) cathode (ii) anode
(c) (i) reducing (ii) bromine (iii) oxidation
(d) 2Br

Br
2
+ 2e
(e) (i) oxidising (ii) lead (iii) reduction
(f) Pb
2+
+ 2e Pb
3) Please refer the chemistry form 5 text book, page 132.
4) Please refer the chemistry form 5 text book, page 133.


Activity 1
or question 1 and 2, please refer the chemistry form 5 text book, pages from 133 to 135
C H
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 3 . Oxidation And Reduction
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