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Addison-Wesley is proud to celebrate the Tenth Edition of Elementary
Statistics. This text is highly regarded because of its engaging and
understandable introduction to statistics. The author's commitment to
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students opportunities to apply their newly learned skills in a real-world
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Mario F. Triola is a Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at Dutchess

Community College, where he has taught statistics for over 30 years.
Marty is the author of Essentials of Statistics, Elementary Statistics
Using Excel, Mathematics in the Modern World, and Survey of
Mathematics. He is a co(author of Statistical Reasoning for Everyday
Life, Business Statistics, and Introduction to Technical Mathematics. He
designed the original STATDISK statistical software package, and he has
written several manuals and workbooks for technology supporting
statistics education. Outside of the classroom, Marty's consulting work
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rods, and he has worked with attorneys in determining probabilities in
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witness in New York State Supreme Court for an election dispute
involving a former student. Marty was a recent writing team member of
the Project Coalition with NASA and the American Mathematics
Association of Two(Year Colleges.

When he's not working, Marty enjoys travel, golf, tennis, running,
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The Text and Academic Authors Association has awarded Mario F.

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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Lead poisoning and
lead absorption
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Lead poisoning and lead absorption

The symptoms, pathology and prevention, with special
reference to their industrial origin, and an account of the
principal processes involving risk

Author: Kenneth Weldon Goadby

Sir Thomas Morison Legge

Release date: December 3, 2023 [eBook #72301]

Language: English

Original publication: London: Edward Arnold, 1912

Credits: Charlene Taylor, Harry Lamé and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive/American Libraries.)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LEAD POISONING

AND LEAD ABSORPTION ***
 Please see the Transcriber’s Notes at
the end of this text.
New original cover art included with this
eBook is granted to the public domain.

LEAD POISONING AND LEAD

ABSORPTION

INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL MONOGRAPHS

General Editors { Leonard Hill, M.B., F.R.S.
William Bulloch, M.D.
 THE VOLUMES ALREADY PUBLISHED OR IN
P R E PA R AT I O N A R E :
THE MECHANICAL FACTORS OF DIGESTION. By
Walter B. Cannon, A.M., M.D., George Higginson Professor of
Physiology, Harvard University. [Ready.
SYPHILIS: FROM THE MODERN STANDPOINT. By
James Macintosh, M.D., Grocers’ Research Scholar; and Paul
Fildes, M.D., B.C., Assistant Bacteriologist to the London
Hospital. [Ready.
BLOOD-VESSEL SURGERY AND ITS APPLICATIONS.
By Charles Claude Guthrie, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of
Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, etc.
CAISSON SICKNESS AND THE PHYSIOLOGY [Ready.
OF WORK in Compressed Air. By Leonard Hill, M.B., F.R.S.,
Lecturer on Physiology, London Hospital. [Ready.
LEAD POISONING AND LEAD ABSORPTION. By
Thomas Legge, M.D., D.P.H., H.M. Medical Inspector of
Factories, etc.; and Kenneth W. Goadby, D.P.H., Pathologist
and Lecturer on Bacteriology, National Dental Hospital.
THE PROTEIN ELEMENT IN NUTRITION. By Major D.
McCay, M.B., B.Ch., B.A.O., M.R.C.P., I.M.S., Professor of
Physiology, Medical College, Calcutta, etc.
SHOCK: The Pathological Physiology of Some Modes
of Dying. By Yandell Henderson, Ph.D., Professor of
Physiology, Yale University.
THE CARRIER PROBLEM IN INFECTIOUS DISEASE.
By J. C. Ledingham, D.Sc., M.B., M.A., Chief Bacteriologist,
Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, London; and J. A.
Arkwright, M.A., M.D., M.R.C.P., Lister Institute of Preventive
Medicine, London.
DIABETES. By J. J. MacLeod, Professor of Physiology,
Western Reserve Medical College, Cleveland, U.S.A.
A Descriptive Circular of the Series will be sent free on
application to the Publishers:
LONDON: EDWARD ARNOLD
New York: Longmans, Green & Co.
 INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL MONOGRAPHS
General Editors { Leonard Hill, M.B., F.R.S.
William Bulloch, M.D.

LEAD POISONING AND

LEAD ABSORPTION

THE

SYMPTOMS, PATHOLOGY AND PREVENTION,

WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THEIR

INDUSTRIAL ORIGIN AND AN ACCOUNT OF THE

PRINCIPAL PROCESSES INVOLVING RISK

BY

THOMAS M. LEGGE, M.D. Oxon., D.P.H. Cantab.

H.M. MEDICAL INSPECTOR OF FACTORIES; LECTURER ON FACTORY HYGIENE
UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER

AND

KENNETH W. GOADBY, M.R.C.S., D.P.H. Cantab.

PATHOLOGIST AND LECTURER ON BACTERIOLOGY, NATIONAL DENTAL HOSPITAL
APPOINTED SURGEON TO CERTAIN SMELTING AND WHITE
LEAD FACTORIES IN EAST LONDON
 LONDON
EDWARD ARNOLD
NEW YORK: LONGMANS, GREEN & CO.

1912

[All rights reserved]

 GENERAL EDITORS’ PREFACE
The Editors hope to issue in this series of International Medical
Monographs contributions to the domain of the Medical Sciences on
subjects of immediate interest, made by first-hand authorities who
have been engaged in extending the confines of knowledge.
Readers who seek to follow the rapid progress made in some new
phase of investigation will find therein accurate information acquired
from the consultation of the leading authorities of Europe and
America, and illuminated by the researches and considered opinions
of the authors.
Amidst the press and rush of modern research, and the multitude
of papers published in many tongues, it is necessary to find men of
proved merit and ripe experience, who will winnow the wheat from
the chaff, and give us the present knowledge of their own subjects in
a duly balanced, concise, and accurate form.
This volume deals with a subject of wide interest, for lead is dealt
with in so many important processes of manufacture—in the making
of white lead; pottery glazing; glass polishing; handling of printing
type; litho-making; house, coach, and motor painting; manufacture of
paints and colour; file-making; tinning of metals; harness-making;
manufacture of accumulators, etc.
The authors bring forward convincing evidence, experimental and
statistical, in favour of the causation of lead poisoning by the
inhalation of dust. This makes prevention a comparatively simple
matter, and the methods of prevention are effective, and will
contribute greatly to the health of the workers and the prevention of
phthisis, which is so prevalent among lead-workers. Exhaust fans
and hoods, or vacuum cleaners, for carrying away the dust formed in
the various processes—these are the simple means by which the
dust can be removed and the workers’ health assured.

LEONARD HILL.
WILLIAM BULLOCH.
September, 1912.
 AUTHORS’ PREFACE
Progress in the knowledge of the use of lead, the pathology of
lead poisoning, and the means of preventing or mitigating the risk
from it, has been rapid of late years, and has led to much legislative
action in all civilized countries. The present is a fitting time, therefore,
to take stock of the general position. We have both, in different ways,
been occupied with the subject for several years past, the one
administratively, and the other experimentally, in addition to the
practical knowledge gained by examining weekly over two hundred
lead-workers.
The present treatise takes account mainly of our own persona
experience, and of work done in this country, especially by members
of the Factory Department of the Home Office, and certifying and
appointed surgeons carrying out periodical medical examinations in
lead factories. The book, however, has no official sanction.
We are familiar with the immense field of Continental literature
bearing on legislation against lead poisoning, but have considered
any detailed reference to this outside the scope of our book, except
in regard to the medical aspects of the disease.
Most of the preventive measures mentioned are enforced under
regulations or special rules applying to the various industries or
under powers conferred by the Factory and Workshops Act, 1901.
Occasionally, however, where, in the present state of knowledge,
particular processes are not amenable to the measures ordinarily
applied, we have suggested other possible lines on which the
dangers may be met. We have not reprinted these regulations and
special rules, as anyone consulting this book is sure to have access
to them in the various works published on the Factory Acts.
The practical value of the experimental inquiry described in
Chapter VI., and the light it seems to throw on much that has been
difficult to understand in the causation of lead poisoning, has led us
to give the results in detail.
One of us (K. W. G.) is responsible for Chapters I., III., and V. to
XI., and the other (T. M. L.) for Chapters II. and XII. to XVII.; but the
subject-matter in all (except Chapter VI., which is the work entirely of
K. W. G.) has been worked upon by both.
Our thanks are due to the Sturtevant Engineering Co., Ltd.,
London; Messrs. Davidson and Co., Ltd., Belfast; the Zephyr
Ventilating Co., Bristol; and Messrs. Enthoven and Sons, Ltd.,
Limehouse, for kindly supplying us with drawings and photographs.
September, 1912.
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE
I. Historical—Chemistry of Lead 1
II. Ætiology 7
III. Susceptibility and Immunity 27
IV. Statistics of Plumbism 44
V. Pathology 62
VI. Pathology—Continued 81
VII. Symptomatology and Diagnosis 110
VIII. Excretion of Lead 127
IX. The Nervous System 140
X. Chemical Investigations 165
XI. Treatment 184
XII. Preventive Measures against Lead Poisoning 199
XIII. Preventive Measures against Lead Poisoning
—Continued 221
XIV. Preventive Measures against Lead Poisoning
—Continued 230
XV. Description of Processes 242
XVI. Description of Processes—Continued 265
XVII. Description of Processes—Continued 288
Index 305
LIST OF PLATES

FACING
PAGE
Plate I. 92
Plate II. 93
Plate III. 95
Plate IV. 276
LEAD POISONING AND LEAD

ABSORPTION
 CHAPTER I
HISTORICAL—CHEMISTRY OF LEAD
The use of lead for various industrial processes and for painting
was well known to the ancients. Pliny[1] speaks of white lead, and a
method of corroding lead in earthen pots with vinegar, sunk into a
heap of dung, as the means by which white lead was made for paint.
Agricola mentions three forms of lead—white lead, a compound
which was probably bismuth, and metallic lead itself. The alchemists
were acquainted with the metal under the name of “saturn,” the term
signifying the ease with which the nobler metals, silver and gold,
disappear when added to molten lead.
Colic caused by lead was also known in ancient times, and is
described by Pliny; many other writers refer to it, and Hippocrates
was apparently acquainted with lead colic. Not until Stockhusen[2],
however, in 1656, ascribed the colic of lead-miners and smelters to
the fumes given off from the molten liquid was the definite co-relation
between lead and so-called “metallic colic” properly understood, and
the symptoms directly traced to poisoning from the metal and its
compounds. Æthius, in the early part of the sixteenth century, gave a
description of a type of colic called “bellon,” frequently associated
with the drinking of certain wines. Tronchin[3], in 1757, discovered
that many of these wines were able to dissolve the glaze of the
earthenware vessels in which they were stored, the glaze being
compounded with litharge.
In our own country, John Hunter[4] describes the frequent
incidence of “dry bellyache” in the garrison of Jamaica, caused by
the consumption of rum which had become contaminated with lead.
Many other writers in ancient and historical books on medicine have
written on the causation of colic, palsy, and other symptoms,
following the ingestion of salts of lead; and as the compounds of
lead, mainly the acetate or sugar of lead, were freely used
medicinally, often in large doses, opportunities constantly occurred
for observing the symptoms produced in susceptible persons. It is
not to the present purpose to examine the historical side of the
question of lead poisoning, but those interested will find several
valuable references in Meillère’s work “Le Saturnisme”[5].
Lead was used in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
particularly, and in the earlier part of the nineteenth, for its action
upon the blood. In view of experimental evidence of the action of
lead on the tissues, particularly the blood, this empirical use has
interest. Salts of lead were found to be hæmostatic, and were
therefore used for the treatment of ulcers because of the power,
notably of lead acetate, of coagulating albuminous tissue. It was also
used in the treatment of fevers, where again it is quite possible that
the administration of a lead salt, such as an acetate, produced
increase in the coagulability of the blood. At the same time spasms
of colic and other accidents followed its use. There is practically no
disease to which the human body is subject which was not treated
by lead in some form or another. Lead, with the addition of arsenic,
was given for malaria, while its use in phthisis was also common.
The present use of diachylon plaster is an instance of the continuous
use of a salt of lead medicinally, as also is the lotion of the British
Pharmacopœia containing opium and lead.

The Chemistry of Lead.

Physical Properties.—Lead belongs to the group of heavy

metals, and occupies a position between bismuth and thorium in the
list of the atomic weights, the atomic weight being 206·4, and density
11·85. It is blue-grey in colour, and its softness and facility to form a
mark upon paper are well known. Lead melts at a temperature of
325° C., and at this temperature a certain (if negligible) amount of
volatilization takes place, which vapour becomes reprecipitated in
the form of an oxide. Use is made of the volatility of the metal at the
higher temperatures, 550° C. and upwards, in the oxidation of lead
from a mixture of lead, silver, and gold; the oxide of lead, or litharge,
is partially collected and absorbed by the crucible, but the greater
part is mainly removed from the surface of the liquid metal as it is
formed, while the richer metal is left in the crucible.
Chemically speaking lead is a tetrad, and forms a number of
organic derivatives, especially through the intervention of a particular
oxide, minium. Lead forms metallic alkalies and alkaline earths,
resembling silver in this direction, and also metallic compounds with
zinc and copper; in this point it is very similar to silver. Small
quantities of lead present in other metals—as, for instance, a small
trace in gold—alter its physical qualities to a great extent; whilst the
addition of minute traces of other metals to lead—as, for instance,
antimony—cause it to become hard, a fact made use of in the
manufacture of shot.
A number of oxides of the metal are known: two varieties of
protoxides (massicot and litharge), protoxide hydrate, and bioxide.
Sulphide, or galena, represents the chief form in which lead is found
in Nature, and from which the actual metal is produced by
metallurgical processes.
The salts of lead may be divided as follows:
1. The carbonates or hydrated carbonates employed in a large
number of industrial and other processes, which are the cause of
much lead poisoning.
2. The acetates, both normal and basic, which are particularly
concerned in the production of white lead—at any rate in the process
of converting metallic lead into the hydrated carbonate through the
medium of acetic acid and steam.
3. Chromate of lead, which is used as a pigment, and also in
dyeing yarns, etc.
4. The nitrates and chlorides; the chloride particularly is used as
an oxidizing agent (plumbing, soldering, tinning of metals).
5. The silicates, silico-borates, silico-fluoborates, which constitute
the many varieties of glass and crystals used in optical instruments,
and the various glazes and enamel colours used in the potteries.
There are a large number of other derivatives, but these are not of
special interest to the subject in hand.
The Action of Water upon Lead.—The action of water on lead
was known even to the ancients, Pliny and Galen having written on
the subject. At times, and under certain conditions, as much as 20
milligrammes per litre have been found, as in the Bacup epidemic,
and 14 milligrammes per litre in the epidemic at Claremont.
Bisserie[6] in 1900 made an exhaustive inquiry into the action of
water upon lead; he gives the following conclusions:
1. Water and saline solutions attack lead more or less readily
when it is in combination with another metal, such as solder, copper,
bronze, iron, or nickel, the result being a hydrated oxide.
2. The maximum effect is produced with water slightly acid and
with solutions of chlorides or nitrates. With these it is not necessary
to have other metals present, and if the water is thoroughly aerated
the pure metal is attacked.
3. Bicarbonates and carbonic acid exercise by themselves an
action on wet lead, but the carbonate of lead formed in the process
adheres firmly to the surface of the metal, and prevents any further
action.
4. Sulphates act in the same way, but in less degree.
5. This protective action is much diminished when the water is
even slightly charged with nitrates or organic material. Pouchet has
pointed out that lead branch-pipes fixed to iron water-pipes, thus
producing an “iron-lead couple,” set up definite electro-chemical
changes, and tend to increase the rate at which solution of lead in
the pipe water takes place.
Houston[7], in an extensive and very full report on the effect of
water upon lead, especially undertaken for the purpose of inquiry
into the contamination of supplies of drinking water by means of
lead, distinguishes two species of action—namely, plumbo-solvency,
which is brought about by the acidity of the water in contact with
lead; and a second kind of action, erosion, determined to some
extent by the dissolved air in the water. He came to the conclusion
that the plumbo-solvency and erosive action of water on metallic
lead differed considerably, and that the protective layer or plumbo-
protective substance did not always protect lead pipes from the
solvent action of water.
Chemical Characters of Lead Salts.—A short summary of the
chemistry of lead salts may not be out of place.
A soluble salt of lead, such as the acetate or nitrate, is precipitated
by (1) hydrogen sulphide or alkaline sulphide as a brown or black
precipitate, which is insoluble in ammonium sulphide. In dilute
solutions this sulphide is, however, appreciably soluble in mineral
acids, and may introduce errors in analysis, especially as the
solubility is distinctly increased by the presence of certain earthy
salts. The sulphide produced through the action of alkaline sulphide
on a soluble salt of lead is less soluble than is the corresponding
acid sulphide. Soluble salts of lead are at once precipitated by
albumin or peptone; the resulting precipitate has no stable
composition.
Under certain conditions definite colloidal precipitates are formed,
particularly in the presence of sulphide of copper or mercury. (2)
Sulphuric acid or soluble sulphates produce a precipitate of lead
sulphate insoluble in excess of the precipitating salt or sulphuric
acid, and only slightly soluble in alkaline solutions. This method is
the one generally adopted for gravimetric determination of a lead
salt. (3) Potassium chromate produces a precipitate of chromate of
lead very little soluble in acid, but soluble in caustic alkali. (4)
Potassium iodide produces a yellow lead iodide, soluble on heating,
and reprecipitating and crystallizing on cooling. (5) Alkaline chlorides
and hydrochloric acid produce needle-like crystals of lead chloride
soluble on heating, and reprecipitating on cooling. (6) Potassium
nitrate in conjunction with a copper salt (copper acetate) produces a
precipitate of a triple copper, lead, and potassium nitrate,
crystallizing in characteristic violet-black cubes. This reaction is one
made use of in the qualitative determination of small quantities of
lead in organic fluids (see p. 167).
All the precipitates of lead salts, with the exception of the sulphide,
are soluble in fixed alkalies, in ammonium acetate, ammonium
tartrate, and ammonium citrate. It is possible to determine the
presence of lead in a large volume without evaporating down the
whole bulk of fluid. By this means liquid containing lead is treated
with sulphide of copper, sulphide of mercury, or baryta-water.
Meillère states that he has detected the presence of as small a
quantity as 1 milligramme of lead in 1,000 c.c. of water in this
manner without evaporating the liquid. Where lead is in organic
combination, as is the case in the urine of persons suffering from
lead poisoning, it is not decomposed by hydrogen sulphide, and the