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Name: Class: Date:
1. Robert and Danny Sand, the brothers from Alberta, led undisciplined criminal lives, as described at the beginning of
Chapter 1. To which of the following can we largely attribute their criminal behaviour?
a. sociological explanations such as early socialization
b. cultural definitions of what constitutes crime at any given point in time
c. psychological makeup
d. biological traits
ANSWER: a
2. Comparing the cases of Robert and Danny Sand, the brothers from Alberta, and Diego Zepeda-Cordera, the
Missionary Church of Christ barber from Toronto, shows which of the following?
a. Penalties for homicide in Canada are too weak.
b. Race is a better predictor of homicide than religion.
c. Killing because of a strong religious belief can exonerate a suspect.
d. There are many different patterns of homicide.
ANSWER: d
3. According to Edwin Sutherland and Donald Cressey, which of the following best describes criminology?
a. a body of knowledge that excludes the process of breaking laws and reacting to the breaking of laws
b. a body of knowledge made up of a universal and consistent set of principles that guide different societies
c. a body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon
d. a body of knowledge that focuses on how crime is legally defined
ANSWER: c
ANSWER: a
5. Which of the following was NOT indicated by the textbook as an important reason for us to know more about
crime?
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
Name: Class: Date:
ANSWER: a
ANSWER: b
7. According to “Box 1.1: Crime and the Media,” which of the following is a consequence of the media’s coverage of
crime in Canada?
a. Canadians are less likely to support greater crime control agendas.
b. Canadians have a fear of crime that is lower than the actual risk of victimization.
c. Canadians greatly overestimate the amount of violent crime.
d. Canadians underestimate the proportion of violent crimes committed by anonymous strangers.
ANSWER: c
8. According to “Box 1.1: Crime and the Media,” what is the research consensus with regards to children who are
exposed to a great deal of television violence?
a. They almost invariably become violent themselves.
b. They do not differ significantly in violence from those less exposed to television violence.
c. They may become violent, especially if they are already vulnerable or predisposed to violence.
d. They almost invariably become more accepting of violent behaviour.
ANSWER: c
9. According to “Box 1.1: Crime and the Media,” what is the news media’s informal rule for covering crime?
a. “Cover Cops, Courts, and Corrections.”
b. “Sex, drugs, and violence preferred.”
c. “If it bleeds, it leads.”
d. “Where there’s smoke, there’s fire, and a story.”
ANSWER: c
10. Which of the following aspects of the criminology discipline would include prisons?
a. origin and role of law
b. definition of crime and criminals
c. crime causation
d. societal reactions to crime
ANSWER: d
ANSWER: c
12. To understand crime we must know the different characteristics of people who commit crimes and study the
differences in crime found in the city versus a town. What aspect of criminology does this analysis fall under?
a. origins and role of law
b. causation of crime
c. social distribution of crime
d. patterns of criminal behaviour
ANSWER: c
13. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the social distribution of crime?
a. programs that help young people avoid a life of crime
b. an analysis of the relationship between dropping out of school and violence
c. the relatively higher rate of criminal offending by young aboriginal men
d. laws that deal with criminal offending by young people
ANSWER: c
14. In Canadian society, having children use a fork when eating (instead of using one’s fingers) is an example of which
of the following?
a. a value
b. a universal norm
c. formal rules
d. informal rules (folkways)
ANSWER: d
15. What is the term for the established rules of behaviour or standards of conduct in a given society?
a. beliefs
b. conventions
c. norms
d. values
ANSWER: c
ANSWER: a
17. The legalistic perspective of criminology is most closely associated with which of the following:
a. how a crime in a society is defined by laws
b. how social patterns of crime emerge
c. the causes of crime
d. how society is defined by criminal laws
ANSWER: a
ANSWER: b
ANSWER: b
20. Which of the following pieces of legislation sets out the majority of criminal offences for Canada?
a. the Charter of Rights and Freedoms
b. the Canadian Constitution
c. the Youth Criminal Justice Act
d. the Criminal Code of Canada
ANSWER: d
ANSWER: a
22. Which of the following best fits into Sutherland’s definition of white-collar crime?
a. an offence committed by a lower-class person against a business run by an upper-class person
b. a homicide committed by an upper-class person against another upper-class person
c. an offence committed by an upper-class person in the course of running a legitimate business that results in a
cease and desist order
d. theft of property perpetrated by an upper-class person against another upper-class person
ANSWER: c
23. Theories of crime causation that view the root causes of crime as stemming from poverty, a lack of power, racism,
and marginalization would have a particularly difficult time explaining which of the following categories of crime?
a. property theft
b. organized crime
c. white-collar crime
d. violent crime
ANSWER: c
24. Which of the following labels do criminologists apply to crimes committed by upper-class people in the course of
their legitimate business activities?
a. blue-collar crime
b. white-collar crime
c. pink-collar crime
d. “Society” crimes
ANSWER: b
ANSWER: a
26. According to Hagan, how is the continuous variable of social deviance best understood?
a. It is static and does not change over time.
b. It is measured using a scale that ranges from the most to the least serious of acts.
c. It is seen to increase as a society becomes more economically developed.
d. It can best be defined by criminal laws.
ANSWER: b
27. In Hagan’s typology of crime and deviance, which of the following is the most serious category?
a. consensus crimes
b. social diversions
c. conflict crimes
d. social deviations
ANSWER: a
28. The statement “criminal behaviour is generally defined by criminal laws, but not all deviant behaviour falls
under criminal laws,” is consistent with which of the following criminological perspectives?
a. legalistic perspective
b. human rights violations as crime
c. Hagen’s continuum of crime and deviance
d. consensus theory
ANSWER: c
29. Hagan proposed that deviance and crime be considered on a continuum ranging from the least serious to the most
serious acts and that seriousness can be assessed on three dimensions. Which of the following is NOT one of these
dimensions?
a. the degree of consensus that an act is wrong
b. the severity of the society’s response to the act
c. the assessment of the degree of harm of the act
d. the extent to which existing criminal law outlaws the act
ANSWER: d
ANSWER: b
31. In Canadian society, we judge people on the basis of their honesty. In sociological terms, which of the following
does honesty best represent?
a. informal rules
b. norms
c. values
d. laws
ANSWER: c
32. "Everyone believes that stealing goes against our belief in private ownership." Within which of the following
approaches to crime does this view fall?
a. green criminology
b. class conflict perspective
c. human rights criminology
d. consensus perspective
ANSWER: d
33. In Canada most people would argue that mass murder is wrong, but there is little agreement over the issue of using
marijuana. This statement reflects which dimension of Hagan’s typology of crime and deviance?
a. the severity of the society’s response to the act
b. the assessment of the degree of harm of the act
c. the degree of consensus that an act is wrong
d. the accuracy of the belief systems
ANSWER: c
ANSWER: b
35. According to the textbook, the severe penalties in Canada for the trafficking of “street” drugs such as crack
cocaine, compared to the relatively lenient penalties for white-collar crimes, such as fraud, can best be explained
through which of the following perspectives?
a. human rights
b. conflict theory
c. consensus theory
d. green criminology
ANSWER: b
36. Which of the following best characterizes the class conflict perspective of lawmaking?
a. Laws are passed to minimize conflict between competing criminals.
b. Laws are passed by members of the ruling class in order to maintain their privileged position by keeping the
common people under control.
c. Laws are passed based by a consensus of society in order to reduce conflict within that society.
d. Laws are passed by governments in order to reduce conflict within society.
ANSWER: b
37. Which of the following would not be considered a subject to be studied within the discipline of green criminology?
a. animal cruelty
b. the illegal dumping of hazardous waste
c. the sabotage of oil pipelines by radical environmentalists
d. the poaching of elephant tusks
ANSWER: c
ANSWER: c
ANSWER: d
40. Which of the following would NOT fit under the discipline of surveillance studies?
a. the proliferation of closed circuit cameras in public spaces
b. the collection of information on teenaged Internet users by sexual offenders
c. legislation requiring police to obtain a search warrant before intercepting private communications
d. policies restricting the gathering of information on consumers by corporations
ANSWER: b
41. Criminology is the scientific body of knowledge that examines crime (and its treatment) as a social phenomenon.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
42. According to the textbook, the discipline of criminology includes four major areas.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
43. As one of the major focuses of criminology, the social distribution of crime would include examining the causes of
crime and criminality.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
ANSWER: True
45. Most Canadians learn about serious crime from first-hand experience.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
46. The depiction of crime in the Canadian media is a fair and balanced representation of the scope and nature of crime
in this country.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
47. The main reason the media misrepresents crime is to attract viewers for profit.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
48. “If it bleeds, it leads” refers to the priority that police place on investigating violent crimes.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
49. In Canada, provinces and territories can pass and amend criminal laws.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
50. Formal rules, enforced by the criminal justice system, govern the vast majority of individual behaviour in Canadian
society.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
ANSWER: True
52. The legalistic definition means that a crime is as an act that violates criminal law and is punishable.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
53. Historically, before the rise of the criminal justice system, harmful behaviour against others was treated as a private
matter.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
54. One of the earliest topics in the study of criminality by criminologists was white collar crime.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
55. Hagan’s continuum of crime and deviance contends that the amount of harm caused by a particular act must be
taken into consideration when determining whether that act should be deemed criminal.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
56. According to Hagan’s continuum of crime and deviance, the degree of society’s consensus that an act is wrong is
the only factor that determines whether a particular act constitutes a crime.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
57. According to Hagan, determining what constitutes a crime is never influenced by politics.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
ANSWER: False
59. Criminal and non-criminal acts are always two distinct categories.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
60. The conflict perspective understands the definition of crime to be factual and precise.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
61. The criminalization of marijuana is a good example of the consensus perspective of criminal law-making.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
62. Fortunately, there have been no acts of terrorism committed on Canadian soil since World War II.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
63. Does the media accurately portray crime in Canada? Explain your answer with specific examples. Describe the
consequences of the media’s representations of crime for Canadians.
64. Why do we study crime in society? What does the scope (extent) of crime in a particular society say about that
society? Using violent crime as an example answer this question by comparing and contrasting Canada with the
US.
65. List and describe the six major areas that make up the discipline of criminology. Explain the main differences
between each area.
ANSWER: Answers will vary.
67. Define crime using the most common definition. Do all criminologists adhere to this definition? Explain your answer.
68. Explain the role played by rules and norms in Canadian society. How do they come to influence what we determine
to be criminal offences?
69. What is a social norm? Why are criminologists interested in the study of social norms?
70. Describe and differentiate between informal means of social control and informal means of social control. Provide
examples that are illustrative of each category.
71. Describe John Hagan’s (1985) typology of a continuum of crime and deviance. Provide examples of specific acts
that fit into each of the four main categories.
72. Explain how crime is socially defined and how people’s ideas about crime change over time. Illustrate your answer
with examples from the textbook or from case studies you find in the media.
73. Compare and contrast the views of consensus and conflict theorists on the question, “who makes the laws in
Canada?”
74. Explain why new sub-fields of criminology – green criminology, terrorism studies and surveillance studies – have
emerged in recent years. Are there any other important crime issues that have emerged in recent years that you feel
receive a particular focus in criminology?
75. Explain why it has been difficult in Canada to pass effective animal cruelty laws at the federal level.
77. Describe several ways in which the emphasis on preventing war on terrorism has curtailed due process and the
rights of accused persons in Canada. What do you think should be done about this?
Language: English
BY
JAMES HILTON
BOSTON
1924
CONTENTS
BOOK I
The Summer Term
BOOK II
The Winter Term
INTERLUDE
Christmas At Beachings Over
BOOK III
The Lent Term
BOOK I
CHAPTER ONE
II
He climbed the stone flights of steps that led to the School House
dormitories and made his way to the little room in which, some hours
earlier, the school porter, squirming after tips, had deposited his
trunks and suit-case. Over the door, in neat white letters upon a
black background, he read: "Mr. K. Speed."—It seemed to him
almost the name of somebody else. He looked at it, earnestly and
contemplatively, until he saw that a small boy was staring at him
from the dormitory doorway at the end of the passage. That would
never do; it would be fatal to appear eccentric. He walked into the
room and shut the door behind him. He was alone now and could
think. He saw the bare distempered walls with patches of deeper
colour where pictures had been hung; the table covered with a
green-baize cloth; the shabby pedestal-desk surmounted by a
dilapidated inkstand; the empty fire-grate into which somebody, as if
in derision, had cast quantities of red tissue-paper. An inner door
opened into a small bedroom, and here his critical eye roved over
the plain deal chest of drawers, the perfunctory wash-hand stand (it
was expected, no doubt, that masters would wash in the prefects'
bathroom), and the narrow iron bed with the hollow still in it that last
term's occupant had worn. He carried his luggage in through the
separating door and began to unpack.
But he was quite happy. He had always had the ambition to be a
master at a public-school. He had dreamed about it; he was
dreaming about it now. He was bursting with new ideas and new
enthusiasms, which he hoped would be infectious, and Millstead,
which was certainly a good school, would doubtless give him his
chance. Something in Ervine's dark study had momentarily damped
his enthusiasm, but only momentarily; and in any case he was not
afraid of an uncomfortable bed or of a poorly-furnished room. When
he had been at Millstead a little while he would, he decided, import
some furniture from home; it would not, however, be wise to do
everything in a hurry. For the immediate present a few photographs
on the mantelpiece, Medici prints on the walls, a few cushions,
books of course, and his innumerable undergraduate pipes and
tobacco-jars, would wreak a sufficiently pleasant transformation.
He looked through the open lattice-windows and saw, three
storeys below, the headmaster's garden, the running-track, and
beyond that the smooth green of the cricket-pitch. Leaning out and
turning his head sharply to the left he could see the huge red blocks
of Milner's and Lavery's, the two other houses, together with the
science buildings and the squat gymnasium. He felt already intimate
with them; he anticipated in a sense the peculiar closeness of their
relationship with his life. Their very bricks and mortar might, if he let
them, become part of his inmost soul. He would walk amongst them
secretly and knowingly, familiar with every step and curve of their
corridors, growing each day more intimate with them until one day,
might be, he should be a part of them as darkly and mysteriously as
Ervine had become a part of his study. Would he? He shrank
instinctively from such a final absorption of himself. And yet already
he was conscious of fascination, of something that would permeate
his life subtly and tremendously—that must do so, whether he willed
it or not. And as he leaned his head out of the window he felt big cold
drops of rain.
He shut the windows and resumed unpacking. Just as he had
finished everything except the hanging up of some of the pictures, he
heard the School clock chime the hour of four. He recollected that
the porter had told him that tea could be obtained in the Masters'
Common-Room at that hour. It was raining heavily now, so that a
walk into the town, even with the lure of old Roman earthworks, was
unattractive. Besides, he felt just pleasantly hungry. He washed his
hands and descended the four long flights to the ground-floor
corridors.
III
IV
VI
As Mrs. Ervine and the girl preceded them out of the room Speed
heard the latter say: "Clare's not come yet, mother."—Mrs. Ervine
replied, a trifle acidly: "Well, my dear, we can't wait for her. I suppose
she knew it was at seven..."
The Head, taking Speed by the arm with an air of ponderous
intimacy, was saying: "Don't know whether you've a good reading
voice, Speed. If so, we must have you for the lessons in morning
chapel."
Speed was mumbling something appropriate and the Head was
piloting him into the dining-room when Potter appeared again,