Chapter 1: Advent of a National Hero

The Birth of a Hero

 June 19, 1861 – birth date of Jose Rizal.

 Born in Calamba, Laguna Province.
 June 22, 1862 – he was baptized in the Catholic church of his town at the age of 3.
 Father Rufino Collantes – baptized Rizal.
 Father Pedro Casañas – Rizal’s godfather.
 Mariano Herbosa – nephew of Casañas who will marry Lucia (Rizal’s sister).
 Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda – full name of Jose Rizal.
 Lieutenant-General Jose Lemary – governor general of the Philippines when Rizal
was born.

Meanings of Rizal’s Names

 Jose – chosen by his mother who was a devotee of the Christian saint San Jose (St.
Joseph).
 Protacio – from Gervacio P. which came from a Christian calendar.
 Mercado – adopted in 1731 by Domingo Lamco (the paternal great-great
grandfather of Jose Rizal). The Spanish term “Mercado” means “market” in English.
 Rizal – in Spanish means a field where wheat, cut while still green, sprouts again.
 Y – and
 Alonzo – old surname of his mother.
 Realonda – used by Doña Teodora from the surname of her godmother.

Rizal’s Parents

 Francisco Mercado Rizal

- Born on May 11, 1818.
- Born in Biñan, Laguna.
- Studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila.
- June 28, 1848 – he married Teodora.
- The youngest of the 13 children of Cirila Alejandro and Juan Mercado.
 Teodora Alonzo Realonda
- Born on November 09, 1827.
- Educated at the College of Santa Rosa, a well-known college for girls.
- Died in Manila on August 16, 1911 at the age of 85.

The Rizal Children

1. Saturnina (1850-1913) – oldest of the Rizal children; nicknamed Neneng.

2. Paciano (1851-1930) – older brother and confident of Jose Rizal; second father of
Rizal; Pilosopo Tasio in Noli Me Tangere.
3. Narcisa (1852-1939) – pet name: Sisa.
4. Olimpia (185501887) – pet name: Ypia.
5. Lucia (1857-1919) – married Mariano Herbosa, who died of cholera in 1889 and was
denied Christian burial because he was a brother-in-law of Dr. Rizal.
6. Maria (1859-1945) – nickname: Biang.
7. JOSE (1861-1896) – the greatest Filipino hero and peerless genius; nickname:
Pepe.
8. Concepcion (1862-1865) – pet name: Concha; she died of sickness at the age of 3;
her death was Rizal’s first sorrow in life.
9. Josefa (1865-1945) – pet name: Panggoy; died an old maid at the age of 80.
10. Trinidad (1868-1951) – pet name: Trining; also died an old maid at the age of 83.
11. Soledad (1870-1929) – youngest of the Rizal children; pet name: Choleng.

Rizal’s Ancestry

 Paternal Side
- Domingo Lamco – great-great grandfather of Rizal; a Chinese immigrant from
Changchow; he was married to a Chinese Christian girl of Manila named Ines de
la Rosa
- 1731 – he adopt the name Mercado meaning Market
- Francisco Mercado – Domingo Lamco’s son; married Cirila Bernacha.
- Juan Mercado – Francisco’s son married to Cirila Alejandro.
- Francisco Mercado – youngest son of Juan Mercado; Rizal’s father.
 Maternal Side
- Lakan Dula – descendant; last native king of Tondo.
- Eugenio Ursua – great-great grandfather of Rizal; Japanese married to a Filipina
named Benigna.
- Regina – daughter of Eugenio, married Manuel de Quintos (Filipino-Chinese
lawyer).
- Brigida – daughter of Regina who married Lorenzo Alberto Alonso (Spanish-
Filipino mestizo).

The Rizal Home

 A 2-storey building, rectangular in shape, built of adobe stones and hardwoods, and
roofed with red tiles.
 Behind the house were poultry yard full of turkeys and chickens, and a big garden of
tropical fruit trees (atis, balimbing, chico, macopa, papaya, santol, tampoy, etc.).

A Good and Middle-Class Family

 Principalia – a town aristocracy in Spanish Philippines was one of the distinguished
families in Calamba.
 Carriage – a status symbol of the ilustrados in Spanish Philippines.
 Private Library – the largest in Calamba; consisted of more than 1,000 volumes.

Chapter 2: Childhood Years in Calamba

Calamba, the Hero’s town

 Calamba
 Natal town of Rizal.
 Named after a big native jar.
 Happiest period of Rizal’s life was spent in this lakeshore town, a worthy prelude
to his Hamlet-like tragic manhood.
 Hacienda town which belonged to the Dominican Order.
 Picturesque town nestling on a verdant plain covered with irrigated rice fields and
sugar lands.
 A few kilometers to the south looms of the legendary Mt. Makiling and beyond
this mountain is the province of Batangas.
 East of the town is the Laguna de Bay.
 Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town)
 A poem written by Rizal in 1876 when he was 15 years old and a student of
Ateneo de Manila.

Earliest Childhood Memories

 The first memory of Rizal, in his infancy, was his happy days in the family garden
when he was 3 years old. He was given the tenderest care by his parents because
he was frail, sickly, and undersized.
 His father built a little nipa cottage in the garden for him to play in the daytime.
 An aya (nurse maid), a kind old woman, was employed to look after him.
 He watched from the cottage, the culiauan, maya, maria capra, & martin pitpit and
other birds and listened with “wonder and joy” to the twilight songs.
 The daily Angelus prayer.
 The happy moonlit nights at the azotea after the nightly Rosary.
 The imaginary tales told by the aya aroused Rizal’s interest in legends and folklore.
 The aya would threaten Rizal with asuang, nuno, tigbalang, or a terrible bearded and
turbaned Bombay would come to take him away if he would not eat his supper.
 The nocturnal walk in the town esp. when there was a moon with his aya by the
river.
The Hero’s First Sorrow

 Death of Little Concha (Concepcion)

- “When I was four years old,” he said, “I lost my little sister Concha, and then for
the first time I shed tears caused by love and grief…”
Devoted Son of the Church

 Young Rizal is a religious boy. He grew up a good Catholic.

 At the age of 3, he began to take part in the family prayer. His mother taught him the
Catholic Prayers.
 5 years old, he was able to read the Spanish family bible.
 He was so seriously devout that he was laughingly called Manong Jose by the
Hermanos & Hermanas Terceras.
 Father Leoncio Lopez, town priest, one of the men he esteemed & respected in
Calamba during his boyhood.
Pilgrimage to Antipolo

 June 06, 1868. Jose and his father left Calamba to go on a pilgrimage to Antipolo.
 First trip of Jose across Laguna de Bay and his first pilgrimage to Antipolo. They
rode in a Casco (barge).
 He was awed by “The magnificence of the water expanse and the silence of the
night”.
 After praying at the shrine of the Virgin of Antipolo, Jose and his father went to
Manila and visited Saturnina, who was then a boarding student at La Concordia
College in Santa Ana.
The Story of the Moth
The story of the moth and the flame was told to Rizal by his mother on a night when
her mother was teaching him how to read a book entitled “The Children’s Friend” (El
Amigos de los Niños).
His mother grew impatient of his poor reading and lack of focus and always straying
his eyes on the flame of the lamp and the cheerful moths surrounding it. Knowing his
interest to stories, his mother decided to stop teaching him and instead read him an
interesting story.
Upon hearing the story, it gave a deep impression on Rizal. However, it’s not the
story’s moral that truly struck him, he actually envied the moths and their fate and
considered that the light was so fine a thing that it was worth dying for.
Artistic Talents
 Age 5, started making sketches with his pencil and to mould in clay and wax objects
which attracted his fancy.
 A religious banner was always used during fiesta and it was spoiled; Rizal painted in
oil colors a new banner that delighted the townfolks.
 Jose had the soul of a genuine artist.
 Age 6, his sisters laughed at him for spending so much time making those images
rather than participating in their games. He told them “All right laugh at me now!
Someday when I die, people will make monuments and images of me!”
First Poem by Rizal

 Age 8, Rizal wrote his first poem in the native language entitled “Sa Aking Mga
Kabata” (To My Fellow Children). He wrote it in an appeal to our people to love our
national language.
First Drama by Rizal

 Age 8, Rizal wrote his first dramatic work which was a Tagalog Comedy. It was
staged in a Calamba festival.
 A gobernadorcillo from Paete purchased the manuscript for 2 pesos.
Rizal as Boy Magician

 He learned various tricks such as making a coin appear and disappear in his fingers
and making a handkerchief vanish in thin air.
 Entertained his town folks with magic-lantern exhibitions. This consisted of an
ordinary lamp casting its shadow on white screen.
 Also gained skill in manipulating marionettes (puppet shows).
 In Chapter XVII and XVIII of his second novel, El Filibusterismo (Treason), he
revealed his wide knowledge of magic.
Lakeshore Reveries

 Rizal used to meditate at the shore of Laguna de Bay, accompanied by his pet dog,
on the sad conditions of his oppressed people.
 He wrote to his friend, Mariano Ponce: “In view of these injustices and cruelties,
although yet a child, my imagination was awakened and I made a vow dedicating
myself someday to avenge the many victims. With this idea in my mind, I studied,
and this is seen in all my writings. Someday God will give me the opportunity to fulfill
my promise.”
Influences in the Hero’s Boyhood

 Hereditary Influence - inherent qualities which a person inherits from his ancestors
and parents.
- Malayan Ancestors - love for freedom, desire to travel, and indomitable courage.
- Chinese Ancestors - serious nature, frugality, patience, and love for children.
 - Spanish Ancestors - elegance of bearing, sensitivity to insult, and gallantry to
ladies.
- Father - sense of self-respect, love for work, and habit of independent thinking.
- Mother - religious nature, spirit of self-sacrifice, passion for arts and literature.

 Environmental Influence - environment, as well as heredity, affects the nature of a

person; includes places, associates, & events.
- Calamba and the garden of the Rizal family - stimulated the inborn artistic and
literary talents of Jose Rizal.
- Religious atmosphere at his home - fortified his religious nature.
- Paciano - love of freedom and justice.
- Sisters – to be courteous and kind to women.
- Fairy tales told by his aya - interest in folklores and legends.
- 3 Uncles: Tio Jose Alberto - artistic ability, who studied 11 years in a British school
in Calcutta, India; Tio Manuel - develop his frail body by means of physical exercises
including horse riding, walking, and wrestling; Tio Gregorio - Rizal’s voracious
reading of good books.
- Father Leoncio Lopez - fostered Rizal’s love for scholarship and intellectual
honesty.
- The sorrows in his family contributed for Rizal to strengthen his character.
- The Spanish abuses and cruelties he witnessed awakened Rizal’s spirit of
patriotism and inspired him to consecrate his life and talents to redeem his
oppressed people.

 Aid of Divine Providence

- A person cannot attain greatness in the annals of the nation despite having
everything life (brains, wealth, and power) without this.
- Rizal was providentially destined to be the pride and glory of his nation; endowed
by God with versatile gifts of a genius, vibrant spirit of a nationalist, and the valiant
heart to sacrifice for a noble cause.

Chapter 3: Early Education in Calamba and Biñan

The Hero’s First Teacher

 Doña Teodora, his mother, was his first teacher.

 Private tutors: Maestro Celestino (first tutor) and Maestro Lucas Padua (second
tutor). Leon Monroy, a former classmate of Rizal’s father, became the hero’s tutor in
Spanish and Latin.
Jose Goes to Biñan

 After Monroy’s death, Rizal’s parents decided to send him to a private school in
Biñan.
 June 1869. Jose left Calamba for Biñan with Paciano.
 Carromata – their mode of transportation.
 Aunt’s House – where Jose lodge.
First Day in Biñan School

 Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz – owner and teacher of the school.

 Rizal described Maestro Justiniano as “tall, thin, long-necked, and sharp-nosed with
a body slightly bent forward.”
First School Brawl

 Jose challenged Pedro to a fight and he won having learned the art of wrestling from
his athletic Tio Manuel.
 Andres Salandaan challenged Rizal to an arm-wrestling match. Jose, having the
weaker arm, lost and nearly cracked his head on sidewalk.
Painting Lessons in Biñan

 Old Juancho, father-in-law of the school teacher, freely gave Jose painting lessons.
 Jose Rizal and his classmate Jose Guevarra became apprentices of the old painter.
Daily Life in Biñan
1. Hears mass at 4:00 AM or studies lesson at that hour before going to mass.
2. Goes to the orchard to look for a mabolo to eat.
3. Breakfast: rice and 2 dried small fish.
4. Goes to class until 10:00 AM and goes home for lunch.
5. Goes back to school at 2:00 PM and comes out at 5:00 pm.
6. Prays with cousins and returns home.
7. Studies lesson and draws a little.
8. Supper: one or 2 rice with an ayungin.
9. Prays again and if there’s a moon, plays with cousins.
Best Student in School

 Jose surpassed his classmates in Spanish, Latin, and other subjects.

 His older classmates were jealous and wickedly squealed to the teacher whenever
he had fights.
 Jose usually received five or six blows while laid out on a bench from his teacher.
End of Biñan Schooling

 December 17, 1870 – Jose left Biñan using the steamer Talim for Calamba.
 Arturo Camps – Frenchman and friend of his father who took care of him during his
trip.
Martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za

 January 20, 1872 – Cavite Mutiny.

 February 17, 1872 – Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora
were implicated and executed.
 The GOMBURZA were leaders of the secularization movement.
 The martyrdom of the 3 priests inspired Rizal to fight the evils of Spanish tyranny.
 Paciano quit his studies at the College of San Jose and returned to Calamba, where
he told the heroic story of Burgos to Rizal.
 In 1891, Rizal dedicated his second novel El Filibusterismo to GOMBURZA.
Injustice to the Hero’s Mother

 In 1872, Doña Teodora was arrested on a malicious charge that she aided his
brother Jose Alberto in trying to poison his wife.
 Jose Alberto planned to divorce his wife because of her infidelity. His wife connived
with the Spanish lieutenant of the Guardia Civil and filed a case against Rizal’s
mother.
 Antonio Vivencio del Rosario – gobernadorcillo of Calamba, helped the lieutenant
arrest Doña Teodora.
 50 kilometers – Doña Teodora was made to walk from Calamba to the provincial
prison in Santa Cruz.
 Don Francisco de Mercaida and Don Manuel Marzan – most famous lawyers of
Manila, defended Doña Teodora in court.
 After 2 ½ years the Royal Audencia acquitted Doña Teodora.

Chapter 4: Scholastic Triumphs at Ateneo de Manila (1872-1877)

Jose was sent to Manila four months after the Martyrdom of GomBurZa and with Doña
Teodora still in prison. He studied in the Ateneo Municipal, a college under the
supervision of the Spanish Jesuits.
Ateneo Municipal

 Bitter rival of the Dominican-owned College of San Juan de Letran.

 Formerly the Escuela Pia (Charity School) – for poor boys in Manila established in
1817.
 In 1859, name was changed to Ateneo Municipal by the Jesuits and later became
the Ateneo de Manila.
Rizal Enters the Ateneo

 June 10, 1872 – Jose, accompanied by Paciano, went to Manila to take the entrance
examinations on Christian Doctrine, arithmetic, and reading at College of San Juan
de Letran, and passed them. His father was the first one who wished him to study at
Letran but he changed his mind and decided to send Jose at Ateneo instead.
 Father Magin Fernando – college registrar of Ateneo Municipal, refused to admit
Jose because: (1) he was late for registration and (2) he was sickly and undersized
for his age (11 years old).
 Manuel Xerez Burgos – nephew of Father Burgos; upon his intercession, Jose Rizal
was admitted at Ateneo.
 Jose used Rizal instead of Mercado because the name “Mercado” had come under
suspicion of the Spanish authorities.
 Boarded in a house on Caraballo Street, owned by Titay who owed Rizal family 300
pesos.
Jesuit System of Education

 Jesuit trained the character of the student by rigid discipline, humanities, and
religious instruction.
 The students heard Mass in the morning before the beginning of daily class.
 Classes were opened and closed with prayers.
 Students were divided into two groups: Roman Empire – consisting of the internos
(boarders) with red banners; and Carthaginian Empire – composed of the externos
(non-boarders) with blue banners.
 Each of these empires had its rank. Students fought for positions. Any student could
challenge any officer in his “empire” to answer questions on the day’s lesson. With 3
mistakes, opponents could lose his position.
1st best: EMPEROR
2nd best: TRIBUNE
3rd best: DECURION
4th best: CENTURION
5th best: STANDARD-BEARER

 Ateneo students’ uniform is consisted of “hemp-fabric trousers” and “striped cotton

coat”. The coat was called rayadillo and was adopted as the uniform for Filipino
troops during the days of the First Philippine Republic.
Rizal’s First Year in Ateneo (1872-73)

 June 1872 – first day of class in Ateneo.

 Fr. Jose Bech – first professor of Rizal.
 Rizal was placed at the bottom of the class since he was a newcomer and knows
little Spanish. He was an externo and was assigned to Carthaginians. At the end of
the month, he became emperor of his Empire. He was the brightest pupil in the
whole class.
 Took private lessons in Santa Isabel College and paid 3 pesos for extra Spanish
lessons.
 Placed 2nd at the end of the year, although all his grades were still marked Excellent.
Summer Vacation (1873)

 March 1873 – Rizal returned to Calamba for summer vacation.

 His sister Neneng (Saturnina) brought him to Tanawan to cheer him up.
 Visited his mother in prison at Santa Cruz without telling his father.
 After vacation, he returned to Manila for his 2nd year term in Ateneo.
 Boarded inside Intramuros at No. 8 Magallanes Street.
 Doña Pepay – landlady and old widow with a widowed daughter and four sons
Second Year in Ateneo (1873-74)

 Rizal lost the leadership but he repented and even studied harder, once more he
became emperor. He received excellent grades in all subjects and a gold medal.
 He had 3 classmates from Biñan who had also been his classmates in the school of
Maestro Justiniano.
Prophecy of Mother’s Release

 Doña Teodora told her son of her dream the previous night. Rizal, interpreting the
dream, told her that she would be released from prison in 3 months time. It became
true.
 Doña Teodora likened his son to the youthful Joseph in the Bible in his ability to
interpret dreams.
Teenage Interest in Reading

 The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas – Jose Rizal’s first favorite novel.
 Also read non-fiction, Cesar Cantu’s historical work Universal History.
 He also read Travels in the Philippines by Dr. Feodor Jagor, German who visited the
Philippines in 1859-1860. In this book, he foretold that someday Spain would lose
the Philippines and that America would come to succeed here as colonizer.
Third Year in Ateneo (1874-75)

 Shortly after the opening of classes, his mother was released from prison.
 Rizal did not make an excellent showing in his studies.
 He failed to win the medal in Spanish because his spoken was not fluently sonorous.
Fourth Year in Ateneo (1875-76)

 June 16, 1875 – he became an inferno in Ateneo.

 Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez – inspired him to study harder and write poetry.
Rizal described him as “model of uprightness, earnestness, and love for the
advancement of his pupils”.
 He returned to Calamba with 5 medals and excellent ratings.
Last Year in Ateneo (1876-77)

 June 1876 – last year of Rizal in Ateneo.

 The most brilliant Atenean of his time, “the pride of the Jesuits”.
 Obtained highest grades in all subjects.
Graduation with Highest Honors

 Excellent scholastic records from 1872-1877.

 March 23, 1877 – Commencement Day. 16 year old Rizal received from his Alma
Mater the degree of Bachelor of Arts with highest honors.
Extra-Curricular Activities

 An emperor inside the classroom and campus leader outside.

 Secretary of the Marian Congregation.
 Member of Academy of Spanish Literature and the Academy of Natural Sciences.
 Studied painting under the famous Spanish painter Agustin Saez.
 Studied sculpture under Romualdo de Jesus, noted Filipino sculptor.
 Engaged in gymnastics and fencing.
 Fr. Jose Villaclara advised him to stop communing with the muses and pay more
attention to practical studies such as philosophy and natural science.
Sculptural Works in Ateneo

 Carved an image of The Virgin Mary on a piece of batikuling (Philippine hardwood).

 Father Lleonart requested him to carve an image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
Ateneo students placed the image on the door of the dormitory and remained there
for many years.
Anecdotes on Rizal, The Atenean

 Felix M. Ramos – one of Rizal’s contemporaries in Ateneo.

 Manuel Xeres Burgos – whose house Rizal boarded shortly before he became an
inferno.
Poems Written in Ateneo

 Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration) – first poem he wrote for his mother’s
birthday.
 In 1875, inspired by Father Sanchez, he wrote more poems such as: Filicitacion
(Felicitation), El Embarque: Himno a la Flota de Magallanes (The Departure Hymn to
Magellan’s fleet), Y Es Espanol: Elcano, the first to circumnavigate the world), and El
Combate: Urbiztondo Terror de Jolo (The Battle: Urbiztondo, Terror of Jolo).
 In 1876, Rizal wrote poems on various topics: Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblu (In Memory
of My Town), Alianza Intima Entre la Region Y La Buena Educacion (Intimate
Alliance Between Religion and Good Education), Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre La
Patria (Through Education the Country Receive Light), E Cultivero Y El Triunfo (The
Captivity and the Triumph: Battle of Lucena and the Imprisonment of Boabdil), and
La Entrada Triuntal de Los Reyes Catolices en Granada (The Triumphal Entry of
The Catholic Monarches into Granada).
 A year later, in 1877 he wrote more poems: El Heroismo de Colon (The Heroism of
Colombus), Colon y Juan II (Colombus and John II ), Gran Consuelo en la Mayor
Desdicha (Great Solace in Great Misfortune), and Un Diarogo Alusivo a la
Despedida de los Colegiales (A Farewell Dialogue of the Students.
Rizal’s Religious Poems

 Al Niño Jesus (To the Child Jesus) – a brief ode; written in 1875 when he was 14
years old.
 A La Virgen Maria (To the Virgin Mary).

Dramatic Work in Ateneo

 Father Sanchez, his favorite teacher, ask him to write a drama based on the prose
story of St. Eustace the Martyr.
 Summer 1876 in Calamba - he wrote the religious drama in poetic verses.
 June 02, 1876 - finished the manuscript.
 He submitted the finished manuscript entitled “San Eustacio, Martir” (St. Eustace,
the Martyr) to Father Sanchez in his last academic year in Ateneo.

First Romance of Rizal

 16 years old - Rizal experienced his first romance.

 Segunda Katigba - a pretty 14 years old Batangueña from Lipa; sister of his friend
Mariano Katigbak.
 His sister Olimpia was a close friend of Segunda in La Concordia College.
 Segunda was already engaged to Manuel Luz. His first romance was ruined by his
own shyness and reserve.
 Segunda returned to Lipa and later married Manuel Luz. Rizal remained in Calamba,
a frustrated lover, cherishing nostalgic memories of lost love.

Chapter 5: Medical Studies at the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882)

Mother’s Opposition to Higher Education

 Doña Teodora opposed the idea of sending Rizal to UST to pursue higher education
because she knew what happened to Gom-Bur-Za and the Spaniards might cut off
his head if he gets to know more. Rizal was surprised by his mother’s opposition,
who was a woman of education and culture. Despite his mother’s tears, Don
Francisco told Paciano to accompany Rizal to Manila.

Rizal Enters the University

 April 1877 – Rizal matriculated in the University of Santo Tomas.

 He enrolled in UST taking up Philosophy and Letter for two reasons: (1) his father
liked it and (2) he was “still uncertain as to what career to pursue”
 He asked the advice of Father Pablo Ramon (Rector of the Ateneo) on what career
to choose but Father Recto was in Mindanao so he was unable to advice Rizal.
 First-year Term (1877-78) – Rizal studied Cosmology, Metaphysics, Theodicy, and
History of Philosophy.
 Ateneo Rector’s advice – study medicine; reason: to be able to cure his mother’s
growing blindness.

Finishes Surveying Course in Ateneo (1878)

 While Rizal was studying at UST, he also studied in Ateneo. He took the vocational
course leading to the title of “perito agrimensor” (expert surveyor).
 Colleges for boys in Manila offered vocational courses in agriculture, commerce,
mechanics, and surveying.
 He excelled in all subjects in the surveying course obtaining gold medals in
agriculture and topography.
 At the age of 17, he passed the final examination in the surveying course.
 November 25, 1881 – he was granted the title as surveyor.
 Because of his loyalty to Ateneo, he continued to participate actively in the Ateneo’s
extra-curricular activities.
 He was president of the Academy of Spanish Literature and secretary of the
Academy of Natural Sciences.

Romances with Other Girls

 Miss L
- Fair with seductive and attractive eyes.
- Romance died a natural death.
- 2 Reasons for his change of heart: (1) the sweet memory of Segunda was still
fresh in his heart and (2) his father did not like the family of “Miss L”.
 Leonor Valenzuela
- Daughter of the next-door neighbors of Doña Concha Leyva (her house is where
Rizal boarded).
- Tall girl with a regal bearing.
- Pet name: Orang.
- Rizal sent her love notes written in invisible ink. This ink consisted of common
table salt and water. He taught Orang the secret of reading any note written in
the invisible ink by heating it over a candle or lamp so that the words may
appear.
 Leonor Rivera
- Rizal’s cousin from Camiling.
- Born in Camiling, Tarlac on April 11, 1867.
 - A student of La Concordia College where Rizal’s youngest sister, Soledad was
then studying.
- Frail, pretty girl “tender as a budding flower with kindly, wistful eyes”.
- They became engaged.
- In her letters to Rizal, Leonor signed her name as “Taimis”, in order to
camouflage their intimate relationship from their parents and friends.
- Rizal lived in: Casa Tomasina No. 6 Calle Santo Tomas, Intramuros Antonio
Rivero – Rizal’s landlord-uncle is the father of Leonor Rivera.

Victim of Spanish Officer’s Brutality

 One dark night in Calamba, during the summer vacation in 1878, when Rizal was
walking in the street and dimly perceived the figure of a man while passing him. Not
knowing the person was a lieutenant of the Guardia Civil; he did not salute nor say
greetings. With a snarl, he turned upon Rizal, whipped out his sword and brutally
slashed his back.
 Rizal reported the incident to General Primo de Rivera, the Spanish Governor
General of the Philippines at that time, but nothing came out because he was an
Indio and the accused was a Spaniard. Later in a letter to Blumentritt dated March
21, 1887, he related, “I went to the Captain-General but I could not obtain justice; my
wound lasted two weeks.”

“To the Filipino Youth” (1879)

 Liceo Artisco-Literano (Artistic-Literary Lyceum) of Manila – society of literary men

and artists; held a literary contest.
 At the age of 18, Rizal submitted his poem entitled A La Juventud Filipina (To the
Filipino Youth).
 The Board of Judges – composed of Spaniards; gave the first prize to Rizal which
consisted of a silver pen, feather-shaped and decorated with a gold ribbon.
 Rizal beseeched the Filipino youth to rise from lethargy, to let their genius fly swifter
than the wind and descend with art and science to break the chains that have long
bound the spirit of people.
 Reasons why Rizal’s poem was a classic in Philippine Literature: (1) it was the first
great poem in Spanish written by a Filipino, whose merit was recognized by Spanish
literary authorities and (2) it expressed for the first time the nationalistic concept that
the Filipinos were the “fair hope of the Fatherland”.

“The Council of the Gods” (1880)

 Artistic-Literary Lyceum – opened another literary contest for both Filipino and
Spaniards to commemorate the fourth centennial of the death of Cervantes, Spain’s
glorified man-of-letters and famous author of Don Quixote.
 Rizal submitted an allegorical drama entitled El Consejo de los Dioses (The Council
of the Gods) and he received the first prize, a gold ring on which was engraved the
bust of Cervantes.

Other Literary Works

 Junto al Pasic (Beside the Pasig) (1880) – a zarzuela which was staged by the
Ateneans on December 08, 1880, on the annual celebration of the Feast Day of the
Immaculate Conception (Patrones of the Ateneo).
 A Filipinas (1880) – a sonnet he wrote for the album of the Society of Sculptors.
 Abd-el-Azis (1879) – a poem declaimed by Manuel Fernandez on the night of
December 08, 1879 in honor of the Ateneo’s Patroness.
 Al M.R.P. Pablo Ramon (1881) – a poem he wrote as an expression of affection to
Father Pablo Ramon.

Rizal’s Visit to Pakil and Pagsanjan

 Summer of May 1881 - Rizal went to a pilgrimage to the town of pakil, famous shrine
of the Birhen Maria de los Dolores.
 He was accompanied by his sisters—Saturnina , Maria, and Trinidad and their
female friends.
 They took a casco (flat-bottom sailing vessel) from Calamba to Pakil, Laguna, and
stayed at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Manuel Regalado, whose son Nicolas was
Rizal’s friend in Manila.
 Rizal and his companions were fascinated by the famous turumba (people dancing
in the streets during the procession in honor of the miraculous Birhen Maria de los
Dolores)
 Rizal was infatuated by a pretty girl colegiala, Vicenta Ybardolaza, who skillfully
played the harp at the Regalado home.
 Reasons why Rizal and his company made side trip to the neighboring town of
Pagsanjan: (1) it was the native town of Leonor Valenzuela and (2) to see the world
famed Pagsanjan Falls.

Champion of Filipino Students

 Rizal was the champion of the Filipino students in their fights against the arrogant
Spanish students, who insultingly called their brown classmates “Indio, chongo!” In
retaliation, the Filipino students called them “Kastila, bangus!”.
 In 1880 - Rizal founded a secret society of Filipino students in the University of
Santo Tomas called “Compaňerismo” (Comradeship), whose members were called
“Companions of Jehu,” after the valiant Hebrew general who fought the Armaeans.
 Galicano Apacible - Rizal’s cousin from Batangas; secretary of Compañerismo.
 Fierce encounter near the Escolta in Manila where Rizal was wounded on the head,
and tenderly washed and dressed by Leonor Rivera in his boarding house “Casa
Tomasina”.

Unhappy Days at the UST

 He was unhappy at this Dominican institution of higher learning because (1) the
Dominican professors were hostile to him; (2) the Filipino students were racially
discriminated against by the Spaniards, and (3) the method of instruction was
obsolete and repressive.
 Rizal, the most brilliant graduate of Ateneo, failed to win high scholastic honors.

Decision to Study Abroad

 After finishing the fourth year of his medical course, Rizal decided to study in Spain.
He could no longer endure the rampant bigotry, discrimination, and hostility in the
University of Santo Tomas.
 He did not seek his parent’s permission and blessings to go abroad; and even his
beloved Leonor.

Chapter 6: In Sunny Spain (1882-1885)

Rizal’s Secret Mission

 To observe keenly the life and culture, languages and customs, industries,
commerce and government and laws of the Europian Nations in order to prepare
himself in the mighty task of liberating of oppressed people from Spanish tyranny.
 Approval of his older brother Paciano
 Rizal has no permission and blessings to his parents.

Secret Departure for Spain

 The people who knows Rizal will go to Spain:

 - Older brother (Paciano)
- His uncle (Antonio Rivera, father of Leonor Rivera)
- His sisters (Neneng and Lucia)
- Valenzuela family (Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday and their daughter
Orang)
- Pedro A. Paterno
- Mateo Evangelista – his compadre
- Ateneo Jesuit fathers
- Some intimate friends, including Chengoy (Jose M. Cecilio).
 Jose Mercado - the name he used; a cousin from Biñan.
 May 3, 1882 - Rizal departed on board the Spanish streamer Salvadora bound for
Singapore.

Singapore

 The only Filipino to board the steamer with 16 passengers, the rest was Spaniards,
British, and Indian Negroes.
 Captain Donato Lecha - ship captain from Asturias, Spain, befriended him.
 May 08, 1882 - he saw a beautiful island; he remembered “Talim Island with the
Susong Dalaga”
 May 09 - the Salvadora docked at Singapore.
 Hotel de la Paz – Rizal registered here and spent two days on sightseeing on a
soiree of the city.

From Singapore to Colombo

 May 11 - Rizal transferred to another ship Djemnah, a French streamer.

 Among these passengers were British, French, Dutch, Spaniards, Malays, Siamese,
and Filipinos (Mr. & Mrs. Salazar, Mr. Vicente Pardo, and Jose Rizal).
 May 17- the Djemnah reached Point Galle, a seacoast town in southern Ceylon (now
Sri Lanka). Rizal was unimpressed by this town; he said it is “picturesque but lonely
and quiet and at the same time sad”.
 Colombo - the capital of Ceylon; Rizal wrote on his diary “Colombo is more beautiful,
smart and elegant than Singapore, Point Galle and Manila”.

First Trip Through Suez Canal

 From Colombo, Djemnah continued the voyage crossing the Indian Ocean to the
Cape of Guardafui, Africa, and then a stopover on Aden. From Aden, Djemnah
 proceeded to the city of Suez, the Red Sea terminal of the Suez Canal. It took five
days to traverse the Suez Canal. At Port Said, the Mediterranean terminal of the
Suez Canal, Rizal landed and he was fascinated to hear the multi-racial inhabitants
speaking a babel of tongues – Arabic, Egyptian, Greek, French, Italian, Spanish, etc.
 Rizal sighted the barren coast of Africa which he called an “inhospitable land but
famous”.
 Aden - hotter than manila; he was amused to see the camels.
 Ferdinand de Lesseps (French diplomat-engineer) - built the Suez Canal,
inaugurated on Nov. 17, 1869.

Naples and Marseilles

 June 11 – Rizal reached Naples.

 June 12 – the steamer docked at the French harbor of Marseilles. He visited the
famous Chateau d’lf, where Dantes, hero of The Count of Monte Cristo, was
imprisoned.
 Stayed 2 ½ days at Marseilles.

Barcelona

 May 15 – Rizal left Marseilles.

 June 16, 1882 – Rizal reached Barcelona, the greatest city of Cataluña and Spain’s
2nd largest city.
 Rizal’s first impression on Barcelona: ugly, with dirty little inns and inhospitable
residents.
 Second impression: a great city, with an atmosphere of freedom and liberalism, and
its people were open-hearted, hospitable, and courageous.
 Las Ramdas - most Famous street in Barcelona

“Amor Patrio”

 “Amor Patrio” (Love of Country) – nationalistic essay; his first article written on
Spain’s soil.
 Basilio Teodoro Moran – publisher of Diariong Tagalog, first Manila bilingual
newspaper (Spanish and Tagalog.
 It was under Rizal’s pen name: Laong Laan.
 Printed in Diariong Tagalog on August 20, 1882.
 Published in two texts – Spanish (originally written by Rizal in Barcelona) and
Tagalog (made by M.H. del Pilar).
 “Los Viajes” (Travels) – second article for Diariong Tagalog
 “Revista de Madrid” (Review of Madrid) – third article; wrote in Madrid on November
29, 1882; returned to him because the Diariong Tagalog had ceased publication due
to lack of funds.

Manila Moves to Madrid

 September 15, 1882 - Rizal received a letter from Paciano. According to the letter,
cholera was ravaging Manila and the provinces.
 Sad news from Chengoy, Leonora Rivera was unhappy and getting thinner because
of the absence of a loved one.
 In one of his letters (dated May 26, 1882) Paciano advised Rizal to finish his medical
course in Madrid, therefore, Rizal establish himself to Madrid.

Life in Madrid

 November 3, 1882 – Rizal enrolled in the Universidad Central de Madrid (Central

University of Madrid in 2 courses: Medicine and Philiosophy and Letters.
 Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando – school where he studied painting and
sculpture.
 Hall of Arms of Sanz y Carbonell – place where practiced fencing and shooting.
 Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey – former city mayor of Manila; promoted vice-president of
the Council of the Philippines in the Ministry of Colonies (Ultramar).

Romance with Consuelo Ortiga y Perez

 Consuelo – prettiest daughter of Don Pablo fell in love with Rizal.

 A La Señorita C. O. y P. (To Miss C. O. y P.) – a lovely poem he composed on
August 22, 1883 dedicated to Consuelo.
 He backed out into a serious affair because (1) he was still engaged to Leonor
Rivera and (2) his friend and co-worker in the Propaganda Movement, Eduardo de
Lete, was madly in love with Consuelo.

“They Ask Me For Verses.”

 1882 – Rizal joined the Circulo Hispano-Filipino (Hispano-Philippine Circle), a

society of Spaniards and Filipinos.
 “Me Piden Versos” (They Ask Me For Verses) – personally declaimed during New
Year’s Eve reception of the Madrid Filipinos held on December 31, 1882.

Rizal as Lover of Books

 Señor Roces – owner of store where Rizal purchased 2nd hand books.
 Rizal was deeply affected by Beecher Stowe’s “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” and Eugene
Sue’s “The Wandering Jew”.

Rizal’s First Visit to Paris

 June 17 to August 20, 1883 – sojourning in gay capital of France.

 Hotel de Paris – where he first billeted on 37 Rue de Maubange.
 Latin Quarter – where he moved; cheaper hotel on 124 Rue de Rennes.

Rizal as a Mason

 March 1883 – joined the Masonic lodge called “Acacia” in Madrid.

 Reason for becoming a mason: to secure Freemasonry’s aid in his fight against the
friars in the Philippines.
 Lodge Solidaridad (Madrid) – where he became a Master Mason on November 15,
1890.
 February 15, 1892 – he was awarded the diploma as Master Mason by Le Grand
Orient de France in Paris.
 “Science, Virtue and Labor” – only Masonic writing.
 Very active in Masonic affairs: M.H. del Pilar, G. Lopez Jaena, and Mariano Ponce.

Financial Worries

After Rizal’s departure for Spain, things turned from bad to worse in Calamba. Due
to hard times in Calamba, the monthly allowances of Rizal in Madrid were late in arrival
and there were times they never arrived. On June 24, 1884, a touching incident in
Rizal’s life occurred; with an empty stomach, he attended his class at the university,
participated in the contest in Greek language and won the gold medal. In the evening,
he was able to eat dinner, for he was a guest speaker in a banquet held in honor of
Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo at Restaurant Ingles, Madrid.

Rizal’s Salute to Luna and Hidalgo

 June 25, 1884 – the banquet was sponsored by the Filipino community.
 Luna’s Spolarium won first prize and Hidalgo’s Christian Virgins Exposed to the
Populace, second prize in the National Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid.

Rizal Involved in Student Demonstrations

 November 20, 21, and 22, 1884 – Madrid exploded in bloody riots by the students of
the Central University.
 Dr. Miguel Morayta – professor of history; these student demonstrations were
caused by his address “the freedom of science and the teacher”.
 The appointment of the new Rector intensified the fury of the student demonstrators.

Studies Completed in Spain

 June 21, 1884 - degree of Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad Central de

Madrid.
 Did not present the thesis required for graduation nor paid the corresponding fees,
he was not awarded his Doctor’s diploma.
 June 19, 1885 (his 24th birthday) – degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters by
the Universidad Central de Madrid.

Chapter 7: Paris to Berlin (1885-87)

After completing his studies in Madrid, Rizal went to Paris and Germany in order to
specialize in ophthalmology. He particularly chose this branch of medicine because he
wanted to cure his mother’s eye ailment.

In Berlin, Jose met and befriended several top German scientists, Dr. Feodor Jagor, Dr.
Adolph B. Meyer, and Dr. Rudolf Virchow.

In Gay Paris (1885-86)

 Maximo Viola – friend of Jose; a medical student and a member of a rich family of
San Miguel, Bulacan.
 Señor Eusebio Corominas – editor of the newspaper La Publicidad and who made a
crayon sketch of Don Miguel Morayta.
 Don Miguel Morayta – owner of la Publicidad and a statesman.
 November 1885 – Rizal was living in Paris, where he sojourned for about four
months.
 Dr. Louis de Weckert (1852-1906) – leading French ophthalmologist were Jose
worked as an assistant from Nov. 1885 to Feb. 1886.
 January 1, 1886 – Rizal wrote a letter for his mother to reveal that he was rapidly
improved his knowledge in ophthalmology.

Rizal relaxed by visiting his friends, such as the family of the Pardo de Taveras
(Trinidad, Felix, and Paz), Juan Luna and Felix Resureccion Hidalgo.

"His co-Filipino medical student, Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera offered hospitality and
support for Rizal's courageous ventures. Nellie Bousted (standing third from right), who
lived in Biarritz and Paris, fenced with Rizal (second from left) and might have become
Mrs. Rizal, had she not insisted on turning him Protestant. Also in photo are artist Felix
Resurreccion Hidalgo (third from left) and Paz Pardo de Tavera Luna (second from
right). Juan Luna's mother-in-law, Juliana GorrichoPardo de Tavera is seated at the
center holding Luna's son Andres."

 Paz Pardo de Taveras – a pretty girl who was engaged to Juan Luna. In her album,
Jose sketches the story of “The Monkey and the Turtle”.
 “The Death of Cleopatra” – where he posed as an Egyptian Priest.
 “The Blood Compact” – where he posed as Sikatuna, with Trinidad Pardo de
Taveras taking the role of Legazpi.

"Rizal (seated) shared a deep friendship with painter Juan Luna and often agreed to
pose for Luna's paintings as in 'The Death of Cleopatra.'" -- In Excelsis: The Mission of
José Rizal, Humanist and Philippine National Hero by Felice Prudenta Sta. Maria. In
the foreground is Rizal as Egyptian scribe, recording the event for posterity. Behind him
are Trinidad Pardo de Tavera as Octavius Caesar and Felix Pardo de Tavera as
Dolabella. Missing are Charmian and Iras.

Rizal as a Musician

 November 27, 1878 – Rizal wrote a letter to Enrique Lete saying that “he learned the
solfeggio”, the piano, and voice culture in one month and a half.
 Flute – the instrument that Jose played in every reunion of Filipinos in Paris.
 “Alin Mang Lahi” (Any Race) – a patriotic song which asserts that any race aspires
for freedom.
 La Deportacion (Deportation) – a sad danza, which he composed in Dapitan during
his exile.

In Historic Heidelberg

 Feb. 1, 1886 – Jose left Gay, Paris for Germany.

 Feb. 3, 1886 – he arrived in Heidelberg, a historic city in Germany famous for its old
university and romantic surroundings.
 Chess player – Jose was a good chess player so that his German friend made him a
member of the Chess Player’s Club.
 University of Heidelberg – where Jose transferred to a boarding house near the said
university.

To the Flowers of Heidelberg

 Spring of 1886 – Rizal was fascinated by the blooming flowers along the cool banks
of the Neckar River.
 The light blue “forget-me-not” – his favorite flower
 April 22, 1886 – wrote a fine poem “To the Flower of Heidelberg”.

With Pastor Ullmer at Wilhemsfeld

 Wilhelmsfeld – where Rizal spent a three month summer vacation.

 Protestant Pastor Dr. Karl Ullmer – where Rizal stay at the vicarage of their house
and who become his good friend and admirer.
 June 25, 1886 – he ended his sojourn and felt the pays of sadness.
 May 29, 1887 – Rizal wrote from Minich (Muchen) to Friedrich (Fritz).

First Letter to Blumentritt

 July 31, 1886 – Rizal wrote his first letter in German to Blumentritt.
 Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt – Director of the Ateneo of Leitmeritz, Austria.

Fifth Centenary of Heidelberg University

 August 6, 1886 – fifth centenary of Heidelberg University

In Leipzig and Dresden

 August 9, 1886 – Rizal left Heidelberg.

 August 14, 1886 – when he arrived in Leipzig.
 Rizal translated Schiller’s William Tell from German into Tagalog. He also translated
Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Anderson. He stayed about two and half month in
Leipzig.
 October 29, 1886 – he left Leipzig for Dresden where he met Dr. Meyer.
 Dr. Adolph B. Meyer – director of the Anthropological and Ethnological Museum.
 Nov. 1 – he left Dresden by train, reaching Berlin in the evening.

Rizal Welcomed in Berlin’s Circles

 Berlin – where Rizal met Dr. Feodor Jagor

 Dr. Feodor Jagor – author of Travels in the Philippines.
 Dr. Hans Virchow – professor of Descriptive Anatomy.
 Dr. Rudolf Virchow – German Anthropologist.
 Dr. W. Joest – noted German geographer.
 Dr. Karl Ernest Schweigger – famous German ophthalmologist where Jose worked
in his clinic.
 Rizal became a member of the Anthropological Society, Ethnological Society, and
Geographical Society of Berlin.

Rizal’s Life in Berlin

 Five reasons why Rizal lived in Germany:
─ Gain further knowledge of ophthalmology
─ Further his studies of sciences and languages
─ Observe the economic and political conditions of the German nation
─ Associate with famous German scientists and scholars
─ Publish his novel, Noli me Tangere
 Madame Lucie Cerdole – French professor; she became Jose’s professor in Berlin.
He took private lessons in French in order to master the idiomatic intricacies of the
French language.

Rizal on German Women

 March 11, 1886 – Rizal wrote a letter addressed to his sister, Trinidad, expressing
his high regard and admiration for German womanhood.
 German woman – serious, diligent, educated and friendly
 Spanish woman – gossipy, frivolous and quarrelsome

German Customs

 Christmas custom of the Germans

 Self-introduce to stranger in social gathering

Rizal’s Darkest Winter

 Winter of 1886 – Rizal’s darkest winter in Berlin.

 He lived in poverty because no money arrived from Calamba. Rizal starved in Berlin
and shivered with wintry cold, his health down due to lack of proper nourishment.

Chapter 8: Noli me Tangere Published in Berlin (1887)

The bleak winter of 1886 in Berlin was Rizal’s darkest winter because no money
arrived from Calamba and he was flat broke. The diamond ring which his sister,
Saturnina, gave him was in the pawnshop. It was memorable in the life of Rizal for two
reasons (1) it was a painful episode for he was hungry, sick and despondent in a
strange city (2) it brought him great joy after enduring so much sufferings, because his
first novel, Noli Me Tangere came off the press in March, 1887. Like to the legendary
Santa Claus, Dr. Maximo Viola, his friend from BULACAN, arrived in BERLIN at the
height if his despondency and loaned him the needed funds to publish the novel.

Idea of Writing a Novel on the Philippines

 His reading of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin - inspired Dr. Rizal to
prepare a novel that would depict the miseries of his people (Filipinos) under the
lash of Spanish tyrants.
 January 2, 1884- in a reunion of Filipinos in the Paterno residence in Madrid, Rizal
proposed the writings of a novel about the Philippines by a group of Filipinos. His
proposals were approved by PATERNOS (Pedro, Maximo and Antonio), Graciano
Lopez JAENA, Evaristo AGUIRRE, Eduardo DE LETE, Julio LLORENTE, Melecio
FIGUEROA and Valentin VENTURA.

The Writing of the Noli

 Toward the end of 1884, Rizal began writing the novel in Madrid and finished about
one-half of it.
 When Rizal went to Paris, in 1885, after completing his studies in the Central
University of Madrid, he continued writing the novel, finishing one half of the second
half.
 Rizal finished the last fourth of the novel in Germany. He wrote the last few chapters
of the Noli in Wilhelmsfeld in April-June, 1886.
 In Berlin during the winter days of February, 1886, Rizal made the final revisions on
the manuscript of the Noli

Viola, Savior of the Noli

 Dr. Maximo Viola- Rizal’s rich friend from Bulacan, arrived in Berlin at the height of
Rizal despondency and loaned him the needed funds to publish the novel; Viola was
shocked to find RIZAL in a dirty place, just not to waste money for the printing of
NOLI ME TANGERE.

 After the Christmas season, Rizal put the finishing touches on his novel. To save
printing expenses, he deleted certain passages in his manuscript, including a whole
chapter—“Elias and Salome”.

 February 21, 1887- the Noli was finally finished and ready for printing.

 Berliner Buchdruckrei-Action-Gesselschaft- a printing shop which charged the lowest

rate, that is, 300 pesos for 2,00 copies of the novel

Rizal Suspected as French Spy.

During the printing of NOLI, the chief of police BERLIN visit RIZAL’s boarding house
and requested to see his passport, unfortunately, that time to travel with or without
passports is possible. The police chief then told him to produce a passport after 4 days.
 Immediately VIOLA accompanied RIZAL in the Spanish Ambassador, the COURT of
BENOMAR, who promised to attend to the matter. But the ambassador failed to keep
his promise, but it turns out that he had no power to issue the required passport.

The 4 day ultimatum expired. RIZAL himself apologize to the chief police, while
asking why has he to be deported, the police chief answered that he was always seen
visiting many villages, thereby pronouncing him as a French SPY.

RIZAL in fluent GERMAN explained to the police, that he was a Filipino ethnologist,
who visits rural areas to observe customs and lifestyles of their simple inhabitants. The
chief impressed and fascinated on RIZAL’s explanation, allowed him to stay freely in
GERMANY.

Printing of the Noli Finished

Every day, Rizal and Viola were always at the printing shop proof reading the printed
pages.

 March 21, 1887- the Noli Me Tangere came off the press, RIZAL immediately sent
the first copies to BLUMENTRITT, DR. ANTONIO REGIDOR, G. LOPEZ JAENA,
MARIANO PONCE, and FELIX R. HIDALGO.

“I am sending you a book, my first book… bold book on the life of tagalongs…
Filipinos will find it the history of the last ten years…”

 March 29, 1887- Rizal, in token of his appreciation and gratitude, gave Viola the
galley proofs of the Noli carefully rolled around the pen that he used in writing it and
a complimentary copy, with the following inscription: “To my dear friend, Maximo
Viola, the first to read and appreciate my work—Jose Rizal”

The Title of the Novel

 The title Noli Me Tangere is a Latin phrase which means “Touch Me Not”. It is not
originally conceived by Rizal, for he admitted taking it from the Bible.

 Rizal, writing to Felix Hidalgo in French on March 5, 1887, said: “Noli Me Tangere,
words taken from the Gospel of St. Luke, signify “do not touch me” but Rizal made a
mistake, it should be the Gospel of St. John (Chapter 20 Verses 13 to 17).

“Touch me not; I am not yet ascended to my father...”

 Rizal dedicated his Noli Me Tangere to the Philippines—“To My Fatherland”.

 The cover of Noli Me Tangere was designed by Rizal. It is a ketch of explicit

symbols. A woman’s head atop a Maria Clara bodice represents the nation and the
 women, victims of the social cancer. One of the causes of the cancer is symbolized
in the friar’s feet, outsized in relation to the woman’s head. The other aggravating
causes of oppression and discrimination are shown in the guard’s helmet and the
iron chains, the teacher’s whip and the alferez’s scourge. A slight cluster of bamboo
stands at the backdrop; these are the people, forever in the background of their own
country’s history. There are a cross, a maze, flowers and thorny plants, a flame;
these are indicative of the religious policy, the misdirected ardor, the people
strangled as a result of these all.

 The novel Noli Me Tangere contains 63 chapters and an epilogue.

 Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor- Filipino patriot and lawyer, who had been exiled due to his
complicity in the Cavite Mutiny of 1872, read avidly the Noli and was very much
impressed by its author.

Characters of Noli

 The Noli Me Tangere was a true story of the Philippine conditions during the last
decades of Spanish rule.

 Maria Clara - was Leonor Rivera, although in real life she became unfaithful and
married an Englishman.

 Ibarra and Elias - represented Rizal himself.

 Tasio - the philosopher was Rizal’s elder brother Paciano.

 Padre Salvi - was identified by Rizalists as Padre Antonio Piernavieja, the hated
Augustinian friar in Cavite who was killed by the patriots during the Revolution.

 Capitan Tiago - was Captain Hilario Sunico of San Nicolas.

 Doña Victorina - was Doña Agustina Medel.

 Basilio and Crispin - were the Crisostomo brothers of Hagonoy.

 Padre Damaso - typical of a domineering friar during the days of Rizal, who was
arrogant, immoral and anti-Filipino.

Chapter 9: Rizal’s Grand Tour of Europe with Viola (1887)

After the publication of Noli, Rizal planned to visit the important places in Europe. Dr.
Maximo Viola agreed to be his traveling companion. Rizal received Pacianos remittance
of P1000 which forward by Juan Luna from Paris and immediately paid his debt to Viola
which he loaned so that the Noli could be printed. First, he and Viola visited Potsdam, a
city near Berlin.

Tour Begins

At the dawn of May 11, 1887, Rizal and Viola, two browned-skinned doctors on a
roaming spree, left Berlin by train. Spring was an ideal season for travel. Their
destination was in Dresden, one of the best cities in Germany´.

Dresden

Rizal and Viola tarried for sometimes in Dresden. They visited Dr. Adolph B. Meyer,
who was overjoyed to see them. In the Museum of Art, Rizal was deeply impressed by
painting of Prometheus Bound´. They also meet Dr. Jagor and heard there plan about
Leitmeritz in order to see Blumentritt. He advice to wire Blumentritt because the old
professor might be shock of their visit.

First Meeting with Blumentritt

At 1:30 pm of May 15, 1887 the train arrived at the railroad station of Leitmeritz.
Professor Blumentritt was at the station carrying a pencil sketch of Rizal which he sent
to identify his friend. Blumentritt get a room at Hotel Krebs, after which he bought them
to his house and stayed Leitmeritz May 13 to 14 1887.

Beautiful Memories at Leitmeritz

They enjoyed hospitality of Blumentritt family. The professor¶s wife, Rosa, was a
goodcook. She prepared Austrian dishes which Rizal¶s liked very much. Blumentritt
proved to be agreat tourist as well as hospitable host. He showed the scenic and
historical spots of Leitmeritz tohis visitors. The Burgomaster (town mayor) was also
amazed by Rizals privileged talent.

Prague

Rizal and Viola visited the historic city of Prague. They carried letters
of recommendation from Blumentritt to Dr. Wilkom, professor in University of Prague.
Rizal and Viola visited the ³Tomb of Copernicus.

Vienna

May 20 they arrived at Vienna capital of Austria-Hungary. They met Norfenfals, one
of the greatest novelist iun that time. They stayed at Hotel Metropole. They also meet
two good friends of Blumentritt ± Masner and Nordman, Austrian scholars.
Danubian Voyage to Lintz

May 24, Rizal and Viola left Vienna on a river boat too se beautiful sights of Danube
River. As they travelled along the famous river, Rizal observed keenly river sights.

Form Lintz to Rheinfall

The river voyage ended in Lintz. They travelled overland to Salzburg, and from there to
Munich where the sojourned for a short time to savor the famous Munich Beer.

Crossing the Frontier to Switzerland

They stayed from June 2 to 3 1887 and continued tour to Basel (Bale), Bern, and
Laussane.

Geneva

Rizal and Viola left Laussane in a little boat crossing the foggy Leman Lake to Geneva.
On June 19, 1887, his 26th birthday; Rizal treated Viola to a blow-out. Rizal and Viola
spent fifteen days in Geneva. On June 23, they parted ways. Viola decided to return to
Barcelona while Rizal continued his tour to Italy.

Rizal Resents Exhibition of Igorots in 1887 Madrid Exposition

Rizal received sad news from his friends in Madrid of the deplorable conditions of
the primitive Igorots who were exhibited in this exposition. Some of these Igorots died.
Rizal was outraged by the degradation of his fellow countrymen.

Rizal in Italy

He visited Turin, Milan, Venice and Florence. On June 27, 1887, he reached Rome. He
was thrilled by the sights and memories of the Eternal City Rome. On June 29th, Rizal
visited or the first time the Vatican, the City of the Popes and the capital of Christendom.
After a week of staying in Rome, he prepared to return to the Philippines. He had
already written to his father that he was coming home.

Chapter 10: First Homecoming, 1887-88

All the alluring beauties of foreign countries and all the beautiful memories of his
sojourn in alien lands could neither make Rizal for his fatherland nor turn his back to his
own nationality. True that he studied abroad, acquired the love and languages of
foreign nations, and enjoyed the friendship of many great men of the Western world; but
he remained at heart a true Filipino with an unquenchable love for the Philippines and
an unshakable determination to die in the land of his birth. Thus, after five years of
memorable sojourn in Europe, he returned to the Philippines in August 1887 and
practiced medicine in Calamba. He lived the quite life of a country doctor. But his
enemies, who resented his Noli, persecuted him, even threatening to kill him.

Decision to Return Home

Because of the publication of the Noli Me Tangere and the uproar it caused among
the friars, Rizal was warned by Paciano (his brother), Silvestre Ubaldo (his brother-in-
law), Chengoy (Jose M. Cecilio), and other friends to return home. But he did not heed
their warnings. He was determined to return to the Philippines for the following reasons:
(1) to operates on his mother’s eye’s; (2) to serve his people who had long been
oppressed by the Spanish tyrants; (3) to find out for himself how the Noli and his other
writings were affecting the Filipinos and Spaniards in the Philippines: and (4) to inquire
why Leonor Rivera remained silent.

In a letter to Blumentritt, written in Geneva on June 19, 1887, Rizal said: “Your
advice that I live in Madrid and continue to write from there is very benevolent but I
cannot accept it . I cannote endure the life in Madrid where everything is a voice in a
wilderness. My parents wants to see me, and I want to see them also. All my life I desire
to live in my country by the side of my family. Until now I am not Europeanized like the
Filipinos of Madrid; I always like to return to the country of my birth”.

In Rome, on June 29, 1887, Rizal wrote to his father, announcing his homecoming.
“On the 15th of July, at the latest”, he wrote, “I shall embark for our country, so that from
15th to the 30th of August, we shall see each other”.

Delightful Trip to Manila

Rizal left Rome by the train for Marseilles, a French port, which he researched
without mishap. On July 3, 1887, he boarded the streamer Djemnah, the same streamer
which brought him to Europe five years ago. There were about 50 passengers, including
4 Englishmen, 2 Germans, 3 Chinese, 2 Japanese, many Frenchmen, and 1 Filipino
(Rizal).

Rizal was the only one among the passengers who could speak many languages, so
that he acted as interpreter for his companions.

The Streamer was enroute to the Orient via the Suez Canal. Rizal thus saw this
historic canal for the second time, the first time was when he sailed to Europe from
Manila in 1882. On board, he played chess with fellow passengers and engage in lively
conversation in many languages. Some passengers sang: others played on the piano
and accordion. After leaving Aden, the weather became rough and some of Rizal’s
books got wet. At Saigon, on July 30, he transferred to another streamer Haiphong
which was Manila-bound. On August 2, this streamer left Saigon to Manila.
Arrival in Manila

Rizal”s voyage from Saigon to Manila wa pleasant. On August 3 rd the moon was full,
and he slept soundly the whole night. The calm see, illumined by the silvery moonlight,
was a magnificent sight to him.

Near midnight of August 5, the Haiphong arrived in Manila. Rizal went ashore with a
happy heart for he once more trod his beloved native soil. He stayed in the city for a
short time to visit his friends. He found Manila the same as when he left it five years
ago. There were the same old churches and buildings, the same holes in the road, the
same boats on the Pasig River, and the same heary walls surrounding the city.

Happy Homecoming

On August 8th, he returned to Calamba, His family welcomed him affectionately, with
plentiful tears of joy. Writing to Blumentritt of his homecoming, he said: “I had a pleasant
voyage. I found my family enjoying good health and our happiness was great in seeing
each other again. They shed tears of joy and I had to answer ten thousand questions at
the same time”.

The rejoicings of Rizal’s return over, his family became worried for his safety.
Paciano did not leave him the first day of his arrival to protect him from any enemy
assault. His own father would not let him go out alone, lest something might happen to
him.

In Calamba, Rizal established a medical clinic, his first patient was his mother, who
was almost blind, he treated her eyes, but could not perform any surgical operations
because her eye cataracts were not yet ripe. News of arrival of a great doctor from
Germany spread far and wide. Patients from Manila and the provinces flocked to
Calamba. Rizal, who came to be called “Doctor Uliman” because he came from
Germany, treated their ailments and soon he acquired a lucrative medical practice. His
Professional fees were reasonable, even gratis to the poor. Within a few months, he
was able to earn P900 as a physician. By February, 1888, he earned a total of P5,000
as medical fees.

Unlike many successful medical practitioners, Rizal did not selfishly devoted all his
time to enriching himself. He opened a gymnasium for young folks, where he introduced
European sports. He tried to interest his townmates in gymnastics, fencing and shooting
so as to discourage the cockfights and gambling.

Rizal suffered one failure during his six months of sojourn in Calamba – his failure to
see Leonor Rivera. He tried to go to Dagupan, but his parents absolutely forbade him to
go because Leonor’s mother did not like him for a son-in-law. With a heavy heart, Rizal
bowed to his parent’s wish. He was caught within the iron grip of the custom of his time
that marriages must be arranged by the parents of both groom and bride.
Storm of the Noli

Meanwhile, as Rizal was peacefully living in Calamba, his enemies plotted his doom.
Aside from practicing medicine, attending to his gymnasium, which he established, and
taking part in the town’s civic affairs. He painted several beautiful landscapes and
translated the German poems of Von Wildernath into Tagalog.

A few weeks after his arrival, a storm broke over his novel. One day Rizal received a
letter from Governor General Emilio Terrero (1885-88) requesting him to come in
Malacañan Palace. Somebody had whispered to the governor’s ear that the
Nolicontained subversive ideas.

Rizal went to Manila and appeared at Malacañang. When he was informed by

Governor General Terrero of the charge, he denied it, explaining that he merely
exposed the truth, but he did not advocate subversive ideas. Pleased by his explanation
and curious about the controversial book, the governor general asked the author for a
copy then because the only copy he brought home was given to a friend. However, he
promised to secure one for the governor general.

Rizal Visited the Jesuit father to ask for the copy he sent them, but they would not
part with it. The Jesuits, especially his former professors – Fr. Francisco de Paula
Sanchez, Fr. Jose Bech, and Fr. Federico Faura, who ventured an opinion that
“everything in it was the truth”, but added: “You may lose your head for it”.

Fortunately, Rizal found a copy in the hands of a friend. He was able to get it and
gave it to Governor General Terrero. The governor general, who was a liberal-minded
Spaniard, knew that Rizal’s life in jeopardy because the friars were powerful. For
security measure, he assigned a young Spanish lieutenant, Don Jose Taviel de
Andrade, as bodyguard of Rizal. This lieutenant belonged to a noble family. He was
cultured and knew painting, and could speak English, French, and Spanish.

Governor General Terrero rand the Noli and found nothing wrong with in. But Rizal’s
enemies were powerful. The Archbishop of Manila, Msgr. Pedro Payo (a Dominican)
sent a copy of the Nolito Father Rector Gregorio Echavarria of the University of Santo
Tomas for examination by a committee of the faculty. The committee, which was
composed of Dominican professor’s, submitted its report to the Father Rector, who
immediately transmitted it to Archbishop Payo. The archbishop in turn, lost no time in
forwarding it to the governor general. This report of the faculty members of the
University of Santo Tomas stated that the Noli was “heretical, impious, and scandalous
in the religion order, and anti-patriotic, subversive of public order, injurious to the
government of Spain and its function in the Philippine Islands in the political order”.

Governor General Terrero was dissatisfied with the report of the Dominicans, for he
knew that the Dominicans were prejudiced against Rizal. He send the novel to the
Permanent Commission of Censorship which was composed of priest and laymen. The
report of this commission was drafted by its head, Fr. Salvador Font, Augustinian curaof
Tondo, and submitted to the governor general on December 29. It found the novel to
contain subversive ideas against the Church and Spain, and recommended “that the
importation, reproduction and circulation of this pernicious book in the islands be
absolutely prohibited”.

When the newspapers published Font’s written report of the censorship commission,
Rizal and his friends became apprehensive and uneasy. The enemies of Rizal exulted
in unholy glee. The banning of the Noli only served to make it popular. Everybody
wanted to read it. News about the great book spread among the masses. What the
hated Spanish masters did not like, the oppressed masses liked very much. Despite the
government prohibition and the vigilance of the cruel Guardia Civil many Filipinos were
able to get hold of copies of the Noli which they read at night behind closed doors.

Thanks to Governor General Terrero, there were no mass imprisonment or mass

execution of Filipinos. He refused to be intimidated by the friars who clamored for harsh
measures against people who caught reading the novel and its author.

Attackers of the Noli

The battle over the Noli took the form of a virulent war of words. Father Font printed
his report and distributed copies for it in order to discredit the controversial novel.
Another Augustinian, Fr. Jose Rodriguez, Prior of Guadalupe, published a series of
eight pamphlets under the general heading Cuestiones de Sumo Interes (Questions of
Supreme Interes) to blast the Noli and other anti-Spanish writings. These eight
pamphlets wer entitled as follows:

1. Porque no los he de leer? (Why Should I not Read Them?).

2. Guardaos de ellos. Porque?(Beware of Them. Why?).

3. Y_que me dice usted de la peste? (And What Can You Tell Me of

Plague?).

4. Porquetriufan los impios? (Why Do the Impious Truimph?).

5. Cree ustedque de versa no hay purgatorio? (Do You Think There Is Really
No Purgatory?).

6. Hay o no hay infierno? (Is There o Is There No Hell?).

7. Que le pareceausted de esoslibelos? (What Do You Think of These

Libels?).

8. Confession o condenacion? (Confession or Damnation?).

 Copies of these anti-Rizal pamphlets written by Fray Rodriguez were sold daily in
the churches after Mass. Many Filipinos were forced to buy them in order not to
displease the friars, but they did not believe what their author said with hysterical fervor.

Repercussions of the storm over the Noli reached Spain. It was fiercely attacked on
the session hall of the Senate of the Spanish Cortes by various senators, particularly
General Jose deSalamanca on April 1, 1888, General Luis M. de Pando on April 12,
and Sr. Fernando Vida on June 11. The Spanish academician of Madrid, Vicente
Barrantes, who formerly occupied high government positions in the Philippines, bitterly
criticized the Noli in the article published in La EsapañaModerna (a newspaper of
Madrid) in January, 1890.

Defenders of the Noli

The much-maligned Nolihad its gallant defenders who fearlessly came out to prove
the merits of the novel or to refute the arguments of the unkind attackers. Marcelo H.
delPilar, Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce, and other
Filipino reformist in foreign lands, of course, rushed to uphold the truths of the Noli.
Father Sanchez, Rizal’s favorite teacher at the Ateneo, defended and praised it in
public. Don SegismundoMoret, former Minister of the Crown; Dr. Miguel Morayta,
historian and statesman; and Professor Blumentritt, scholar and educator, read and
liked the novel.

A brilliant defense of the Noli came from an unexpected source. It was by Rev.
Vicente Garcia, a Filipino Catholic priest-scholar, theologian of the Manila Cathedral,
and a Tagalog translator of the famous Imitation of Christ by Thomas a Kempis. Father
Garcia, writing under the penname Justo DesiderioMagalang, wrote a defense of the
Noli which was published in Singapore as an appendix to a pamphlet dated July 18,
1888. He blasted the arguments of Fr. Rodriguez as follows:

1. Rizal cannot be an “ignorant man”, as Fr. Rodriguez alleged, because he was

a graduated of Spanish universities and was a recipient of scholastic honors.

2. Rizal does not attack the Church and Spain, as Fr. Rodriguez claimed,
because what Rizal attacked in the Noliwere the bad Spanish officials and not
Spain, and the bad and corrupt friars and not the Church.

3. Father Rodriguez said that those who read the Noli commit a mortal sin; since
he (Rodriguez) had read the novel, therefore he also commits a mortal sin.

Later, when Rizal learned of the brilliant defense of Father Garcia of his novel, he
cried because his gratitude was over-whelming. Rizal, himself defended his novel
against Barrantes attack, in a letter written in Brussels, Belgium, in February, 1880. In
this letter, he exposed Barrantes’ ignorance of Philippine affairs and mental dishonesty
which is unworthy of an academician. Barrantes met in Rizal his master in satire and
polemics.
 During the days when the Noli was the target of a heated controversy between the
friars (and their minions) and the friends of Rizal, all copies of it were sold out and the
price per copy soared to unprecedented level. Both friends and enemies of the Noli
found it extremely difficult to secure a copy. According to Rizal, in a letter to Fernando
Canon from Geneva, June 13, 1887, the price he set per copy was five pesetas
(equivalent to one pese), but the price later rose to fifty pesos per copy.

Rizal and Taviel de Andrade

While the storm over the Noliwas raging in fury, Rizal was not molested in Calamba.
This is due to Governor General Terrero’s generosity in assigning a bodyguard to him.
Between this Spanish bodyguard, Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade, and Rizal, a beautiful
friendship bloomed.

Together, Rizal and Andrade, young, educated and cultured, made walking tours of
the verdant countrysides, discussed topics of common interest, and enjoyed fencing,
shooting, hunting, and painting. Lt. Andrade became a great admirer of the man he was
ordered to watch and protect. Years later, he wrote for Rizal: “Rizal was refined,
educated and gentlemanly. The hobbies that most interested him were hunting, fencing,
shooting, painting and hiking. . . I well remember our excursion to Mount Makiling, not
so much for the beautiful view . . . as for the rumors and pernicious effects that result
from it. There has one who believed and reported to Manila that Rizal and I at the top of
the mountain hoisted the German flag and proclaimed its sovereignty over the
Philippines. I imagined that such nonsense emanated from the friars of Calamba, but
did not take the trouble to make inquiries about the matter”.

What marred Rizal’s happy days in Calamba with Lt. Andrade were (1) the death of
his older sister, Olimpia, and (2) the groundless tales circulated by his enemies that he
was “a German spy, an agent of Bismarck, a Protestant, a Mason, a witch, a soul
beyong salvation, etc”

Calamba’s Agrarian Trouble

Governor General Terrero, influenced by certain facts in Noli Me Tangere, ordered a

government investigation of the friar estates to remedy whatever iniquities might have
been present in connection with land taxes and with tenant relations. One of the friars
estates affected was the Calamba Hacienda which the Dominican Order owned since
1883. In compliance with the governor general’s orders, dated December 30, 1887, the
Civil Governor of Laguna Province directed the municipal authorities of Calamba to
investigate the agrarian conditions of their locality.

Upon hearing of the investigation, the Calamba folks solicited Rizal’s help in
gathering the facts and listing their grievances against the hacienda management, so
that the central government might institute certain agrarian reforms.
 After a thorough study of the conditions of Calamba, Rizal wrote down his findings
which tenants and three of the officials of the hacienda signed on January 8, 1888.
These findings, which were formally submitted to the government for action, were the
following:

1. The hacienda of the Dominican Order comprised not only the lands around
Calamba, but also the town of Calamba.

2. The profits of the Dominican Order continually increased because of the

arbitrary increase of the rentals paid by the tenants.

3. The hacienda owner never contributed a single centavo for the celebration
of the town fiesta, for the education of the children, and for the improvement of
agriculture.

4. Tenants who had spent much labor in clearing the lands were
dispossessed of said lands for flimsy reason.
5. High rates of interest were charged the tenants for delayed payment of
rentals, and when the rentals could not be paid, the hacienda management
confiscated their carabaos, tools and homes.

Farewell to Calamba

Rizal’s exposure of the deplorable conditions of tenancy in Calamba infuriated

further his enemies. The friars exerted pressure on Malacañan Palace to eliminate him.
They asked Governor General Terrero to deport him, but the latter refused because
there was no valid charge against Rizal in court. Anonymous threats against Rizal’s life
were received by his parents. The alarmed parents, relatives and friends (including Lt.
Taviel de Andrade) advised him to go away, for his life was in danger.

One day Governor General Terrero summoned Rizal and “advise” him to leave the
Philippines for his own good. He was giving Rizal a chance to escape the fury of the
friar’s wrath.

This time Rizal had to go. He could not very well disobey the governor general’s
veiled orders. But he was not running like a coward from a fight. He was courageous, a
fact which his worst enemies could not deny. A valiant hero that he was, he was not
afraid of any man and neither was he afraid to die. He was compelled to leave Calamba
for two reason: (1) his presence in Calamba was jeopardizing the safety and happiness
of his family and friends and (2) he could not fight better his enemies and serve his
country’s cause with greater efficacy by writing in foreign countries.

A Poem for Lipa

Shortly before Rizal left Calamba in 1888 his friend from Lipa requested him to write
a poem in commemoration of the town’s elevation to a villa (city) by virtue of the
Becerra Law of 1888. Gladly, he wrote a poem dedicated to the industrious folks of
Lipa. This was the “Himno Al Trabajo” (Hymn to Labor). He finished it and sent it to Lipa
before his departure from Calamba.

Chapter 11: In Hong Kong and Macao, 1888

Hounded by powerful enemies, Rizal was forced to leave his country for a second time
in February 1888. He was then a full-grown man of 27 years of age, a practicing
physician, and a recognized man-of-letters

The Trip to Hong Kong

 February 3, 1888-Rizal left Manila for Hong Kong on board the Zafiro
 February 7, 1888- Zafiro made a brief stopover at Amoy
 Rizal did not get off his ship at Amoy for three reasons: (1) he was not feeling well
(2) it was raining hard (3) he heard that the city was dirty
 February 8, 1888- Rizal arrived in Hong Kong
 Victoria Hotel- Rizal stayed while in Hong Kong. He was welcomed by Filipino
residents, including Jose Maria Basa, Balbino Mauricio, and Manuel Yriarte (son of
Francisco Yriarte (son of Francisco Yriarte, alcalde mayor of Laguna)
 Jose Sainz de Varanda - a Spaniard, who was a former secretary of Governor
General Terrero,
shadowed Rizal’s movement in Hong Kong it is believed that he was commissioned
by the Spanish authorities to spy on Rizal
“Hong Kong”, wrote Rizal to Blumentritt on February 16, 1888, “is a small, but very
clean city.”

Visit to Macao

 Macao is a Portuguese colony near Hong Kong.

 According to Rizal, the city of Macao is small, low, and gloomy. There are many
junks, sampans, but few steamers. It looks sad and is almost dead.
 February 18, 1888- Rizal, accompanied by Basa, boarded the ferry steamer, Kiu-
Kiang for Macao
 Don Juan Francisco Lecaros- A filipino gentleman married to a Portuguese lady.
 Rizal and Basa stayed at his home while in Macao.
 February 18, 1888- Rizal witnessed a Catholic possession, in which the devotees
were dressed in blue and purple dresses and were carrying unlighted candles.
 February 20, 1888- Rizal and Basa returned to Hong Kong, again on board the ferry
steamer Kiu Kiang.
Departure from Hong Kong

 February 22, 1888- Rizal left Hong Kong on board the Oceanic, an American
steamer, his destination was Japan.
 Rizal’s cabin mate was a British Protestant missionary who called Rizal “a good
man”.

Chapter 12: Romantic Interlude in Japan (1888)

 One of the happiest interludes in the life of Rizal was his sojourn in the Land of the
Cherry Blossoms for one month and a half (February 28-April 13, 1888).
 February 28, 1888- early in the morning of Tuesday, Rizal arrived in Yokohama. He
registered at the Grand Hotel.
 Tokyo Hotel- Rizal stayed here from March 2 to March 7.
 Rizal wrote to Professor Blumentritt: “Tokyo is more expensive then Paris. The walls
are built in
cyclopean manner. The streets are large and wide.”
 Juan Perez Caballero-secretary of the Spanish Legation, who visited Rizal at his
hotel who latter invited him to live at the Spanish Legation.
 Rizal accepted the invitation for two reasons: (1) he could economize his living
expenses by staying at the legation (2) he had nothing to hide from the prying eyes
of the Spanish authorities.
 March 7, 1888- Rizal checked out of Tokyo Hotel and lived at the Spanish Legation.
 Rizal was favorably impressed by Japan. The things which favorably impressed
Rizal in Japan were: (1) the beauty of the country—its flowers, mountains, streams
and scenic panoramas, (2) the cleanliness, politeness, and industry of the Japanese
people (3)the picturesque dress and simple charm of the Japanese women (4) there
were very few thieves in Japan so that the houses remained open day and night,
and in hotel room one could safely leave money on the table (5) beggars were rarely
seen in the city, streets, unlike in Manila and other cities.
 Rickshaws-popular mode of transportation drawn by men that Rizal did not like in
Japan.
 April 13, 1888-Rizal left Japan and boarded the Belgic, an English steamer, at
Yokohama, bound for the United States.
 Tetcho Suehiro- a fighting Japanese journalist, novelist and champion of human
rights, who was forced by the Japanese government to leave the country; passenger
which Rizal befriended on board the Belgic.
 April 13 to December 1, 1888- eight months of intimate acquaintanceship of Rizal
and Tetcho.
 December 1, 1888- after a last warm handshake and bidding each other “goodbye”,
Rizal and Tetcho, parted ways—never to meet again.

Chapter 13: Rizal’s Visit to the United States (1888)

 April 28, 1888- the steamer Belgic, with Rizal on board, docked at San Francisco on
Saturday morning.
 May 4, 1888- Friday afternoon, the day Rizal was permitted to go ashore.
 Palace Hotel- Rizal registered here which was then considered a first-class hotel in
the city.
 Rizal stayed in San Francisco for two days—May 4 to 6, 1888.
 May 6, 1888-Sunday, 4:30PM, Rizal left San Francisco for Oakland.
 May 13, 1888-Sunday morning, Rizal reached New York, thus ending his trip across
the American continent.
 Rizal stayed three days in this city, which he called the “big town.”
 May 16, 1888- Rizal left New York for Liverpool on board the City of Rome.
According to Rizal, this steamer was “the second largest ship in the world, the
largest being the Great Eastern”.
 Rizal had good and bad impressions of the United States. The good impressions
were (1) the material progress of the country as shown in the great cities, huge
farms, flourishing industries and busy factories (2) the drive and energy of the
American people (3) the natural beauty of the land (4) the high standard of living (5)
the opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants.
 One bad impression Rizal had of America was the lack of racial equality: “America is
the land par excellence of freedom but only for the whites”

Chapter 14 Rizal in London 1888-1889

After visiting the United States, Rizal lived in London from May 1888-March 1889 (11
months).

Three reasons why he chose to live in London:

-To improve his knowledge of English language

-To study & annotate Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
-London was a safe place for him to carry on his fight against Spanish tyranny

Rizal engaged in:

-Filipiniana studies
-Completed annotating Morga’s book.
-Wrote many articles for La Solidaridad in defense of his people against Spanish
critic
-Penned a famous letter “To the young women of Malolos”
-Carried voluminous correspondence with Blumentritt and relatives, and
-Romance with Gertrude Beckett

Trip across the Atlantic

-Rizal was on board the “City of Rome”

-While on board, Rizal entertained the American and European passengers with
hismarvelous skill of the yo-yo as a defensive weapon.
-Rizal arrived at Liverpool, England on May 24, 1888
-He sepent his night at Adelphi Hotel
-He also wrote to his family

Life in London

-On May 25, 1888 went to London

-He stayed as a guest at home of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, and exile of 1872 and
practicinglawyer in London.
-By the end of May, he was a boarder of the Beckett family
-Mr. Beckett, an organist at St. Paul Church
-Mrs. Beckett, his wife
-His three son’s and four daughters the eldest of the sister was
Gertrude(“Gettie”/”Tottie”)
-Rizal came to know Dr. Reinhold Rost, the librarian of the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs and the authority on Malayan Languages and Customs.
-He called Rizal, “A pearl of a man” (una perla de hombre)
-Rizal spent of his time the British Museum news from Home, Good and Bad
-The bad news were injustices commits by Spanish authorities on the Filipino people
and the Rizal family.
Among which were as follows:

Persecution of Filipino patriots who signed the “Anti-Friar Petition of 1888”

-Persecution of Calamba tenants, including Rizal’s family and relatives furious attack
on Rizal by Senators Salamanca and Vida.
-Rizal’s brother-in-law, Manuel T. Hidalgo, was exiled to Bohol without due
processof Law
-A friend of Rizal, Laureno Viado, was jailed in Bilibid prison, because copies of
“NoliMe Tangere” were found in his house one good news cheered Rizal
-And that was Rev. Vicente Garcia’s defense of the Noli against the attack of
thefriars

Annotating Morga’s Book

-The greatest achievement of Rizal was annotating of Morga’s Book, Sucesos De

Los IslasFilipinas which was publish in Mexico, 1609
-Rizal laboriously read the old histories of the Philippines written by Fr. Chirino, Fr.
Colin, Fr.Argensola, Fr. Plasencia etc.

Short Visit to Paris and Spain

-Early September 1888, he visited Paris for a week

-He was entertained in this gay French metropolis by Juan Luna and his wife, Paz
Prado de Tavera
-On December 11, 1888, he went to Spain, visiting Madrid and Barcelona he met
Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Mariano Ponce
-Rizal returned to London on December 24 and spent Christmas and New Year with
the Beckett Family.

He sent Christmas gifts to his friends:

-To Blumentritt: bust of Emperor of Augustus

-To Dr. Carlos Czepelak, a bust of Julius Caesar
-To Rizal’s landly, Mrs. Beckett a book entitled “The Life and the Adventures
ofValentine Vox, The Ventriliquist”
Rizal Became a Leader of Filipinas in Europe.
-Rizal learned that Filipinas in Barcelona were planning to establish a patriotic
society.

This was called:

-Association La Solidaridad
(Solidaridad Association) was inaugurated on December 31, 1888 with following
officers:
-Galiciano Apacible – President
-Garciano Lopez – Vice President
-Manuel Santa Maria – Secretary
-Mariano Ponce – Treasurer
-Jose. Ma Panganiban – Accountant

Rizal and the La Solidaridad Newspaper

-On February 18, 1889, Graciano Lopez Jaena founded the patriotic newspapers
called La Solidaridain Barcelona

It aims were as follows:

-To oppose work peacefully for political and social reforms

-To portray the deplorable conditions of the Philippines so that Spain may remedy
them
-To oppose evil forces of reaction and medievalism
-To advocate liberal ideas and progress
-To champion the legitimate aspiration of Filipino people to life, democracy and
happiness

The First Article in La Solidaridad

-Rizal’s first article was entitled “Los Agricultures Filipino (The Filipino
Farmers),published on March 25, 1889 (six days after he left London for Paris).

Writing in London

-Rizal received news on Fray Rodriquez’ unabated attack on his Noli.

-In defense, he wrote a pamphlet: La Vision de Fray Rodriquez ( The Vision of
FrayRodriguez)
-Which was publish in Barcelona under his nom-de-plume “Dimas Alang”
-In this pamphlet, Rizal demonstrated two things:
-His profound knowledge in religion
-His biting satire

Young Women of Malolos (Feb 22, 1889) in Tagalog

-The main point of this letter were:

- Filipino mother should teach her children Love of God, fatherland and mankind
-The Filipino mother should be glad, like the Spartan mother, to her sons in defense
of the fatherland.
-A Filipino woman should know how to preserve her dignity and hono
-A Filipino woman should educate herself, aside from retaining her good racial
values
-Faith is not merely retaining long prayers and wearing religious pictures but rather it
is living in the real Christian Rizal to contributed some articles
-Dr. Host, editor Trubner’s Record requested Rizal to contributed some articles
In response, he prepared two articles:
-Specimens of Tagalog folklore” published in the journal in May 1889
-Two Eastern Fables” published in June 1889

Romance with Gertrude Beckett

-Rizal had a romantic interlude with the oldest of the four Beckett sisters,
Gertrude,Gettie as she was affectionally called was a Buxom English girl with brown
hair, blueeyes and rosy cheeks

Rizal eventually called the finish 4 sculptural work

-Prometheus Bound
-The Triumph of Death over life
-Triumph of science over death
-A composite carving of the Beckett sisters (The last name carving was afarewell gift
to the Beckett sisters)

Adios to London

-Suddenly on March 19,1889, Rizal bade goodbye to the kink Beckett Family
(particularly to Gertrude) and he left in London for Paris.
-He was sad as he crossed the english channel for he cherished so many beautiful
memories of London

Chapter 15: Rizal’s Second Sojourn in Paris and the Universal Exposition of
1889
● In March 1889, it was extremely difficult for a visitor to find living quarters in Paris
because of the approaching Universal Exposition of 1889 on May 6, 1889(I know
you’re wondering What is that Universal exposition?) So The Universal Exposition
of1889 (Exposition Universelle de 1889) was a highly successful international
exhibition and one of the few world’s fairs to make a profit. Its central attraction was
the Eiffel Tower, a 300-meterhigh marvel of iron by Gustave Eiffel.)
● For a short time, Rizal lived in the house of his friend Valentine Ventura, at No. 45
Rue Maubeuge, where he polished his annotated edition of Morga’s book.

● Finally, he lived in a little room, together with two other Filipinos-Captain Justo
Trinidad, former Gobernador cillo of Santa Ana, Manila, and a refugee from tyranny,
and Jose Albert, a young student from Mani

●Annotated Edition of Morga Published Rizal’s outstanding achievement in Paris

was the publication in 1890 of his annotated edition of Morga’s Sucesos, which he
wrote in the British Museum and printed by Garnier Freres. (The Prologue, written by
Blumentritt, he commended Rizal for his fine historical scholarship. However, he
frankly censured Rizal for two things which revealed Rizal’s errors, namely;)

● Rizal commits the error of many historians in appraising the events of the past in
the light of present standards.

● Rizal’s attacks on the Church were unfair and unjustified because the abuses of
the friars should not be construed to mean that Catholicism is bad. Not with standing
the two blemishes of Rizal’s work, it is a splendid piece of historiography.

●Rizal annotated and published Morga’s Sucesos because it was the best of many
histories of the Philippines written by the early Spanish writers.

●Rizal dedicated his new edition of Morga to the Filipino people so that they would
know of their glorious past. In his historical work, Rizal proved that the Filipinos were
already civilized before the advent ofSpain.(We had clothes, government, laws,
writing, literature, religion, arts, sciences, and commerce with neighboring Asian
nations.

●Rizal thus blasted the historical heresies of the Spanish writerswho claimed that
the early Filipinos were savages and were low on mentality.) Comment on
publication date The title page of Rizal’s annotated edition of Morga reads: “Paris
Libreria de Garnier Hermanos,1890.” From his painted date, all biographers of Rizal
came to assert that his edition of Morgaswas published in 1890. (However, there is
documentary evidence to show that Rizal’s edition of Morga must have come to
press in 1889-1890.